1778:
1758:
1584:
55:
1666:
1170:
1452:
31:
1651:
1539:
1694:
Flute casts are scours dug into soft, fine sediment which typically get filled by an overlying bed. Measuring the long axis of the flute cast gives the direction of flow, with the scoop-shaped end pointing in the upcurrent direction and the tapered end pointing downcurrent (paleoflow direction). The
1802:
Cross-bedding is the layering of beds deposited by wind or water inclined at an angle as much as 35° from the horizontal. Cross-beds form when sediment particles are deposited on steeper slopes of sand dunes on land or of sandbars in rivers and on the seafloor. Cross-bedding in wind-deposited dunes
1481:
Often found on beaches, they are created by a two way current, for example the waves on a beach (swash and backwash). This creates ripple marks with pointed crests and rounded troughs, which aren't inclined more to a certain direction. Three common sedimentary structures that are created by these
1848:
In many sedimentary rocks, the bedding is broken by cylindrical tubes a few centimeters in diameter that extend vertically through multiple beds. These sedimentary structures are remnants of burrows and tunnels excavated by marine organisms that live on the ocean floor. These organisms churn and
1500:
These are created by a one way current, for example in a river, or the wind in a desert. This creates ripple marks with still pointed crests and rounded troughs, but which are inclined more strongly in the direction of the current. For this reason, they can be used as
1567:
are groups of trace fossils that together help give information on the depositional environment. In general, as deeper (into the sediment) burrows become more common, the shallower the water. As (intricate) surface traces become more common, the water becomes deeper.
1602:
or SSD, is a consequence of the loading of wet sediment as burial continues after deposition. The heavier sediment "squeezes" the water out of the underlying sediment due to its own weight. There are three common variants of SSD:
1236:, which occurs when layers of sediment, with different particle sizes are deposited on top of each other. These beds range from millimeters to centimeters thick and can even go to meters or multiple meters thick.
1698:
Tool marks are a type of sole marking formed by grooves left in a bed by objects dragged along by a current. The average direction of these can be assumed to be the axis of flow direction.
1993:
Boggs, Sam jr, 2006 Principles of
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Patrick Lynch, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Ed 4, p. 83-84
1307:
Typical unidirectional bedforms represent a specific flow velocity, assuming typical sediments (sands and silts) and water depths, and a chart such as below can be used for interpreting
1706:
form when mud is dewatered, shrinks, and leaves a crack. This tells you that the mud was saturated with water and then exposed to air. Mudcracks curl upwards, so they can be used as
1194:
1811:
This stratification is made up of undulating sets of cross-laminae that are concave-up (swales) and convex-up (hummocks). These cross-beds gently cut into each other with curved
1526:, which dip upstream at an angle of about ten degrees that can be up to five meters in length. They can be identified by their low angle foresets. For the most part, antidunes
1849:
burrow through mud and sand a process called bioturbation. They ingest the sediment, digest the organic matter, and leave behind the remnants which fills the burrow.
1815:. They form in shallow-water, storm-dominated environments. Strong storm-wave action erodes the seabed into low hummocks and swales that lack a specific orientation.
2128:
1275:
There are two kinds of flow structures: bidirectional (multiple directions, back-and-forth) and unidirectional. Flow regimes in single-direction (typically
1691:
form when an object gouges the surface of a sedimentary layer; this groove is later preserved as a cast when filled in by the layer above. They include:
1832:
This structure occurs when current velocity changes and grains are progressively dropped out of the current. The most common place to find this is in a
1714:
form in a similar way, with the exception that they are never exposed to air, instead being caused by changes in the salinity of the surrounding water.
1618:
582:
1201:
1299:. At higher still velocity, the antidunes are flattened and most sedimentation stops, as erosion takes over as the dominant process.
2121:
1891:
1572:
899:
483:
2359:
2727:
1470:
Ripple marks usually form in conditions with flowing water, in the lower part of the Lower Flow Regime. There are two types of
17:
2114:
1599:
473:
1099:
1522:
of water that periodically steepen, migrate, and then break upstream. The antidune bedform is characterized by shallow
1980:*AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "sediment." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Nov. 2010 <
2101:
2062:
2002:
AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "antidune." A Dictionary of Earth
Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Nov. 2010 <
1957:
1789:
These structures are within sedimentary bedding and can help with the interpretation of depositional environment and
1866:
Secondary sedimentary structures form after primary deposition occurs or, in some cases, during the diagenesis of a
3353:
1483:
3374:
2884:
1901:, formed when fluids escape from a sedimentary bed after deposition. Examples of fluid escape structures include
1094:
3348:
2037:
1026:
2909:
1806:
1684:
indicators. They are formed when sediment has been deposited and then reworked and reshaped. They include:
769:
577:
1530:
are destroyed during decreased flow, and therefore cross bedding formed by antidunes will not be preserved.
3050:
3000:
2894:
463:
3328:
1818:
1089:
1064:
1021:
638:
451:
3384:
2554:
1622:
1291:
etc.), to ripples, to slightly larger dunes. Dunes have a vortex in the lee side of the dune. As the
663:
276:
1615:) are blobs that form when a denser, wet sediment slumps down on and into a less dense sediment below.
3338:
3290:
3173:
1879:
1857:
Variation in bedding thickness in a tidal environment caused by alternation of spring and neap tides.
1187:
1625:, are pinched-off load structures; these may also be formed by earthquake energy and referred to as
3323:
3040:
3005:
2847:
2015:
1726:
are subtly aligned minerals that form in the lower part of the Upper Flow Regime within plane beds.
1670:
1308:
1264:
1141:
774:
3333:
3025:
2790:
1883:
1074:
1069:
668:
3379:
3275:
3133:
2569:
1327:
967:
619:
230:
3113:
2960:
2922:
2371:
2310:
518:
3343:
3065:
2889:
2649:
2506:
2456:
2250:
1887:
1717:
1491:
1226:
1106:
721:
695:
316:
70:
1777:
8:
3239:
3234:
3035:
2879:
2501:
2354:
2275:
2182:
1288:
851:
105:
1279:) flow, which at varying speeds and velocities produce different structures, are called
3265:
3178:
3143:
2995:
2511:
2416:
2320:
2212:
2145:
1174:
1059:
821:
800:
756:
513:
367:
341:
271:
262:
110:
75:
2985:
1836:
deposit. This can also be inverted, called reversed graded bedding, and is common in
1757:
3244:
3083:
3075:
3015:
2975:
2864:
2679:
2441:
2431:
2217:
2097:
2058:
2033:
1963:
1953:
1766:
1723:
1583:
1413:
861:
737:
690:
468:
331:
302:
297:
221:
145:
1823:
This structure is formed by the stacking of larger clasts in the direction of flow.
3158:
3060:
2965:
2714:
2564:
2559:
2536:
2476:
2305:
2177:
1875:
1867:
1782:
1711:
1514:
Antidunes are the sediment bedforms created by fast, shallow flows of water with a
1256:
1222:
928:
706:
683:
648:
129:
54:
3163:
3123:
3118:
2722:
2609:
2604:
2388:
2325:
2295:
2260:
2255:
2222:
2187:
2158:
1914:
1812:
1762:
1632:
1519:
1404:
1342:
1111:
1081:
951:
875:
790:
764:
596:
525:
431:
3224:
3108:
3088:
2970:
2955:
2842:
2827:
2822:
2782:
2762:
2674:
2516:
2496:
2461:
2393:
2378:
2285:
2207:
2167:
1902:
1827:
1745:
1487:
1244:
1148:
1036:
941:
841:
795:
785:
732:
436:
426:
409:
326:
2106:
3368:
3305:
3300:
3285:
3270:
3219:
3214:
2980:
2945:
2899:
2859:
2854:
2614:
2486:
2446:
2192:
2172:
1967:
1797:
1741:
1677:
1665:
1515:
1502:
1385:
1240:
1233:
1131:
1116:
856:
658:
643:
614:
572:
567:
547:
446:
399:
357:
257:
249:
3295:
3045:
3030:
3020:
2869:
2800:
2669:
2634:
2549:
2491:
2366:
2265:
2227:
2202:
1871:
1852:
1843:
1790:
1688:
1681:
1638:
1612:
1560:
1552:
1355:
1252:
1248:
1153:
1136:
1121:
962:
846:
742:
552:
530:
478:
441:
421:
414:
336:
307:
3204:
3128:
2832:
2795:
2742:
2466:
2451:
2426:
2300:
1837:
1785:
in modern halite deposits along the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel
1655:
1564:
1523:
1471:
1455:
1287:, the natural progression is from a flat bed, to some sediment movement (
1031:
904:
891:
870:
816:
805:
678:
631:
604:
508:
458:
346:
2071:
2032:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1466:, Mongolia with "decapitation" of ripple crests due to change in current
3310:
2990:
2874:
2814:
2772:
2644:
2481:
2349:
2290:
2280:
2197:
2057:(4th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 160.
1608:
1372:
1364:
1126:
716:
540:
535:
321:
287:
119:
1551:
A number of biologically-created sedimentary structures exist, called
3280:
3229:
3199:
3168:
3098:
3010:
2767:
2654:
2639:
2579:
2526:
2521:
2421:
2344:
2334:
2232:
1833:
1641:
are seams of sedimentary material that cut across sedimentary strata.
1543:
1421:
1016:
1001:
985:
946:
711:
673:
609:
362:
2950:
2917:
2594:
2436:
2403:
1707:
1703:
1626:
1592:
1588:
1527:
1296:
1218:
936:
394:
235:
46:
3260:
3209:
2737:
2732:
2694:
2599:
2471:
2408:
1459:
1280:
1276:
1260:
990:
980:
653:
626:
292:
175:
124:
2016:
http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/4/922
1740:
is downwards deformation of tuff beds or other deposits where a
3055:
2927:
2752:
2747:
2699:
2689:
2659:
2584:
2339:
2270:
2242:
2141:
1695:
convexity of the flute cast also points stratigraphically down.
1556:
1463:
189:
140:
135:
2003:
1981:
3153:
3138:
3093:
2837:
2810:
2757:
2624:
2619:
2589:
2574:
2383:
2153:
2137:
1793:
directions. They are formed when the sediment is deposited.
1451:
1011:
1006:
562:
557:
404:
194:
30:
1803:
can be complex as a result of fast changing wind directions.
1650:
1538:
3183:
3148:
2704:
2664:
2629:
1770:
1659:
914:
909:
503:
199:
170:
165:
160:
34:
Megaripple/dune, formed in the upper flow regime, from Utah
1635:, "fingers" of mud that protrude into overlying sediments.
3103:
2544:
1295:
forms, the dunes become flattened out, and then produce
2055:
Sedimentary rocks in the field : a practical guide
1578:
1429:
Water in phase with bedform, low angle, subtle laminae
1232:
Sediments and sedimentary rocks are characterized by
27:
Geologic structures formed during sediment deposition
2028:
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "bedding-plane sag".
1905:, pillar structures, and vertical sheet structures.
1263:
in geologically complex terrains and understand the
1870:. Common secondary structures include any form of
1861:
1571:Microbes may also interact with sediment to form
3366:
1947:
2136:
1948:Jordan, Thomas H.; Grotzinger, John P. (2012).
1894:would also be considered secondary structures.
2122:
1761:Cross-bedding and scour in a fine sandstone (
1720:form on exposed sediment by raindrop impacts.
1195:
1752:
1645:
2129:
2115:
1573:microbially induced sedimentary structures
1202:
1188:
1892:vegetation-induced sedimentary structures
1952:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
1776:
1756:
1664:
1649:
1582:
1537:
1533:
1450:
29:
2728:International scale of river difficulty
2077:
2027:
1518:greater than 1. Antidunes form beneath
14:
3367:
2092:Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996,
2052:
1587:Soft sediment deformation (possibly a
2110:
1380:Rare, longer wavelength than ripples
1350:Flat laminae, almost lack of current
1315:water velocity going down the chart.
1987:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1600:Soft-sediment deformation structures
1579:Soft sediment deformation structures
1302:
24:
2086:
1878:, root-traces, and soil mottling.
1270:
25:
3396:
1926:
1547:trace fossil (scale bar is 10 mm)
1217:include all kinds of features in
1862:Secondary sedimentary structures
1680:Structures are commonly used as
1484:herringbone cross-stratification
1412:Flat laminae, ± aligned grains (
1169:
1168:
53:
2885:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1446:
1239:Sedimentary structures such as
583:Microbial calcite precipitation
2046:
2021:
2009:
1996:
1974:
13:
1:
1920:
1897:Secondary structures include
1874:, soft-sediment deformation,
1807:Hummocky cross-stratification
298:Aeolian (windborne) transport
3051:Universal Soil Loss Equation
3001:Hydrological transport model
2895:Storm Water Management Model
1509:
7:
2053:Tucker, Maurice E. (2011).
2004:http://www.encyclopedia.com
1982:http://www.encyclopedia.com
1908:
1559:and various expressions of
1394:Large, meter-scale ripples
1090:cross-cutting relationships
639:Amorphous calcium carbonate
10:
3401:
2555:Antecedent drainage stream
1623:ball-and-pillow structures
1458:or symmetric ripple, from
1440:Mostly erosional features
664:Coastal sediment transport
3319:
3291:River valley civilization
3253:
3192:
3174:Riparian-zone restoration
3074:
2936:
2908:
2809:
2781:
2713:
2535:
2402:
2319:
2241:
2152:
2080:, fluid escape structure.
1753:Within bedding structures
1497:Asymmetrical ripple marks
1398:
1336:
1309:depositional environments
474:Soft-sediment deformation
71:Terrigenous (lithogenous)
3354:Countries without rivers
3329:Rivers by discharge rate
3041:Runoff model (reservoir)
3006:Infiltration (hydrology)
1646:Bedding plane structures
1478:Symmetrical ripple marks
1265:depositional environment
1225:, formed at the time of
775:calcareous nannoplankton
464:Sediment–water interface
3026:River Continuum Concept
2791:Agricultural wastewater
1899:fluid escape structures
1884:cone-in-cone structures
669:Coastal sediment supply
442:Paleocurrent indicators
3375:Sedimentary structures
3349:River name etymologies
3276:Hydraulic civilization
3134:Floodplain restoration
2910:Point source pollution
2685:Sedimentary structures
1786:
1774:
1674:
1662:
1596:
1548:
1467:
1328:Preservation potential
1215:Sedimentary structures
1100:original horizontality
770:biogenic calcification
620:oolitic aragonite sand
390:Sedimentary structures
231:Oolitic aragonite sand
35:
2961:Discharge (hydrology)
2923:Industrial wastewater
2404:Sedimentary processes
1780:
1760:
1669:Mudcracks in rock at
1668:
1653:
1586:
1541:
1534:Biological structures
1454:
33:
18:Sedimentary structure
3066:Volumetric flow rate
2650:Riffle-pool sequence
1888:raindrop impressions
1718:Raindrop impressions
1555:. Examples include
1492:interference ripples
1332:Identification tips
1255:studies to indicate
3240:Whitewater kayaking
3235:Whitewater canoeing
3036:Runoff curve number
2880:Flood pulse concept
2094:Sedimentary Geology
2030:Glossary of geology
1950:The Essential Earth
1607:load structures or
1367:-scale undulations
900:Soil carbon storage
835:Sedimentary ecology
757:Biogenous sediments
41:Part of a series on
3266:Aquatic toxicology
3179:Stream restoration
3144:Infiltration basin
2996:Hydrological model
2512:Sediment transport
2335:Estavelle/Inversac
2213:Subterranean river
1813:erosional surfaces
1787:
1775:
1769:, Jackson County,
1724:Parting lineations
1675:
1663:
1597:
1549:
1468:
1414:parting lineations
1142:carbonate-silicate
1112:Sedimentary record
1095:lateral continuity
892:Sedimentary carbon
822:Reverse weathering
801:diatomaceous earth
484:Vegetation-induced
368:Turbidity currents
342:ice-sheet dynamics
272:Sediment transport
263:Sedimentary budget
36:
3385:Patterned grounds
3362:
3361:
3339:Whitewater rivers
3245:Whitewater slalom
3076:River engineering
2976:Groundwater model
2937:River measurement
2865:Flood forecasting
2680:Sedimentary basin
2537:Fluvial landforms
2442:Bed material load
2218:River bifurcation
1876:teepee structures
1738:bedding-plane sag
1595:sediments, Israel
1444:
1443:
1303:Bedforms vs. flow
1293:upper flow regime
1285:lower flow regime
1267:of the sediment.
1257:original position
1223:sedimentary rocks
1212:
1211:
862:Soil biodiversity
738:Sedimentary basin
691:Marine regression
469:Sedimentary basin
332:Fluvial processes
303:Biomineralization
222:Manganese nodules
16:(Redirected from
3392:
3324:Rivers by length
3159:River morphology
3061:Wetted perimeter
2966:Drainage density
2477:Headward erosion
2306:Perennial stream
2178:Blackwater river
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1945:
1868:sedimentary rock
1783:teepee structure
1712:Syneresis cracks
1654:Flute cast from
1633:flame structures
1611:(also a type of
1318:
1317:
1251:are utilized in
1204:
1197:
1190:
1177:
1172:
1171:
929:Sedimentary rock
684:pelagic red clay
649:Continental rise
57:
38:
37:
21:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3334:Drainage basins
3315:
3249:
3188:
3164:Retention basin
3124:Erosion control
3119:Detention basin
3070:
2986:Hjulström curve
2938:
2932:
2904:
2848:Non-water flood
2805:
2777:
2723:Helicoidal flow
2709:
2610:Fluvial terrace
2605:Floating island
2531:
2406:
2398:
2389:Rhythmic spring
2323:
2315:
2296:Stream gradient
2237:
2223:River ecosystem
2188:Channel pattern
2156:
2148:
2135:
2089:
2087:Further reading
2084:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1960:
1946:
1927:
1923:
1915:Reynolds number
1911:
1903:dish structures
1880:Liesegang rings
1864:
1763:Logan Formation
1755:
1648:
1581:
1536:
1512:
1449:
1405:Upper plane bed
1343:Lower plane bed
1305:
1273:
1271:Flow structures
1208:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1082:Legacy sediment
1051:
1043:
1042:
1041:
997:
974:
958:
931:
921:
920:
919:
894:
884:
883:
882:
876:root microbiome
866:
836:
828:
827:
826:
812:
791:biogenic silica
781:
765:Calcareous ooze
759:
749:
748:
747:
728:
702:
599:
597:Marine sediment
589:
588:
587:
498:
490:
489:
488:
384:
374:
373:
372:
353:
312:
283:
267:
252:
242:
241:
240:
226:
216:
208:
207:
206:
182:
154:
132:
115:
100:
92:
91:
90:
80:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:Stone skipping
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:Drop structure
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Balancing lake
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Playfair's law
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:Exner equation
2968:
2963:
2958:
2956:Bradshaw model
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2843:Urban flooding
2835:
2830:
2828:Crevasse splay
2825:
2823:100-year flood
2819:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2783:Surface runoff
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Stream capture
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Rock-cut basin
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:Suspended load
2514:
2509:
2507:Secondary flow
2504:
2499:
2497:Retrogradation
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Dissolved load
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2394:Spring horizon
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Mineral spring
2376:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2360:list in the US
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Stream channel
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Drainage basin
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Alluvial river
2164:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2063:
2045:
2038:
2020:
2008:
1995:
1986:
1973:
1958:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1830:
1828:graded bedding
1824:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:volcanic block
1728:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1616:
1580:
1577:
1535:
1532:
1520:standing waves
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1495:
1488:flaser bedding
1482:processes are
1479:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:Pool and chute
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:Relatively Low
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1304:
1301:
1272:
1269:
1245:graded bedding
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1149:Paleolimnology
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
975:
973:
972:
971:
970:
959:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
939:
933:
932:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
881:
880:
879:
878:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
852:soil pathogens
849:
844:
842:Soil biomantle
838:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
825:
824:
819:
813:
811:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
796:silicification
793:
786:Siliceous ooze
782:
780:
779:
778:
777:
772:
761:
760:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
740:
735:
733:Salt tectonics
729:
727:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
703:
701:
700:
699:
698:
688:
687:
686:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
635:
634:
624:
623:
622:
617:
607:
601:
600:
595:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
580:
578:Mineralization
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
544:
543:
538:
533:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
449:
439:
434:
429:
427:Alluvial river
424:
419:
418:
417:
412:
410:graded bedding
407:
402:
392:
386:
385:
380:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
365:
360:
354:
352:
351:
350:
349:
344:
334:
329:
327:Exner equation
324:
319:
313:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
282:
281:
280:
279:
268:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
227:
225:
224:
218:
217:
215:By composition
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
197:
192:
183:
181:
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
155:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
133:
127:
116:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Sedimentology
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Surface water
3304:
3302:
3301:Sacred waters
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Riparian zone
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Body of water
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Riverboarding
3218:
3216:
3215:River surfing
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:and modelling
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2900:Return period
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Flood control
2858:
2856:
2855:Flood barrier
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Palaeochannel
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Granular flow
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Channel types
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Braided river
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:0-7167-2726-9
2099:
2096:, pg. 43-64,
2095:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2064:9780470689165
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1959:9781429255240
1955:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:Cross-bedding
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1767:Mississippian
1764:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1742:volcanic bomb
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:structures.
1709:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:Sole markings
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:Bedding Plane
1672:
1671:Roundtop Hill
1667:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1640:
1639:clastic dikes
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:pseudonodules
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:trace fossils
1546:
1545:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:Froude number
1504:
1503:palaeocurrent
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:Medium to low
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:stratigraphic
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:cross-bedding
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:Sedimentology
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
960:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
925:
924:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
888:
887:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
868:
863:
860:
858:
857:Pedodiversity
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
832:
831:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
783:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
763:
762:
758:
753:
752:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
704:
697:
696:transgression
694:
693:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Bioirrigation
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Calcification
642:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
621:
618:
616:
615:aragonite sea
613:
612:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
593:
592:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Hydropedology
571:
569:
568:Soil salinity
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
501:
497:Soil sediment
494:
493:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
447:sole markings
445:
444:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:cross-bedding
398:
397:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
378:
377:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Lithification
356:
355:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
259:
258:Sedimentation
256:
255:
251:
246:
245:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
223:
220:
219:
212:
211:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
96:
95:
86:
83:
82:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
19:
3344:Flash floods
3296:River cruise
3193:River sports
3046:Stream gauge
3031:Rouse number
3021:Relief ratio
2870:Flood-meadow
2801:Urban runoff
2715:Fluvial flow
2700:River valley
2684:
2670:River island
2635:Meander scar
2550:Alluvial fan
2492:Progradation
2367:Karst spring
2311:Winterbourne
2266:Chalk stream
2228:River source
2203:Distributary
2093:
2078:Jackson 1997
2073:
2054:
2048:
2029:
2023:
2011:
1998:
1989:
1976:
1949:
1898:
1896:
1872:bioturbation
1865:
1853:Tidal bundle
1844:Bioturbation
1838:debris flows
1791:paleocurrent
1788:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1682:paleocurrent
1676:
1613:sole marking
1598:
1570:
1561:bioturbation
1550:
1542:
1513:
1472:ripple marks
1469:
1447:Ripple marks
1388:/Megaripples
1356:Ripple marks
1321:Flow regime
1312:
1306:
1292:
1284:
1274:
1249:ripple marks
1238:
1231:
1214:
1213:
1154:Biosignature
1122:Stratigraphy
1075:soil science
1070:paleontology
1027:Organic-rich
968:conglomerate
847:Soil zoology
743:Tidal bundle
722:hemipelagite
553:Soil horizon
519:permeability
479:Unconformity
422:Alluvial fan
415:ripple marks
389:
382:By structure
381:
337:Glacier flow
308:Bioturbation
3205:Fly fishing
3129:Fish ladder
3114:Daylighting
2833:Flash flood
2796:First flush
2743:Plunge pool
2467:Downcutting
2452:Debris flow
2427:Aggradation
2301:Stream pool
1819:Imbrication
1748:has fallen.
1656:Book Cliffs
1565:Ichnofacies
1505:indicators.
1456:Wave ripple
1086:Principles
1032:Phosphorite
905:Soil carbon
871:Rhizosphere
817:Microfossil
806:radiolarite
679:Marine clay
632:calcite sea
605:Abyssal fan
459:River delta
452:imbrication
347:ice rafting
87:Hydrogenous
84:Cosmogenous
3369:Categories
3311:Wild river
2991:Hydrograph
2981:Hack's law
2946:Baer's law
2890:Inundation
2875:Floodplain
2815:stormwater
2773:Whitewater
2645:Oxbow lake
2482:Knickpoint
2457:Deposition
2350:Hot spring
2291:Streamflow
2281:Stream bed
2198:Confluence
2039:0922152349
1921:References
1673:, Maryland
1609:load casts
1373:Sand waves
1313:increasing
1283:. In the
1227:deposition
1127:Rock cycle
1107:Provenance
1065:geological
942:Carbonates
717:contourite
674:Evaporites
526:morphology
514:pore space
322:Concretion
317:Compaction
288:Weathering
250:By process
120:Grain size
99:By texture
3281:Limnology
3230:Triathlon
3200:Canyoning
3169:Revetment
3099:Check dam
3011:Main stem
2768:Waterfall
2655:Point bar
2640:Mouth bar
2580:Billabong
2527:Water gap
2522:Wash load
2502:Saltation
2422:Anabranch
2345:Holy well
2233:Tributary
1968:798410008
1834:turbidite
1704:Mudcracks
1627:seismites
1544:Skolithos
1510:Antidunes
1462:rocks in
1422:Antidunes
1297:antidunes
1289:saltation
1219:sediments
1037:Siliceous
1022:Iron-rich
1017:Greywacke
1002:Evaporite
986:sandstone
947:limestone
712:turbidite
610:Aragonite
363:Siltation
106:Roundness
76:Biogenous
64:By origin
47:Sediments
3084:Aqueduct
2951:Baseflow
2918:Effluent
2595:Cut bank
2560:Avulsion
2437:Bed load
2417:Abrasion
1909:See also
1734:Bomb sag
1708:geopetal
1593:Dead Sea
1589:seismite
1528:bedforms
1524:foresets
1437:Very low
1324:Bedform
1281:bedforms
1175:Category
1056:History
952:dolomite
937:Badlands
395:Bedforms
236:Tektites
3261:Aquifer
3254:Related
3210:Rafting
2738:Meander
2733:Log jam
2695:Thalweg
2600:Estuary
2472:Erosion
2409:erosion
2321:Springs
2276:Current
2243:Streams
2183:Channel
2146:springs
2142:streams
2006:>. B
1826:Normal
1557:burrows
1460:Permian
1363:Small,
1311:, with
1277:fluvial
1234:bedding
1132:calcium
1060:geology
1050:Related
991:mudrock
981:breccia
963:Clastic
707:Pelagic
654:Bay mud
627:Calcite
531:texture
293:Erosion
277:coastal
176:colloid
146:granule
125:boulder
111:Sorting
3056:WAFLEX
2928:Sewage
2811:Floods
2753:Riffle
2748:Rapids
2690:Strath
2660:Ravine
2585:Canyon
2340:Geyser
2271:Coulee
2256:Bourne
2251:Arroyo
2154:Rivers
2138:Rivers
2100:
2061:
2036:
1966:
1956:
1890:, and
1658:area,
1490:, and
1464:Nomgon
1399:Upper
1337:Lower
1261:strata
1247:, and
1173:
1137:silica
548:Catena
509:matrix
405:duness
190:oolite
186:Other
141:pebble
136:gravel
130:cobble
3154:Levee
3139:Flume
3094:Canal
2838:Flood
2758:Shoal
2625:Gully
2620:Gulch
2590:Chine
2575:Bayou
2432:Armor
2384:Ponor
2159:lists
1984:>.
1591:) in
1386:Dunes
1012:Chert
1007:Chalk
563:Humin
558:Humus
541:color
536:value
432:Fault
195:scree
3184:Weir
3149:Leat
2813:and
2705:Wadi
2665:Rill
2630:Glen
2615:Gill
2565:Bank
2407:and
2372:list
2355:list
2326:list
2261:Burn
2144:and
2098:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1964:OCLC
1954:ISBN
1771:Ohio
1660:Utah
1409:High
1347:High
1221:and
915:Peat
910:Coal
504:Soil
437:Fold
200:till
171:clay
166:silt
161:sand
3104:Dam
2570:Bar
2545:Ait
1744:or
1736:or
1621:or
1563:.
1426:Low
1391:Low
1259:of
3371::
2140:,
1962:.
1928:^
1886:,
1882:,
1781:A
1765:,
1575:.
1486:,
1474::
1416:)
1365:cm
1243:,
1229:.
2328:)
2324:(
2161:)
2157:(
2130:e
2123:t
2116:v
2067:.
2042:.
2018:C
1970:.
1840:.
1773:)
1629:.
1494:.
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
20:)
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