470:(2001), was taken as meaning that while Charter rights are generous, they exist within a framework set up by Parliament and the provincial governments. These elected governments have the authority to grant varying degrees of powers to courts and tribunals, and deference should be shown to the governments' decisions. Reviewing courts may, however, have to exercise interpretation regarding whether lower courts have powers to award certain remedies if it is not explicit in the laws. This involves examining whether the lower court can consider Charter arguments and if allowing the lower court to dispense section 24(1) remedies would disrupt its general operations or be too much of a work burden for the court staff.
431:" rule, in which a judge makes a ruling and afterwards has no role to play, the majority upheld the earlier decision. As the majority argued, section 24 is "responsive to the needs of a given case," and as such "novel remedies" may not only be permissible, but also required. The "appropriate and just" limit was defined in this case as giving the courts themselves the right to determine what is appropriate and just (although they should keep in mind traditional
461:. Where a tribunal has been given the power to decide questions of law it must conform to the Constitution in all of its application of law and so invalid laws must be treated as having no force or effect. However, even if the tribunal is a court of competent jurisdiction it cannot make a declaration of invalidity for any invalid law, it can only treat it as no force or effect.
453:(1987), it was found that in any case, provincial superior and appellate courts, and courts created by the federal government, will qualify as a court of competent jurisdiction and may award remedies where it is considered "appropriate and just". An inferior provincial court may qualify as a court of competent jurisdiction where the remedy sought relates to trial procedure.
362:(2) Where, in proceedings under subsection (1), a court concludes that evidence was obtained in a manner that infringed or denied any rights or freedoms guaranteed by this Charter, the evidence shall be excluded if it is established that, having regard to all the circumstances, the admission of it in the proceedings would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.
545:
had established three factors to consider when determining whether to exclude evidence. First, the courts would look at whether the admission of the evidence would affect the fairness of the trial. Second, they would look at the seriousness of the
Charter violation, and third, they would look at the
385:), section 24 has broader capabilities (hindered only by the "appropriate and just" requirement) and can only be invoked when a claimant's rights are violated. Among other things, section 24 seems to give judges the power to place positive obligations upon a government, as well as to enforce more
456:
An administrative tribunal may qualify as a court of competent jurisdiction where it has been granted statutory jurisdiction over the parties, subject matter, and remedy sought. It is important to note that the jurisdiction over "remedy sought" means the jurisdiction as granted by statute,
531:-protected interests of the accused (focusing on a review of how the state's actions affected the accused), and (3) society's interests in the adjudication of the case on its merits (focusing on a review of the importance and reliability of the evidence).
457:
irrespective of the total remedies available under section 24(1) that may be applied by other courts. Even where a tribunal is not found to be a court of competent jurisdiction it is still nonetheless capable of applying the
359:
24(1) Anyone whose rights or freedoms, as guaranteed by this
Charter, have been infringed or denied may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction to obtain such remedy as the court considers appropriate and just in the
410:
439:
was violated), and also as requiring courts to remember that section 24 is itself a part of the constitution and allows judges to carry out their function of enforcing rights.
551:
466:
167:
547:
279:
267:
263:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
203:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
151:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
99:
87:
83:
79:
67:
55:
675:
43:
614:
394:
513:, the Supreme Court of Canada created a new test to determine when the administration of justice has been brought into disrepute (replacing the 1987 test in
546:
effect of excluding the evidence on the administration of justice. Typically, evidence obtained through violating an accused's right to have counsel (
768:
303:
527:-infringing conduct (focusing on a review of how society would view the actions of the state), (2) the impact of the breach on the
372:
321:
22:
504:
allowing for the exclusion of evidence, whenever its use threatens to bring the "administration of justice" into "disrepute."
381:. Whereas section 52 allows the courts to invalidate laws or parts of laws for breaches of the constitution (including the
413:
rights. A lower-court judge had ruled in the claimants' favour, and then demanded the government report to him as
329:
rights are shown to be violated. Some scholars have argued that it was actually section 24 that ensured that the
657:
296:
628:
497:
486:
right, the claimant is able to apply to have the evidence excluded from the trial under this section.
289:
681:
489:
At common law, all evidence, regardless of how it was obtained, can be submitted in a trial. The
418:
335:
642:
377:
35:
447:
These section 24(1) remedies may only be dispensed by a "court of competent jurisdiction". In
773:
464:
Overall, section 24's "competent jurisdiction" limit on which courts may award remedies, in
8:
742:
422:
482:
are addressed by section 24(2). When evidence is obtained through the violation of a
603:. 2003 Student Ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003), pp. 864-865.
493:
755:- Charter of Rights website with video, audio and the Charter in over 20 languages
736:
427:
403:
344:
565:
to exclude evidence in 45% of section 24(2) cases that come before the Court.
523:
test lists three factors the courts must consider: (1) the seriousness of the
762:
752:
541:
515:
490:
561:
and other such decisions, by 2000 the
Supreme Court of Canada had used the
414:
478:
Practices regarding what evidence may be brought against an individual in
509:
479:
449:
399:
386:
737:
section24(2) digest by retired P.E.I. Chief
Justice Hon. Gerard Mitchell
590:
Third ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson
Thomson Learning, 2000), p. 442.
339:. Canadian judges would be reassured that they could indeed strike down
706:
432:
392:
An example of an imaginative remedy can be found in the landmark case
550:) or the right to security from unreasonable search and seizure (
340:
746:
406:
629:"R. v. Smith, 1989 CanLII 27 (SCC), [1989] 2 SCR 368"
496:
excludes all evidence acquired through the violation of the
421:
minority's objections that this use of section 24 violated "
435:
limits on judicial power; in this case it was denied that
753:
Fundamental
Freedoms: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
676:
Douglas/Kwantlen
Faculty Association v. Douglas College
615:
Doucet-Boudreau v. Nova Scotia (Minister of
Education)
398:, (2003) 3 S.C.R. 3, as the claimants challenged the
355:
Under the heading "Enforcement," the section states:
442:
710:(1970), 4 C.C.C. 1, 11 C.R.N.S. 235, S.C.R. 272.
760:
325:provides for remedies available to those whose
297:
721:The Charter Revolution & the Court Party
371:Subsection 24(1) must be distinguished from
333:would not have the primary flaw of the 1960
304:
290:
16:Remedies for constitutional infringements
473:
769:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
588:Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches.
534:
322:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
761:
582:
580:
578:
343:on the basis that they contradicted a
500:. Canada has taken a middle ground,
575:
13:
198:Minority Language Education Rights
14:
785:
730:
723:. (Broadview Press, 2000), p. 39.
554:) was excluded by this section.
443:Courts of competent jurisdiction
50:Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
713:
402:government's delay in building
719:Morton, FL and Ranier Knopff.
699:
688:
668:
658:N.S. v. Martin; N.S. v. Laseur
649:
635:
621:
606:
593:
1:
601:Constitutional Law of Canada
568:
158:Official Languages of Canada
7:
366:
10:
790:
612:Supreme Court of Canada.
739:- current to January 2014
467:R. v. 974649 Ontario Inc.
417:progressed. Despite the
749:- current to April 2005
682:Cuddy Chicks v. Ontario
350:
336:Canadian Bill of Rights
643:Weber v. Ontario Hydro
378:Constitution Act, 1982
364:
36:Constitution Act, 1982
26:of Rights and Freedoms
474:Exclusion of evidence
409:as a breach of their
357:
743:section 24(2) digest
618:, (2003) 3 S.C.R. 3.
535:Past interpretations
62:Fundamental Freedoms
423:fundamental justice
679:(1990), see also
665:jurisdiction test
507:In the 2009 case
494:exclusionary rule
314:
313:
74:Democratic Rights
781:
724:
717:
711:
703:
697:
692:
686:
672:
666:
653:
647:
639:
633:
632:
625:
619:
610:
604:
597:
591:
584:
373:subsection 52(1)
306:
299:
292:
24:Canadian Charter
19:
18:
789:
788:
784:
783:
782:
780:
779:
778:
759:
758:
733:
728:
727:
718:
714:
704:
700:
693:
689:
673:
669:
661:(2003) for the
654:
650:
640:
636:
627:
626:
622:
611:
607:
599:Hogg, Peter W.
598:
594:
585:
576:
571:
537:
476:
445:
437:functus officio
428:functus officio
404:French language
395:Doucet-Boudreau
369:
361:
353:
310:
146:Equality Rights
94:Mobility Rights
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
787:
777:
776:
771:
757:
756:
750:
740:
732:
731:External links
729:
726:
725:
712:
698:
687:
667:
648:
634:
620:
605:
592:
573:
572:
570:
567:
539:The 1987 case
536:
533:
498:Bill of Rights
475:
472:
444:
441:
368:
365:
360:circumstances.
352:
349:
345:bill of rights
312:
311:
309:
308:
301:
294:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
271:
270:
260:
259:
255:
254:
224:
223:
219:
218:
212:
211:
207:
206:
200:
199:
195:
194:
160:
159:
155:
154:
148:
147:
143:
142:
108:
107:
103:
102:
96:
95:
91:
90:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
786:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
764:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:
722:
716:
709:
708:
702:
696:
691:
684:
683:
678:
677:
671:
664:
660:
659:
652:
645:
644:
638:
630:
624:
617:
616:
609:
602:
596:
589:
583:
581:
579:
574:
566:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
548:section 10(b)
544:
543:
542:R. v. Collins
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
516:R. v. Collins
512:
511:
505:
503:
499:
495:
492:
487:
485:
481:
471:
469:
468:
462:
460:
454:
452:
451:
440:
438:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
419:Supreme Court
416:
412:
408:
405:
401:
397:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
363:
356:
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
288:
287:
285:
284:
281:
278:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
262:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
225:
221:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
208:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
38:
37:
32:
31:
28:
27:
21:
20:
774:Evidence law
720:
715:
705:
701:
694:
690:
680:
674:
670:
662:
656:
651:
641:
637:
623:
613:
608:
600:
595:
587:
586:Dyck, Rand.
562:
558:
556:
540:
538:
528:
524:
520:
514:
508:
506:
501:
488:
483:
477:
465:
463:
458:
455:
448:
446:
436:
426:
415:construction
393:
391:
382:
376:
370:
358:
354:
334:
330:
326:
320:
316:
315:
215:
106:Legal Rights
34:
33:Part of the
23:
510:R. v. Grant
450:R. v. Rahey
425:" and the "
400:Nova Scotia
387:imaginative
258:Application
210:Enforcement
763:Categories
707:R. v. Wray
433:common law
411:section 23
389:remedies.
317:Section 24
569:Footnotes
552:section 8
502:sometimes
367:Remedies
341:statutes
274:Citation
44:Preamble
663:Charter
563:Charter
559:Collins
529:Charter
525:Charter
519:). The
484:Charter
459:Charter
407:schools
383:Charter
375:of the
331:Charter
327:Charter
319:of the
222:General
747:Canlii
685:(1991)
646:(1995)
557:After
480:trials
695:ibid.
521:Grant
655:see
351:Text
168:16.1
745:at
765::
577:^
491:US
347:.
280:34
268:33
266:,
264:32
252:31
250:,
248:30
246:,
244:29
242:,
240:28
238:,
236:27
234:,
232:26
230:,
228:25
216:24
204:23
192:22
190:,
188:21
186:,
184:20
182:,
180:19
178:,
176:18
174:,
172:17
170:,
166:,
164:16
152:15
140:14
138:,
136:13
134:,
132:12
130:,
128:11
126:,
124:10
122:,
118:,
114:,
86:,
82:,
631:.
305:e
298:t
291:v
120:9
116:8
112:7
100:6
88:5
84:4
80:3
68:2
56:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.