489:
477:
453:
465:
441:
112:
388:
288:
274:
44:
157:
126:
145:
307:
on the west coast, were bombarded and occupied in
December 1894 and January 1895 respectively. Some troops were landed, but the main expeditionary force, however, arrived in May 1895, numbering about 15,000 men, supported by around 6,000 carriers. The campaign was to take place during the rainy
368:
and accompanied by pack mules, to the capital. They arrived at the end of
September. An artillery battery was trained on the royal palace from the heights around the capital, and high-explosive shells were fired on the palace, killing many. The Queen promptly surrendered.
342:, was taking a heavy toll on the French expeditionary corps. The expedition was a medical disaster: about 1/3 of the force died of disease. Altogether, there were 6,000 deaths in the expedition, four-fifths of them French.
488:
452:
440:
476:
464:
415:
Despite the success of the expedition, the quelling of the sporadic rebellions would take another eight years until 1905, when the island was completely pacified by the French under
353:
on the 29 June 1895, and at
Andriba on the 22 August 1895. He again attacked the Duchesne "flying column" in September, but his elite gunner troops were decimated by the French.
1218:
869:
1093:
1350:
419:. During that time, insurrections against the Malagasy Christians of the island, missionaries and foreigners were particularly terrible. Queen
326:
As the French force advanced towards
Antananarivo, they had to build a road along the way. By August 1895, the French were only mid-way at
939:
929:
1340:
1729:
1153:
862:
1208:
1355:
396:
1223:
1026:
855:
1452:
1250:
1724:
1634:
1489:
1335:
1213:
1158:
1021:
387:
319:. The uprisings were variously against the government, slave labour, Christianisation (the court had converted to
1714:
1699:
391:
1719:
1447:
1400:
1390:
1375:
1198:
991:
986:
981:
899:
1639:
1385:
1188:
1036:
279:
1664:
1315:
1285:
372:
In the whole conflict, there were only a few skirmishes, and only 25 French soldiers died from fighting.
254:
222:
20:
1694:
1689:
1494:
1457:
1405:
1300:
1280:
1275:
1255:
1066:
971:
736:
Mutibwa, Phares M. (1980). "Resistance to
Colonialism: The Revolt of 1904—5 in South-East Madagascar".
1624:
1589:
1584:
1295:
1143:
258:
812:
770:
571:
528:
405:
1619:
1709:
1704:
1594:
1579:
1380:
1260:
330:
where there were numerous
Malagasy fortifications but only limited fighting. Disease, especially
283:, with the legend: "Events of Madagascar. M. Le Myre de Vilers and the colons leaving the coast."
210:
1430:
878:
1270:
843:
835:
590:
557:
547:
205:
was a French military intervention which took place in 1894–1895, sealing the conquest of the
1529:
1148:
1046:
1041:
518:
376:
246:
214:
117:
90:
1519:
1442:
1410:
1138:
976:
909:
287:
8:
1644:
1614:
1609:
1395:
1310:
1265:
1118:
273:
356:
Duchesne had to send a "flying column" from
Andriba on the 14 September 1895, formed of
1604:
1415:
1203:
1193:
1163:
1098:
1016:
934:
753:
375:
On 1 October 1895, the Merina
Kingdom signed a treaty with France wherein it became a
241:
from the central highlands. The French invasion was triggered by the refusal of Queen
1599:
1524:
745:
365:
250:
1437:
966:
296:
149:
35:
1629:
1574:
1425:
1420:
1128:
1031:
416:
346:
218:
161:
515:
Vichy in the
Tropics: Petain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe ...
1554:
1504:
1168:
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1123:
904:
420:
316:
242:
238:
206:
130:
1683:
1509:
1290:
749:
339:
233:
Madagascar was at the time an independent country, ruled from the capital of
847:
1539:
1534:
832:
Disease and empire: the health of
European troops in the conquest of Africa
587:
Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa
404:
The conquest of the island was formalized by the 6 August 1896 vote at the
234:
1544:
1011:
350:
311:
As soon as the French landed, revolts erupted here and there against the
308:
season, with disastrous consequences for the French expeditionary corps.
43:
757:
19:"Madagascar expedition" redirects here. For the earlier expedition, see
1345:
409:
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73:
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49:
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144:
816:
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249:
treaty from France, despite the signature of the Franco-
261:
broke negotiation and effectively declared war on the
345:The Malagasy Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief
1681:
16:1894–1895 French conquest of the Merina Kingdom
841:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism
544:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism
423:was deposed in January 1897 and was exiled to
295:An expeditionary corps was sent under General
877:
863:
892:
870:
856:
392:Medal of the Second Madagascar Expedition
277:Second Madagascar expedition depicted in
386:
286:
272:
108:
735:
446:Madagascar French expeditionary troops.
1682:
1477:
1243:
1086:
959:
851:
1301:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
1316:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
1306:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
13:
717:Cambridge history of Africa, p.530
699:Cambridge history of Africa, p.530
681:Cambridge history of Africa, p.530
618:Cambridge history of Africa, p.529
546:by Herbert Ingram Priestley p.308
14:
1741:
1276:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
408:, which resulted in favor of the
268:
1665:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
1356:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
1296:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
1189:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
494:Merina troops raising the alarm.
487:
475:
463:
451:
439:
291:The French route to Antananarivo
155:
143:
124:
110:
42:
1530:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
1311:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
1149:French and Indian War (1754–60)
806:
797:
788:
779:
764:
738:Transafrican Journal of History
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
621:
559:The Cambridge history of Africa
217:. It was the last phase of the
1580:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
1520:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
1411:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
1164:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
612:
603:
594:
580:
565:
551:
537:
522:
508:
64:December 1894 – September 1895
1:
1645:First Indochina War (1946–54)
1396:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
824:
470:Merina troops standing guard.
253:Treaty of 1885 following the
228:
1458:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1042:King William's War (1689–97)
397:Musée de la Légion d'Honneur
382:
203:Second Madagascar expedition
7:
1730:France–Madagascar relations
1525:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
1351:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
1224:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
1139:King George's War (1744–48)
255:First Madagascar expedition
223:First Madagascar expedition
48:French infantry landing at
21:First Madagascar expedition
10:
1746:
1406:French conquest of Vietnam
1119:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
839:Ingram, Priestley Herbert
589:by Philip D. Curtin p.186
431:, where she died in 1917.
394:. Law of 15 January 1896.
18:
1657:
1630:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
1567:
1470:
1426:Sino-French War (1884–85)
1421:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
1368:
1341:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
1328:
1236:
1181:
1169:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
1111:
1079:
1059:
1004:
952:
922:
885:
879:French colonial conflicts
259:Charles Le Myre de Vilers
184:
167:
136:
102:
56:
41:
33:
28:
1505:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
1369:Asia & Pacific Ocean
1124:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
502:
458:Merina troops in ambush.
406:French National Assembly
1725:Expeditions from France
1640:South Vietnam (1945–46)
1510:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
1438:Second Opium War (1860)
1431:North Vietnam (1886–96)
1416:North Vietnam (1873–74)
1219:East Indies (1793–1801)
1154:North America (1778–83)
1022:North America (1627–29)
1012:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
303:on the east coast, and
299:. First, the harbor of
1715:Madagascar expeditions
1575:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
1540:Cameroon War (1955–64)
1535:Algerian War (1954–62)
1453:Leewards War (1888–97)
1251:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
1129:Dummer's War (1721–25)
1032:Carib Expulsion (1660)
517:by Eric Jennings p.33
401:
292:
284:
195:4,500 killed in combat
137:Commanders and leaders
1700:French Third Republic
1555:Bizerte crisis (1961)
1386:Philippines (1844–45)
1336:West Indies (1804–10)
1291:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
1214:East Indies (1778–83)
1144:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
1134:Natchez revolt (1729)
1094:West Africa (1758–63)
1027:West Indies (1635–59)
900:South Carolina (1562)
390:
290:
276:
192:6,000 died of disease
185:Casualties and losses
91:Malagasy Protectorate
89:Establishment of the
29:Madagascar Expedition
1720:Military expeditions
1047:Santo Domingo (1691)
834:by Philip D. Curtin
364:soldiers as well as
315:government of Queen
211:island of Madagascar
1500:Zaian War (1914–21)
1485:Wadai War (1906–11)
1261:Algeria (1835–1903)
1209:Vietnam (1777–1820)
1159:Caribbean (1778–83)
377:French protectorate
349:tried to resist at
257:. Resident-general
190:25 killed in combat
1550:Ifni War (1957–58)
1545:Suez Crisis (1956)
830:Curtin, Philip D.
402:
293:
285:
1695:Conflicts in 1895
1690:Conflicts in 1894
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1620:Vietnam (1930–31)
1605:Cilicia (1920–21)
1595:Vietnam (1918–21)
1590:Vietnam (1917–18)
1563:
1562:
1515:Rif War (1920–26)
1495:Morocco (1911–12)
1490:Casablanca (1907)
1466:
1465:
1364:
1363:
1324:
1323:
1286:Madagascar (1883)
1256:Algeria (1830–47)
1232:
1231:
1177:
1176:
1107:
1106:
1075:
1074:
1055:
1054:
1000:
999:
972:Senegal (1659–77)
948:
947:
918:
917:
905:Florida (1562–65)
482:Merina artillery.
221:and followed the
199:
198:
180:40,000 reservists
98:
97:
1737:
1655:
1654:
1635:Indochina (1945)
1565:
1564:
1475:
1474:
1366:
1365:
1346:Mexico (1838–39)
1326:
1325:
1241:
1240:
1179:
1178:
1109:
1108:
1084:
1083:
1057:
1056:
1017:Brazil (1612–15)
1002:
1001:
977:Djidjelli (1664)
957:
956:
940:Brazil (1590–04)
935:Brazil (1555–67)
920:
919:
890:
889:
872:
865:
858:
849:
848:
819:
813:Musée de l'Armée
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
786:
783:
777:
771:Musée de l'Armée
768:
762:
761:
744:(1/2): 134–152.
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
709:
706:
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628:
625:
619:
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610:
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598:
592:
584:
578:
572:Musée de l'Armée
569:
563:
561:J. D. Fage p.529
555:
549:
541:
535:
529:Musée de l'Armée
526:
520:
512:
491:
479:
467:
455:
443:
297:Jacques Duchesne
280:Le Petit Journal
160:
159:
158:
150:Jacques Duchesne
148:
147:
129:
128:
127:
120:
116:
114:
113:
58:
57:
46:
36:Franco-Hova Wars
26:
25:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1649:
1610:Syria (1925–27)
1600:Syria (1919–21)
1559:
1462:
1443:Japan (1863–64)
1376:Moluccas (1810)
1360:
1320:
1228:
1204:India (1756–63)
1199:India (1749–54)
1194:India (1746–48)
1173:
1103:
1071:
1051:
1037:Texas (1685–89)
996:
944:
914:
881:
876:
827:
822:
811:
807:
803:Priestley p.309
802:
798:
793:
789:
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780:
769:
765:
734:
730:
725:
721:
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703:
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676:
672:Priestley p.308
671:
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609:Priestley p.308
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471:
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459:
456:
447:
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417:Joseph Gallieni
412:of Madagascar.
385:
347:Rainilaiarivony
323:in the 1860s).
271:
231:
219:Franco-Hova War
191:
179:
174:
173:15,000 soldiers
162:Rainilaiarivony
156:
154:
142:
125:
123:
111:
109:
85:French victory
76:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:1895 in Africa
1707:
1705:1894 in Africa
1702:
1697:
1692:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Vietnam (1940)
1622:
1617:
1615:Vietnam (1930)
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:Vietnam (1916)
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
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1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
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1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1401:Tourane (1856)
1398:
1393:
1391:Tourane (1847)
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Tunisia (1881)
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Morocco (1844)
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
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1191:
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1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1099:Morocco (1765)
1096:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1067:Siam (1687–90)
1063:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1006:
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997:
995:
994:
992:Algiers (1688)
989:
987:Algiers (1683)
984:
982:Algiers (1682)
979:
974:
969:
967:Morocco (1629)
963:
961:
954:
950:
949:
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
926:
924:
916:
915:
913:
912:
910:Florida (1568)
907:
902:
896:
894:
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882:
875:
874:
867:
860:
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846:
845:
837:
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579:
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450:
448:
445:
438:
435:
434:
433:
421:Ranavalona III
384:
381:
317:Ranavalona III
270:
269:The expedition
267:
243:Ranavalona III
239:Merina dynasty
230:
227:
225:of 1883–1885.
207:Merina Kingdom
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
165:
164:
152:
139:
138:
134:
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131:Merina Kingdom
121:
105:
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82:
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
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1501:
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1427:
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1402:
1399:
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1387:
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1371:
1367:
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1333:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
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1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
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1259:
1257:
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1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1003:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
958:
955:
951:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Brazil (1531)
928:
927:
925:
923:South America
921:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
893:North America
891:
888:
884:
880:
873:
868:
866:
861:
859:
854:
853:
850:
844:
842:
838:
836:
833:
829:
828:
818:
814:
809:
800:
794:Jennings p.33
791:
785:Curtin, p.187
782:
776:
772:
767:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
726:Curtin, p.186
723:
714:
708:Curtin, p.186
705:
696:
690:Curtin, p.186
687:
678:
669:
663:Curtin, p.187
660:
654:Curtin, p.186
651:
645:Curtin, p.186
642:
636:Curtin, p.186
633:
627:Curtin, p.187
624:
615:
606:
600:Curtin, p.186
597:
591:
588:
583:
577:
573:
568:
562:
560:
554:
548:
545:
540:
534:
530:
525:
519:
516:
511:
507:
490:
485:
478:
473:
466:
461:
454:
449:
442:
437:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
399:
398:
393:
389:
380:
378:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
340:typhoid fever
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
321:Protestantism
318:
314:
309:
306:
302:
298:
289:
282:
281:
275:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
194:
189:
188:
183:
177:
175:6,000 porters
172:
171:
166:
163:
153:
151:
146:
141:
140:
135:
132:
122:
119:
107:
106:
101:
92:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1471:20th century
1448:Korea (1866)
1305:
1237:19th century
1080:18th century
953:17th century
886:16th century
840:
831:
808:
799:
790:
781:
766:
741:
737:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
596:
586:
582:
567:
558:
553:
543:
539:
524:
514:
510:
414:
403:
395:
374:
371:
355:
344:
325:
310:
294:
278:
247:protectorate
245:to accept a
235:Antananarivo
232:
202:
200:
103:Belligerents
84:
34:Part of the
1381:Java (1811)
1271:Salé (1851)
351:Tsarasaotra
334:, but also
52:, May 1895.
1684:Categories
825:References
410:annexation
265:monarchy.
229:Background
74:Madagascar
815:exhibit,
773:exhibit,
750:0251-0391
574:exhibit,
531:exhibit,
383:Aftermath
336:dysentery
305:Mahajanga
301:Toamasina
1329:Americas
1112:Americas
1005:Americas
758:24328554
358:Algerian
263:Malagasy
168:Strength
69:Location
1658:Pacific
429:Algeria
425:Algiers
366:marines
362:African
332:malaria
328:Andriba
237:by the
209:on the
50:Majunga
1478:Africa
1244:Africa
1087:Africa
960:Africa
756:
748:
313:Merina
215:France
178:30,000
118:France
115:
81:Result
817:Paris
775:Paris
754:JSTOR
576:Paris
533:Paris
503:Notes
1568:Asia
1182:Asia
1060:Asia
746:ISSN
360:and
338:and
251:Hova
201:The
61:Date
427:in
213:by
1686::
752:.
740:.
379:.
871:e
864:t
857:v
760:.
742:9
400:.
23:.
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