Seabird - Knowledge

7519: 8215: 40: 921:, with each chick fledging after four to six months and continued assistance after that for up to fourteen months. Due to the extended period of care, breeding occurs every two years rather than annually for some species. This life-history strategy has probably evolved both in response to the challenges of living at sea (collecting widely scattered prey items), the frequency of breeding failures due to unfavourable marine conditions, and the relative lack of predation compared to that of land-living birds. 506: 710: 1581:, skuas and other seabirds. The centre allows visitors to watch live video from the islands as well as learn about the threats the birds face and how we can protect them, and has helped to significantly raise the profile of seabird conservation in the UK. Seabird tourism can provide income for coastal communities as well as raise the profile of seabird conservation, although it needs to be managed to ensure it does not harm the colonies and nesting birds. For example, the 52: 899: 352: 8241: 7121: 8229: 1621: 1412: 7145: 1059: 1041:, which have a very variable prey source); this may be a reason why it arises more frequently in seabirds. There are other possible advantages: colonies may act as information centres, where seabirds returning to the sea to forage can find out where prey is by studying returning individuals of the same species. There are disadvantages to colonial life, particularly the spread of disease. Colonies also attract the attention of 1270: 1082: 7157: 7847: 956: 7133: 1017:, returning to the same burrow, nest or site for many years, and they will defend that site from rivals with great vigour. This increases breeding success, provides a place for returning mates to reunite, and reduces the costs of prospecting for a new site. Young adults breeding for the first time usually return to their natal colony, and often nest close to where they hatched. This tendency, known as 1138:

birds often disperse further than adults, and to different areas, so are commonly sighted far from a species' normal range. Some species, such as the auks, do not have a concerted migration effort, but drift southwards as the winter approaches. Other species, such as some of the storm petrels, diving petrels and cormorants, never disperse at all, staying near their breeding colonies year round.

745:). Wing-propelled divers are generally faster than foot-propelled divers. The use of wings or feet for diving has limited their utility in other situations: loons and grebes walk with extreme difficulty (if at all), penguins cannot fly, and auks have sacrificed flight efficiency in favour of diving. For example, the 642: 1146:

While the definition of seabirds suggests that the birds in question spend their lives on the ocean, many seabird families have many species that spend some or even most of their lives inland away from the sea. Most strikingly, many species breed tens, hundreds or even thousands of miles inland. Some

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Fisheries also have negative effects on seabirds, and these effects, particularly on the long-lived and slow-breeding albatrosses, are a source of increasing concern to conservationists. The bycatch of seabirds entangled in nets or hooked on fishing lines has had a big impact on seabird numbers; for

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and gadfly petrels). Surface feeders in flight include some of the most acrobatic of seabirds, which either snatch morsels from the water (as do frigate-birds and some terns), or "walk", pattering and hovering on the water's surface, as some of the storm-petrels do. Many of these do not ever land in

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Many seabirds are little studied and poorly known because they live far out at sea and breed in isolated colonies. Some seabirds, particularly the albatrosses and gulls, are more well known to humans. The albatross has been described as "the most legendary of birds", and have a variety of myths and

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seas. In general, this is the most specialised method of hunting employed by seabirds; other non-specialists (such as gulls and skuas) may employ it but do so with less skill and from lower heights. In brown pelicans, the skills of plunge-diving take several years to fully develop—once mature, they

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holding the record at 12 metres (40 ft). Of all the wing-propelled pursuit divers, the most efficient in the air are the albatrosses, and they are also the poorest divers. This is the dominant guild in polar and subpolar environments, but it is energetically inefficient in warmer waters. With

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beaks has shown that many of the squid eaten are too large to have been caught alive, and include mid-water species likely to be beyond the reach of albatrosses. Some species will also feed on other seabirds; for example, gulls, skuas and pelicans will often take eggs, chicks and even small adult

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can create problems, particularly when species need vegetation to protect or shade their young. The disturbance of breeding colonies by humans is often a problem as well—visitors, even well-meaning tourists, can flush brooding adults off a colony, leaving chicks and eggs vulnerable to predators.

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Other species also migrate shorter distances away from the breeding sites, their distribution at sea determined by the availability of food. If oceanic conditions are unsuitable, seabirds will emigrate to more productive areas, sometimes permanently if the bird is young. After fledging, juvenile

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The plumage of most seabirds is less colourful than that of land birds, restricted in the main to variations of black, white or grey. A few species sport colourful plumes (such as the tropicbirds and some penguins), but most of the colour in seabirds appears in the bills and legs. The plumage of

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all engage in plunge diving, taking fast-moving prey by diving into the water from the flight. Plunge diving allows birds to use the energy from the momentum of the dive to combat natural buoyancy (caused by air trapped in plumage), and thus uses less energy than the dedicated pursuit divers,

376:, which has features suggestive of Procellariiformes and Fregatidae. As a clade, the Aequornithes either became seabirds in a single transition in the Cretaceous or some lineages such as pelicans and frigatebirds adapted to sea living independently from freshwater-dwelling ancestors. In the 1036:

Colonies are usually situated on islands, cliffs or headlands, which land mammals have difficulty accessing. This is thought to provide protection to seabirds, which are often very clumsy on land. Coloniality often arises in types of bird that do not defend feeding territories (such as

685:, which has a unique fishing method: flying along the surface with the lower mandible in the water—this shuts automatically when the bill touches something in the water. The skimmer's bill reflects its unusual lifestyle, with the lower mandible uniquely being longer than the upper one. 1298:

example, an estimated 100,000 albatrosses are hooked and drown each year on tuna lines set out by long-line fisheries. Overall, many hundreds of thousands of birds are trapped and killed each year, a source of concern for some of the rarest species (for example, only about 2,000

586:, and in both cases it reduces visibility at sea) and aggressive (the white underside possessed by many seabirds helps hide them from prey below). The usually black wing tips help prevent wear, as they contain melanins to make them black that helps the feathers resist abrasion. 174:

There exists no single definition of which groups, families and species are seabirds, and most definitions are in some way arbitrary. Elizabeth Shreiber and Joanna Burger, two seabird scientists, said, "The one common characteristic that all seabirds share is that they feed in

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can be greatly reduced by techniques such as setting long-line bait at night, dying the bait blue, setting the bait underwater, increasing the amount of weight on lines and by using bird scarers, and their deployment is increasingly required by many national fishing fleets.

1554:. The removal of these introduced species has led to increases in numbers of species under pressure and even the return of extirpated ones. After the removal of cats from Ascension Island, seabirds began to nest there again for the first time in over a hundred years. 1133:

undertakes an annual migration cycle that rivals that of the Arctic tern; birds that nest in New Zealand and Chile and spend the northern summer feeding in the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska and California, an annual round trip of 64,000 kilometres (40,000 mi).

344:, a flightless loon-like seabird that could dive in a fashion similar to grebes and loons (using its feet to move underwater) but had a beak filled with sharp teeth. Flying Cretaceous seabirds do not exceed wingspans of two meters; any sizes were taken by piscivorous 845:

nesting behaviour of some seabirds has been interpreted as arising due to pressure from this aerial piracy. Kleptoparasitism is not thought to play a significant part of the diet of any species, and is instead a supplement to food obtained by hunting. A study of

1364:, hundreds of thousands of penguins were harvested for their oil each year. Seabird eggs have also long been an important source of food for sailors undertaking long sea voyages, as well as being taken when settlements grow in areas near a colony. Eggers from 1612:, a legally binding treaty designed to protect these threatened species, which has been ratified by thirteen countries as of 2021 (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, France, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Uruguay, United Kingdom). 924:

Because of the greater investment in raising the young and because foraging for food may occur far from the nest site, in all seabird species except the phalaropes, both parents participate in caring for the young, and pairs are typically at least seasonally

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Ninety-five percent of seabirds are colonial, and seabird colonies are among the largest bird colonies in the world, providing one of Earth's great wildlife spectacles. Colonies of over a million birds have been recorded, both in the tropics (such as

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are also a threat to seabirds: the oil is toxic, and bird feathers become saturated by the oil, causing them to lose their waterproofing. Oil pollution in particular threatens species with restricted ranges or already depressed populations.

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excavations in middens has shown hunting of albatrosses, cormorants and shearwaters from 5000 BP. This pressure has led to some species becoming extinct in many places; in particular, at least 20 species of an original 29 no longer breed on

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from mouthfuls of water, and many albatrosses and petrels have hooked bills to snatch fast-moving prey. On the other hand, most gulls are versatile and opportunistic feeders who will eat a wide variety of prey, both at sea and on land.

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to locate tiny landmasses in the Pacific. Seabirds have provided food for fishermen away from home, as well as bait. Famously, tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish directly. Indirectly, fisheries have also benefited from

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Cury, P. M.; Boyd, I. L.; Bonhommeau, S.; Anker-Nilssen, T.; Crawford, R. J. M.; Furness, R. W.; Mills, J. A.; Murphy, E. J.; Osterblom, H.; Paleczny, M.; Piatt, J. F.; Roux, J.-P.; Shannon, L.; Sydeman, W. J. (December 23, 2011).

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is attributed in part to the availability of discards. Discards generally benefit surface feeders, such as gannets and petrels, to the detriment of pursuit divers like penguins and guillemots, which can get entangled in the nets.

1496:. "When birds ingest small pieces of plastic, they found, it inflames the digestive tract. Over time, the persistent inflammation causes tissues to become scarred and disfigured, affecting digestion, growth and survival." 1302:

are known to still exist). Seabirds are also thought to suffer when overfishing occurs. Changes to the marine ecosystems caused by dredging, which alters the biodiversity of the seafloor, can also have a negative impact.

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had undergone a period of upheaval due to extinction of considerable numbers of marine species; subsequently, the spread of marine mammals seems to have prevented seabirds from reaching their erstwhile diversity.

1644:", in which a sailor is punished for killing an albatross by having to wear its corpse around his neck. Sailors did, however, consider it unlucky to touch a storm petrel, especially one that landed on the ship. 1190:, are more restricted in their habits, but are occasionally seen inland as vagrants. This most commonly happens to young inexperienced birds, but can happen in great numbers to exhausted adults after large 559:. However, compared to land birds, they have far more feathers protecting their bodies. This dense plumage is better able to protect the bird from getting wet, and cold is kept out by a dense layer of 563:. The cormorants possess a layer of unique feathers that retain a smaller layer of air (compared to other diving birds) but otherwise soak up water. This allows them to swim without fighting the 979:). Seabird colonies occur exclusively for the purpose of breeding; non-breeding birds will only collect together outside the breeding season in areas where prey species are densely aggregated. 721:

Pursuit diving exerts greater pressures (both evolutionary and physiological) on seabirds, but the reward is a greater area in which to feed than is available to surface feeders. Underwater

610:, such as that between auks and penguins. There are four basic feeding strategies, or ecological guilds, for feeding at sea: surface feeding, pursuit diving, plunge-diving, and predation of 4984:

Dias, Maria P.; Martin, Rob; Pearmain, Elizabeth J.; Burfield, Ian J.; Small, Cleo; Phillips, Richard A.; Yates, Oliver; Lascelles, Ben; Borboroglu, Pablo Garcia; Croxall, John P. (2019).

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stealing. There have been claims of prey depletion by seabirds of fishery stocks, and while there is some evidence of this, the effects of seabirds are considered smaller than that of

879:, live much longer (anywhere between twenty and sixty years), delay breeding for longer (for up to ten years), and invest more effort into fewer young. Most species will only have one 1953:

Before visiting or leaving their remote island colonies, seabirds in often engage in a behaviour termed 'rafting', where birds sit, often in groups, on the water close to the colony.

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in order to spend the Austral summer in Antarctica. Other species also undertake trans-equatorial trips, both from the north to the south, and from south to north. The population of

1045:, principally other birds, and many species attend their colonies nocturnally to avoid predation. Birds from different colonies often forage in different areas to avoid competition. 606:. These evolutionary forces have often caused species in different families and even orders to evolve similar strategies and adaptations to the same problems, leading to remarkable 7678: 1485:

and extreme rainfall events. Heat stress from extreme temperatures is an additional threat. Some seabirds have used changing wind patterns to forage further and more efficiently.

8170: 1033:, found that of nine out of 61 male chicks that returned to breed at their natal colony bred in the burrow they were raised in, and two actually bred with their own mother. 1936: 854:

estimated that the frigatebirds could at most obtain 40% of the food they needed, and on average obtained only 5%. Many species of gull will feed on seabird and sea mammal

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Orta, Jaume; Christie, David; Jutglar, Francesc; Kirwan, Guy M. (March 4, 2020), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.),

3506:). In The Birds of North America, No. 50 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists' Union 1151:, the nests of which have been found 480 kilometres (300 mi) inland on the Antarctic mainland, are unlikely to find anything to eat around their breeding sites. The 1434:. Seabirds, breeding predominantly on small isolated islands, are vulnerable to predators because they have lost many behaviours associated with defence from predators. 5219: 937:, which mate for life, take many years to form a pair bond before they breed, and the albatrosses have an elaborate breeding dance that is part of pair-bond formation. 681:

the water, and some, such as the frigatebirds, have difficulty getting airborne again should they do so. Another seabird family that does not land while feeding is the

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Shaffer, S. A.; Tremblay, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Scott, D.; Thompson, D. R.; Sagar, P. M.; Moller, H.; Taylor, G. A.; Foley, D. G.; Block, B. A.; Costa, D. P. (2006).

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The plight of albatross and large seabirds, as well as other marine creatures, being taken as bycatch by long-line fisheries, has been addressed by a large number of

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found that the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was 22 metres (72 ft); another study, this time on

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Grémillet, D.; Chauvin, C.; Wilson, R. P.; Le Maho, Y.; Wanless, S. (2005). "Unusual feather structure allows partial plumage wettability in diving great cormorants

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Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (March 4, 2020), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.),

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Ainley, D. G. (1977) "Feeding methods in seabirds: a comparison of polar and tropical nesting communities in the eastern Pacific Ocean". In: Llano, G. A. (Ed.).

917:, they remain with the male parent for several months at sea. The frigatebirds have the longest period of parental care of any bird except a few raptors and the 801:

It may be that plunge divers are restricted in their hunting grounds to clear waters that afford a view of their prey from the air. While they are the dominant

7673: 1492:, a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered in seabirds. The birds identified as having the disease have scarred digestive tracts from ingesting 1179:

land. In these cases, it is thought that these terrestrial or freshwater birds evolved from marine ancestors. Some seabirds, principally those that nest in

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Both hunting and egging continue today, although not at the levels that occurred in the past, and generally in a more controlled manner. For example, the

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Schreiber, E. A., Feare, C. J., Harrington, B. A., Murray, B. G., Jr., Robertson, W. B., Jr., Robertson, M. J. and Woolfenden, G. E. (2002). Sooty Tern (

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Vickery, J.; Brooke, M. (1994). "The kleptoparasitic interactions between Great Frigatebirds and Masked Boobies on Henderson Island, South Pacific".

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Davenport, John; D. Black, Kenn; Burnell, Gavin; Cross, Tom; Culloty, Sarah; Ekaratne, Suki; Furness, Bob; Mulcahy, Maire; Thetmeyer, Helmut (2009).

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legends associated with them. While it is widely considered unlucky to harm them, the notion that sailors believed that is a myth that derives from

6033: 4176:, No. 259 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 4159:, No. 276 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C 3835:"A review of the occurrence of inter-colony segregation of seabird foraging areas and the implications for marine environmental impact assessment" 1230:

that might indicate fish stocks, and of potential landfall. In fact, the known association of seabirds with land was instrumental in allowing the

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are intermediate between the two, having longer wings than typical wing-propelled divers but heavier wing loadings than the other surface-feeding

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Ropert-Coudert, Y.; Grémillet, D.; Ryan, P.; Kato, A.; Naito, Y.; Le Maho, Y. (2004). "Between air and water: the plunge dive of the Cape Gannet

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both pterosaurs and marine reptiles became extinct, allowing seabirds to expand ecologically. These post-extinction seas were dominated by early

2352: 1285:, for example, and compose up to 70% of the total food of some seabird populations. This can have other impacts; for example, the spread of the 131:

or circumnavigating the Earth in some cases. They feed both at the ocean's surface and below it, and even on each other. Seabirds can be highly

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techniques, pioneered by New Zealand, enable the removal of exotic invaders from increasingly large islands. Feral cats have been removed from

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Seabird colonies are highly variable. Individual nesting sites can be widely spaced, as in an albatross colony, or densely packed as with a

7195: 4553:"Site-specific reproductive failure and decline of a population of the Endangered yellow-eyed penguin: a case for foraging habitat quality" 1928: 1331:. Seabirds have been hunted for food by coastal peoples throughout history—one of the earliest instances known is in southern Chile, where 998:

under the ground and in rocky crevices. Competition can be strong both within species and between species, with aggressive species such as

7543: 4959: 3334:(A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 1430:

Other human factors have led to declines and even extinctions in seabird populations and species. Of these, perhaps the most serious are

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that are truly marine in the winter, by convention they are usually excluded from the seabird grouping. Many waders (or shorebirds) and

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that retaining air in the feathers causes, yet retain enough air to prevent the bird losing excessive heat through contact with water.

4638: 1605: 7518: 4423: 1352:(harvesting shearwater chicks) developed as important industries in both New Zealand and Tasmania, and the name of one species, the 1524:), and in 1909 he protected the Farallon Islands. Today many important seabird colonies are given some measure of protection, from 905:

pair "billing" during courtship; like all seabirds except the phalaropes they maintain a pair bond throughout the breeding season.

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Bried, J. L.; Pontier, D.; Jouventin, P. (2003). "Mate fidelity in monogamous birds: a re-examination of the Procellariiformes".

1513: 502:, which is used to find widely distributed food in a vast ocean, and help distinguish familiar nest odours from unfamiliar ones. 5325: 4928: 1481:: various processes in the ocean lead to decreased availability of food and colonies are more often flooded as a consequence of 4449:

Brothers, Nigel (1991). "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean".

261:, which nest on lakes but winter at sea, are usually categorized as water birds, not seabirds. Although there are a number of 5510: 5412: 4407: 3604: 2824: 2799: 2104: 7708: 769:

their poor flying ability, many wing-propelled pursuit divers are more limited in their foraging range than other guilds.

7806: 7668: 2303:"Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary" 3960: 3120: 2984: 2921: 2419:

Goedert, James L. (1989). "Giant late Eocene marine birds (Pelecaniformes: Pelagornithidae) from northwestern Oregon".

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continue to harvest the chicks of the sooty shearwater as they have done for centuries, using traditional stewardship,

1010:. When the seasons overlap, the wedge-tailed shearwaters will kill young Bonin petrels in order to use their burrows. 867:

seabirds from nesting colonies, while the giant petrels can kill prey up to the size of small penguins and seal pups.

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Burleigh, J.G.; et al. (March 2015). "Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix".

1996: 4785:"Out of sight but not out of harm's way: Human disturbance reduces reproductive success of a cavity-nesting seabird" 7333: 7188: 3300:

Schnell, G.; Woods, B.; Ploger B. (1983). "Brown Pelican foraging success and kleptoparasitism by Laughing Gulls".

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Zusi, R. L. (1996), "Family Rynchopidae (Skimmers)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

2592: 2252: 757:, leaving them capable of diving to considerable depths while still being efficient long-distance travellers. The 594:

Seabirds evolved to exploit different food resources in the world's seas and oceans, and to a great extent, their

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and other fish-eating birds of prey are also typically excluded, however tied to marine environments they may be.

5572: 5462: 5238:"Tourism and recreation at seabird breeding sites in Patagonia, Argentina: current concerns and future prospects" 2376:

Vermeij, Geerat; Motani, Ryosuke (2018). "Land to sea transitions in vertebrates: The dynamics of colonization".

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until it was banned; DDT was implicated, for example, in embryo development problems and the skewed sex ratio of

1171:, gull and tern species have individuals that never visit the sea at all, spending their lives on lakes, rivers, 909:

Care of young is protracted, extending for as long as six months, among the longest for birds. For example, once

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can dive from 20 m (66 ft) above the water's surface, shifting the body before impact to avoid injury.

482:, which forage over huge areas of sea, have a reduced capacity for powered flight and are dependent on a type of 5217:

The incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries: worldwide review and technical guidelines for mitigation

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colony. In most seabird colonies, several different species will nest on the same colony, often exhibiting some

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Gulls are one of the most commonly seen seabirds because they frequent human-made habitats (such as cities and

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in the mid-19th century, a period in the islands' history from which the seabird species are still recovering.

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King, Sd; Harper, Ga; Wright, Jb; McInnes, Jc; van der Lubbe, Je; Dobbins, Ml; Murray, Sj (October 25, 2012).

1937:"Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) rafting behaviour revealed by GPS tracking and behavioural observations" 1593: 765: 490:(where the wind deflected by waves provides lift) as well as slope soaring. Seabirds also almost always have 474:

can tell a scientist about its life feeding behaviour. Longer wings and low wing loading are typical of more

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environment. While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, behaviour and physiology, they often exhibit striking

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Oro, D.; Ruiz, X.; Pedrocchi, V.; Gonzalez-Solis, J. (1997). "Diet and adult time budgets of Audouin's Gull

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Croxall, J. P. & Prince, P. A. (1994). "Dead or alive, night or day: how do albatrosses catch squid?".

1551: 403:(a group of large seabirds that looked like the penguins). Modern genera began their wide radiation in the 513:, have plumage that is partly wettable. This functional adaptation balances the competing requirement for 179:; but, as seems to be true with any statement in biology, some do not." However, by convention all of the 123:, varying in size from a few dozen birds to millions. Many species are famous for undertaking long annual 8175: 7181: 7161: 6018: 5540: 5430: 5374: 3172: 1653: 1122: 841:

engage in this behaviour, although gulls, terns and other species will steal food opportunistically. The

5146: 7483: 5800: 2550:"The flight of petrels and albatrosses (Procellariiformes), observed in South Georgia and its vicinity" 1913: 1558: 115:

later and have fewer young than other birds, but they invest a great deal of time in their young. Most

4985: 4695: 7791: 7685: 5715: 5705: 1601: 1365: 950: 929:. Many species, such as gulls, auks and penguins, retain the same mate for several seasons, and many 3956:"Influence of food availability on demography and local population dynamics in a long-lived seabird" 761:

is the deepest diver of the shearwaters, having been recorded diving below 70 metres (230 ft).

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Seabirds' life histories are dramatically different from those of land birds. In general, they are

645: 510: 31: 17: 4374: 3027:"Feeding ecology of short-tailed shearwaters: breeding in Tasmania and foraging in the Antarctic?" 2012: 7945: 7756: 7650: 7378: 7368: 6046: 4375:

Identifying drivers of change; did fisheries play a role in the spread of North Atlantic fulmars?

4326: 3897:"Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer" 1637: 1566: 1525: 1255: 1007: 758: 47:

is highly aerial and marine and spends months flying at sea, returning to land only for breeding.

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Olson, S.; Hasegawa, Y. (1979). "Fossil counterparts of giant penguins from the north Pacific".

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are also highly marine, living on the sea's edge (coast), but are also not treated as seabirds.

7771: 7761: 7463: 7448: 7137: 6013: 5825: 5775: 5537:: A data portal for global seabird databases and information outlet for the World Seabird Union 5476: 1597: 1380: 1299: 1223: 5499: 5226:. FAO Fisheries Circular No.937. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 4188: 3833:

Bolton, Mark; Conolly, Georgia; Carroll, Matthew; Wakefield, Ewan D.; Caldow, Richard (2019).

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Helpers at birds' nests : a worldwide survey of cooperative breeding and related behavior

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are seabirds that make a part of their living stealing food of other seabirds. Most famously,

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allowing them to utilise more widely distributed food resources, for example, in impoverished

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Surface feeding itself can be broken up into two different approaches, surface feeding while

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efforts include the establishment of wildlife refuges and adjustments to fishing techniques.

163: 4286: 1167:, nest and feed inland on lakes, and then move to the coasts in the winter. Some cormorant, 688:

Surface feeders that swim often have unique bills as well, adapted for their specific prey.

7925: 7887: 7218: 6478: 5202: 4997: 4900: 4851: 4796: 4755: 4564: 4501: 4458: 4255: 3908: 3477: 3396: 3227: 3075: 3038: 2563: 2479: 2428: 2385: 2168: 1328: 1026: 607: 248: 90: 56: 8: 8147: 7801: 7610: 7568: 7338: 7298: 6008: 5900: 5840: 5785: 5565: 4717: 1890: 1390: 1277:

Some seabird species have benefited from fisheries, particularly from discarded fish and

926: 749:(an Atlantic auk) requires 64% more energy to fly than a petrel of equivalent size. Many 479: 337: 5001: 4904: 4855: 4800: 4759: 4568: 4505: 4462: 4260: 3912: 3481: 3400: 3231: 3079: 3042: 2567: 2483: 2432: 2389: 2172: 436:). The highest diversity of seabirds apparently existed during the Late Miocene and the 8067: 8062: 7930: 7872: 7766: 7615: 7533: 7418: 7398: 7308: 7251: 6791: 5855: 5815: 5780: 5021: 4819: 4784: 4533: 4517: 4360: 4209: 4123: 4098: 4063: 4022: 3982: 3955: 3931: 3896: 3758: 3712: 3681: 3554: 3431: 3412: 3369: 3361: 3282: 3091: 2670: 2615: 2503: 2452: 2444: 2401: 2329: 2302: 2283: 2189: 2156: 2070: 2028: 1535: 1509: 1431: 884: 809:

is inconclusive. Some plunge divers (as well as some surface feeders) are dependent on

730: 611: 576: 521: 151: 1349: 8265: 8077: 7955: 7902: 7821: 7488: 7453: 7393: 7353: 7323: 7293: 7204: 7144: 6917: 6864: 6814: 5957: 5947: 5890: 5690: 5685: 5625: 5516: 5506: 5439: 5408: 5383: 5025: 5013: 4867: 4824: 4768: 4743: 4718:"A review of four successful recovery programmes for threatened sub-tropical petrels" 4656: 4525: 4470: 4403: 4213: 4102: 4067: 4026: 3987: 3936: 3856: 3787: 3600: 3520: 3181: 3153: 3116: 3095: 3009: 2980: 2957: 2927: 2845: 2820: 2795: 2772: 2733: 2715: 2662: 2654: 2532: 2495: 2456: 2334: 2233: 2194: 2137: 2100: 2074: 2032: 1992: 1715: 1353: 1251: 1227: 1156: 1002:

pushing less dominant species out of the most desirable nesting spaces. The tropical

888: 847: 722: 693: 495: 251:) are oceanic for nine months of the year, crossing the equator to feed pelagically. 184: 101: 5438:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 258–271. 5382:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 198–215. 5236:

Yorio, Pablo; Frere, Esteban; Gandini, Patricia; Schiavini, Adrián (December 2001).

4610: 4593: 3685: 3464:

Robertson, C. J. R. (1993). "Survival and longevity of the Northern Royal Albatross

3416: 3216:"Seabird foraging tactics and water clarity: Are plunge divers really in the clear?" 3180:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 290–311. 2635:"Development of the Visual System in a Burrow-Nesting Seabird: Leach's Storm Petrel" 2507: 2405: 2213: 1438:

can take seabirds as large as albatrosses, and many introduced rodents, such as the

990:. Seabirds can nest in trees (if any are available), on the ground (with or without 717:

skeleton, showing the sternal keel that makes the species a strong diver and swimmer

540:

from these glands (which are positioned in the head of the birds, emerging from the

8185: 7877: 7781: 7733: 7645: 7538: 7236: 6783: 5925: 5597: 5249: 5039:

Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).

5005: 4908: 4859: 4814: 4804: 4763: 4634: 4625:

Anderson, A. (1996). "Origins of Procellariidae hunting in the Southwest Pacific".

4605: 4572: 4537: 4509: 4466: 4356: 4265: 4201: 4090: 4055: 4014: 3977: 3969: 3926: 3916: 3894: 3846: 3750: 3673: 3592: 3485: 3404: 3373: 3353: 3309: 3274: 3235: 3149: 3083: 3046: 2878: 2762: 2711: 2674: 2646: 2607: 2571: 2487: 2436: 2393: 2324: 2314: 2275: 2225: 2184: 2176: 2129: 2062: 2020: 1908: 1813: 1625: 1624:

Depiction of a pelican with chicks on a stained glass window, Saint Mark's Church,

1547: 1539: 1420: 1369: 1361: 1152: 1130: 1126: 1022: 959: 910: 862:. Some species of albatross also engage in scavenging: an analysis of regurgitated 842: 830: 603: 514: 463: 421: 392: 94: 4594:"Human exploitation of seabirds in coastal southern Chile during the mid-Holocene" 4427: 3583:

Kharitonov, Sergei P.; Siegel-Causey, Douglas (1988), Johnston, Richard F. (ed.),

3066:

Prince, P. A.; Huin, N.; Weimerskirch, H. (1994). "Diving depths of albatrosses".

2867:"Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the 'hovering' flight of Wilson's storm petrel" 2593:"Olfaction in Subantarctic seabirds: Its phylogenetic and ecological significance" 2157:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" 555:

and some terns, and in common with most other birds, all seabirds have waterproof

494:, to aid movement on the surface as well as assisting diving in some species. The 8155: 8122: 7983: 7935: 7811: 7786: 7595: 7548: 7473: 7318: 7303: 7015: 6843: 6313: 5835: 5820: 5758: 5657: 5585: 5223: 5109: 5009: 4809: 4696:"Past and present assessments of bird life in Uummannaq District, West Greenland" 4381: 2491: 2319: 1829: 1699: 1529: 1286: 1164: 1118: 1102: 902: 825:

This catch-all category refers to other seabird strategies that involve the next

802: 714: 583: 545: 487: 417: 396: 305: 293: 212: 135:, coastal, or in some cases spend a part of the year away from the sea entirely. 4486: 3885:(A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 3654:(A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 3637:(A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 3596: 3112:

The California Current: A Pacific Ecosystem and Its Fliers, Divers, and Swimmers

2909:(A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 2866: 2697: 2133: 1833:(Worldwide; 305 species, but only the families listed are classed as seabirds.) 1376: 8019: 7973: 7968: 7940: 7907: 7776: 7635: 7563: 7553: 7403: 7348: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7125: 7055: 7007: 6941: 6880: 6835: 6822: 6696: 6659: 6510: 6284: 6121: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5845: 5830: 5725: 5700: 5695: 5677: 5558: 4288:"Bird poop brings 3.8 million metric tons of nitrogen out of the sea each year" 3780:

Predation on seabirds by introduced animals, and factors affecting its severity

3135: 1856: 1765: 1482: 1474: 1439: 1416: 1357: 1290: 1098: 754: 682: 533: 483: 381: 301: 232: 159: 124: 86: 5481: 5254: 5237: 4342: 4270: 4235: 3584: 3408: 3087: 2440: 8259: 8233: 8127: 8092: 7993: 7988: 7963: 7493: 7458: 7433: 7283: 7246: 7063: 7047: 6970: 6962: 6796: 6594: 6444: 6331: 6289: 6089: 6081: 6003: 5967: 5885: 5809: 5637: 5017: 3860: 3543:, (Poole, A. and Gill, F., eds) The Birds of North America Inc.: Philadelphia 3260:"Seabird interactions with Dolphins and Tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific" 2658: 1899: 1752: 1742: 1651:) and often show a fearless nature. Gulls have been used as metaphors, as in 1521: 1493: 1455: 1337: 1316: 1259: 972: 880: 826: 806: 789: 726: 657: 623: 458:

Seabirds have made numerous adaptations to living on and feeding in the sea.

432:) became seabirds in the late Eocene, and then waders in the middle Miocene ( 400: 297: 244: 138:

Seabirds and humans have a long history together: They have provided food to

5520: 4863: 4842:

Fry, D. & Toone, C. (1981). "DDT-induced feminization of gull embryos".

4715: 4513: 3953: 3921: 3313: 2767: 2750: 2229: 2180: 1397:, however, uncontrolled hunting is pushing many species into steep decline. 505: 8219: 7998: 7978: 7882: 7620: 7503: 7423: 7383: 7373: 7343: 7149: 6893: 6738: 6554: 6392: 6340: 6212: 6173: 5942: 5930: 5920: 5910: 5607: 4960:"The ultimate irony: Cape Gannets, famed for their greed, are now starving" 4913: 4886: 4828: 4716:

Carlile, N.; Proiddel, D.; Zino, F.; Natividad, C.; Wingate, D. B. (2003).

4529: 4186:

Wiley, R. Haven; Lee, David S. (March 4, 2020). Billerman, Shawn M. (ed.).

4094: 4059: 4018: 3991: 3973: 3940: 3805:"Nocturnal behavior reduces predation pressure on Black-vented Shearwaters 3677: 2776: 2666: 2576: 2549: 2499: 2338: 2237: 2198: 2141: 2066: 1758: 1734: 1684: 1679:

to (and across) the sea. Pelicans have long been associated with mercy and

1658: 1586: 1577:

and the surrounding islands. The area is home to huge colonies of gannets,

1504:

The threats faced by seabirds have not gone unnoticed by scientists or the

1463: 1442:, take eggs hidden in burrows. Introduced goats, cattle, rabbits and other 1246:

Negative effects on fisheries are mostly restricted to raiding by birds on

1121:, splits after the breeding season with some birds travelling north to the 1114: 1038: 1003: 934: 859: 851: 709: 689: 665: 560: 541: 471: 372: 309: 285: 112: 5126:. Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing. June 7, 2011 4871: 4487:"Global seabird response to forage fish depletion—one-third for the birds" 4386:

Management of marine ecosystems: monitoring change in upper trophic levels

4205: 2024: 668:), and surface feeding while swimming (examples of which are practiced by 641: 51: 39: 8132: 8107: 8102: 8072: 7855: 7831: 7796: 7605: 7508: 7428: 7388: 7241: 6954: 6801: 6607: 6586: 6575: 6540: 6407: 6397: 6355: 6246: 6113: 5915: 5740: 5735: 5667: 5652: 5620: 5171: 5041:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 4318:

Collis, K.; Adamany, S.; Roby, D. D.; Craig, D. P.; Lyons, D. E. (2000).

4121: 1806: 1489: 1247: 1176: 1148: 1106: 1087: 946: 898: 834: 661: 653: 631: 525: 429: 289: 281: 120: 4639:

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1212(199609)6:4<403::AID-OA296>3.0.CO;2-0

4521: 3729: 2883: 2397: 2011:

Rubega, Margaret A.; Schamel, Douglas; Tracy, Diane M. (March 4, 2020).

1219:, and both have drawn benefits and disadvantages from the relationship. 97:

have resulted in similar adaptations. The first seabirds evolved in the

8112: 8047: 7836: 7816: 7600: 7573: 7358: 7271: 7071: 6933: 6872: 6851: 6683: 6667: 6602: 6547: 6519: 6451: 6416: 6294: 6142: 5977: 5952: 5710: 4325:(Report). Portland, OR: Bonneville Power Administration. Archived from 3762: 3716: 3365: 3286: 3240: 3215: 3051: 3026: 2619: 2448: 2287: 1822: 1781: 1738: 1620: 1543: 1332: 1269: 1240: 1075:

every year from North America in the northern hemisphere winter season.

1018: 999: 976: 968: 962:

breed on densely packed colonies on offshore rocks, islands and cliffs.

876: 785: 750: 677: 595: 579: 572: 529: 367: 345: 333: 196: 98: 82: 44: 8228: 5550: 4884: 4577: 4552: 3851: 3834: 3489: 2650: 1934: 1687:

myth that they split open their breast to feed their starving chicks.

1672: 1411: 1006:

nests during the winter to avoid competition with the more aggressive

478:

species, while diving species have shorter wings. Species such as the

8137: 8042: 7826: 7590: 7583: 7558: 7468: 7173: 7031: 6986: 6775: 6568: 6485: 6469: 6458: 6368: 6304: 6263: 5962: 5763: 5750: 5730: 5630: 3873:

Burness, G. P., Lefevre, K. and Collins, C. T. (1999). Elegant Tern (

3802: 3515:

See Skutch; Alexander Frank (author) and Gardner, Dana (illustrator)

3065: 2590: 1800: 1724: 1570: 1467: 1443: 1435: 1394: 1324: 1282: 1231: 1147:

of these species still return to the ocean to feed; for example, the

1042: 991: 746: 552: 537: 499: 467: 425: 377: 274: 236: 204: 188: 155: 105: 5545: 4693: 3754: 3663: 3357: 3278: 2634: 2611: 2279: 1695:

The following are the groups of birds normally classed as seabirds.

1360:

where it provided a windfall for starving European settlers. In the

883:

a year, unless they lose the first (with a few exceptions, like the

8087: 7897: 7443: 7438: 7363: 6999: 6729: 6704: 6650: 6561: 6533: 6423: 6387: 6379: 6361: 6256: 6241: 6225: 5972: 5935: 5768: 5546:

Marine Ornithology, the Journal of Seabird Science and Conservation

5269: 1680: 1648: 1385: 1273:

Seabirds (mostly northern fulmars) flocking at a long-lining vessel

1064: 1014: 697: 622:

Many seabirds feed on the ocean's surface, as the action of marine

614:; within these guilds, there are multiple variations on the theme. 599: 564: 441: 437: 433: 412: 325: 266: 262: 176: 3700: 1125:

and some travelling as far south as Peru and Chile to feed in the

8097: 8057: 8027: 7625: 7413: 7313: 6909: 6762: 6641: 6526: 6492: 6430: 6251: 6105: 6097: 5662: 5647: 4320:

Avian Predation on Juvenile Salmonids in the Lower Columbia River

1774: 1708: 1676: 1478: 1320: 1312: 1222:

Fishermen have traditionally used seabirds as indicators of both

1212: 1168: 1160: 1110: 1058: 1030: 892: 855: 810: 794: 556: 475: 404: 389: 385: 321: 180: 143: 139: 132: 128: 116: 7846: 7216: 4887:"Oil Pollution and Seabird Populations [and Discussion]" 3552: 2053:

Tracy, Diane M.; Schamel, Douglas; Dale, James (March 4, 2020).

764:

Some albatross species are also capable of limited diving, with

370:

seabirds also occurred in the Cretaceous, with a species called

8082: 7408: 7039: 6978: 6754: 6746: 6675: 6615: 6499: 6437: 6320: 5987: 5982: 5860: 5351:"Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels Site" 4483: 2633:

Mitkus, Mindaugas; Nevitt, Gabrielle A.; Kelber, Almut (2018).

1935:

Richards C; Padget O, Guilford T; Bates AE (October 31, 1921).

1790: 1746: 1730: 1668: 1578: 1216: 1187: 1180: 1081: 1068: 995: 955: 930: 914: 777: 673: 351: 329: 208: 200: 192: 147: 64: 60: 5088:"New disease caused solely by plastics discovered in seabirds" 5048:

Special Report: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

4046:

Carboneras, Carles; Jutglar, Francesc; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020).

2794:. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire Press. p. 233. 1454:

and pollutants in seabirds is also a concern. Seabirds, being

1183:, as skuas and phalaropes do, will migrate over land as well. 6925: 6712: 6275: 3832: 3732:"Natal Philopatry and close inbreeding in Cory's shearwater ( 3326:

Gaston, A. J.; Dechesne, S. B. C. (1996). Rhinoceros Auklet (

3299: 2972: 1794: 1574: 1451: 1278: 1236: 1191: 1172: 983: 863: 820: 781: 734: 635: 627: 408: 270: 258: 240: 27:

Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment

4048:"Common Diving-Petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix), version 1.0" 3535:

Metz, V. G. and Schreiber, E. A. (2002) "Great Frigatebird (

3502:

Manuwal, D. A. and Thoresen, A. C. (1993). Cassin's Auklet (

2897:

Metz, V. G. and Schreiber, E. A. (2002). Great Frigatebird (

1281:. These discards compose 30% of the food of seabirds in the 7578: 6901: 6268: 6231: 6201: 5615: 5581: 5534: 5038: 3954:

Oro, D.; Cam, E.; Pradel, R.; Martinetz-Abrain, A. (2004).

3386: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1629: 1263: 1163:

with large branches to nest on. Other species, such as the

1090:

breed in the arctic and subarctic and winter in Antarctica.

1072: 838: 814: 742: 738: 669: 459: 254: 243:("shorebirds" in North America), two of the three species ( 224: 220: 216: 78: 5235: 4983: 3701:"Some dynamics of a breeding colony of Laysan Albatrosses" 3024: 1319:

have contributed to the declines of many species, and the

7640: 7630: 7023: 5880: 5642: 4783:

Watson, Hannah; Bolton, Mark; Monaghan, Pat (June 2014).

4080: 3519:; pp. 69–71. Published 1987 by University of Iowa Press. 3257: 1862: 1459: 1345: 1341: 228: 4744:"Human disturbance: people as predation-free predators?" 4122:

Croxall, J; Steele, W.; McInnes, S.; Prince, P. (1995).

3213: 2099:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 5–11. 2013:"Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), version 1.0" 1610:

Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels

30:

This article is about marine birds. For other uses, see

5062:"New disease caused by plastics discovered in seabirds" 4550: 4295:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 4045: 4004: 3582: 2211: 5505:. Tertiary Level Biology. New York: Chapman and Hall. 5350: 5326:"Mitigating Seabird Bycatch with Global Fishing Watch" 5297:"Seabird Bycatch Solutions for Fishery Sustainability" 5172:

Williams, J. C.; Byrd G. V.; Konyukhov, N. B. (2003).

4591: 4402:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 197. 4317: 1888: 1868:

For an alternative taxonomy of these groups, see also

1356:, is derived from its seemingly miraculous arrival on 366:

is not thought to have left descendants, the earliest

239:

are usually included as well, since although they are

5434:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 5378:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 4885:

Dunnet, G.; Crisp, D.; Conan, G.; Bourne, W. (1982).

4233: 4083:"Little Black Cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris)" 3730:

Rabouam, C.; Thibault, J.-C.; Bretagnole, V. (1998).

3646:

Seto, N. W. H. and O'Daniel, D. (1999) Bonin Petrel (

3343: 3176:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 2817:

Birds: A Complete Guide to their Biology and Behavior

2469: 2300: 638:, or other prey items within reach of a dipped head. 528:

they ingest by drinking and feeding (particularly on

4782: 2844:. University of Michigan: McGraw-Hill. p. 186. 2730:

Seabirds of Hawaii, Natural History and Conservation

2301:

Longrich, N. R.; Martill, D. M.; Andres, B. (2018).

2055:"Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius), version 1.0" 1520:

to protect the bird colonies (including the nesting

1389:, to manage the harvest, but now also work with the 428:. Within the Charadriiformes, the gulls and allies ( 328:

are readily laid down), are well represented in the

324:

depositional environment (that is, in the sea where

6172: 5541:

BirdLife International; Save the Albatross Campaign

4426:. BirdLife International/RSPB. 2005. Archived from 3463: 1941:

An official website of the United States government

1340:. In the 19th century, the hunting of seabirds for 1186:The more marine species, such as petrels, auks and 805:in the tropics, the link between plunge diving and 5498: 5496: 5429: 5373: 4187: 3803:Keitt, B. S.; Tershy, B. R.; Croll, D. A. (2004). 3171: 2632: 2591:Lequette, B.; Verheyden, C.; Jowentin, P. (1989). 2010: 1987:Schreiber, Elizabeth A. and Burger, Joanne (2001) 1914:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694740A168895142.en 1175:and, in the case of some of the gulls, cities and 4921: 4892:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 4694:Burnham, W.; Burnham, K. K.; Cade, T. J. (2005). 4347:in response to changes in commercial fisheries". 2555:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2547: 1719:(Tubenoses: pan-oceanic and pelagic; 93 species) 1675:(used in the design of the films), and they call 1565:One of the Millennium Projects in the UK was the 725:is provided by wings (as used by penguins, auks, 93:, as the same environmental problems and feeding 8257: 5262: 5112:. USFWS Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge. 4841: 3555:"Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross 3553:Pickering, S. P. C. & Berrow, S. D. (2001). 3204:. Smithsonian Inst. Washington D.C., pp. 669–685 2819:. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 80. 2212:Johansson, L. C.; Lindhe Norberg, U. M. (2001). 2052: 1589:in New Zealand attracts 40,000 visitors a year. 1368:took almost half a million eggs a year from the 4400:Far From Land: The Mysterious Lives of Seabirds 3901:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3784:Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds 2748: 2742: 2097:Far From Land: The Mysterious Lives of Seabirds 1458:, suffered from the ravages of the insecticide 1211:Seabirds have had a long association with both 2926:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 668–675, 2864: 2371: 2369: 1407:Introduced mammals on seabird breeding islands 817:to push shoaling fish up towards the surface. 315: 7479:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 7189: 5566: 4742:Beale, Colin M.; Monaghan, Pat (April 2004). 4741: 3698: 3591:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 223–272, 2375: 453: 332:record. They are first known to occur in the 104:, and modern seabird families emerged in the 6080: 4624: 3429: 1703:(Antarctic and southern waters; 16 species) 1477:mainly affect seabirds via changes to their 571:seabirds is thought in many cases to be for 517:against that of the need to reduce buoyancy. 7544:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 5402: 5288: 5116: 4951: 4651:White, Peter (1995), The Farallon Islands, 4200:. Version 1.0. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2839: 2808: 2366: 2253:"The jaws of the Cretaceous toothed birds, 1201: 498:are unusual among birds in having a strong 7196: 7182: 5573: 5559: 5427: 5371: 5294: 5215:Food and Agriculture Organisation (1999). 4986:"Threats to seabirds: A global assessment" 3004:Gaston, Anthony J.; Jones, Ian L. (1998). 2751:"The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds" 2693: 2691: 1661:, or to denote a closeness to the sea; in 1315:of seabirds and the collecting of seabird 1109:is the farthest of any bird, crossing the 821:Kleptoparasitism, scavenging and predation 5407:. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 10. 5253: 5178:, foxes, humans and how to right a wrong" 4912: 4818: 4808: 4767: 4627:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 4609: 4576: 4391: 4269: 4259: 3981: 3930: 3920: 3850: 3778:Moors, P. J.; Atkinson, I. A. E. (1984). 3258:Au, D. W. K. & Pitman, R. L. (1986). 3239: 3165: 3163: 3050: 2966: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2882: 2840:Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2003). 2766: 2575: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2357:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology 2345: 2328: 2318: 2188: 2148: 1983: 1981: 1912: 1606:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 1569:, near the important bird sanctuaries on 1206: 5365: 4618: 4448: 4185: 4168:Winkler, D. W. (1996). California Gull ( 4151:Nelson, S. K. (1997). Marbled Murrelet ( 3774: 3772: 3214:Haney, J. C. & Stone, A. E. (1988). 2954:Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World 2792:The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History 2722: 2119: 2088: 2006: 2004: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1619: 1419:was oiled in Alaska during the spill of 1410: 1268: 954: 940: 897: 708: 640: 504: 470:, so that looking at a wing's shape and 440:. At the end of the latter, the oceanic 350: 304:. The tropicbirds are part of a lineage— 288:in 2010. This lineage gives rise to the 50: 38: 5580: 5317: 5090:. Natural History Museum. March 3, 2023 4675:. University of Otago. January 12, 2016 4655:, Scottwall Associates: San Francisco, 4388:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 4284: 4278: 4007:"Northern Storm-Petrels (Hydrobatidae)" 3202:Adaptations within Antarctic ecosystems 3108: 3102: 2814: 2783: 2688: 2418: 2250: 2113: 933:species mate for life. Albatrosses and 692:have special bills with filters called 14: 8258: 7203: 5323: 5144: 5138: 4958:Hagen, Christina (December 12, 2017). 4592:Simeone, A. & Navarro, X. (2002). 4397: 4124:"Breeding Distribution of Snow Petrel 3169: 3160: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2956:. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 2939: 2833: 2514: 2154: 2094: 524:are used by seabirds to deal with the 7732: 7731: 7215: 7177: 6065: 5554: 5431:"Family Hydrobatidae (Storm-petrels)" 5403:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 5396: 4957: 4236:"Differential responses of Guillemot 4234:Harris, M. & Wanless, S. (1996). 4179: 3769: 3432:"Predation by Southern Giant Petrels 3253: 3251: 3025:Weimerskirch, H.; Cherel, Y. (1998). 2979:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 68. 2214:"Lift-based paddling in diving grebe" 2122:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2001: 1958: 1817:(Worldwide tropical seas; 3 species) 1512:was convinced of the need to declare 858:when the opportunity arises, as will 729:and some other species of petrel) or 7132: 5497:Furness, R. W.; P. Monaghan (1987). 4477: 2918: 2789: 2046: 1239:from colonies of seabirds acting as 1141: 975:) and in the polar latitudes (as in 466:an individual species or family has 150:to land. Many species are currently 7807:Oceanic physical-biological process 7669:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 7156: 4709: 3652:The Birds of North America, No. 385 3332:The Birds of North America, No. 212 3008:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2993: 2912: 2353:The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey. 1900:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1690: 1508:. As early as 1903, U.S. President 1013:Many seabirds show remarkable site 589: 320:Seabirds, by virtue of living in a 284:defined the "core waterbird" clade 24: 5456: 5436:Handbook of the Birds of the World 5380:Handbook of the Birds of the World 5375:"Family Diomedeidae (Albatrosses)" 4361:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04685.x 3961:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3541:The Birds of North America, No 681 3248: 3178:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2976:Aquaculture: The Ecological Issues 2922:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2749:Schmidt-Nielson, Knut (May 1960). 2155:Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). 1615: 1105:. Of these, the trip taken by the 617: 462:morphology has been shaped by the 448: 235:) are classified as seabirds. The 25: 8277: 6034:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 5528: 5324:Cutlip, Kimbra (August 2, 2017). 5203:"Stamps celebrate seabird return" 4424:"Save the Albatross: The Problem" 4299:from the original on June 7, 2022 4285:Perkins, Sid (January 23, 2018). 2732:Ithaca:Cornell University Press, 2531:New Haven:Yale University Press, 2351:Olson, S.; Parris, D.C. (1987). " 1667:, they appear in the insignia of 1348:trade reached industrial levels. 1254:fisheries also have to deal with 741:and several types of fish-eating 704: 169: 8240: 8239: 8227: 8213: 7845: 7517: 7334:Colored dissolved organic matter 7155: 7143: 7131: 7120: 7119: 7010:(New World vultures and condors) 5421: 5343: 5229: 5209: 4937:BirdLife International Data Zone 4769:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00900.x 3154:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2003.00250.x 2716:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03331.x 1400: 1393:in studying the populations. In 1097:Like many birds, seabirds often 1080: 1057: 895:) will only lay one egg a year. 772: 648:pattering on the water's surface 626:often concentrates food such as 575:, both defensive (the colour of 111:Seabirds generally live longer, 7679:Latin America and the Caribbean 5353:. Australian Antarctic Division 5242:Bird Conservation International 5205:. BirdLife International. 2005. 5195: 5165: 5102: 5080: 5054: 5032: 4977: 4878: 4835: 4776: 4735: 4687: 4665: 4645: 4611:10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200012 4585: 4544: 4442: 4416: 4367: 4336: 4311: 4227: 4162: 4145: 4115: 4074: 4039: 3998: 3947: 3888: 3867: 3826: 3796: 3723: 3692: 3657: 3640: 3619: 3576: 3546: 3529: 3509: 3496: 3457: 3430:Punta, G.; Herrera, G. (1995). 3423: 3380: 3337: 3320: 3293: 3207: 3194: 3173:"Family Pelecanidae (Pelicans)" 3129: 3115:. UNC Press Books. p. 99. 3059: 3018: 2891: 2871:Journal of Experimental Biology 2858: 2626: 2584: 2541: 2463: 2412: 2294: 2244: 2218:Journal of Experimental Biology 1889:BirdLife International (2020). 1642:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 1499: 1306: 1021:, is so strong that a study of 870: 766:light-mantled sooty albatrosses 336:period, the earliest being the 8161:Ecological values of mangroves 7704:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 6066: 4939:. BirdLife International. 2021 4557:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4089:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 4013:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 3585:"Colony Formation in Seabirds" 3559:at Bird Island, South Georgia" 3220:Marine Ecology Progress Series 3031:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2205: 2061:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2019:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 1943:. National Library of Medicine 1882: 1785:(Worldwide; about 56 species) 1594:non-governmental organizations 1344:deposits and feathers for the 1071:Bay area. These birds come to 887:), and many species (like the 13: 1: 3436:on adult Imperial Cormorants 2639:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 1875: 656:(for example as practiced by 8181:Marine conservation activism 8166:Fisheries and climate change 5487:Resources in other libraries 5010:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.033 4810:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.03.020 4653:Sentinels of the Golden Gate 4471:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4 3466:Diomedea epomophora sanfordi 2492:10.1126/science.206.4419.688 2320:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663 1557:Seabird mortality caused by 1048: 154:by human activities such as 7: 8176:Human impact on marine life 8053:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 7289:Aquatic population dynamics 7074:(woodpeckers and relatives) 5110:"History of Pelican Island" 3597:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_5 2924:. Volume 3, Hoatzin to Auks 2529:Seabirds: A Natural History 2527:Gaston, Anthony J. (2004). 2251:Gregory, Joseph T. (1952). 2134:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.12.003 1654:Jonathan Livingston Seagull 1123:Central Coast of California 316:Evolution and fossil record 146:to fishing stocks, and led 10: 8282: 6936:(cormorants and relatives) 6029:Extinct species since 1500 4748:Journal of Applied Ecology 4380:December 17, 2008, at the 4174:The Birds of North America 4157:The Birds of North America 3879:The Birds of North America 3631:The Birds of North America 3468:at Taiaroa Head 1937–93". 2903:The Birds of North America 2815:Elphick, Jonathan (2016). 2548:Pennycuick, C. J. (1982). 1404: 1323:of several, including the 1243:for the surrounding seas. 944: 602:have been shaped by their 551:With the exception of the 454:Adaptations to life at sea 373:Tytthostonyx glauconiticus 181:Sphenisciformes (penguins) 29: 8207: 8146: 8018: 7954: 7916: 7863: 7854: 7843: 7792:Marine primary production 7744: 7740: 7727: 7686:List of marine ecoregions 7661: 7526: 7515: 7229: 7225: 7211: 7115: 7066:(kingfishers and rollers) 6998: 6953: 6920:(albatrosses and petrels) 6892: 6863: 6834: 6813: 6804:(swifts and hummingbirds) 6786:(nightjars and relatives) 6774: 6737: 6728: 6695: 6658: 6649: 6640: 6636: 6610:(pheasants and relatives) 6585: 6509: 6468: 6406: 6378: 6354: 6330: 6303: 6224: 6211: 6168: 6141: 6137: 6076: 6072: 6061: 6057: 5996: 5899: 5799: 5749: 5676: 5606: 5593: 5482:Resources in your library 5304:American Bird Conservancy 5295:Wiedenfeld, D.A. (2016). 5255:10.1017/S0959270901000314 4703:Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidsskr 4271:10.1080/00063659609461014 4242:Phalacrocorax aristotelis 3409:10.1017/S0954102094000246 3088:10.1017/S0954102094000532 2790:King, Richard J. (2013). 2441:10.1017/S0022336000036647 1991:. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1907:: e.T22694740A168895142. 1602:American Bird Conservancy 1546:from many islands in the 1262:and predatory fish (like 951:Seabird breeding behavior 424:) might date back to the 55:Raft of coastal seabirds 8038:Coastal biogeomorphology 8033:Marine coastal ecosystem 6965:(seriemas and relatives) 6944:(pelicans and relatives) 5270:"Ending Seabird Bycatch" 5124:"About Capricornia Cays" 4931:Brachyramphus marmoratus 4398:Brooke, Michael (2018). 4373:Thompson, P. M. (2004). 4191:Stercorarius parasiticus 4153:Brachyramphus marmoratus 2704:Journal of Avian Biology 2095:Brooke, Michael (2018). 1870:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy 1583:northern royal albatross 1518:National Wildlife Refuge 1466:in southern California. 1300:short-tailed albatrosses 1202:Relationship with humans 919:southern ground hornbill 733:(as used by cormorants, 511:double-crested cormorant 416:(which includes today's 32:Seabird (disambiguation) 7946:Paradox of the plankton 7757:Diel vertical migration 7651:Freshwater swamp forest 7369:GIS and aquatic science 7217:General components and 7058:(hornbills and hoopoes) 6973:(falcons and relatives) 5428:Carboneras, C. (1992). 5372:Carboneras, C. (1992). 4990:Biological Conservation 4864:10.1126/science.7256288 4789:Biological Conservation 4514:10.1126/science.1212928 4451:Biological Conservation 4244:to a late winter wreck" 3922:10.1073/pnas.0603715103 3504:Ptychoramphus aleuticus 2865:Withers, P. C. (1979). 2768:10.1161/01.CIR.21.5.955 2728:Harrison, C. S. (1990) 2421:Journal of Paleontology 2230:10.1242/jeb.204.10.1687 2181:10.1126/science.1253451 1989:Biology of Marine Birds 1769:(Worldwide; 8 species) 1638:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1567:Scottish Seabird Centre 1008:wedge-tailed shearwater 759:short-tailed shearwater 582:is the same as that of 355:The Cretaceous seabird 7772:Large marine ecosystem 7464:Shoaling and schooling 7042:(trogons and quetzals) 6854:(cranes and relatives) 6124:(emus and cassowaries) 6014:Glossary of bird terms 5826:Confuciusornithiformes 5274:BirdLife International 5222:June 29, 2006, at the 5145:Corday, Chris (2017). 4964:BirdLife International 4914:10.1098/rstb.1982.0051 4095:10.2173/bow.libcor1.01 4060:10.2173/bow.codpet1.01 4019:10.2173/bow.hydrob1.01 3974:10.1098/rspb.2003.2609 3699:Fisher, H. I. (1976). 3678:10.1006/anbe.2002.2045 3438:Phalacrocorax atriceps 3109:Ulanski, Stan (2016). 2577:10.1098/rstb.1982.0158 2067:10.2173/bow.redpha1.01 1632: 1598:BirdLife International 1427: 1381:Stewart Island/Rakiura 1274: 1207:Seabirds and fisheries 1194:, an event known as a 963: 906: 718: 649: 646:Wilson's storm petrels 518: 509:Cormorants, like this 359: 67: 48: 8191:Marine protected area 8118:Salt pannes and pools 7893:Marine larval ecology 7868:Census of Marine Life 7752:Deep scattering layer 7709:San Francisco Estuary 7674:Africa and Madagascar 7499:Underwater camouflage 7279:Aquatic biomonitoring 7219:freshwater ecosystems 6883:(kagu and sunbittern) 6846:(gulls and relatives) 5851:Songlingornithiformes 5816:Omnivoropterygiformes 4206:10.2173/bow.parjae.01 3807:Puffinus opisthomelas 3434:Macronectes giganteus 3328:Cerorhinca monocerata 3314:10.1093/auk/100.3.636 2025:10.2173/bow.renpha.01 1664:The Lord of the Rings 1623: 1532:in British Columbia. 1506:conservation movement 1414: 1272: 958: 941:Breeding and colonies 901: 712: 644: 508: 354: 312:to the Aequornithes. 296:, Procellariiformes, 280:German ornithologist 54: 42: 7926:Marine bacteriophage 7888:Marine invertebrates 6705:Phoenicopteriformes 5330:Global Fishing Watch 4929:"Species factsheet: 4598:Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat 3734:Calonectris diomedea 3648:Pterodroma hypoleuca 1893:Onychoprion fuscatus 1683:because of an early 1329:spectacled cormorant 608:convergent evolution 532:), and to help them 162:and severe weather. 91:convergent evolution 57:Gulf of St. Lawrence 7802:Ocean fertilization 7611:Trophic state index 7569:Lake stratification 7299:Aquatic respiration 6676:Mesitornithiformes 6670:(doves and pigeons) 6004:Families and orders 5866:Ichthyornithiformes 5841:Patagopterygiformes 5174:"Whiskered Auklets 5002:2019BCons.237..525D 4905:1982RSPTB.297..413D 4856:1981Sci...213..922F 4801:2014BCons.174..127W 4760:2004JApEc..41..335B 4569:2012MEPS..467..233K 4506:2011Sci...334.1703C 4500:(6063): 1703–1706. 4463:1991BCons..55..255B 4332:on August 31, 2006. 4261:1996BirdS..43..220H 4189:"Parasitic Jaeger ( 3913:2006PNAS..10312799S 3907:(34): 12799–12802. 3786:. Cambridge: ICBP. 3589:Current Ornithology 3482:1993EmuAO..93..269R 3401:1994AntSc...6..155C 3232:1988MEPS...49....1H 3170:Elliot, A. (1992). 3080:1994AntSc...6..353P 3043:1998MEPS..167..261W 2952:Brooke, M. (2004). 2884:10.1242/jeb.80.1.83 2700:Phalacrocorax carbo 2684:– via Karger. 2568:1982RSPTB.300...75P 2484:1979Sci...206..688O 2433:1989JPal...63..939G 2398:10.1017/pab.2017.37 2390:2018Pbio...44..237V 2173:2014Sci...346.1320J 2167:(6215): 1320–1331. 1608:). This led to the 1559:long-line fisheries 1391:University of Otago 480:wandering albatross 342:Hesperornis regalis 338:Hesperornithiformes 85:to life within the 8068:Intertidal wetland 8063:Intertidal ecology 7931:Marine prokaryotes 7873:Deep-sea community 7767:Iron fertilization 7690:Specific examples 7616:Upland and lowland 7534:Freshwater biology 7399:Microbial food web 7309:Aquatic toxicology 7252:Aquatic adaptation 7205:Aquatic ecosystems 7018:(eagles and hawks) 6918:Procellariiformes 6823:Opisthocomiformes 6792:Steatornithiformes 6019:List by population 5856:Hongshanornithidae 5781:Evolution of birds 5185:Marine Ornithology 5147:"Forbidden Island" 4725:Marine Ornithology 4198:Birds of the World 4170:Larus californicus 4135:Marine Ornithology 4087:Birds of the World 4052:Birds of the World 4011:Birds of the World 3816:Marine Ornithology 3566:Marine Ornithology 3447:Marine Ornithology 3241:10.3354/meps049001 3052:10.3354/meps167261 2059:Birds of the World 2017:Birds of the World 1799:Phalacrocoracidae 1633: 1536:Island restoration 1510:Theodore Roosevelt 1432:introduced species 1428: 1275: 1067:flock flying over 1027:Cory's shearwaters 1023:Laysan albatrosses 964: 907: 848:great frigatebirds 788:, some terns, and 719: 650: 612:higher vertebrates 544:) are almost pure 519: 360: 211:, and some of the 68: 49: 8253: 8252: 8234:Oceans portal 8203: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8078:Hydrothermal vent 8014: 8013: 7903:Seashore wildlife 7734:Marine ecosystems 7723: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7489:Thermal pollution 7454:Ramsar Convention 7394:Microbial ecology 7354:Fisheries science 7294:Aquatic predation 7171: 7170: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7082: 6904:(loons or divers) 6873:Phaethontiformes 6865:Phaethontimorphae 6815:Opisthocomiformes 6784:Caprimulgiformes 6724: 6723: 6713:Podicipediformes 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6350: 6349: 6133: 6132: 6090:Struthioniformes 5958:Waterfowl hunting 5891:Gastornithiformes 5886:Aepyornithiformes 5876:Lithornithiformes 5512:978-1-4613-2093-7 5463:Library resources 5414:978-0-7011-6907-7 4899:(1087): 413–427. 4850:(4510): 922–924. 4673:"Tītī traditions" 4578:10.3354/meps09969 4409:978-0-691-17418-1 3968:(1537): 387–396. 3852:10.1111/ibi.12677 3606:978-1-4615-6787-5 3490:10.1071/MU9930269 3389:Antarctic Science 3068:Antarctic Science 2826:978-1-77085-762-9 2801:978-1-61168-699-9 2651:10.1159/000484080 2478:(4419): 688–689. 2224:(10): 1687–1696. 2106:978-0-691-17418-1 1716:Procellariiformes 1640:'s famous poem, " 1354:providence petrel 1157:old growth forest 1142:Away from the sea 1117:, which nest off 994:), on cliffs, in 496:Procellariiformes 300:, Suliformes and 185:Procellariiformes 16:(Redirected from 8273: 8243: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8222: 8220:Lakes portal 8218: 8217: 8216: 8186:Marine pollution 7878:Deep-water coral 7861: 7860: 7849: 7782:Marine chemistry 7742: 7741: 7729: 7728: 7646:Freshwater marsh 7539:Freshwater biome 7521: 7237:Acoustic ecology 7227: 7226: 7213: 7212: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7175: 7174: 7159: 7158: 7147: 7135: 7134: 7123: 7122: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7051: 7048:Leptosomiformes 7043: 7035: 7027: 7019: 7016:Accipitriformes 7011: 6990: 6989:(perching birds) 6982: 6974: 6966: 6945: 6937: 6929: 6921: 6913: 6910:Sphenisciformes 6905: 6884: 6876: 6855: 6847: 6844:Charadriiformes 6826: 6805: 6787: 6766: 6758: 6755:Musophagiformes 6750: 6735: 6734: 6716: 6708: 6687: 6679: 6671: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6646: 6638: 6637: 6611: 6598: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6365: 6278: 6271: 6235: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6139: 6138: 6125: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 5926:Bird collections 5881:Dinornithiformes 5786:Darwin's finches 5776:Origin of flight 5716:Seabird breeding 5706:Sexual selection 5575: 5568: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5524: 5504: 5450: 5449: 5433: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5405:Birds Britannica 5400: 5394: 5393: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5233: 5227: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5045: 5036: 5030: 5029: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4822: 4812: 4795:(100): 127–133. 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4669: 4663: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4430:on June 23, 2013 4420: 4414: 4413: 4395: 4389: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4324: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4293:Science Magazine 4290: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4263: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4195: 4183: 4177: 4166: 4160: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3985: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3924: 3892: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3740: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3666:Animal Behaviour 3661: 3655: 3644: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3557:Diomedea exulans 3550: 3544: 3533: 3527: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3341: 3335: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3175: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3022: 3016: 3002: 2991: 2990: 2970: 2964: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2916: 2910: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2770: 2746: 2740: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2597: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2562:(1098): 75–106. 2545: 2539: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2373: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2332: 2322: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2265: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2192: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2008: 1999: 1985: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1886: 1814:Phaethontiformes 1691:Seabird families 1550:, and rats from 1548:Aleutian Islands 1540:Ascension Island 1528:in Australia to 1450:The build-up of 1370:Farallon Islands 1362:Falkland Islands 1155:nests inland in 1153:marbled murrelet 1131:sooty shearwater 1127:Humboldt Current 1084: 1061: 988:niche separation 911:common guillemot 590:Diet and feeding 584:Antarctic prions 515:thermoregulation 422:sooty shearwater 21: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8226: 8225: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8195: 8156:Coral bleaching 8142: 8123:Seagrass meadow 8020:Marine habitats 8010: 7984:Coral reef fish 7950: 7936:Marine protists 7912: 7850: 7841: 7812:Ocean turbidity 7787:Marine food web 7736: 7715: 7657: 7596:River ecosystem 7549:Freshwater fish 7522: 7513: 7319:Bioluminescence 7304:Aquatic science 7221: 7207: 7202: 7172: 7167: 7079: 7073: 7065: 7057: 7056:Bucerotiformes 7050:(cuckoo-roller) 7049: 7041: 7033: 7025: 7017: 7009: 7008:Cathartiformes 6994: 6988: 6980: 6979:Psittaciformes 6972: 6964: 6949: 6943: 6942:Pelecaniformes 6935: 6927: 6919: 6911: 6903: 6888: 6882: 6881:Eurypygiformes 6874: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6830: 6824: 6809: 6803: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6720: 6714: 6706: 6691: 6685: 6684:Pterocliformes 6677: 6669: 6620: 6609: 6596: 6581: 6505: 6464: 6402: 6367: 6366: 6359: 6358: 6346: 6326: 6299: 6276: 6269: 6229: 6228: 6216: 6215: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6122:Casuariiformes 6115: 6114:Apterygiformes 6107: 6099: 6091: 6068: 6053: 6024:Lists by region 5992: 5902: 5895: 5836:Chaoyangiformes 5821:Jeholornithidae 5795: 5759:Origin of birds 5745: 5726:Brood parasites 5672: 5602: 5589: 5579: 5531: 5513: 5501:Seabird Ecology 5493: 5492: 5491: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5457:Further reading 5454: 5453: 5446: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5234: 5230: 5224:Wayback Machine 5214: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5180: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5068:. March 3, 2023 5060: 5059: 5055: 5043: 5037: 5033: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4883: 4879: 4840: 4836: 4781: 4777: 4740: 4736: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4623: 4619: 4590: 4586: 4549: 4545: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4396: 4392: 4382:Wayback Machine 4372: 4368: 4345:Larus audouinii 4341: 4337: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4283: 4279: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4184: 4180: 4167: 4163: 4150: 4146: 4130: 4126:Pagodroma nivea 4120: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4079: 4075: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4029: 4003: 3999: 3952: 3948: 3893: 3889: 3872: 3868: 3831: 3827: 3811: 3801: 3797: 3777: 3770: 3755:10.2307/4089209 3738: 3728: 3724: 3705:Wilson Bulletin 3697: 3693: 3662: 3658: 3645: 3641: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3581: 3577: 3561: 3551: 3547: 3534: 3530: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3462: 3458: 3442: 3428: 3424: 3385: 3381: 3358:10.2307/1369318 3342: 3338: 3325: 3321: 3298: 3294: 3279:10.2307/1368877 3262: 3256: 3249: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3168: 3161: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3107: 3103: 3064: 3060: 3023: 3019: 3003: 2994: 2987: 2971: 2967: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2917: 2913: 2896: 2892: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2788: 2784: 2747: 2743: 2727: 2723: 2696: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2631: 2627: 2612:10.2307/1368131 2595: 2589: 2585: 2546: 2542: 2526: 2515: 2468: 2464: 2417: 2413: 2374: 2367: 2350: 2346: 2313:(3): e2001663. 2299: 2295: 2280:10.2307/1364594 2263: 2249: 2245: 2210: 2206: 2153: 2149: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2009: 2002: 1986: 1959: 1946: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1837:Stercorariidae 1830:Charadriiformes 1751:Pelacanoididae 1729:Procellariidae 1700:Sphenisciformes 1693: 1618: 1616:Role in culture 1552:Campbell Island 1530:Triangle Island 1502: 1409: 1403: 1309: 1287:northern fulmar 1209: 1204: 1165:California gull 1159:, seeking huge 1144: 1119:Baja California 1103:breeding season 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1062: 1051: 953: 943: 903:Northern gannet 885:Cassin's auklet 873: 831:Kleptoparasites 823: 775: 715:African penguin 707: 620: 618:Surface feeding 592: 546:sodium chloride 488:dynamic soaring 456: 451: 449:Characteristics 418:Manx shearwater 407:, although the 397:Pelagornithidae 318: 306:Eurypygimorphae 294:Sphenisciformes 213:Charadriiformes 172: 127:, crossing the 73:(also known as 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8279: 8269: 8268: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8237: 8223: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8024: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7974:Saltwater fish 7971: 7969:Marine reptile 7966: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7941:Marine viruses 7938: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7918:Microorganisms 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7908:Wild fisheries 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7822:Thorson's rule 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7777:Marine biology 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7738: 7737: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7636:Brackish marsh 7633: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7564:Lake ecosystem 7561: 7556: 7554:Hyporheic zone 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7404:Microbial loop 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7349:Eutrophication 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7329:Cascade effect 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7257:Aquatic animal 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7231: 7223: 7222: 7209: 7208: 7201: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7069: 7064:Coraciiformes 7061: 7053: 7045: 7040:Trogoniformes 7037: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987:Passeriformes 6984: 6976: 6971:Falconiformes 6968: 6963:Cariamiformes 6959: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6939: 6931: 6926:Ciconiiformes 6923: 6915: 6907: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6878: 6869: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6849: 6840: 6838: 6836:Cursorimorphae 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6819: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6780: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6743: 6741: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6701: 6699: 6697:Mirandornithes 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6668:Columbiformes 6664: 6662: 6660:Columbimorphae 6653: 6644: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6605: 6600: 6595:Meleagridinae 6591: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6513: 6511:Odontophoridae 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6373: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6336: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6290:Stictonettinae 6287: 6285:Dendrocygninae 6282: 6281: 6280: 6273: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6238: 6236: 6219: 6206: 6163: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6070: 6069: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6038:Notable birds 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5988:Egg collecting 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871:Hesperornithes 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5846:Ambiortiformes 5843: 5838: 5833: 5831:Enantiornithes 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5530: 5529:External links 5527: 5526: 5525: 5511: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5420: 5413: 5395: 5388: 5364: 5342: 5316: 5287: 5261: 5248:(4): 231–245. 5228: 5208: 5194: 5176:Aethia pygmaea 5164: 5137: 5115: 5101: 5079: 5053: 5050:. p. 479. 5031: 4976: 4950: 4920: 4877: 4834: 4775: 4754:(2): 335–343. 4734: 4708: 4705:. 99: 196–208. 4686: 4664: 4644: 4633:(4): 403–410. 4617: 4604:(2): 423–431. 4584: 4543: 4476: 4457:(3): 255–268. 4441: 4415: 4408: 4390: 4366: 4355:(4): 631–637. 4335: 4310: 4277: 4254:(2): 220–230. 4226: 4178: 4161: 4144: 4114: 4073: 4038: 3997: 3946: 3887: 3875:Sterna elegans 3866: 3845:(2): 241–259. 3825: 3795: 3768: 3749:(2): 483–486. 3722: 3711:(1): 121–142. 3691: 3656: 3639: 3627:Sterna fuscata 3618: 3605: 3575: 3545: 3528: 3508: 3495: 3476:(4): 269–276. 3456: 3422: 3395:(2): 155–162. 3379: 3352:(2): 331–340. 3336: 3319: 3308:(3): 636–644. 3292: 3273:(3): 304–317. 3247: 3206: 3193: 3186: 3159: 3148:(2): 281–290. 3138:Morus capensis 3128: 3122:978-0070294219 3121: 3101: 3074:(3): 353–354. 3058: 3017: 2992: 2986:978-1444311259 2985: 2965: 2938: 2932: 2911: 2890: 2857: 2850: 2842:Marine Biology 2832: 2825: 2807: 2800: 2782: 2761:(5): 955–967. 2741: 2721: 2687: 2625: 2606:(3): 732–735. 2583: 2540: 2513: 2462: 2427:(6): 939–944. 2411: 2384:(2): 237–250. 2365: 2344: 2293: 2243: 2204: 2147: 2112: 2105: 2087: 2045: 2000: 1957: 1927: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1826: 1825: 1821:Phaethontidae 1810: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1778: 1777: 1766:Pelecaniformes 1762: 1761: 1755: 1753:diving petrels 1749: 1727: 1712: 1711: 1692: 1689: 1671:and therefore 1617: 1614: 1522:brown pelicans 1514:Pelican Island 1501: 1498: 1483:sea level rise 1475:Climate change 1456:apex predators 1417:crested auklet 1402: 1399: 1358:Norfolk Island 1333:archaeological 1308: 1305: 1291:United Kingdom 1260:marine mammals 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1143: 1140: 1086: 1079: 1078: 1063: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1047: 942: 939: 872: 869: 852:masked boobies 850:stealing from 822: 819: 790:brown pelicans 774: 771: 727:diving petrels 706: 705:Pursuit diving 703: 696:to filter out 676:, many of the 658:gadfly petrels 619: 616: 591: 588: 500:sense of smell 455: 452: 450: 447: 382:Procellariidae 317: 314: 302:Pelecaniformes 265:in the family 195:), all of the 171: 170:Classification 168: 160:climate change 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8278: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8246: 8238: 8235: 8230: 8224: 8221: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8128:Sponge ground 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093:Marine biomes 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7994:Demersal fish 7992: 7990: 7989:Deep-sea fish 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Marine mammal 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7494:Trophic level 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459:Sediment trap 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Phytoplankton 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Aquatic plant 7282: 7280: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7247:Anoxic waters 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7164: 7163: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7024:Strigiformes 7022: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6875:(tropicbirds) 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6798: 6797:Podargiformes 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6747:Cuculiformes 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6445:Macrocephalon 6442: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6332:Anseranatidae 6329: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6106:Tinamiformes 6104: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6082:Palaeognathae 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5968:Pigeon racing 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5810:Archaeopteryx 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5447: 5445:84-87334-10-5 5441: 5437: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5389:84-87334-10-5 5385: 5381: 5376: 5368: 5352: 5346: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5204: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5125: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5089: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4924: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4661:0-942087-10-0 4658: 4654: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4281: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3822:(3): 173–178. 3821: 3817: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3792:0-946888-03-5 3789: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3542: 3538: 3537:Fregata minor 3532: 3526: 3525:0-87745-150-8 3522: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3187:84-87334-10-5 3183: 3179: 3174: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3014:0-19-854032-9 3011: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2962:0-19-850125-0 2959: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2933:84-87334-20-2 2929: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:Fregata minor 2894: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2738:0-8014-2449-6 2735: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2537:0-300-10406-5 2534: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2005: 1998: 1997:0-8493-9882-7 1994: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1855:Rhynchopidae 1854: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1759:storm petrels 1757:Hydrobatidae 1756: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1707:Spheniscidae 1706: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1516:in Florida a 1515: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1494:plastic waste 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464:western gulls 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1423:Selendang Ayu 1418: 1413: 1408: 1401:Other threats 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1386:kaitiakitanga 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1366:San Francisco 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:Muttonbirding 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Easter Island 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1226:, underwater 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:elegant terns 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1089: 1083: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1029:nesting near 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 961: 960:Common murres 957: 952: 948: 938: 936: 935:procellariids 932: 928: 922: 920: 916: 912: 904: 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 868: 865: 861: 860:giant petrels 857: 853: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:trophic level 818: 816: 812: 808: 807:water clarity 804: 799: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 773:Plunge diving 770: 767: 762: 760: 756: 755:procellariids 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 716: 711: 702: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:storm petrels 663: 659: 655: 647: 643: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 587: 585: 581: 578: 574: 568: 566: 562: 561:down feathers 558: 554: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 516: 512: 507: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 446: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401:Plotopteridae 398: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374: 369: 365: 358: 353: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 298:Ciconiiformes 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207:) except the 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 109: 107: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 66: 62: 58: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8148:Conservation 8005: 7999:Pelagic fish 7979:Coastal fish 7883:Marine fungi 7621:Water garden 7504:Water column 7449:Productivity 7424:Pelagic zone 7384:Macrobenthos 7374:Hydrobiology 7344:Ecohydrology 7160: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7034:(mousebirds) 7032:Coliiformes 6902:Gaviiformes 6894:Aequornithes 6802:Apodiformes 6763:Otidiformes 6739:Otidimorphae 6686:(sandgrouse) 6608:Phasianinae 6574: 6567: 6560: 6555:Odontophorus 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6393:Oreophasinae 6339: 6319: 6312: 6217:(waterfowls) 6213:Anseriformes 5963:Cockfighting 5948:Conservation 5943:Bird feeding 5931:Birdwatching 5921:Ornithomancy 5861:Gansuiformes 5808: 5801:Fossil birds 5790: 5691:Intelligence 5535:Seabirds.net 5500: 5477:Online books 5467: 5435: 5423: 5404: 5398: 5379: 5367: 5355:. Retrieved 5345: 5333:. Retrieved 5329: 5319: 5307:. Retrieved 5303: 5290: 5278:. Retrieved 5273: 5264: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5211: 5197: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5167: 5155:. Retrieved 5150: 5140: 5128:. Retrieved 5118: 5104: 5092:. Retrieved 5082: 5070:. Retrieved 5066:The Guardian 5065: 5056: 5047: 5034: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4967:. Retrieved 4963: 4953: 4941:. Retrieved 4936: 4930: 4923: 4896: 4890: 4880: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4711: 4702: 4689: 4677:. Retrieved 4667: 4652: 4647: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4497: 4493: 4479: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4432:. Retrieved 4428:the original 4418: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4369: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4327:the original 4313: 4301:. Retrieved 4292: 4280: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4197: 4190: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4117: 4106:, retrieved 4086: 4076: 4051: 4041: 4030:, retrieved 4010: 4000: 3965: 3959: 3949: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3725: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3610:, retrieved 3588: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3516: 3511: 3503: 3498: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3270: 3266: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3177: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3111: 3104: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3005: 2975: 2968: 2953: 2920: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2841: 2835: 2816: 2810: 2791: 2785: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2729: 2724: 2710:(1): 57–63. 2707: 2703: 2699: 2678:. Retrieved 2642: 2638: 2628: 2603: 2599: 2586: 2559: 2553: 2543: 2528: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2381: 2378:Paleobiology 2377: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2310: 2307:PLOS Biology 2306: 2296: 2274:(2): 73–88. 2271: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2096: 2090: 2078:. Retrieved 2058: 2048: 2036:. Retrieved 2016: 1988: 1952: 1945:. Retrieved 1940: 1930: 1920:November 12, 1918:. Retrieved 1904: 1898: 1892: 1884: 1867: 1828: 1827: 1812: 1811: 1807:frigatebirds 1780: 1779: 1773:Pelecanidae 1764: 1763: 1723:Diomedeidae 1714: 1713: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1662: 1659:Richard Bach 1652: 1646: 1634: 1591: 1587:Taiaroa Head 1564: 1556: 1544:Arctic foxes 1534: 1526:Heron Island 1503: 1500:Conservation 1487: 1473: 1449: 1429: 1422: 1384: 1374: 1310: 1307:Exploitation 1296: 1289:through the 1276: 1245: 1221: 1210: 1195: 1185: 1177:agricultural 1145: 1136: 1096: 1035: 1012: 1004:Bonin petrel 981: 965: 923: 908: 874: 871:Life history 835:frigatebirds 824: 800: 776: 763: 720: 687: 662:frigatebirds 651: 621: 593: 569: 550: 542:nasal cavity 534:osmoregulate 520: 457: 411: 371: 363: 361: 356: 341: 322:geologically 319: 310:sister group 286:Aequornithes 279: 253: 173: 164:Conservation 137: 110: 75:marine birds 74: 70: 69: 36: 8133:Sponge reef 8108:Rocky shore 8103:Oyster reef 8073:Kelp forest 7956:Vertebrates 7856:Marine life 7832:Viral shunt 7797:Marine snow 7699:Maharashtra 7606:Stream pool 7509:Zooplankton 7429:Photic zone 7389:Meiobenthos 7242:Algal bloom 7162:WikiProject 7072:Piciformes 6955:Australaves 6934:Suliformes 6852:Gruiformes 6707:(flamingos) 6616:Tetraoninae 6587:Phasianidae 6576:Rhynchortyx 6541:Dactylortyx 6408:Megapodidae 6398:Penelopinae 6356:Galliformes 6098:Rheiformes 6092:(ostriches) 6042:individuals 5916:Ornithology 5903:interaction 5658:Preen gland 4996:: 525–537. 4679:October 13, 4563:: 233–244. 3672:: 235–246. 3037:: 261–274. 2755:Circulation 2645:(1): 4–16. 2259:Hesperornis 2255:Ichthyornis 1823:tropicbirds 1805:Fregatidae 1739:shearwaters 1725:albatrosses 1596:(including 1490:plasticosis 1440:Pacific rat 1252:long-lining 1250:, although 1248:aquaculture 1232:Polynesians 1224:fish shoals 1149:snow petrel 1107:Arctic tern 1088:Artic Terns 1000:sooty terns 947:Bird colony 786:tropicbirds 751:shearwaters 678:shearwaters 632:forage fish 580:battleships 530:crustaceans 522:Salt glands 492:webbed feet 364:Hesperornis 357:Hesperornis 308:—that is a 290:Gaviiformes 282:Gerald Mayr 189:albatrosses 8113:Salt marsh 8048:Coral reef 7837:Whale fall 7817:Photophore 7694:Everglades 7662:Ecoregions 7601:Stream bed 7574:Macrophyte 7527:Freshwater 7359:Food chain 7272:Water bird 6912:(penguins) 6765:(bustards) 6603:Perdicinae 6548:Dendrortyx 6520:Callipepla 6452:Megapodius 6417:Aepypodius 6295:Tadorninae 6277:true geese 6108:(tinamous) 6067:Neornithes 5978:Pheasantry 5953:Aviculture 5721:Incubation 5711:Lek mating 5191:: 175–180. 4731:: 185–192. 4248:Bird Study 4238:Uria aalge 3453:: 166–167. 2851:0070294216 2600:The Condor 1876:References 1849:Sternidae 1801:cormorants 1782:Suliformes 1745:and other 1626:Gillingham 1585:colony at 1468:Oil spills 1444:herbivores 1436:Feral cats 1405:See also: 1321:extinction 1241:fertilizer 1101:after the 1019:philopatry 977:Antarctica 969:Kiritimati 945:See also: 927:monogamous 877:K-selected 723:propulsion 596:physiology 573:camouflage 553:cormorants 538:excretions 346:pterosaurs 334:Cretaceous 275:Sea eagles 249:Red-necked 237:phalaropes 205:cormorants 197:Suliformes 156:oil spills 152:threatened 125:migrations 99:Cretaceous 45:sooty tern 8138:Tide pool 8043:Cold seep 7827:Upwelling 7591:Rheotaxis 7584:Fish pond 7559:Limnology 7484:Substrate 7469:Siltation 7339:Dead zone 6981:(parrots) 6825:(hoatzin) 6776:Strisores 6757:(turacos) 6749:(cuckoos) 6678:(mesites) 6597:(turkeys) 6569:Philortyx 6486:Agelastes 6479:Acryllium 6470:Numididae 6459:Talegalla 6369:gamebirds 6362:landfowls 6341:Anseranas 6305:Anhimidae 6264:Anserinae 6047:fictional 5769:dinosaurs 5764:Theropoda 5751:Evolution 5696:Migration 5678:Behaviour 5357:March 20, 5157:March 30, 5153:. 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