1045:
1023:
583:, with a machine-shop car, a spare parts car, a berthing car, a kitchen car, a commissary car, and a medical dispensary car. After delivery by ship, these trains were assembled in St. Nazaire in August and fired a total of 782 shells during 25 days on the Western Front at ranges between 27 and 36 kilometres (30,000 and 39,000 yd). Each 14-inch (36 cm) projectile weighed 1,400 pounds (640 kg) and was fired at 2,800 feet (850 m) per second. The railway carriages could elevate the guns to 43 degrees, but elevations over 15 degrees required excavation of a pit with room for the gun to recoil and structural steel shoring foundations to prevent caving of the pit sides from recoil forces absorbed by the surrounding soil. The trains moved cautiously because axle loading under the gun barrels was 50,330 pounds (22.83 t) while French railways were designed for a maximum of 39,000 pounds (18 t). These axle journals overheated at speeds of more than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) per hour. After reaching its intended firing site and constructing the recoil pit, each gun could fire about two shells per hour. One of these guns was retained after the War as an ammunition test gun at the
534:
223:. The gun, car body and trucks all recoil together with the friction generated by the crossbeams sliding on the girders absorbing the recoil force after moving only about 1 to 2 metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft) to the rear. The sleepers must be jacked up again to allow the gun to roll forward to its firing position. This was often done by handwheels driving gear trains attached to the wheels, or even by electric motors on more modern mounts. Almost all of these type of mounts were of the non-traversing type and had to be fired from a curved section of track or turntable. The American post–World War I assessment of railway artillery praised its ruggedness, ease of manufacture and convenience in service, but acknowledged its unsuitability for smaller guns, due to excessive time of operation and lack of traverse, and that it was not suitable for the largest howitzers firing at high angles because of the enormous
658:
a total of 37 (or 47, references vary) completed before the contract was canceled. Eight 10-inch railway mounts of 54 ordered were completed by the
Armistice, and twelve 12-inch railway mounts were completed by 1 April 1919; the 12-inch contract was cancelled at that point. At least some of the 10-inch gun barrels were shipped to France and mounted on French-made carriages, but sources do not indicate any use of them in combat. Three railway mountings for the Chilean 12-inch guns were ready for shipment by the Armistice, and the remaining three barrels were kept as spares. A total of twenty-two 10-inch guns were eventually mounted. Ninety-one 12-inch railway mortars were ordered, with 45 complete by 7 April 1919 and the remainder eventually completed.
1091:
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119:
161:
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286:
771:
1134:
347:
1118:
208:
44:
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244:
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737:, were constructed, but never armed. Of the more than 250 railway guns built in the United States from 1916 to 1942, the five navy 14"/50 guns that were sent to France during World War I and possibly two 8-inch guns in the Philippines were the only ones ever to be used in combat. Reportedly, the eight 8-inch railway guns in the Philippines in 1941–42 were either destroyed by air attack or lacked trained crews.
109:
139:. Generally this is limited to a few degrees of traverse to either side unless an elaborate foundation is built with a centre pivot and traversing rollers. The design of the foundation is the only limit to the amount of traverse allowed in this latter case. The third choice is to allow the separate gun mount to rotate with respect to the rail car body, known as a
504:. In compensation, large numbers of large static coastal defense guns and naval guns were moved to the front, but these were typically unsuitable for field use and required some kind of mounting. The railway gun provided the obvious solution. By 1916, both sides were deploying numerous types of railway guns.
520:
had done at the outbreak of World War I and reduce the German forts in the final line of German defenses. One was destroyed in trials and the other did not complete firing trials prior to the signing of the
Armistice. The gun remained in storage and was captured by the Germans during World War II. It
299:
The combination of rolling and cradle-recoil methods absorbed both the horizontal and vertical components of the recoil force and needed no special preparations, but all other types required some method to transmit the vertical force to the ground. One way is to build a platform on either the ties or
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and six 12-inch guns being built for Chile were also available. To shorten a long story, none of these weapons were shipped to France except three 8-inch guns, as few of any type were completed before the
Armistice. Forty-seven 8-inch railway guns were ordered, with 18 completed by the Armistice and
315:
The other method is build a firing position and recoil pit (épi de tir in French) underneath the tracks, using either heavy timbers like the French 340 mm (13 in) and 400 mm (16 in) howitzers or an elaborate concrete or steel base. These latter were mostly used by the
Germans for
239:
because the springs of the trucks cannot withstand the vertical component of the recoil force alone. This type of mount was usually fitted with car-traverse. It was unsuitable for smaller guns due to the lack of traverse. The great advantage of this method is that it requires minimal preparation and
203:
is the situation in which the gun is mounted in an upper carriage that moves on wheels on fixed rails mounted on the lower. The gun and upper carriage recoil together, restrained by the usual hydraulic buffers. Return to battery is effected either by gravity, through the use of inclined rails, which
661:
The 7-inch and 8-inch guns and 12-inch mortars used a common carriage, with a depressed center and two 4-wheel or 6-wheel bogies. The bogies were interchangeable for standard-gauge or (with 12-wheel bogies) 60-cm (23.6-inch) gauge track. Outriggers and a rotating mount allowed all-around fire. This
426:
silenced the
Confederate guns on Chesterfield Heights to prevent them from enfilading the right end of the Union line. Another photo exists of a gun mounted on an armoured rail car with the caption of "Railway battery used in siege of Petersburg" although no textual evidence survives in support of
99:
The design of a railway gun has three firing issues over and above those of an ordinary artillery piece to consider. Namely how the gun is going to be traversed – i.e. moved from side to side to aim; how the horizontal component of the recoil force will be absorbed by the gun's carriage and how the
990:
While not a gun the
Chehalis-Centralia RR of Chehalis, WA has something of great interest. It is a Model 1918 railroad car mount for a 12-inch seacoast mortar. These cars were built in the early 1920s to make obsolete seacoast artillery more mobile. While all the guns were scrapped in the early
192:
means that the gun recoils backward in its cradle, slowed and stopped by hydraulic buffers. It is returned to battery, or the firing position, by either helical springs or by air in a pneumatic recuperator cylinder that is compressed by the force of recoil. This is the most common method used for
636:
armed with French-made weapons. Three additional railway gun regiments were in France, but did not complete training prior to the
Armistice, and they did not see action. Other Coast Artillery units also operated various types of French-, British-, and American-made heavy artillery. The Army also
619:
where they could be shifted from one ocean to the other in less than a day. Improved carriages were designed to allow their transportation to several fixed firing emplacements including concrete foundations where the railway trucks were withdrawn so the gun could be rapidly traversed (swiveled
662:
allowed the weapons to be used in coast defense against moving targets. The 8-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were kept on railway mountings after the war, while almost all of the 7-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns were returned to the coastal forts. With 47 available, plus an additional 24
598:
Baldwin constructed six similar gun carriages and two of an improved Mk II type designed to permit firing the gun at all elevation angles without transferring weight to a separate foundation. These eight guns were completed too late to see combat, and were designated the
234:
the entire gun, mount, and carriage rolls backward, typically between 30 and 50 feet (9.1 and 15.2 m), restrained only by the brakes. The mount was winched back into firing position by cables fastened to the track. This system was usually combined with
218:
has the car body sitting on a set of wooden crossbeams or "sleepers" placed underneath it which have been jacked down on to a special set of girders incorporated into the track so that about half the weight of the mount has been transferred to them from the
320:. Generally, for these emplacements the rails merely served to guide the gun into position and the gun was often mounted on a central pivot to allow up to 360° of traverse. The primary drawback of these positions was the lengthy time to build them.
631:
recognized the need to adopt railway artillery for use on the
Western Front. No US railway guns existed at that time. Due to low production and shipping priorities, the Army's railway gun contribution on the Western Front consisted of four
134:
The first method of traverse is to rely entirely on movement along a curved section of track or on a turntable with no provision to traverse the gun on its mount. The second is to traverse the rail car body on its trucks, known as a
204:
the gun and carriage have run up, by springs, or even by rubber bands, on some improvised mounts. It is not well-suited to firing at steep upward angles because it cannot absorb much of the vertical component of the recoil force.
443:
offered a number of models in the late 1880s and produced a 120 mm (4.7 in) gun intended for coastal defense, selling some to the Danish government in the 1890s. They also designed a 200 mm (7.9 in) model the
552:
during April and May 1918. Each 14"/50 gun mounted on a 72-foot (22 m), 535,000-pound (243 t) rail carriage with four 6-wheel bogies was under the command of a United States Navy lieutenant with a standard U.S. Army
1090:
333:
The idea of railway guns was first suggested in Russia in 1847 by Gustav Kori (proposal), followed by Ye. Repin (project, 1855), Pyotr
Lebedev (who outlined the theoretical foundations of the railway artillery in
151:
assessment of railway artillery considered that the utility of even a small amount of traverse for fine adjustments was high enough that either of the two latter traversing methods is preferable to a fixed mount.
421:
was then fired from a section of the
Petersburg and City Point Railroad where moving the strengthened flatcar along a curve in the track trained the gun on different targets along the Confederate lines. The
143:. This usually requires the gun to be mounted on a central pivot which, in turn, is mounted on the car body. With few exceptions these types of mounts require some number of outriggers, stabilisers, or
838:, between Bridge, Kent, and Lyminge, and was intended for coastal defense against invasion. It was not capable of cross-channel firing, having a maximum range of only about 20 km (12 miles).
512:
During the First World War France produced more railway guns in more calibers and with different mountings than everyone else combined. The largest French gun produce by Schneider of France the
300:
the ground with girders, beams, pads or floats. The horizontal component would be alleviated by either sliding recoil or rail clamps, guys or struts to secure the mount in place. The French
439:. In France, Lt. Col Peigné is often credited with designing the first railway gun in 1883. Commandant Mougin is credited with putting guns on rail cars in 1870. The French arms maker
882:
barrel survives. This was constructed too late to see service in World War I; it was put into service during World War II, but never saw action. In September 2013 it was moved to the
984:
445:
91:. They were only able to be moved where there were good tracks, which could be destroyed by artillery bombardment or airstrike, railway guns were phased out after World War II.
251:
The methods were often used in combination with each other. Examples include the French 520 mm (20 in) railway howitzer which used cradle-sliding recoil. The American
263:
railway guns from Great Britain. Only the oldest weapons used a combination of top-cradle and sliding recoil. One example being the earliest mounts for the British designed
1133:
666:
on railway mounts by 1942, the 8-inch guns were the most-commonly-deployed American railway gun through World War II. About 12 of these were used for the defense of
560:, a 10-ton crane car, two armored ammunition cars carrying 25 shells each, two cars carrying the recoil pit foundation materials, two fuel and workshop cars, three
2104:
1117:
820:
2173:
398:
2130:
1647:
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Germany added 58 captured French guns to its inventory while Italy was given 19 French guns with many of these being captured by the Germans after the
533:
417:
on which it was mounted. A flatcar strengthened by additional beams covered by iron plate was able to resist recoil damage from a full charge. The
371:
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until all United States battleships with 14"/50 guns were scrapped shortly after World War II. The gun was then placed on display outside the
1075:
687:
1006:
317:
1787:
969:
675:
633:
312:
used rail clamps or guys. The American 8 in (200 mm) gun and the French 240 mm Canon de Mle 1893/96 M used struts.
815:, locating them around Lydden and Shepherdswell. These were codenamed the "Gladiator", the "Sceneshifter", and the "Peacemaker".
2125:
1583:
2078:
1979:
1887:
1849:
1441:
1405:
1255:
1565:
1060:
1226:
1096:
Model used by the IJA (Imperial Japanese Army) designated as the type 90 240mm railway gun. Photograph taken in France
920:
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808:
2037:
1960:
1941:
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1830:
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17:
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to keep them in place against the recoil forces and are generally more suitable for smaller guns. The American post–
879:
2017:
Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery, Volumes I and II
699:
624:
713:
Although numerous 12-inch railway mortars were available, few were deployed. In 1930 the US Army tested them at
436:
1600:
905:
545:
252:
383:
1747:
1343:
Tucker, S. C. (2005). The encyclopedia of world war I: A political, social, and military history. Abc-clio.
846:, which served as a coastal battery in the Tokyo bay, and was then stationed in Manchukuo, in the area of
513:
460:
The United Kingdom mounted a few 4.7 in (120 mm) guns on railway cars which saw action during the
2158:
2015:
1140:
650:
211:
This French 320 mm railway gun uses sliding recoil. The jacked-down sleepers are visible at full-size.
2163:
831:
824:
775:
584:
309:
123:
1718:
Dale Clarke. "British Artillery 1914–19. Heavy Artillery". Osprey Publishing, London, 2005. Pages 41-42
843:
194:
193:
lighter railway guns and for virtually all field artillery designed after the French introduced their
2138:
1158:
788:
663:
600:
291:
2007:
2168:
1032:
714:
703:
580:
541:
118:
994:
There is an 8-inch gun on an M1918 Railway Mount, less car, at the University of Tampa, Tampa, FL.
165:
Cradle recoil (top); top carriage recoil (second); sliding recoil (third); rolling recoil (bottom)
1989:
Many, Seymour B. (April 1965). "He Made No Complaint". United States Naval Institute Proceedings.
1144:
868:
816:
812:
734:
638:
473:
379:
305:
264:
427:
the caption, which makes the claim that it is a photo of the Confederate gun from 1862 dubious.
280:
No anchorage needed (top); truck platform anchorage (middle); ground platform anchorage (bottom)
887:
764:
260:
256:
2153:
1994:
608:
517:
1124:
980:
751:
World War II saw the final use of the railway gun, with the massive 80 cm (31 in)
654:
480:
coast defences and mounted on a rail car to support the British assault on Boer defenses at
378:
had the gun pushed by a locomotive over the Richmond and York River line (later part of the
160:
909:
835:
827:, located around Guston, north of Dover on the Southern Railway line to Deal and Ramsgate.
683:
679:
592:
113:
Non-traversing (top); car traversing mount (middle); top carriage traversing mount (bottom)
2099:
8:
1468:
1316:
1109:
1082:
1067:
1051:
954:
481:
465:
402:
1707:
1248:
Use of Railways for the Defense of Land. Essay of engineer-Lieutenant Colonel P. Lebedev
1244:Применение железных дорог к защите материка. Сочинение инженер-подполковника П. Лебедева
725:. During World War II, four railway mortars were among the temporary harbor defenses of
285:
2094:
2026:
770:
730:
565:
549:
522:
461:
440:
391:
127:
1272:
2131:"Gun Train Guards Ends of Panama Canal -- Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Two Hours"
2074:
2033:
1975:
1956:
1937:
1902:
1883:
1864:
1845:
1826:
1807:
1527:
1447:
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1401:
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958:
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301:
247:
This French 274 mm howitzer used a combination of top-cradle and sliding recoil.
1566:"Defeating the Hun, The History of the U. S. Army, Coast Artillery Corps During WWI"
1333:. Vol. Five: Forts and Artillery. New York: Castle Books. pp. 51 & 54.
346:
2047:
Robbins, Charles B. & Lewis, E. R. (2000). "The Chilean-American 12-inch Gun".
962:
924:
898:
760:
695:
588:
561:
557:
387:
1804:
Conflict Across the Strait: A Battery Commander's Story of Kent's Defences 1939–45
1223:
883:
752:
746:
516:, a 20-inch (520 mm) railway "Fort Buster" to do what the German 16.53-inch
501:
497:
469:
316:
the 21 cm (8.3 in) and larger railway guns and by the French for their
64:
43:
2115:
1618:
931:
and were partially destroyed by their crews before being captured by the Allies.
1671:
304:
194 mm (7.6 in) and 240 mm (9.4 in) mounts and the British
88:
38:
2147:
1916:
1451:
1415:
1230:
1036:
872:
851:
780:
779:, seen from Bourne Park Tunnel on the Elham Valley line, at Bishopsbourne in
707:
375:
968:
Soviet 180 mm ТМ-1-180 guns may be seen at Krasnaya Gorka fort, at the
338:, 1857) and P. Fomin (developed a project of a large-caliber cannon, 1860).
207:
170:
There are four primary methods to absorb the recoil force for railway guns:
1732:
1491:
Schreier, Konrad F. Jr. (1988). "Admiral Plunkett's Railway Battle Fleet".
1013:
937:
847:
804:
756:
726:
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could be spared from fixed coast defense batteries or spare stocks. Twelve
642:
604:
577:
573:
485:
367:
359:
144:
84:
76:
71:. Many countries have built railway guns, but the best-known are the large
68:
2120:
350:
A 32-pounder Brooke naval rifle railway gun used in the American Civil War
1929:
1748:"Giant first world war gun on the move across southern England this week"
691:
612:
148:
80:
34:, a weapon that propels projectiles by means of an electromagnetic field.
1275:[Chapter 4. Coastal Artillery in the Crimean War of 1853–1856].
275:
1499:(Spring 1988). The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society: 95–102.
973:
927:. It was constructed using parts from two German guns that shelled the
718:
569:
525:. The gun was disabled by a premature detonation and later abandoned.
294:
240 mm Canon de Mle 1893/96, WWI, using ground platform anchorage
1526:. Ramsbury, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, Ltd. pp. 138–148.
1284:
1031:, at the Central Museum of Railway Transport, Russian Federation, at
941:
800:
628:
477:
60:
1920:
The South African Military History Society. - Vol 2 No 3 June 1972.
108:
916:
855:
789:
railway guns that were capable of firing across the English Channel
755:
gun, the largest artillery piece to be used in combat, deployed by
722:
354:
224:
243:
67:, mounted on, transported by, and fired from a specially designed
1882:. Carollton, Texas, United States: Squadron Signal Publications.
1028:
950:
414:
31:
1273:"Глава 4. Береговая артиллерия в Крымской войне 1853–1856 годов"
521:
later formed part of the German artillery complement during the
2110:
842:
The IJA (Imperial Japanese Army) employed one railway gun, the
796:
671:
1774:
792:
554:
366:
The first railway gun used in combat was a banded 32-pounder
220:
72:
370:
mounted on a flat car and shielded by a sloping casemate of
991:
days of WW II this car survived at the Bremerton Navy Base.
667:
537:
WWI era U.S. Navy 14" railway gun at Sandy Hook, New Jersey
449:
1619:
Account of the 8" railway guns in the Philippines, 1940–42
1806:. Dover: Crabwell Publications / Buckland Publications.
1400:. Heuer, Greg,, Noon, Steve. London: Osprey. p. 2.
645:(including some from Navy spares), 129 10-inch guns, 45
488:, but the battle ended before it could get into action.
867:
An 11.2" or 28 cm railway gun is preserved at the
100:
vertical recoil force will be absorbed by the ground.
1469:"The United States naval railway batteries in France"
1463:
1461:
413:. When it was first fired, the recoil destroyed the
875:, Australia. Captured by the AIF at Amiens in 1918.
678:(eventually dismounted from the railway carriage at
446:
Obusier de 200 "Pérou" sur affût-truck TAZ Schneider
435:
France also used improvised railway guns during the
240:
can fire from any suitable section of curved track.
2068:
674:. Others were stationed for the coastal defense of
397:Photographic evidence exists of at least one Union
2025:
1458:
1250:] (in Russian). Moscow: Kniga po Trebovaniyu.
126:on top-carriage traversing mounts, traversed 90°,
47:French 370 mm railway howitzer of World War I
2032:. Cranbury, New Jersey: A.S. Barnes and Company.
1672:The Doomed Philippine Inland Seas Defense Project
936:A second 283 mm Krupp K5 can be seen at the
2145:
1988:
1270:
1648:"Mortar Railway Gun to Aid in Defending Coast"
1436:. Dennis, Peter. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 2–3.
1224:http://www.travelzone.lv/lib/zd_puski/index.php
336:Primeneniye Zheleznykh Dorog k Zashite Materika
1863:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
255:Mark II used cradle-rolling recoil as did the
2069:Zaloga, Steven J & Dennis, Peter (2016).
1974:. Annapolis, Maryland: Leeward Publications.
1823:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
787:Both Nazi Germany and Great Britain deployed
733:, and emplacements for an additional four at
620:horizontally) to engage moving ship targets.
2046:
1972:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
1745:
1729:"The Big Guns At Dover WW2 (World War Two)"
803:deployed three 40.6-cm (16-inch) guns. The
500:caught the French with a shortage of heavy
394:during the Union advance up the peninsula.
2174:World War I artillery of the United States
1614:
1612:
1271:Denisov, A. P.; Perechnev, Yu. G. (1956).
607:in special coast defense installations at
2095:"When Artillery First "Took to the Rails"
2020:Washington: Government Print Office, 1921
1896:
1842:Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1331:The Photographic History of The Civil War
1127:, Museu Militar Conde de Linhares, Brazil
970:Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow
861:
2126:US Army Railway Artillery in World War I
2023:
1858:
1517:
1515:
1490:
1395:
961:, and the Museum of Railway Technology,
919:gun ("Anzio Annie") is displayed at the
769:
532:
452:in 1910, but they were never delivered.
353:
345:
284:
274:
242:
206:
159:
117:
107:
94:
42:
2059:
1609:
1241:
14:
2146:
1899:Armor in Action – German Railroad Guns
1839:
1820:
1801:
1708:German 40 cm guns at Navweaps.com
1698:Arnold (1982), pp. 100, 108, 147, 148.
1685:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1431:
1328:
893:A 12" railway gun is preserved at the
103:
2137:excellent drawings in article on the
1969:
1950:
1877:
1512:
1427:
1425:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1191:
908:from World War I is preserved at the
850:. It was destroyed by the retreating
341:
87:. Smaller guns were often part of an
2121:United States Navy Railway Batteries
1928:
1844:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
1521:
603:. Some were later stationed through
1479:
24:
2062:The Locomotives that Baldwin Built
1422:
1329:Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1957).
1319:, Historynet; accessed 2017.10.29.
1202:
1188:
921:United States Army Ordnance Museum
895:United States Army Ordnance Museum
25:
2185:
2088:
2073:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
1953:German Artillery of World War One
1934:Allied Artillery of World War One
1746:Maev Kennedy (2 September 2013).
1629:Lewis (1979) pp. 102-110, 140-141
1603:Railway Artillery, Vols. I and II
1054:Museum of the Great Patriotic War
979:The last surviving American-made
858:invaded Mandchuria in late 1945.
641:to railway mounts. A total of 96
572:car. A sixth locomotive pulled a
455:
401:mounted on a rail car during the
392:siege operations against Richmond
155:
1901:. Squadron/Signal Publications.
1880:K5(E) Railgun – Detail in Action
1584:"US Army Railway Artillery, WWI"
1132:
1125:7-inch (178 mm) railway gun
1116:
1101:
1089:
1074:
1059:
1043:
1021:
1005:
981:7-inch (178 mm) railway gun
972:, and at the Railway Station in
834:"Boche Buster" was sited on the
809:13.5-inch (34.3-cm) railway guns
2100:152 mm Finnish railway gun
1970:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
1825:(Second ed.). CDSG Press.
1795:
1781:
1767:
1758:
1739:
1721:
1712:
1701:
1682:Zaloga (2016), pp. 14-15, 18-19
1676:
1665:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1524:Allied Artillery of World War I
1503:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1337:
1322:
1309:
985:Museu Militar Conde de Linhares
912:, Washington DC, United States.
740:
637:converted some of the numerous
625:American entry into World War I
328:
1922:Guns in South Africa 1899–1902
1861:Naval Weapons of World War Two
1802:Arnold, Colonel B. E. (1982).
1788:8-inch Gun Railway Mount M1918
1775:"Musée du Mur de l'Atlantique"
1300:
1291:
1264:
1235:
1214:
1179:
1170:
634:U.S. Coast Artillery regiments
491:
13:
1:
1821:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2004).
825:12-inch howitzers, Mk 3 and 5
141:top-carriage traversing mount
2071:Railway Guns of World War II
1434:Railway guns of World War II
1277:Русская береговая артиллерия
1164:
358:The "Dictator", Petersburg (
270:
7:
2107:. Retrieved April 21, 2005.
1897:Engelmann, Joachim (1976).
1605:, 1921, Vol. I, pp. 131-155
1398:Railway Guns of World War I
1152:
585:Dahlgren Weapons Laboratory
546:14"/50 caliber railway guns
10:
2190:
2135:, December 1934 pp.844-845
1840:Breyer, Siegfried (1973).
987:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
953:guns are preserved at the
925:Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia
906:14"/50 caliber railway gun
899:Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia
844:Type 90 240 mm railway gun
744:
601:14-inch M1920 railway guns
514:Obusier de 520 modèle 1916
437:Siege of Paris (1870–1871)
386:to interfere with General
384:Battle of Savage's Station
323:
253:14"/50 caliber railway gun
36:
29:
2139:14-inch M1920 railway gun
1555:Lewis (1979) pp. 103, 106
1386:Miller vol. II, pp. 1–186
1359:Miller vol. I, pp. 17, 23
1281:Russian Coastal Artillery
1242:Lebedev, P. N. (2011) .
1159:List of railway artillery
1143:from World War I, at the
998:
878:In the United Kingdom, a
430:
2024:Phillips, Lance (1965).
2014:Miller, H. W., Lt. Col.
1918:Military History Journal
1601:Miller, H. W., LTC, USA
1317:When Railroad Guns Ruled
1243:
1033:Varshavsky Rail Terminal
715:Fort Hancock, New Jersey
704:Fort Hancock, New Jersey
581:Charles Peshall Plunkett
542:Baldwin Locomotive Works
30:Not to be confused with
2105:"Railwaygun Web Museum"
1951:Jäger, Herbert (2001).
1859:Campbell, John (1985).
1546:Westing (1966) pp.79-80
1396:Romanych, Marc (2017).
1306:Miller vol. I, pp. 9-16
1145:Australian War Memorial
949:Soviet-era 305 mm
869:Australian War Memorial
813:East Kent Light Railway
735:Cape George, Washington
639:coast artillery weapons
405:. It was nicknamed the
265:BL 9.2 inch Railway Gun
195:Canon de 75 modèle 1897
27:Form of large artillery
2060:Westing, Fred (1966).
2028:Yonder comes the Train
2002:Cite journal requires
1509:Many, April 1965, p.53
1432:Zaloga, Steve (2017).
888:Fort Nelson, Hampshire
862:Surviving railway guns
784:
538:
363:
351:
296:
282:
248:
212:
167:
131:
115:
75:-built pieces used by
48:
2116:K5 Eisenbahngeschutze
2049:Warship International
1878:Doyle, David (2011).
1522:Hogg, Ian V. (1998).
1315:Jack H. McCall, Jr.,
1081:TM-1-180 and TM-3-12
983:is now on display at
915:A German 283 mm
817:9.2-inch Mark 13 guns
773:
627:on 6 April 1917, the
609:San Pedro, California
536:
357:
349:
288:
278:
246:
210:
163:
121:
111:
95:Design considerations
63:piece, often surplus
46:
1368:Miller vol. I, p. 23
1211:Miller vol. I, p. 69
1199:Miller vol. I, p. 65
1185:Miller vol. I, p. 52
1176:Miller vol. I, p. 39
910:Washington Navy Yard
886:artillery museum at
836:Elham Valley Railway
821:Canterbury and Hythe
791:in the areas around
765:Italian capitulation
664:ex-Navy Mark VI guns
593:Washington Navy Yard
496:The outbreak of the
399:13-inch siege mortar
374:. On 29 June 1862,
137:car-traversing mount
2159:American inventions
1662:Berhow, pp. 216-217
1638:Berhow, pp. 199-228
1110:Krasnaya Gorka fort
1083:Krasnaya Gorka fort
1068:Krasnaya Gorka fort
1052:Moscow Victory park
955:Krasnaya Gorka fort
944:in northern France.
880:BL 18 inch Howitzer
655:7-inch ex-Navy guns
564:, a kitchen car, a
476:was taken from the
466:Relief of Ladysmith
403:Siege of Petersburg
201:Top-carriage recoil
176:top-carriage recoil
104:Methods of traverse
2164:Russian inventions
2111:Railway Gun Museum
819:were located near
785:
783:, on 21 March 1941
550:United States Navy
548:on trains for the
539:
523:Siege of Leningrad
411:Petersburg Express
382:) and used at the
368:Brooke naval rifle
364:
352:
342:American Civil War
297:
283:
249:
213:
168:
132:
116:
49:
2133:Popular Mechanics
2080:978-1-4728-1068-7
1981:978-0-929521-11-4
1955:. Crowood Press.
1936:. Crowood Press.
1889:978-0-89747-635-5
1851:978-0-356-04191-9
1650:Popular Mechanics
1443:978-1-4728-1068-7
1407:978-1-4728-1641-2
1287:. pp. 89–91.
1257:978-5-458-11821-7
1139:Barrel of German
959:Lomonosov, Russia
617:Panama Canal Zone
318:Batignollesmounts
310:12 inch howitzers
124:12-inch howitzers
18:Railway artillery
16:(Redirected from
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963:Saint Petersburg
901:, United States.
832:18-inch howitzer
731:Washington state
589:U.S. Navy Museum
568:, and a medical
484:, north-east of
388:George McClellan
380:Southern Railway
55:, also called a
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544:delivered five
502:field artillery
498:First World War
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1764:Doyle, pp. 3
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1752:the Guardian
1751:
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1733:the original
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938:Todt Battery
848:Heilongjiang
840:
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805:British Army
786:
776:Boche Buster
774:
757:Nazi Germany
750:
741:World War II
727:Grays Harbor
712:
700:Delaware Bay
688:Newfoundland
660:
647:12-inch guns
622:
605:World War II
597:
578:Rear Admiral
574:headquarters
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486:Johannesburg
474:9.2 inch gun
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692:Puget Sound
643:8-inch guns
613:Los Angeles
492:World War I
468:during the
149:World War I
81:World War I
53:railway gun
2148:Categories
1147:, Canberra
1066:TM-1-180,
1012:Krupp K5,
976:, Ukraine.
974:Sevastopol
904:A US Navy
719:Fort Miles
680:Corregidor
649:, and 150
623:After the
570:dispensary
558:locomotive
518:Big Bertha
292:St Chamond
37:See also:
1452:907965829
1416:999616340
1285:Voenizdat
1165:Citations
1108:TM-3-12
942:Audinghen
854:when the
801:Wehrmacht
629:U.S. Army
478:Cape Town
441:Schneider
302:Schneider
271:Anchorage
128:Catterick
61:artillery
1932:(2005).
1227:Archived
1153:See also
917:Krupp K5
723:Delaware
611:, (near
576:car for
424:Dictator
419:Dictator
407:Dictator
227:forces.
225:trunnion
122:British
1475:. 1922.
1029:MK-3-12
951:MK-3-12
856:soviets
811:on the
684:Bermuda
591:at the
482:Belfast
415:flatcar
409:or the
324:History
290:French
261:12 inch
77:Germany
32:Railgun
2077:
2053:XXXVII
2036:
1978:
1959:
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