61:
334:, which the British built during World War II as anti-aircraft platforms. One type consisted of a concrete pontoon barge on which stood two cylindrical towers on top of which was the gun platform mounting. They were laid down in dry dock and assembled as complete units. They were then fitted out before being towed out and sunk onto their sand bank positions in 1942. The other type consisted of seven interconnected steel platforms built on stilts. Five platforms carried guns arranged in a semicircle around the sixth platform, which contained the control centre and accommodation. The seventh platform, set further out than the gun towers, was the searchlight tower.
248:
31:
46:
827:
543:
743:
1154:
991:
3718:
435:
493:
203:, seaborne assaults of the classical and medieval age more often took the form of coastal raiders sailing up river and landing well inland of the coast. Prior to the invention of naval artillery that could sink hostile ships, the most that coastal defence could do was act as an early warning system, that could alert local naval or ground forces of the impending attack. For example, in the late Roman period the
76:
348:
1156:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1161:
129:
to sustain operations, such defences are usually concentrated around such facilities, or places where such facilities could be constructed. Coastal artillery fortifications generally followed the development of land fortifications, usually incorporating land defences; sometimes separate land defence
226:
raiders took the form of coast watchers whose duty was to alert the local militia, the navy, which would attempt to intercept the raider's ships, or failing that, to destroy them after they had beached. Against smaller raiding forces, the threat of losing their ships, and their way home with their
146:
or weapons based on them, often supplemented by lighter weapons. In the late 19th century separate batteries of coastal artillery replaced forts in some countries; in some areas these became widely separated geographically through the mid-20th century as weapon ranges increased. The amount of
1158:
938:
rendered these open topped emplacements vulnerable to air attack. Therefore, the next, and last, generation of coastal artillery was mounted under thick concrete shields covered with vegetation to make them virtually invisible from above. In anticipation of a conflict with
863:
many coastal fortifications already dotted the
Atlantic coast, as protection from pirate raids and foreign incursions. The Revolutionary War led to the construction of many additional fortifications, mostly comprising simple earthworks erected to meet specific threats.
943:, most of the limited funds available between 1933 and 1938 were spent on the Pacific coast. In 1939–40 the threat of war in Europe prompted larger appropriations and the resumption of work along the Atlantic coast. Under a major program developed in the wake of the
978:. Cullen was the first American who actually came in contact with the enemy on the shores of the United States during the war and his report led to the capture of the German sabotage team. For this, Cullen received the
652:
In the early 15th century, a number of watch posts had been established around Malta's coastline. In the early 17th century, the Order began to strengthen the coastal fortifications outside the harbour area, by building
867:
The prospect of war with
European powers in the 1790s led to a national programme of fortification building spanning seventy years in three phases, known as the First, Second and Third Systems. By the time of the
167:
were used extensively, usually added to boom defences, with major warships often being equipped with them (to allow rapid deployment once the ship was anchored or moored) through early World War I. In World War I
1157:
172:
emerged and soon became part of coastal artillery in some countries; with railway artillery in coast defence some type of revolving mount had to be provided to allow tracking of fast-moving targets.
903:, whose recommendations would lead to a large-scale modernization programme of harbour and coastal defences in the United States, especially the construction of well dispersed, open topped
970:
would patrol the shores of the United States during the war. Some patrolled on horseback with mounted beach patrols. On 13 June 1942 Seaman 2nd Class John Cullen, patrolling the beach in
1571:
3112:
473:
Subsequently, the
European powers built their own coastal defences to protect the various colonial enclaves that they established along the Chinese coast. One such, a fort built by the
711:
were built in the 1870s to protect the Grand
Harbour from landward attacks. Between 1872 and 1912, many forts and batteries were built around the coastline. The first of these was
613:
was built on the
Sciberras Peninsula, and further modifications were made to the fortifications over the years. The harbour area was strengthened even more by the building of the
323:
is on a built-up island, 400 meters (1,312 ft) from the shore, and connected to it by a causeway that high tide completely submerses. The most elaborate sea fort is
1130:
With the advent of missile technology coastal forts became obsolete. Britain's coastal forts were therefore decommissioned in 1956 and the units manning them disbanded.
1084:
on "an iron high-road running parallel with that other 'silent highway', the source of all our greatness, the ocean, our time-honoured 'moat and circumvallation'"
1069:
1139:
1042:
1207:
1030:
688:, along with several entrenchments, were built around the coasts of Malta and Gozo. Many of these have been destroyed, but a few examples still survive.
142:, or sea forts, the first three types often with detached gun batteries called "water batteries". Coastal defence weapons throughout history were heavy
1540:
1197:
912:
1579:
147:
landward defence provided began to vary by country from the late 19th century; by 1900 new US forts almost totally neglected these defences.
691:
After the
British took Malta in 1800, they modified the Order's defences in the harbour area to keep up with new technology. Malta itself,
1249:
1716:
1437:
1825:
928:
364:
1489:
1464:
266:. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by
794:
designs adapted to New
Zealand conditions. These installations typically included gun emplacements, pill boxes, fire command or
2928:
1685:
1514:
1433:"El frustrado fuerte de Tenquehuen en el archipiélago de los Chonos, 1750: Dimensión chilota de un conflicto hispano-británico"
924:
255:
395:
the
Valdivian Fort System was updated and reinforced from 1764 onwards. Other vulnerable localities of colonial Chile such as
1648:
1295:
850:
762:
1373:
291:
Unlike most coastal fortifications, which are on the coast, sea forts are not. Instead, they are off the coast on islands,
1060:
was strongly fortified to provide a massive anchorage for the
British Navy before France became an ally of Britain in the
3522:
3217:
1217:
486:
1068:, a group of forts and associated structures were built during the Victorian period on the recommendations of the 1860
1025:
to defend the southern coast of
England. Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers known as
303:, are within harbours in proximity to the coast, but most are at some distance off the coast. Some, such as for example
65:
677:
in 1667. Between 1605 and 1667, a total of 31 towers were built, of which 22 survive today (with another 3 in ruins).
60:
3122:
1792:
1605:
1432:
1320:
609:
reduced many of these coastal fortifications to rubble, but after the siege they were rebuilt. The fortified city of
415:
505:
259:
3743:
3547:
1768:
771:
was fortified in two main waves. The first wave occurred around 1885 and was a response to fears of an attack by
746:
49:
915:
were a critical component of the defence, and smaller guns were also employed to protect the mine fields from
228:
284:
Sea forts are completely surrounded by water – if not permanently, then at least at high tide (i.e. they are
34:
1548:
948:
2770:
2308:
1818:
1349:
381:
3107:
2188:
148:
2703:
1057:
1017:, built 1283 to 1289, defend river approaches as well as the surrounding land. Built 1539 to 1544, the
423:
377:
diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast as consequence of Dutch and English raids.
3152:
1202:
489:. This tells the story of coastal defence along the South China coast from the Ming dynasty onwards.
2777:
715:, built to protect the northern approach to the Grand Harbour. A chain of fortifications, including
524:
dates primarily to the first half of the 19th century. It actually underwent bombardment during the
404:
3649:
2727:
130:
forts were built to protect coastal forts. Through the middle 19th century, coastal forts could be
17:
1288:
A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed
412:
3696:
3471:
3177:
3172:
3092:
2889:
2836:
2806:
2563:
2493:
2437:
2014:
1811:
1264:
754:
537:
501:
308:
3721:
3537:
3127:
3024:
2909:
2093:
1073:
1006:
618:
411:
were also made ready for an eventual English attack. Inspired in the recommendations of former
247:
1664:
573:
was possibly first fortified during Arab rule, and by the 13th century, a castle known as the
3674:
3512:
3294:
3047:
2784:
2607:
1936:
1239:
1049:. This type of tower was also used elsewhere in the British Empire and in the United States.
1022:
920:
550:
546:
513:
385:
352:
251:
207:
was a system of forts at the mouths of navigable rivers, and watch towers along the coast of
919:. Defences of a given harbor were initially designated artillery districts, redesignated as
673:
were built over the course of the 17th century. The last coastal watchtower to be built was
396:
45:
3659:
3187:
2813:
2612:
2578:
1978:
1860:
1092:
971:
807:
712:
700:
606:
384:
in 1643 caused great alarm among Spanish authorities and triggered the construction of the
1009:, had evolved from simpler Norman fortifications by the start of the 13th century. Later,
947:
in 1940, a near-total replacement of previous coast defenses was implemented, centered on
400:
30:
8:
3476:
3212:
2568:
1946:
1403:
1010:
975:
904:
860:
834:
582:
392:
176:
159:
were often used, or stored in peacetime to be available in wartime. With the rise of the
53:
1339:
3598:
3207:
3182:
3167:
3162:
3012:
2992:
2789:
2350:
2217:
1961:
1747:
1493:
1468:
1212:
1077:
960:
869:
842:
731:
638:
598:
292:
279:
200:
164:
227:
loot, was often enough to force them to curtail their attack. In addition there was a
3654:
3613:
3588:
3461:
3142:
2982:
2829:
2415:
2293:
1971:
1914:
1788:
1751:
1710:
1644:
1316:
1291:
1192:
935:
908:
704:
681:
662:
590:
521:
169:
118:
1692:
1518:
151:
were also usually part of a protected harbor's defences. In the middle 19th century
3628:
3603:
3532:
3456:
3057:
3052:
2987:
2538:
2342:
1921:
1739:
1143:
1124:
1096:
1065:
998:
967:
896:
889:
795:
750:
482:
156:
3517:
3369:
3342:
3282:
3252:
3137:
3102:
3082:
3067:
2622:
2617:
2585:
2346:
2288:
2276:
2258:
2125:
2106:
2032:
2009:
1390:
1377:
1344:
1187:
1169:
1088:
979:
826:
708:
670:
666:
622:
594:
542:
525:
184:
1370:
304:
3686:
3681:
3347:
3332:
3267:
3257:
3132:
3117:
3017:
3007:
2972:
2846:
2639:
2336:
2303:
2267:
2083:
1941:
1905:
1116:
1108:
1081:
1072:, following concerns about the strength of the French Navy. In 1865 Lieutenant
1026:
944:
900:
791:
787:
614:
574:
474:
374:
370:
331:
139:
1743:
810:, supply and plotting rooms and protected engine rooms supplying power to the
646:
3737:
3691:
3644:
3552:
3542:
3496:
3466:
3451:
3420:
3401:
3262:
3202:
3157:
3072:
3031:
2841:
2474:
2469:
2202:
2165:
2150:
2101:
2046:
2025:
1834:
1428:
1244:
1182:
1112:
1053:
956:
856:
720:
716:
642:
626:
570:
356:
324:
208:
114:
1253:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 599–602.
927:
was divided into field artillery and coast artillery units, and in 1907 the
634:
408:
3669:
3527:
3491:
3446:
3430:
3358:
3311:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3087:
2904:
2765:
2732:
2597:
2533:
2508:
2420:
2394:
2362:
2356:
2298:
2237:
2207:
2055:
1120:
1018:
1014:
830:
776:
742:
658:
459:
447:
320:
296:
285:
131:
38:
1609:
990:
458:). Coastal defences were maintained through both the Ming dynasty and the
3568:
3425:
3394:
3376:
3364:
3306:
3301:
3242:
3237:
3197:
3097:
3062:
2958:
2861:
2632:
2602:
2592:
2498:
2387:
2004:
1951:
1061:
916:
838:
815:
768:
674:
654:
630:
478:
300:
236:
204:
79:
69:
2195:
3593:
3413:
3385:
3316:
3192:
3147:
3077:
2997:
2894:
2799:
2739:
2698:
2676:
2627:
2573:
2523:
2518:
2503:
2462:
2410:
2368:
2313:
2155:
2071:
1165:
994:
811:
799:
724:
509:
439:
312:
212:
152:
3573:
2118:
1730:
Brown, D. (2006). "Palmerston and Anglo—French Relations, 1846—1865".
3002:
2933:
2760:
2755:
2688:
2329:
2242:
2172:
2130:
1956:
1926:
1887:
1853:
1104:
911:, which sat protected behind the walls, but could be raised to fire.
885:
692:
517:
462:
that followed, protecting the coast against pirates, and against the
327:, which is so extensive that one might truly call it a sea fortress.
271:
160:
143:
135:
1238:
907:
emplacements protected by sloped earthworks. Many of these featured
434:
3486:
3481:
3406:
3247:
2965:
2940:
2923:
2853:
2794:
2722:
2715:
2558:
2446:
2320:
2140:
2135:
2111:
2039:
2019:
1999:
1966:
1038:
952:
837:
harbor, US, typifies an early seacoast defense system prior to the
610:
492:
463:
102:
83:
3618:
3583:
3578:
2916:
2899:
2884:
2868:
2820:
2748:
2693:
2683:
2651:
2553:
2528:
2513:
2283:
2227:
2145:
1992:
1985:
1931:
1803:
1638:
881:
696:
685:
602:
601:
were built, and walls surrounded the coastal cities of Birgu and
569:
all have some form of coastal fortification. The area around the
446:
China first established formal coastal defences during the early
267:
263:
188:
126:
1765:
Walker, Arthur (2000) , "Coast Railways and Railway Artillery",
3623:
2977:
2543:
2481:
2425:
2403:
2380:
2373:
2249:
2232:
2064:
1896:
1878:
1848:
1100:
1046:
1034:
877:
873:
803:
772:
566:
467:
451:
337:
316:
239:
along navigable rivers to prevent raiders from sailing inland.
223:
219:
1146:
coastal defence system and Bal-E coastal missile complex with
892:
could penetrate Third System defences with acceptable losses.
500:
Taiwan has several coastal fortifications, with some, such as
75:
3664:
3608:
3352:
2877:
2708:
2548:
1869:
1147:
940:
780:
586:
578:
558:
455:
419:
295:, or are specially built structures. Some sea forts, such as
232:
110:
106:
923:
in 1913 and as harbor defense commands in 1924. In 1901 the
27:
Measures to protect against a military attack by a coastline
2646:
2488:
2455:
2430:
2222:
2212:
2181:
2160:
562:
180:
122:
581:
to protect the harbour. The Maltese islands were given to
347:
1608:. Royal New Zealand Artillery Association. Archived from
884:
forts obsolete, and the combatants discovered that their
1315:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 180–181.
1391:
Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750
1091:
the British Admiralty designed eight towers code named
974:, discovered the first landing of German saboteurs in
855:
The defence of its coasts was a major concern for the
1517:. Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence. Archived from
1492:. Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence. Archived from
1467:. Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence. Archived from
1070:
Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom
734:
in Malta for defence in case of an Italian invasion.
426:
into a direct dependency of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1290:. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. pp. 16–17, 24–34.
1140:
A-222E Bereg-E 130mm coastal mobile artillery system
806:, sometimes with interconnected tunnels, containing
1208:
List of coastal fortifications of the United States
1021:are a series of artillery fortifications built for
1785:The History of Coast Artillery in the British Army
470:powers that sought to impose their will on China.
1198:Coastal defences of Australia during World War II
311:completely occupy small islands; others, such as
101:are measures taken to provide protection against
3735:
1334:
1332:
1313:British & American Artillery of World War II
1099:to protect allied merchant shipping from German
1013:was a prolific castle builder and sites such as
520:, date more to the end of the 19th century. The
319:, are on artificial islands built up on shoals.
121:. Because an invading enemy normally requires a
2075:
1427:
730:From 1935 to the 1940s, the British built many
2637:
2583:
2401:
2247:
1764:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
485:and the mainland, has been converted into the
3292:
3022:
2851:
2827:
2444:
2435:
2392:
2116:
1912:
1903:
1819:
1782:
1643:(Third ed.). CDSG Press. pp. 5–13.
1640:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
1329:
450:(14th century) to protect against attacks by
163:threat at the beginning of the 20th century,
3411:
3392:
3383:
3374:
2963:
2938:
2914:
2875:
2866:
2818:
2804:
2775:
2746:
2737:
2713:
2674:
2479:
2460:
2378:
2327:
2318:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2193:
2179:
2170:
2053:
2030:
1572:"18th Century Hospitaller Coastal Batteries"
1095:that were to be built and positioned in the
841:, with low earthworks. The cannons are post-
338:Coastal defence and fortification by country
256:fortifications of the Castle Harbour Islands
2062:
2044:
1990:
1976:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1623:
1111:were small fortified towers, primarily for
549:, which was built in 1618, was used by the
1826:
1812:
1410:(in Spanish), Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1031:defend the south and east coast of England
641:in the 18th century. The Order also built
438:View looking north from the gun platform.
1729:
1723:
1421:
1285:
1005:The walls around coastal cities, such as
64:Ottoman fortification and redoubt of the
1507:
1490:"Gallery 3: The Qing Period (1644–1911)"
1482:
1465:"Gallery 2: The Ming Period (1368–1644)"
1457:
1152:
989:
929:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
825:
779:and was due to fears of invasion by the
741:
541:
491:
433:
365:Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile
346:
246:
199:Rather than the beach assault of modern
74:
59:
44:
29:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1569:
1340:"IngenierĂa Militar durante la Colonia"
1064:, even so plans changed slowly and the
931:was created to operate these defences.
418:the Spanish founded the "city-fort" of
14:
3736:
1715:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1636:
955:batteries. These were supplemented by
422:in 1768 and separated Chiloé from the
82:, a sea fortress from 18th century in
1807:
1667:. United States National Park Service
1657:
1570:Spiteri, Stephen C. (10 April 2010).
1396:
1236:
1133:
851:Seacoast defense in the United States
763:Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
1594:
1310:
859:from its independence. Prior to the
3218:Weapons Storage and Security System
1383:
1363:
487:Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence
330:The most recent sea forts were the
24:
1833:
1538:
775:. The second wave occurred during
66:Dardanelles Fortified Area Command
25:
3755:
1783:Maurice-Jones, Col. K.W (2005) .
1772:, Pallas Armata, pp. 221–234
1257:
985:
589:and rebuilt the Castrum Maris as
359:, an example of a coastal defense
3717:
3716:
1218:Peter the Great's Naval Fortress
821:
1776:
1769:Royal United Services Institute
1758:
1678:
1563:
1532:
661:, which was built in 1605. The
502:Fort Zeelandia or Anping Castle
1304:
1279:
1230:
737:
179:, coastal defence counteracts
50:Castillo San Felipe de Barajas
13:
1:
3113:British "hedgehog" road block
1637:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
1429:Urbina Carrasco, MarĂa Ximena
1237:Brown, William Baker (1911).
1224:
963:, also in new installations.
35:Castillo San Felipe del Morro
1604:Baigent, Captain AJ (1959).
1350:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1138:Russia Federation developed
723:, was also built to protect
680:From 1714 onwards, about 52
382:Dutch occupation of Valdivia
242:
7:
3523:Cities with defensive walls
3108:Defensive fighting position
3023:
2828:
2638:
2584:
2445:
2436:
2402:
2393:
2248:
1286:Weaver II, John R. (2018).
1175:
10:
3760:
1787:(Reprint). N&M Press.
1732:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1606:"Coast Artillery Defences"
1168:coastal defense launching
848:
760:
535:
504:dating to the time of the
424:Captaincy General of Chile
362:
277:
235:, that were positioned at
194:
3707:
3637:
3561:
3505:
3439:
3325:
3230:
3153:Hardened aircraft shelter
3128:Entry control point (ECP)
3040:
2951:
2667:
2660:
2092:
1841:
1744:10.1080/09592290600942918
1203:Coastal towers in Salento
657:. The first of these was
229:system of fortified towns
99:and coastal fortification
3650:Continuity of government
1576:MilitaryArchitecture.com
1188:Chain of the Golden Horn
802:strategies, underground
629:in the 17th century and
585:in 1530, who settled in
531:
506:Dutch East India Company
429:
342:
3472:Motte-and-bailey castle
3178:Missile launch facility
3173:Main line of resistance
1868:
1250:Encyclopædia Britannica
538:Fortifications of Malta
3744:Coastal fortifications
3548:Military installations
3412:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3293:
2964:
2939:
2915:
2905:Scarp and Counterscarp
2876:
2867:
2852:
2819:
2805:
2776:
2747:
2738:
2714:
2675:
2480:
2461:
2379:
2328:
2319:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2194:
2180:
2171:
2117:
2076:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2031:
1991:
1977:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1859:
1404:"Lugares estratégicos"
1172:
1107:is still in situ. The
1074:Arthur Campbell Walker
1002:
921:coast defense commands
913:Underwater mine fields
846:
758:
619:Santa Margherita Lines
554:
497:
496:Fort Zeelandia, Taiwan
443:
405:Juan Fernández Islands
391:As consequence of the
360:
275:
87:
72:
57:
42:
3317:Floating water castle
3048:Admiralty scaffolding
2341:Fortified buildings (
1311:Hogg, Ian V. (2002).
1240:"Coast Defence"
1164:
1123:estuaries during the
1080:advocated the use of
993:
895:In 1885 US President
829:
745:
551:Armed Forces of Malta
545:
514:Eternal Golden Castle
495:
437:
386:Valdivian Fort System
363:Further information:
353:Valdivian Fort System
350:
250:
222:, protection against
218:Later in Anglo-Saxon
201:amphibious operations
153:underwater minefields
78:
63:
48:
33:
3660:Subterranean warfare
2613:Viking ring fortress
1380:at coloniavoyage.com
1267:. GlobalSecurity.org
972:Amagansett, New York
917:minesweeping vessels
713:Sliema Point Battery
701:Halifax, Nova Scotia
607:Great Siege of Malta
388:that begun in 1645.
260:St. George's Harbour
105:attack at or near a
3477:Quadrangular castle
3213:Weapon storage area
2569:Quadrangular castle
1393:, 1998, pages 88–92
1115:guns, built in the
997:is situated beside
976:Operation Pastorius
934:The development of
905:reinforced concrete
861:American Revolution
705:Imperial fortresses
583:Order of Saint John
165:anti-submarine nets
54:Cartagena de Indias
3208:Underground hangar
2993:Fire control tower
2790:Gunpowder magazine
2218:Butter-churn tower
1376:2016-03-03 at the
1371:The Dutch in Chili
1213:Middelgrundsfortet
1173:
1150:/Kh-35E missiles.
1134:Russian Federation
1078:School of Musketry
1003:
870:American Civil War
847:
759:
639:Marsamxett Harbour
599:Fort Saint Michael
555:
547:Saint Mary's Tower
508:. Others, such as
498:
444:
397:Chiloé Archipelago
361:
293:artificial islands
280:Category:Sea forts
276:
187:, naval infantry (
88:
73:
58:
43:
3731:
3730:
3655:Military urbanism
3589:Fortified gateway
3462:Concentric castle
3226:
3225:
3143:Fire support base
2983:Coastal artillery
2858:(Spanish America)
2452:
2294:Concentric castle
1665:"Coastal Defense"
1650:978-0-9748167-3-9
1539:Debono, Charles.
1297:978-1-7323916-1-1
1265:"Coastal Defense"
1193:Coastal artillery
1162:
1043:possible invasion
936:military aviation
909:disappearing guns
890:ironclad warships
796:observation posts
767:The coastline of
591:Fort Saint Angelo
522:Uhrshawan Battery
183:offence, such as
170:railway artillery
119:coastal artillery
16:(Redirected from
3751:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3604:National redoubt
3533:Fortified estate
3457:Circular rampart
3417:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3298:
3058:Anti-tank trench
3053:Air raid shelter
3028:
2988:Disappearing gun
2969:
2944:
2920:
2881:
2872:
2857:
2833:
2824:
2810:
2781:
2752:
2743:
2719:
2680:
2665:
2664:
2643:
2623:Bailey (or ward)
2589:
2494:Motte-and-bailey
2485:
2466:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2407:
2398:
2384:
2333:
2324:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2199:
2185:
2176:
2122:
2079:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2036:
1996:
1982:
1922:Circular rampart
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1691:. Archived from
1690:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1578:. Archived from
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1547:. Archived from
1541:"Coastal Towers"
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1234:
1163:
1144:K-300P Bastion-P
1125:Second World War
1097:Straits of Dover
1066:Palmerston Forts
968:U.S. Coast Guard
897:Grover Cleveland
790:were built from
751:disappearing gun
703:were designated
593:. In the 1550s,
483:Hong Kong Island
481:channel between
393:Seven Years' War
254:1624 map of the
177:littoral warfare
157:controlled mines
113:), for example,
21:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3711:
3703:
3633:
3557:
3501:
3435:
3370:Imperial castle
3343:Coercion castle
3338:Coastal defence
3321:
3283:Promontory fort
3253:Hillside castle
3222:
3138:Fallout shelter
3103:Concertina wire
3083:Border security
3036:
2947:
2656:
2289:Coercion castle
2277:Cheval de frise
2259:Chemin de ronde
2107:Albarrana tower
2088:
2033:Schwedenschanze
2010:Promontory fort
1837:
1832:
1802:
1795:
1781:
1777:
1767:Journal of the
1763:
1759:
1728:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:"Archived copy"
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1635:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1582:on 20 June 2016
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1408:Memoria chilena
1402:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1378:Wayback Machine
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1345:Memoria Chilena
1338:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1178:
1170:SS-N-3 Shaddock
1153:
1136:
1089:First World War
1082:armoured trains
1027:Martello Towers
988:
980:Legion of Merit
925:Artillery Corps
853:
824:
765:
740:
709:Corradino Lines
671:De Redin towers
623:Cottonera Lines
605:. In 1565, the
595:Fort Saint Elmo
557:The islands of
540:
534:
526:Sino-French War
477:commanding the
432:
367:
351:Cannons of the
345:
340:
282:
245:
197:
185:naval artillery
140:polygonal forts
91:Coastal defence
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3687:Trench warfare
3684:
3682:Tunnel warfare
3679:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Fortifications
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3348:Counter-castle
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Border barrier
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3268:Lowland castle
3265:
3260:
3258:Hilltop castle
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Electric fence
3130:
3125:
3123:Dragon's teeth
3120:
3118:Czech hedgehog
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3032:Wire obstacles
3029:
3020:
3018:Polygonal fort
3015:
3010:
3008:Martello tower
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Border outpost
2970:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2847:Polygonal fort
2844:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2458:
2453:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2385:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2339:
2337:Flanking tower
2334:
2325:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Counter-castle
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2094:Post-classical
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2084:Vitrified fort
2081:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Defensive wall
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:Fortifications
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1775:
1757:
1738:(4): 675–692.
1722:
1677:
1656:
1649:
1622:
1593:
1562:
1551:on 10 May 2015
1531:
1506:
1481:
1456:
1420:
1395:
1382:
1362:
1348:(in Spanish).
1328:
1321:
1303:
1296:
1278:
1256:
1245:Chisholm, Hugh
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1135:
1132:
1109:Maunsell Forts
987:
986:United Kingdom
984:
945:Fall of France
901:Endicott Board
899:appointed the
872:, advances in
849:Main article:
823:
820:
788:fortifications
761:Main article:
739:
736:
637:in the nearby
615:Floriana Lines
536:Main article:
533:
530:
442:Museum, China.
431:
428:
375:Spanish Empire
371:Colonial times
344:
341:
339:
336:
332:Maunsell Forts
244:
241:
196:
193:
115:fortifications
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:Urban warfare
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Civil defense
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Bastion forts
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:Z-plan castle
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:L-plan castle
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Bridge castle
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Refuge castle
3419:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Military base
3400:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Hunting lodge
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Moated castle
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Island castle
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:By topography
3229:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Submarine pen
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Hesco bastion
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Blast shelter
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Place-of-arms
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2475:Machicolation
2473:
2471:
2470:L-plan castle
2468:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2448:
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2203:Bridge castle
2201:
2198:
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2178:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2166:Bent entrance
2164:
2162:
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2151:Battery tower
2149:
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2129:
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2102:Advanced work
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2029:
2027:
2026:Refuge castle
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
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2001:
1998:
1995:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
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1980:
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1796:
1794:9781845740313
1790:
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1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1698:on 2006-07-23
1694:
1687:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1612:on 2009-10-17
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1521:on 2009-05-26
1520:
1516:
1510:
1496:on 2012-04-09
1495:
1491:
1485:
1471:on 2013-09-05
1470:
1466:
1460:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1389:Kris E. Lane
1386:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:Robbert Kock
1366:
1355:September 30,
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1322:1-85367-478-8
1318:
1314:
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1186:
1184:
1183:Atlantic Wall
1181:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:anti-aircraft
1110:
1106:
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1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:In the early
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:King Edward I
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
983:
981:
977:
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964:
962:
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954:
950:
946:
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902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
862:
858:
857:United States
852:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:United States
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
764:
757:, New Zealand
756:
752:
748:
744:
735:
733:
728:
726:
722:
721:Fort Benghisa
718:
717:Fort Delimara
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
650:
648:
647:Mġarr Harbour
644:
643:Fort Chambray
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Fort Ricasoli
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:was built in
576:
575:Castrum Maris
572:
571:Grand Harbour
568:
564:
560:
552:
548:
544:
539:
529:
527:
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519:
515:
511:
507:
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494:
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406:
402:
398:
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389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
366:
358:
357:Niebla, Chile
354:
349:
335:
333:
328:
326:
325:Murud-Janjira
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
286:tidal islands
281:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
240:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:bastion forts
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
62:
55:
51:
47:
41:, Puerto Rico
40:
36:
32:
19:
3715:
3670:Siege engine
3638:Other topics
3562:Related word
3528:Defense line
3492:Tower castle
3447:Bastion fort
3431:Urban castle
3359:Ganerbenburg
3357:
3337:
3312:Water castle
3288:Ridge castle
3273:Marsh castle
3088:Bomb shelter
3068:Belgian gate
3041:20th century
2952:19th century
2890:Retrenchment
2862:Punji sticks
2771:Entrenchment
2766:Device Forts
2733:Counterguard
2668:Early modern
2598:Tower castle
2534:Powder tower
2509:Outer bailey
2421:Inner bailey
2395:Gulyay-gorod
2363:Ganerbenburg
2361:
2357:Fujian tulou
2299:Corner tower
2238:Chamber gate
2208:Bridge tower
2056:Trou de loup
1784:
1778:
1766:
1760:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1700:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1659:
1639:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1584:. Retrieved
1580:the original
1575:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1545:Mellieha.com
1544:
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1442:
1436:
1423:
1412:, retrieved
1407:
1398:
1385:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1343:
1312:
1306:
1287:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1259:
1248:
1232:
1137:
1129:
1086:
1051:
1019:Device Forts
1015:Conwy Castle
1004:
1001:Harbour, UK.
965:
949:16-inch guns
933:
894:
866:
854:
831:Fort McHenry
816:searchlights
785:
777:World War II
766:
729:
690:
679:
659:Garzes Tower
651:
556:
499:
472:
460:Qing dynasty
448:Ming dynasty
445:
390:
379:
368:
329:
321:Fort Louvois
305:Bréhon Tower
297:Fort Denison
290:
283:
252:John Smith's
237:choke points
217:
198:
191:), or both.
174:
98:
94:
90:
89:
39:Old San Juan
3569:Castle town
3426:Toll castle
3395:Lustschloss
3377:Kaiserpfalz
3307:Spur castle
3302:Rock castle
3243:Hill castle
3238:Cave castle
3198:Spider hole
3098:Bremer wall
3063:Barbed tape
2959:Barbed wire
2633:Witch tower
2603:Tower house
2593:Toll castle
2579:Shield wall
2499:Murder hole
2388:Guard tower
2005:Pincer gate
1952:Faussebraye
1414:30 December
1271:29 November
1087:During the
1062:Crimean War
1033:, Ireland,
1007:Southampton
966:In WW2 the
839:War of 1812
812:gun turrets
769:New Zealand
738:New Zealand
675:Isopu Tower
655:watchtowers
631:Fort Manoel
553:until 2002.
479:Lei Yue Mun
416:Santa MarĂa
301:Fort Sumter
205:Saxon Shore
80:Suomenlinna
70:World War I
3594:Gatekeeper
3414:Ordensburg
3386:Landesburg
3193:Sentry gun
3148:Flak tower
3078:Blast wall
2998:Gun turret
2895:Sally port
2800:Kotta mara
2740:Couvreface
2704:Breastwork
2699:Blockhouse
2677:Abwurfdach
2628:Watchtower
2618:Wall tower
2574:Shell keep
2524:Portcullis
2519:Peel tower
2504:Neck ditch
2463:Landesburg
2411:Half tower
2369:Gate tower
2314:Drawbridge
2156:Battlement
2072:Wagon fort
1915:Chengqiang
1702:2019-08-29
1671:2009-11-29
1616:2009-11-29
1525:2009-11-29
1500:2009-11-29
1475:2009-11-29
1449:28 January
1225:References
1166:Object 100
1023:Henry VIII
995:Nothe Fort
961:90 mm guns
886:steamships
800:camouflage
755:North Head
749:Armstrong
725:Marsaxlokk
663:Wignacourt
635:Fort Tigné
510:Cihou Fort
466:and other
464:Portuguese
440:Taku Forts
409:ValparaĂso
401:ConcepciĂłn
313:Flakfortet
278:See also:
155:and later
144:naval guns
136:star forts
109:(or other
56:, Colombia
3697:Guerrilla
3440:By design
3188:Revetment
3003:Land mine
2934:Star fort
2761:Crownwork
2756:Covertway
2689:Barricade
2330:Embrasure
2243:Chartaque
2173:Bergfried
2131:Arrowslit
1957:Gatehouse
1927:City gate
1888:Castellum
1854:Acropolis
1752:154025726
1515:"History"
1105:Nab Tower
1076:, of the
1054:Victorian
953:casemated
880:had made
843:Civil War
835:Baltimore
808:magazines
747:BL 8-inch
732:pillboxes
727:Harbour.
693:Gibraltar
682:batteries
649:in Gozo.
518:Hobe Fort
309:Fort Drum
272:New World
243:Sea forts
209:Britannia
161:submarine
111:shoreline
107:coastline
86:, Finland
3738:Category
3722:Category
3712:See also
3599:Loophole
3487:Ringwork
3482:Ringfort
3407:Obstacle
3248:Hillfort
3168:Loophole
2966:Barbette
2941:Tenaille
2924:Sea fort
2854:Presidio
2814:Magazine
2795:Hornwork
2728:Cavalier
2723:Casemate
2716:Caponier
2559:Ringwork
2447:Detinets
2416:Hoarding
2321:Enceinte
2196:Bretèche
2141:Bartizan
2136:Barbican
2112:Alcazaba
2040:Stockade
2020:Ringfort
2000:Palisade
1972:Landwehr
1967:Hillfort
1711:cite web
1586:23 April
1555:23 April
1438:Historia
1431:(2014).
1374:Archived
1176:See also
1058:Alderney
1041:against
1039:Guernsey
999:Weymouth
781:Japanese
686:redoubts
667:Lascaris
611:Valletta
468:European
413:governor
103:military
84:Helsinki
18:Sea fort
3629:Vedette
3619:Schloss
3584:Festung
3579:Dungeon
3574:Château
3518:Castles
3326:By role
3183:Pillbox
3013:Outpost
2929:Station
2917:Schanze
2900:Sandbag
2885:Redoubt
2869:Ravelin
2837:Palanka
2821:Orillon
2807:Lunette
2749:Coupure
2694:Bastion
2684:Arsenal
2652:Zwinger
2564:Roundel
2554:Ricetto
2529:Postern
2514:Outwork
2438:Kremlin
2309:Curtain
2284:Citadel
2268:Chemise
2228:Caltrop
2146:Bastion
2119:Alcázar
2015:Rampart
1993:Oppidum
1986:Nuraghe
1932:Crannog
1906:Castros
1842:Ancient
1247:(ed.).
1101:U-boats
951:in new
882:masonry
878:weapons
804:bunkers
792:British
697:Bermuda
603:Senglea
475:British
452:pirates
270:in the
268:England
264:Bermuda
195:History
189:marines
127:harbour
95:defense
68:during
3624:Trench
3614:Picket
3025:Sangar
2978:Bunker
2910:Sconce
2830:Ostrog
2778:Flèche
2661:Modern
2640:Yagura
2608:Turret
2544:Reduit
2482:Merlon
2426:Kasbah
2404:Gusuku
2381:Glacis
2374:Gabion
2343:church
2250:Chashi
2233:Castle
2077:Laager
2065:Vallum
2022:(Rath)
1897:Castra
1879:Burgus
1849:Abatis
1791:
1750:
1647:
1319:
1294:
1121:Mersey
1117:Thames
1047:France
1035:Jersey
957:6-inch
874:armour
773:Russia
707:. The
699:, and
567:Comino
317:Pampus
233:burghs
224:Viking
220:Wessex
3665:Siege
3609:Palas
3553:Walls
3543:Forts
3506:Lists
3353:Fence
3295:Rocca
3163:Kabal
2878:Redan
2785:Gorge
2709:Canal
2586:Shiro
2549:Ribat
2539:Qalat
2351:Dzong
2347:house
2047:Sudis
1979:Limes
1937:Ditch
1870:Broch
1861:Agger
1748:S2CID
1696:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1243:. In
1148:Kh-35
1056:era,
1045:from
941:Japan
645:near
587:Birgu
579:Birgu
559:Malta
532:Malta
456:wokou
430:China
420:Ancud
343:Chile
181:naval
149:Booms
3675:list
3093:Buoy
2647:Yett
2489:Moat
2456:Ksar
2431:Keep
2223:Caer
2213:Burh
2189:Boom
2182:Berm
2161:Bawn
2126:Amba
1962:Gord
1789:ISBN
1717:link
1645:ISBN
1588:2015
1557:2015
1451:2016
1416:2015
1357:2014
1317:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1273:2009
1119:and
1037:and
959:and
888:and
876:and
845:era.
814:and
786:The
719:and
684:and
669:and
633:and
625:and
597:and
565:and
563:Gozo
407:and
380:The
373:the
315:and
258:and
213:Gaul
211:and
123:port
117:and
93:(or
1947:Dun
1740:doi
1445:(I)
1093:M-N
1029:to
833:in
753:at
369:In
355:in
307:or
299:or
288:).
262:in
175:In
125:or
52:in
37:in
3740::
3714::
2349:,
2345:,
1746:.
1736:17
1734:.
1713:}}
1709:{{
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1543:.
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1342:.
1331:^
1142:,
1127:.
1103:.
982:.
818:.
798:,
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695:,
665:,
621:,
617:,
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516:,
512:,
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399:,
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138:,
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2451:)
2443:(
2353:)
2080:)
2074:(
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1813:v
1797:.
1754:.
1742::
1719:)
1705:.
1674:.
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1619:.
1590:.
1559:.
1528:.
1503:.
1478:.
1453:.
1359:.
1325:.
1300:.
1275:.
454:(
274:.
20:)
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