622:, Justice Kirkpatrick endorsed the view that section 25 is first considered when a Charter challenge is raised, and made a three-step test asking (1) is the right in question a treaty, Aboriginal or other right related to Aboriginals? (2) if it falls in the "other" category, does it relate to a part of Aboriginal life? (3) would the remedy possibly given by the Charter limit Aboriginal rights?
588:, this change was also carried out with agreement of aboriginal leaders. At the same time, the Constitution Act, 1982 was amended to add section 35.1. This new section suggests that, before section 25 is amended in the future, consultation with aboriginal leaders will again be requested by the
584:. Whereas the original wording made reference to rights acquired "by way of land claim settlement," the current version refers to rights that "now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired." While ordinarily, section 25 could have been amended with the standard 7/50
369:
25. The guarantee in this
Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed as to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including
614:
failed to resolve the issue of whether section 25 is only applied when the
Charter is violated, or if applies earlier, when a Charter challenge is raised. Nevertheless, Hutchinson did feel
492:(1999), it was found that not all legislative distinctions relating to Aboriginals are protected by section 25, and section 15 was accordingly used to extend voting rights in Aboriginal
557:
407:
471:
167:
430:, in October 1980, but the original version of what later became section 26 did say that the existence of Aboriginal rights could not be denied. This sparked dramatic
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among
Aboriginals, who viewed the proposed constitutional amendments as an insufficient protection of their rights. This persisted until some of their leaders, the
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applies to
Aboriginals and Aboriginal government has involved section 25. On the one hand, it has been argued that Aboriginal governments are not bound by the
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once argued that while section 25 guarantees the existence of self-government itself, the powers of such
Aboriginal governments will be limited to respect the
782:
725:
Kent McNeil, "Aboriginal
Governments and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," (Canada, Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996), p. 73.
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to
Aboriginals who did not live in those reserves. As Hogg observes, what particular rights section 25 protects was in the meantime left uncertain.
351:
772:
303:
600:
Scholar
Celeste Hutchinson remarks in an article that little has been done with section 25 by the courts. However, she points to the
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rights exist, as section 25 specifically states that
Aboriginal rights will not only continue to exist but also cannot be derogated
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321:
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constitutionalize some aboriginal rights. As Hogg notes, this makes section 25 altogether less important than section 35, but
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leaves open the possibility that rights not constitutionalized by section 35 can have some protection under section 25.
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533:. If section 35 includes a right to self-government, and section 25 ensures Aboriginal rights are not limited by the
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329:, and like other sections within the "General" sphere, it aids in the interpretation of rights elsewhere in the
447:
296:
694:
Revised, Updated and
Expanded Edition. (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 1994), pp. 354-356.
334:
752:
Hutchinson, Celeste, "Case comment on R. v. Kapp: an analytical framework for section 25 of the Charter,"
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392:
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374:(a) any rights or freedoms that have been recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763; and
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350:. Aboriginal rights, including treaty rights, receive more direct constitutional protection under
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483:
377:(b) any rights or freedoms that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.
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346:
35:
556:, and the consequent powers of the councils would be protected by section 25. Meanwhile,
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provision) would have possibly threatened these rights, since they are particular to a
580:, section 25 was amended to expand the protection provided for rights associated with
537:, then section 25 would also guarantee that self-government is not limited by the
564:, may not include the band councils if their authority derives not only from the
493:
475:
707:. 2003 Student Ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003), p. 631.
333:. While section 25 is also the Charter section that deals most directly with
766:
399:(1988), the section "confers no new rights," but instead "shields" old ones.
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must be enforced in a way that does not diminish Aboriginal rights. As the
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460:. They may also include those created by ordinary legislation, like the
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467:
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The rights to which section 25 refers explicitly include those in the
426:. Section 25's content did not appear in the first version of the
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The Charter of Rights and the Legalization of Politics in Canada.
668:. Canadian Legal Information Institute. June 1996. Archived from
431:
450:), were appeased by the addition of sections 25 and 35 to the
560:, which bounds the federal and provincial governments to the
422:. The distinction came about during the negotiations of the
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as one that discusses section 25's application. She argues
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Section 35 of the Constitution Act, which falls outside the
337:, it does not create or constitutionalize rights for them.
16:
Constitutional protection of aboriginal and treaty rights
618:
provided some significant discussion of section 25. In
325:
is the first section under the heading "General" in the
663:
R. v. Agawa, (1988), 43 C.C.C. (3d) 266 (Ont. C.A.);
552:Some bands receive a measure of autonomy under the
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365:Under the heading "General," the section reads:
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297:
571:
470:has speculated that without this section,
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783:Legislation concerning indigenous peoples
640:"CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS"
578:Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1983
773:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
414:cannot be interpreted to deny that non-
402:This is a stronger recognition for non-
322:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
765:
543:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
521:Aboriginal self-government in Canada
13:
549:rights of individual Aboriginals.
198:Minority Language Education Rights
14:
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576:In 1983, with the passing of the
602:British Columbia Court of Appeal
50:Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
756:, 52.1 (Spring 2007): 173(18).
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448:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1:
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466:, and constitutional scholar
705:Constitutional Law of Canada
644:Department of Justice Canada
335:Aboriginal peoples in Canada
158:Official Languages of Canada
7:
778:Indigenous rights in Canada
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436:National Indian Brotherhood
393:Court of Appeal for Ontario
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541:. On the other hand, the
518:
515:Aboriginal self-government
458:Royal Proclamation of 1763
382:
440:Inuit Tapirisat of Canada
572:Amendments to section 25
525:The question of how the
482:. Nevertheless, in the
444:Native Council of Canada
410:'s requirement that the
344:is a part of the larger
452:Constitution Act, 1982.
360:
356:Constitution Act, 1982.
380:
347:Constitution Act, 1982
36:Constitution Act, 1982
26:of Rights and Freedoms
420:by the Charter itself
367:
568:but also tradition.
387:In other words, the
62:Fundamental Freedoms
754:McGill Law Journal
743:McNeil, pp. 87-89.
690:Mandel, Michael.
489:Corbiere v. Canada
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74:Democratic Rights
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734:McNeil, p. 74.
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674:. Retrieved
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666:"SECTION 25"
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106:Legal Rights
34:
33:Part of the
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582:land claims
397:R. v. Agawa
258:Application
210:Enforcement
767:Categories
716:Hogg, 631.
649:August 30,
626:References
607:R. v. Kapp
566:Indian Act
558:section 32
554:Indian Act
472:section 15
468:Peter Hogg
463:Indian Act
442:, and the
408:section 26
352:section 35
317:Section 25
676:22 August
446:(now the
596:Case law
509:Corbiere
494:reserves
476:equality
432:protests
395:held in
274:Citation
44:Preamble
562:Charter
547:Charter
539:Charter
535:Charter
531:Charter
527:Charter
501:Charter
428:Charter
424:Charter
416:Charter
412:Charter
404:Charter
389:Charter
383:Purpose
354:of the
342:Charter
331:Charter
327:Charter
319:of the
222:General
438:, the
604:case
486:case
474:(the
678:2005
651:2012
620:Kapp
616:Kapp
612:Kapp
505:does
480:race
361:Text
340:The
168:16.1
769::
642:.
592:.
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