3188:
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1889:
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1998:
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809:–74 in). It stated that the "low-confidence, high impact" projected 0.63–1.60 m (2–5 ft) mean sea level rise by 2100, and that by 2150, the total sea level rise in his scenario would be in the range of 0.98–4.82 m (3–16 ft) by 2150. AR6 also provided lower-confidence estimates for year 2300 sea level rise under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 with various impact assumptions. In the best case scenario, under SSP1-2.6 with no ice sheet acceleration after 2100, the estimate was only 0.8–2.0 metres (2.6–6.6 ft). In the worst estimated scenario, SSP-8.5 with ice cliff instability, the projected range for total sea level rise was 9.5–16.2 metres (31–53 ft) by the year 2300.
2943:
47:
704:
1811:
2179:
1510:
8244:
Gogineni, P.; Griggs, J. A.; Hindmarsh, R. C. A.; Holmlund, P.; Holt, J. W.; Jacobel, R. W.; Jenkins, A.; Jokat, W.; Jordan, T.; King, E. C.; Kohler, J.; Krabill, W.; Riger-Kusk, M.; Langley, K. A.; Leitchenkov, G.; Leuschen, C.; Luyendyk, B. P.; Matsuoka, K.; Mouginot, J.; Nitsche, F. O.; Nogi, Y.; Nost, O. A.; Popov, S. V.; Rignot, E.; Rippin, D. M.; Rivera, A.; Roberts, J.; Ross, N.; Siegert, M. J.; Smith, A. M.; Steinhage, D.; Studinger, M.; Sun, B.; Tinto, B. K.; Welch, B. C.; Wilson, D.; Young, D. A.; Xiangbin, C.; Zirizzotti, A. (28 February 2013).
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policy documents. Only around a third of respondents from Asian and South
American countries have done so. This compares with 50% in Africa, and over 75% in Europe, Australasia and North America. Some 56% of all surveyed planners have plans which account for 2050 and 2100 sea level rise. But 53% use only a single projection rather than a range of two or three projections. Just 14% use four projections, including the one for "extreme" or "high-end" sea level rise. Another study found that over 75% of regional sea level rise assessments from the
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332:
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determine which outcomes are more or less likely, which is known as "shifted SEJ". Semi-empirical techniques can be combined with the so-called "intermediate-complexity" models. After 2016, some ice sheet modelling exhibited the so-called ice cliff instability in
Antarctica, which results in substantially faster disintegration and retreat than otherwise simulated. The differences are limited with low warming, but at higher warming levels, ice cliff instability predicts far greater sea level rise than any other approach.
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14988:
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1588:(EAIS). It is 2.2 km thick on average and holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (174 ft 10 in) Its great thickness and high elevation make it more stable than the other ice sheets. As of the early 2020s, most studies show that it is still gaining mass. Some analyses have suggested it began to lose mass in the 2000s. However they over-extrapolated some observed losses on to the poorly observed areas. A more complete observational record shows continued mass gain.
1400:
1880:, but there would still be cause greater ice losses and sea level rise from Greenland than if the threshold was not breached in the first place. If the tipping point instead is durably but mildly crossed, the ice sheet would take between 10,000 and 15,000 years to disintegrate entirel, with a most likely estimate of 10,000 years. If climate change continues along its worst trajectory and temperatures continue to rise quickly over multiple centuries, it would only take 1,000 years.
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55:
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1446:, are likely to increase in the 21st century. They store most of the land ice (~99.5%) and have a sea-level equivalent (SLE) of 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) for Greenland and 58.3 m (191 ft 3 in) for Antarctica. Thus, melting of all the ice on Earth would result in about 70 m (229 ft 8 in) of sea level rise, although this would require at least 10,000 years and up to 10 °C (18 °F) of global warming.
390:
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564:(MICI). These processes are mainly associated with West Antarctic Ice Sheet, but may also apply to some of Greenland's glaciers. The former suggests that when glaciers are mostly underwater on retrograde (backwards-sloping) bedrock, the water melts more and more of their height as their retreat continues, thus accelerating their breakdown on its own. This is widely accepted, but is difficult to model.
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1423:, water inflow from melting ice sheets and water inflow from glaciers. Other factors affecting sea level rise include changes in snow mass, and flow from terrestrial water storage, though the contribution from these is thought to be small. Glacier retreat and ocean expansion have dominated sea level rise since the start of the 20th century. Some of the losses from glaciers are offset when
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excluding detailed estimates the impact of "low-confidence" processes like marine ice sheet and marine ice cliff instability, which can substantially accelerate ice loss to potentially add "tens of centimeters" to sea level rise within this century. AR6 includes a version of SSP5-8.5 where these processes take place, and in that case, sea level rise of up to 1.6 m (
2985:. With 0.5 m sea level rise, a current 100-year flood in Australia would occur several times a year. In New Zealand this would expose buildings with a collective worth of NZ$ 12.75 billion to new 100-year floods. A meter or so of sea level rise would threaten assets in New Zealand with a worth of NZD$ 25.5 billion. There would be a disproportionate impact on
2618:
involve adaptation against flooding. Effective adaptation measures could reduce future annual costs of flooding in 136 of the world's largest coastal cities from $ 1 trillion by 2050 without adaptation to a little over $ 60 billion annually. The cost would be $ 50 billion per year. Some experts argue that retreat from the coast would have a lower impact on the
1933: in) and ~15 cm (6 in) to sea level rise, respectively. Glacier mass is disproportionately concentrated in the most resilient glaciers. So in practice this would remove 49-83% of glacier formations. It further estimated that the current likely trajectory of 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) would result in the SLR contribution of ~11 cm (
1901:. However, this small size also makes mountain glaciers more vulnerable to melting than the larger ice sheets. This means they have had a disproportionate contribution to historical sea level rise and are set to contribute a smaller, but still significant fraction of sea level rise in the 21st century. Observational and modelling studies of
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0.07 mm per year between 1992 and 1997 to 0.68 mm per year between 2012 and 2017. Total ice loss from the
Greenland ice sheet between 1992 and 2018 amounted to 3,902 gigatons (Gt) of ice. This is equivalent to a SLR contribution of 10.8 mm. The contribution for the 2012–2016 period was equivalent to 37% of sea level rise from
2143:. These figures are 40 million and 50 million more respectively than the numbers at risk in 2010. By 2100, there would be another 40 million people under the water line during high tide if sea level rise remains low. This figure would be 80 million for a high estimate of median sea level rise. Ice sheet processes under the highest
2267:, but there is limited research on this. There is insufficient knowledge about the investments necessary to protect ports currently in use. This includes protecting current facilities before it becomes more reasonable to build new ports elsewhere. Some coastal regions are rich agricultural lands. Their loss to the sea could cause
1537:. However it is gaining mass from the increased snow build-up inland, particularly in the East. This leads to contradicting trends. There are different satellite methods for measuring ice mass and change. Combining them helps to reconcile the differences. However, there can still be variations between the studies. In 2018, a
1375:. Sea levels during that warmer interglacial were at least 5 m (16 ft) higher than now. The Eemian warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years. The size of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide of around 400
107:. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.01 m (
2204:. Ten percent of the world's population live in coastal areas that are less than 10 metres (33 ft) above sea level. Two thirds of the world's cities with over five million people are located in these low-lying coastal areas. About 600 million people live directly on the coast around the world. Cities such as
58:
1872: in) of future sea level rise. At a certain level of global warming, the Greenland ice sheet will almost completely melt. Ice cores show this happened at least once over the last million years, during which the temperatures have at most been 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) warmer than the preindustrial average.
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137.5 billion on average: in the worst case, these damages could effectively triple. In all of these estimates, around half of the damages would occur in the
Egyptian city of Alexandria. Hundreds of thousands of people in its low-lying areas may already need relocation in the coming decade. Across
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amplifies risks from sea level rise. Some 54.2 million people lived in the highly exposed low elevation coastal zones (LECZ) around 2000. This number will effectively double to around 110 million people by 2030, and then reach 185 to 230 million people by 2060. By then, the average regional
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protect against storm surges, waves and tsunamis, so their loss makes the effects of sea level rise worse. Human activities such as dam building may restrict sediment supplies to wetlands. This would prevent natural adaptation processes. The loss of some tidal marshes is unavoidable as a consequence.
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is an important guide to where current changes in sea level will end up. In the recent geological past, thermal expansion from increased temperatures and changes in land ice are the dominant reasons of sea level rise. The last time that the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial
991:
is likely to dominate very long-term SLR, especially if the warming exceeds 2 °C (3.6 °F). Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia. Burning of all fossil fuels on Earth is sufficient to melt
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period appears truly consistent with this theory, but it had lasted for an estimated 900 years, so it is unclear if it supports rapid sea level rise in the present. Modelling which investigated the hypothesis after 2016 often suggested that the ice shelves in the real world may collapse too slowly to
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Although their methods of interpolation or extrapolation for areas with unobserved output velocities have an insufficient description for the evaluation of associated errors, such errors in previous results (Rignot and others, 2008) caused large overestimates of the mass losses as detailed in Zwally
3786:
Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US,
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in the US increased 2 times in the years 2000–2020, reaching 3–7 days per year. In some areas the increase was much stronger: 4 times in the
Southeast Atlantic and 11 times in the Western Gulf. By the year 2030 the average number is expected to be 7–15 days, reaching 25–75 days by 2050. U.S. coastal
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When a glacier or ice sheet melts, it loses mass. This reduces its gravitational pull. In some places near current and former glaciers and ice sheets, this has caused water levels to drop. At the same time water levels will increase more than average further away from the ice sheet. Thus ice loss in
1951:
paper estimated that almost no mountain glaciers could survive once warming crosses 2 °C (3.6 °F). Their complete loss is largely inevitable around 3 °C (5.4 °F). There is even a possibility of complete loss after 2100 at just 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). This could happen as early
1739:
fails and would no longer stabilize it, which could potentially occur in mid-2020s. A combination of ice sheet instability with other important but hard-to-model processes like hydrofracturing (meltwater collects atop the ice sheet, pools into fractures and forces them open) or smaller-scale changes
397:
projections from 2020 (lower left), research modelling the possibility of ice cliff instability (upper right) and combined expert projections of sea level rise from
Greenland and Antarctica (lower right) were all considered before settling on the projections. Note that projections on the right use a
322:
Variations of these primary approaches exist. For instance, large climate models are always in demand, so less complex models are often used in their place for simpler tasks like projecting flood risk in the specific regions. A structured expert judgement may be used in combination with modelling to
10106:
Christ, Andrew J.; Bierman, Paul R.; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Corbett, Lee B.; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Thomas, Elizabeth K.; Steig, Eric J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Perdrial, Nicolas; Dethier, David P.; Lini, Andrea; Hidy, Alan
4890:
Kopp, Robert E.; Garner, Gregory G.; Hermans, Tim H. J.; Jha, Shantenu; Kumar, Praveen; Reedy, Alexander; Slangen, Aimée B. A.; Turilli, Matteo; Edwards, Tamsin L.; Gregory, Jonathan M.; Koubbe, George; Levermann, Anders; Merzky, Andre; Nowicki, Sophie; Palmer, Matthew D.; Smith, Chris (21 December
2846:
Modelling results predict that Asia will suffer direct economic damages of US$ 167.6 billion at 0.47 meters of sea level rise. This rises to US$ 272.3 billion at 1.12 meters and US$ 338.1 billion at 1.75 meters. There is an additional indirect impact of US$ 8.5, 24 or 15 billion
2134:
Changes in emissions are likely to have only a small effect on the extent of sea level rise by 2050. So projected sea level rise could put tens of millions of people at risk by then. Scientists estimate that 2050 levels of sea level rise would result in about 150 million people under the water line
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On the other hand, the whole EAIS would not definitely collapse until global warming reaches 7.5 °C (13.5 °F), with a range between 5 °C (9.0 °F) and 10 °C (18 °F). It would take at least 10,000 years to disappear. Some scientists have estimated that warming would have
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assessed several studies attempting to estimate 2300 sea level rise caused by ice loss in
Antarctica alone, arriving at projected estimates of 0.07–0.37 metres (0.23–1.21 ft) for the low emission RCP2.6 scenario, and 0.60–2.89 metres (2.0–9.5 ft) in the high emission RCP8.5 scenario. This
1292:
Together with satellite data for the period after 1992, this network established that global mean sea level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr. (For the 20th century the average is 1.7 mm/yr.) By 2018, data collected by
Australia's
599:
propping them up are gone. The collapse then exposes the ice masses following them to the same instability, potentially resulting in a self-sustaining cycle of cliff collapse and rapid ice sheet retreat. This theory had been highly influential - in a 2020 survey of 106 experts, the 2016 paper which
9595:
Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Korsgaard, Niels J.; Bjørk, Anders A.; Khan, Shfaqat A.; Box, Jason E.; Funder, Svend; Larsen, Nicolaj K.; Bamber, Jonathan L.; Colgan, William; van den Broeke, Michiel; Siggaard-Andersen, Marie-Louise; Nuth, Christopher; Schomacker, Anders; Andresen, Camilla S.; Willerslev,
8926:
Because
Thwaites sits below sea level on ground that dips away from the coast, the warm water is likely to melt its way inland, beneath the glacier itself, freeing its underbelly from bedrock. A collapse of the entire glacier, which some researchers think is only centuries away, would raise global
6464:
Pattyn, Frank; Ritz, Catherine; Hanna, Edward; Asay-Davis, Xylar; DeConto, Rob; Durand, Gaël; Favier, Lionel; Fettweis, Xavier; Goelzer, Heiko; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Kuipers Munneke, Peter; Lenaerts, Jan T. M.; Nowicki, Sophie; Payne, Antony J.; Robinson, Alexander; Seroussi, Hélène; Trusel, Luke
3535:
are taking similar steps. Even when an island is not threatened with complete disappearance from flooding, tourism and local economies may end up devastated. For instance, sea level rise of 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) would cause partial or complete inundation of 29% of coastal resorts in the
1875:
2012 modelling suggested that the tipping point of the ice sheet was between 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) and 3.2 °C (5.8 °F). 2023 modelling has narrowed the tipping threshold to a 1.7 °C (3.1 °F)-2.3 °C (4.1 °F) range, which is consistent with the empirical 2.5 °C
1480:
and act as a buffer against its effects. This means that the same amount of heat that would increase the average world ocean temperature by 0.01 °C (0.018 °F) would increase atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C (18 °F). So a small change in the mean temperature of the
1127:
Variations in the amount of water in the oceans, changes in its volume, or varying land elevation compared to the sea surface can drive sea level changes. Over a consistent time period, assessments can attribute contributions to sea level rise and provide early indications of change in trajectory.
318:
By 2013, improvements in modelling had addressed this issue, and model and semi-empirical projections for the year 2100 are now very similar. Yet, semi-empirical estimates are reliant on the quality of available observations and struggle to represent non-linearities, while processes without enough
12477:
Hirschfeld, Daniella; Behar, David; Nicholls, Robert J.; Cahill, Niamh; James, Thomas; Horton, Benjamin P.; Portman, Michelle E.; Bell, Rob; Campo, Matthew; Esteban, Miguel; Goble, Bronwyn; Rahman, Munsur; Appeaning Addo, Kwasi; Chundeli, Faiz Ahmed; Aunger, Monique; Babitsky, Orly; Beal, Anders;
8576:
Roberts, Jason; Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K.; Paolo, Fernando S.; Donnelly, Claire; Gwyther, David E.; Padman, Laurie; Young, Duncan; Warner, Roland; Greenbaum, Jamin; Fricker, Helen A.; Payne, Antony J.; Cornford, Stephen; Le Brocq, Anne; van Ommen, Tas; Blankenship, Don; Siegert, Martin J. (2018).
2645:
To be successful, adaptation must anticipate sea level rise well ahead of time. As of 2023, the global state of adaptation planning is mixed. A survey of 253 planners from 49 countries found that 98% are aware of sea level rise projections, but 26% have not yet formally integrated them into their
1798:
which is 3 km (10,000 ft) at its thickest. The rest of Greenland ice forms isolated glaciers and ice caps. The average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century. Its contribution to sea level rise correspondingly increased from
1390:
are periods of fast sea level rise caused by the rapid disintegration of these ice sheets. The rate of sea level rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before today. Sea level was almost constant for the last 2,500 years. The recent trend of rising sea level started at the end of the 19th or
1187:
has been continuously recording the sea level and its changes. These satellites can measure the hills and valleys in the sea caused by currents and detect trends in their height. To measure the distance to the sea surface, the satellites send a microwave pulse towards Earth and record the time it
416:
The lowest scenario in AR5, RCP2.6, would see greenhouse gas emissions low enough to meet the goal of limiting warming by 2100 to 2 °C (3.6 °F). It shows sea level rise in 2100 of about 44 cm (17 in) with a range of 28–61 cm (11–24 in). The "moderate" scenario, where
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is likely to displace 0.9-2.1 million people by 2050. It may also force the relocation of up to one third of power plants as early as 2030, and many of the remaining plants would have to deal with the increased salinity of their cooling water. Nations like Bangladesh, Vietnam and China with
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region. At least 750,000 people there are likely to be displaced from the coasts between 2020 and 2050. By 2050, 12 major African cities would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$ 65 billion for the "moderate" climate change scenario RCP4.5 and between US$ 86.5 billion to US$
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not in contact with water are less vulnerable than the majority of the ice sheet, which is located below the sea level. Its collapse would cause ~3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) of sea level rise. This disappearance would take an estimated 2000 years. The absolute minimum for the loss of West
1627:
probably lies at around 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming. It may be as high as 6 °C (11 °F) or as low as 2 °C (3.6 °F). Once this tipping point is crossed, the collapse of these subglacial basins could take place over as little as 500 or as much as 10,000 years. The
525:
had matched the upper-end range of the AR5 projections by 2020, and the finding that AR5 projections were likely too slow next to an extrapolation of observed sea level rise trends, while the subsequent reports had improved in this regard. Further, AR5 was criticized by multiple researchers for
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and freshwater caused by sea level rise. Sea level rise may make an island uninhabitable before it is completely flooded. Already, children in small island states encounter hampered access to food and water. They suffer an increased rate of mental and social disorders due to these stresses. At
2617:
and local community adaptation. This usually involves simple, modular and locally owned technology. The two types of adaptation may be complementary or mutually exclusive. Adaptation options often require significant investment. But the costs of doing nothing are far greater. One example would
1857:
Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997. Sea level rise from their loss is now unstoppable. However the temperature changes in future, the warming of 2000–2019 had already damaged the ice sheet enough for it to eventually lose ~3.3% of its
170:
water. Damage to ports disrupts sea trade. The sea level rise projected by 2050 will expose places currently inhabited by tens of millions of people to annual flooding. Without a sharp reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, this may increase to hundreds of millions in the latter decades of the
8243:
Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.; Catania, G.; Callens, D.; Conway, H.; Cook, A. J.; Corr, H. F. J.; Damaske, D.; Damm, V.; Ferraccioli, F.; Forsberg, R.; Fujita, S.; Gim, Y.;
135: ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F).
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had only a single estimate. Similarly, no assessment from the South went beyond 2100. By contrast 14 assessments from the West went up to 2150, and three from the Northeast went to 2200. 56% of all localities were also found to underestimate the upper end of sea level rise relative to
1876:(4.5 °F) upper limit from ice cores. If temperatures reach or exceed that level, reducing the global temperature to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels or lower would prevent the loss of the entire ice sheet. One way to do this in theory would be large-scale
60:
13766:
5563:
Horton, Benjamin P.; Khan, Nicole S.; Cahill, Niamh; Lee, Janice S. H.; Shaw, Timothy A.; Garner, Andra J.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (2020-05-08). "Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey".
75:
rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.
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are important for bird and fish life. They need to grow vertically to remain close to the sea surface in order to get enough energy from sunlight. The corals have so far been able to keep up the vertical growth with the rising seas, but might not be able to do so in the future.
346:
is the largest and most influential scientific organization on climate change, and since 1990, it provides several plausible scenarios of 21st century sea level rise in each of its major reports. The differences between scenarios are mainly due to uncertainty about future
1905:
show they contribute 0.2-0.4 mm per year to sea level rise, averaged over the 20th century. The contribution for the 2012–2016 period was nearly as large as that of Greenland. It was 0.63 mm of sea level rise per year, equivalent to 34% of sea level rise from
2395:
Some ecosystems can move inland with the high-water mark. But natural or artificial barriers prevent many from migrating. This coastal narrowing is sometimes called 'coastal squeeze' when it involves human-made barriers. It could result in the loss of habitats such as
1695:
1691:
8636:
Greenbaum, J. S.; Blankenship, D. D.; Young, D. A.; Richter, T. G.; Roberts, J. L.; Aitken, A. R. A.; Legresy, B.; Schroeder, D. M.; Warner, R. C.; van Ommen, T. D.; Siegert, M. J. (16 March 2015). "Ocean access to a cavity beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica".
351:
emissions. These depend on future economic developments, and also future political action which is hard to predict. Each scenario provides an estimate for sea level rise as a range with a lower and upper limit to reflect the unknowns. The scenarios in the 2013–2014
1379:(similar to 2000s) had increased temperature by over 2–3 °C (3.6–5.4 °F) around three million years ago. This temperature increase eventually melted one third of Antarctica's ice sheet, causing sea levels to rise 20 meters above the preindustrial levels.
1692:
3684:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
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levels are already below sea level. This places those groundwater reservoirs at risk of sea water intrusion. That would render fresh water unusable once its concentration exceeds 2-3%. Damage is also widespread in Canada. It will affect major cities like
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in ocean circulation could cause the WAIS to contribute up to 41 cm (16 in) by 2100 under the low-emission scenario and up to 57 cm (22 in) under the highest-emission one. Ice cliff instability would cause a contribution of 1 m (
1662:. The trend is between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) and 0.96 °C (1.73 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012. Satellite observations recorded a substantial increase in WAIS melting from 1992 to 2017. This resulted in 7.6 ± 3.9 mm (
1403:
The main contributors to sea level rise, and how much they are expected to add by the end of the century under the low-emission scenario ("SSP1-2.6") and the high-emission scenario ("SSP5-8.5"). The Antarctic ice sheet is the least certain contributor
1541:
estimated average annual ice loss of 43 billion tons (Gt) across the entire continent between 1992 and 2002. This tripled to an annual average of 220 Gt from 2012 to 2017. However, a 2021 analysis of data from four different research satellite systems
307:, and then these contributions are added up. The so-called semi-empirical approach instead applies statistical techniques and basic physical modeling to the observed sea level rise and its reconstructions from the historical geological data (known as
10505:
Rounce, David R.; Hock, Regine; Maussion, Fabien; Hugonnet, Romain; Kochtitzky, William; Huss, Matthias; Berthier, Etienne; Brinkerhoff, Douglas; Compagno, Loris; Copland, Luke; Farinotti, Daniel; Menounos, Brian; McNabb, Robert W. (5 January 2023).
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feedbacks to reduce the sea levels by 2 cm (1 in). In the worst case, it adds 15 cm (6 in). For SSP5-8.5, the best-case scenario is adding 5 cm (2 in) to sea levels, and the worst-case is adding 23 cm (9 in).
1814:
2023 projections of how much the Greenland ice sheet may shrink from its present extent by the year 2300 under the worst possible climate change scenario (upper half) and of how much faster its remaining ice will be flowing in that case (lower
707:
If countries cut greenhouse gas emissions significantly (lowest trace), sea level rise by 2100 will be limited to 0.3 to 0.6 meters (1–2 feet). However, in a worst-case scenario (top trace), sea levels could rise 5 meters (16 feet) by the year
654:
Due to these uncertainties, some scientists - including the originators of the hypothesis, Robert DeConto and David Pollard - have suggested that the best way to resolve the question would be to precisely determine sea level rise during the
1892:
Based on national pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, global mean temperature is projected to increase by 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which would cause loss of about half of Earth's glaciers by 2100—causing a sea level rise of 115±40
1200:. Combining these data with the location of the spacecraft determines the sea-surface height to within a few centimetres. These satellite measurements have estimated rates of sea level rise for 1993–2017 at 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (
13762:
1694:
637:
Marine ice cliff instability had also been very controversial, since it was proposed as a modelling exercise, and the observational evidence from both the past and the present is very limited and ambiguous. So far, only one episode of
2603:
to reduce damage from floods, addition of storm water valves to address more frequent and severe flooding at high tide, or cultivating crops more tolerant of saltwater in the soil, even at an increased cost. These options divide into
237:. Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand. At other times choices must be made among different strategies. Poorer nations may also struggle to implement the same approaches to adapt to sea level rise as richer states.
249:
Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017: ice sheets and glaciers raised the global sea level by 34.6 ± 3.1 mm. The rate of ice loss has risen by 57% since the 1990s − from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per
9997:
Box, Jason E.; Hubbard, Alun; Bahr, David B.; Colgan, William T.; Fettweis, Xavier; Mankoff, Kenneth D.; Wehrlé, Adrien; Noël, Brice; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Wouters, Bert; Bjørk, Anders A.; Fausto, Robert S. (29 August 2022).
1565:, which block warmer currents from direct contact with the ice sheet, can accelerate declines even in East Antarctica. Altogether, Antarctica is the source of the largest uncertainty for future sea level projections. In 2019, the
11460:
Kumara, M. P.; Jayatissa, L. P.; Krauss, K. W.; Phillips, D. H.; Huxham, M. (2010). "High mangrove density enhances surface accretion, surface elevation change, and tree survival in coastal areas susceptible to sea-level rise".
1492:
water will expand less than warm tropical water. Different climate models present slightly different patterns of ocean heating. So their projections do not agree fully on how much ocean heating contributes to sea level rise.
1386:, about 20,000 years ago, sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft). Rates vary from less than 1 mm/year during the pre-industrial era to 40+ mm/year when major ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia melted.
294:
Sea level rise for the low-emission, high-emission (RCP 8.5, lower left) and in-between scenarios according to the different approaches. Projections are very similar for low warming, but disagreement increases alongside the
12433:
van der Hurk, Bart; Bisaro, Alexander; Haasnoot, Marjolijn; Nicholls, Robert J.; Rehdanz, Katrin; Stuparu, Dana (28 January 2022). "Living with sea-level rise in North-West Europe: Science-policy challenges across scales".
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intervention to stabilize the ice sheet's glaciers may delay its loss by centuries and give more time to adapt. However this is an uncertain proposal, and would end up as one of the most expensive projects ever attempted.
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are likely to have the largest number of people affected by annual flooding amongst all African countries. And under RCP8.5, 10 important cultural sites would be at risk of flooding and erosion by the end of the century.
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adaptation. Hard adaptation generally involves large-scale changes to human societies and ecological systems. It often includes the construction of capital-intensive infrastructure. Soft adaptation involves strengthening
9063:
Golledge, Nicholas R.; Keller, Elizabeth D.; Gomez, Natalya; Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Bernales, Jorge; Trusel, Luke D.; Edwards, Tamsin L. (2019). "Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt".
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up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) by 2100 and plan for a 2–4 m (7–13 ft) rise by 2200. It advised annual spending between €1.0 and €1.5 billion. This would support measures such as broadening coastal
2175: ft), This could result in as many as 520 million additional people ending up under the water line during high tide and 640 million in places flooded every year, compared to the 2010 population distribution.
13319:
11241:
Rivas, Marga L.; Rodríguez-Caballero, Emilio; Esteban, Nicole; Carpio, Antonio J.; Barrera-Vilarmau, Barbara; Fuentes, Mariana M. P. B.; Robertson, Katharine; Azanza, Julia; León, Yolanda; Ortega, Zaida (2023-04-20).
3397:, costing up to US$ 14 billion. In nine southeast US states, the same level of sea level rise would claim up to 13,000 historical and archaeological sites, including over 1000 sites eligible for inclusion in the
1481:
ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system. Winds and currents move heat into deeper parts of the ocean. Some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
11346:
13237:
11859:
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The contribution of these glaciers to global sea levels has already accelerated since the year 2000. The Thwaites Glacier now accounts for 4% of global sea level rise. It could start to lose even more ice if the
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1065:
Sea levels would continue to rise for several thousand years after the ceasing of emissions, due to the slow nature of climate response to heat. The same estimates on a timescale of 10,000 years project that:
6050:
Dumitru, Oana A.; Dyer, Blake; Austermann, Jacqueline; Sandstrom, Michael R.; Goldstein, Steven L.; D'Andrea, William J.; Cashman, Miranda; Creel, Roger; Bolge, Louise; Raymo, Maureen E. (15 September 2023).
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does not plateau until the 2070s is called RCP 4.5. Its likely range of sea level rise is 36–71 cm (14–28 in). The highest scenario in RCP8.5 pathway sea level would rise between 52 and 98 cm
12857:
9290:
Hein, Andrew S.; Woodward, John; Marrero, Shasta M.; Dunning, Stuart A.; Steig, Eric J.; Freeman, Stewart P. H. T.; Stuart, Finlay M.; Winter, Kate; Westoby, Matthew J.; Sugden, David E. (3 February 2016).
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2024:
retain large quantities of water, which is stored on land rather than flowing into the sea, though the total quantity stored will vary from time to time. On the other hand, humans extract water from lakes,
1223:
Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level. An example is the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific. This sharp rise has been linked to increasing
673: ft). As of 2023, the most recent analysis indicates that the Last Interglacial SLR is unlikely to have been higher than 2.7 m (9 ft), as higher values in other research, such as 5.7 m (
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is the other important source of sea-level observations. Compared to the satellite record, this record has major spatial gaps but covers a much longer period. Coverage of tide gauges started mainly in the
516:
This general increase of projections in AR6 came after the improvements in ice-sheet modelling and the incorporation of structured expert judgements. These decisions came as the observed ice-sheet erosion
3151:. The UK has divided its coast into 22 areas, each covered by a Shoreline Management Plan. Those are sub-divided into 2000 management units, working across three periods of 0–20, 20-50 and 50–100 years.
103:'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human
2200:
Over the longer term, coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels. They are also vulnerable to changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, increased precipitation, and rising
11075:
8980:
59:
12803:
Abidin, Hasanuddin Z.; Andreas, Heri; Gumilar, Irwan; Fukuda, Yoichi; Pohan, Yusuf E.; Deguchi, T. (11 June 2011). "Land subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its relation with urban development".
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already have to consider controlled international migration of their population in response to rising seas. The alternative of uncontrolled migration threatens to worsen the humanitarian crisis of
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median timeline is 2000 years. Depending on how many subglacial basins are vulnerable, this causes sea level rise of between 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) and 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in).
2131:
of low-lying coastal zones exacerbate coastal flooding impacts. Regions already vulnerable to rising sea level also struggle with coastal flooding. This washes away land and alters the landscape.
12478:
Boyle, Ray; Fang, Jiayi; Gohar, Amir; Hanson, Susan; Karamesines, Saul; Kim, M. J.; Lohmann, Hilary; McInnes, Kathy; Mimura, Nobuo; Ramsay, Doug; Wenger, Landis; Yokoki, Hiromune (3 April 2023).
1727:
glaciers. If these glaciers were to collapse, the entire ice sheet would as well. Their disappearance would take at least several centuries, but is considered almost inevitable, as their bedrock
738: ft) increase due to the same. The same estimate found that if the temperature stabilized below 2 °C (3.6 °F), 2300 sea level rise would still exceed 1.5 m (5 ft). Early
4116:
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beaches is likely to intensify by 60% by 2030. Without adaptation there would be a big impact on tourism. Adaptation costs for sea level rise would be three times higher under the high-emission
1236:(ENSO) change from one state to the other. The PDO is a basin-wide climate pattern consisting of two phases, each commonly lasting 10 to 30 years. The ENSO has a shorter period of 2 to 7 years.
67:
Sea surface height change from 1992 to 2019: Blue regions are where sea level has gone down, and orange/red regions are where sea level has risen (the visualization is based on satellite data).
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2049:. In the 20th century, these processes had approximately cancelled out each other's impact on sea level rise, but dam building has slowed down and is expected to stay low for the 21st century.
1919:
paper estimated that at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), one quarter of mountain glacier mass would be lost by 2100 and nearly half would be lost at 4 °C (7.2 °F), contributing ~9 cm (
13696:
Strauss, Benjamin H.; Orton, Philip M.; Bittermann, Klaus; Buchanan, Maya K.; Gilford, Daniel M.; Kopp, Robert E.; Kulp, Scott; Massey, Chris; Moel, Hans de; Vinogradov, Sergey (18 May 2021).
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Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press. In Press. - Cross-Chapter Box SLR: Sea Level Rise
11110:
7572:
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).
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available information about them cannot be modelled. Thus, another approach is to combine the opinions of a large number of scientists in what is known as a structured expert judgement (SEJ).
13851:
11375:
13664:
Hicke, J.A., S. Lucatello, L.D., Mortsch, J. Dawson, M. Domínguez Aguilar, C.A.F. Enquist, E.A. Gilmore, D.S. Gutzler, S. Harper, K. Holsman, E.B. Jewett, T.A. Kohler, and KA. Miller, 2022:
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Castellanos, E., M.F. Lemos, L. Astigarraga, N. Chacón, N. Cuvi, C. Huggel, L. Miranda, M. Moncassim Vale, J.P. Ometto, P.L. Peri, J.C. Postigo, L. Ramajo, L. Roco, and M. Rusticucci, 2022:
8798:
Ludescher, Josef; Bunde, Armin; Franzke, Christian L. E.; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (16 April 2015). "Long-term persistence enhances uncertainty about anthropogenic warming of Antarctica".
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Dow, Christine F.; Lee, Won Sang; Greenbaum, Jamin S.; Greene, Chad A.; Blankenship, Donald D.; Poinar, Kristin; Forrest, Alexander L.; Young, Duncan A.; Zappa, Christopher J. (2018-06-01).
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4893:"The Framework for Assessing Changes To Sea-level (FACTS) v1.0: a platform for characterizing parametric and structural uncertainty in future global, relative, and extreme sea-level change"
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1128:
This helps to inform adaptation plans. The different techniques used to measure changes in sea level do not measure exactly the same level. Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level.
258:
measurements found an increase of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017 (average of 2.9 mm (0.11 in)/yr). This accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for 2013–2022.
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supply to combat erosion instead of relocating entirely. Fiji has also issued a green bond of $ 50 million to invest in green initiatives and fund adaptation efforts. It is restoring
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during high tide. About 300 million would be in places flooded every year. This projection is based on the distribution of population in 2010. It does not take into account the effects of
9938:
King, Michalea D.; Howat, Ian M.; Candela, Salvatore G.; Noh, Myoung J.; Jeong, Seongsu; Noël, Brice P. Y.; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Wouters, Bert; Negrete, Adelaide (13 August 2020).
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552:
The stages of marine ice sheet (top) and marine ice cliff (bottom) instabilities. Dashed lines show that the retreat would be much more rapid if ice cliff instability were applicable
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14035:
7309:
Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022:
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10822:
McGranahan, Gordon; Balk, Deborah; Anderson, Bridget (29 June 2016). "The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones".
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This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr.
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186:
is likely to be two to three times greater than the global average by the end of the century. Yet, of the 20 countries with the greatest exposure to sea level rise, twelve are in
4190:
Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022:
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already exist. Because of its complex geography, the authorities chose a flexible mix of hard and soft measures to cope with sea level rise of over 1 meter per century. In the
651:- debris produced as the glacier breaks down - would quickly build up in front of the glacier and significantly slow or even outright stop the instability soon after it began.
12084:
Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022:
1897:
There are roughly 200,000 glaciers on Earth, which are spread out across all continents. Less than 1% of glacier ice is in mountain glaciers, compared to 99% in Greenland and
9789:
4338:
2471:. The East Coast sea level is rising at 3–4 times the global average. Scientists have linked extreme regional sea level rise on the US Northeast Coast to the downturn of the
17170:
10866:
9348:
Bamber, J.L.; Riva, R.E.M.; Vermeersen, B.L.A.; LeBrocq, A.M. (14 May 2009). "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".
9041:
9009:
11338:
8344:
King, M. A.; Bingham, R. J.; Moore, P.; Whitehouse, P. L.; Bentley, M. J.; Milne, G. A. (2012). "Lower satellite-gravimetry estimates of Antarctic sea-level contribution".
8145:
Melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple metres of sea level rise in the coming century or two
7824:
720:, leading to a longer climate response time. A 2018 paper estimated that sea level rise in 2300 would increase by a median of 20 cm (8 in) for every five years CO
13233:
11851:
9521:
Sasgen, Ingo; Wouters, Bert; Gardner, Alex S.; King, Michalea D.; Tedesco, Marco; Landerer, Felix W.; Dahle, Christoph; Save, Himanshu; Fettweis, Xavier (20 August 2020).
1294:
622:, which hypothesized multi-meter sea level rise in 50-100 years as a plausible outcome of high emissions, but it remains a minority view amongst the scientific community.
2115:. These can lead to a greater loss of property and coastal habitats, loss of life during floods and loss of cultural resources. There are also impacts on agriculture and
14279:
7667:
6912:
2580:
from sea level rise often results in the loss of livelihoods. The displacement of newly impoverished people could burden their new homes and accelerate social tensions.
2501:
and other flood management practices are another. They prevent sediments from accumulating. These would otherwise compensate for the natural settling of deltaic soils.
1699:
A graphical representation of how warm waters, and the Marine Ice Sheet Instability and Marine Ice Cliff Instability processes are affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
1311:
report found further acceleration to 4.62 mm/yr over the 2013–2022 period. These observations help to check and verify predictions from climate change simulations.
13796:
12088:
11885:
9851:
Noël, B.; van de Berg, W. J; Lhermitte, S.; Wouters, B.; Machguth, H.; Howat, I.; Citterio, M.; Moholdt, G.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; van den Broeke, M. R. (31 March 2017).
3511:
also suffers from sea level rise. It is in a comparatively safer position. Its residents continue to rely on local adaptation like moving further inland and increasing
1769:
Once ice loss from the West Antarctica is triggered, the only way to restore it to near-present values is by lowering the global temperature to 1 °C (1.8 °F)
457: in). AR6 had equivalents for both scenarios, but it estimated larger sea level rise under both. In AR6, the SSP1-2.6 pathway results in a range of 32–62 cm (
7219:
6092:
Barnett, Robert L.; Austermann, Jacqueline; Dyer, Blake; Telfer, Matt W.; Barlow, Natasha L. M.; Boulton, Sarah J.; Carr, Andrew S.; Creel, Roger (15 September 2023).
2855:
experience the largest economic losses. Out of the 20 coastal cities expected to see the highest flood losses by 2050, 13 are in Asia. Nine of these are the so-called
1707:
estimated increase in sea level rise from Antarctica by 2100 is ~11 cm (5 in). There is no difference between scenarios, because the increased warming would
4961:
3344:
By 2050, coastal flooding in the US is likely to rise tenfold to four "moderate" flooding events per year. That forecast is even without storms or heavy rainfall. In
3187:
2681:
17346:
11220:
7701:
5262:; Tormey, Blair; Donovan, Bailey; Kandiano, Evgeniya; von Schuckmann, Karina; Kharecha, Pushker; Legrande, Allegra N.; Bauer, Michael; Lo, Kwok-Wai (22 March 2016).
1960:
Sea ice loss contributes very slightly to global sea level rise. If the melt water from ice floating in the sea was exactly the same as sea water then, according to
716:
of sea level rise. This is due to the high level of inertia in the carbon cycle and the climate system, owing to factors such as the slow diffusion of heat into the
13829:
12231:
10258:
Aschwanden, Andy; Fahnestock, Mark A.; Truffer, Martin; Brinkerhoff, Douglas J.; Hock, Regine; Khroulev, Constantine; Mottram, Ruth; Khan, S. Abbas (19 June 2019).
8672:
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Creveling, Jessica R.; Gomez, Natalya; Hoggard, Mark J.; Clark, Peter U. (30 April 2021).
6649:
3385: ft) of SLR could affect 600,000 people and threaten over US$ 150 billion in property with inundation. This potentially represents over 6% of the state's
17014:
12847:
5617:
5264:"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous"
3938:
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1318:, only some land areas are rising while the others are sinking. Since 1970, most tidal stations have measured higher seas. However sea levels along the northern
5258:
Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Hearty, Paul; Ruedy, Reto; Kelley, Maxwell; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Russell, Gary; Tselioudis, George; Cao, Junji; Rignot, Eric;
4563:
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3777:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3693:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1488:
and sea level rises. Warmer water and water under great pressure (due to depth) expand more than cooler water and water under less pressure. Consequently, cold
12878:
Lawrence, J., B. Mackey, F. Chiew, M.J. Costello, K. Hennessy, N. Lansbury, U.B. Nidumolu, G. Pecl, L. Rickards, N. Tapper, A. Woodward, and A. Wreford, 2022:
11316:
947:
Map of the Earth with a long-term 6-metre (20 ft) sea level rise represented in red (uniform distribution, actual sea level rise will vary regionally and
9123:
Moorman, Ruth; Morrison, Adele K.; Hogg, Andrew McC (2020-08-01). "Thermal Responses to Antarctic Ice Shelf Melt in an Eddy-Rich Global Ocean–Sea Ice Model".
8438:
Brancato, V.; Rignot, E.; Milillo, P.; Morlighem, M.; Mouginot, J.; An, L.; Scheuchl, B.; Jeong, S.; Rizzoli, P.; Bueso Bello, J.L.; Prats-Iraola, P. (2020).
6505:
4159:
18378:
17717:
17674:
17187:
13668:
12913:
12882:
11072:"Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate"
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4298:
4194:
1623:
are major ice reservoirs together holding as much ice as all of West Antarctica. They are more vulnerable than the rest of East Antarctica. Their collective
14362:
11963:
11071:
10734:
8972:
6162:
3779:
3696:
1314:
Regional differences are also visible in the tide gauge data. Some are caused by local sea level differences. Others are due to vertical land movements. In
17643:
11650:
848: in) to 970 cm (32 ft), respectively. (Negative values represent the extremely low probability of large climate change-induced increases in
659:. MICI can be effectively ruled out if SLR at the time was lower than 4 m (13 ft), while it is very likely if the SLR was greater than 6 m (
11161:
10984:
8841:
Rignot, Eric; Bamber, Jonathan L.; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Davis, Curt; Li, Yonghong; van de Berg, Willem Jan; van Meijgaard, Erik (13 January 2008).
6939:
17508:
16623:
16449:
13523:
9916:
7539:
3367:
By 2100, sea level rise of 0.9 m (3 ft) and 1.8 m (6 ft) would threaten 4.2 and 13.1 million people in the US, respectively. In
11191:
5864:
3602:
3100:
is likely to retreat by 16 meters by 2050 relative to 2010. This could amount to 52 meters by 2100 under RCP8.5 Other vulnerable coastlines include the
16618:
14174:
4124:
13886:
11710:
10451:
Radić, Valentina; Hock, Regine (9 January 2011). "Regionally differentiated contribution of mountain glaciers and ice caps to future sea-level rise".
4666:
Moore, John C.; Grinsted, Aslak; Zwinger, Thomas; Jevrejeva, Svetlana (10 June 2013). "Semiempirical and process-based global sea level projections".
3768:
955:
After 500 years, sea level rise from thermal expansion alone may have reached only half of its eventual level - likely within ranges of 0.5–2 m (
16486:
15616:
11140:
11100:
5761:
3993:
3481:
Adaptation to sea level rise is costly for small island nations as a large portion of their population lives in areas that are at risk. Nations like
277:
rise may be higher or lower than the global average. Changing ice masses also affect the distribution of sea water around the globe through gravity.
13862:
13493:
13421:
11439:
11367:
18771:
7966:
7194:
6825:
Merrifield, Mark A.; Thompson, Philip R.; Lander, Mark (July 2012). "Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific".
2969:
8.5 scenario than in the low-emission RCP2.6 scenario. Sea level rise of 0.2-0.3 meters is likely by 2050. In these conditions what is currently a
2702:
that destroys housing, infrastructure and natural ecosystems. A number of communities in Coastal Ghana are already experiencing the changing tides.
2060:
by 78.48 centimetres (30.90 in). This caused groundwater depletion equivalent to a global sea level rise of 6.24 millimetres (0.246 in).
4852:
4497:"Exploring high-end scenarios for local sea level rise to develop flood protection strategies for a low-lying delta—the Netherlands as an example"
1132:
can also measure absolute sea level changes. To get precise measurements for sea level, researchers studying the ice and oceans factor in ongoing
16423:
15606:
14665:
13148:
Tierolf, Lars; Haer, Toon Haer; Wouter Botzen, W. J.; de Bruijn, Jens A.; Ton, Marijn J.; Reimann, Lena; Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H. (13 March 2023).
10800:
8904:
7885:
4495:
Katsman, Caroline A.; Sterl, A.; Beersma, J. J.; van den Brink, H. W.; Church, J. A.; Hazeleger, W.; Kopp, R. E.; Kroon, D.; Kwadijk, J. (2011).
4022:
2416:. These will be submerged if the rate is too rapid for them to migrate upward. This would result in the loss of an ecosystem. Both mangroves and
13361:
2930:
so much (up to 28 cm (11 in) per year between 1982 and 2010 in some areas) that in 2019, the government had committed to relocate the
1558:) indicated annual mass loss of only about 12 Gt from 2012 to 2016. This was due to greater ice gain in East Antarctica than estimated earlier.
812:
Projections for subsequent years are more difficult. In 2019, when 22 experts on ice sheets were asked to estimate 2200 and 2300 SLR under the 5
18669:
14253:
10166:
Robinson, Alexander; Calov, Reinhard; Ganopolski, Andrey (11 March 2012). "Multistability and critical thresholds of the Greenland ice sheet".
8046:
3247:
This trucks in mined sand in addition to other adaptation measures such as zoning, restrictions on state funding, and building code standards.
2568:
can slow and stabilize the rate of sea level rise after 2050. This would greatly reduce its costs and damages, but cannot stop it outright. So
14215:
12692:
10624:
Wada, Yoshihide; Reager, John T.; Chao, Benjamin F.; Wang, Jida; Lo, Min-Hui; Song, Chunqiao; Li, Yuwen; Gardner, Alex S. (15 November 2016).
7164:
17588:
16132:
12175:
11593:
Crosby, Sarah C.; Sax, Dov F.; Palmer, Megan E.; Booth, Harriet S.; Deegan, Linda A.; Bertness, Mark D.; Leslie, Heather M. (November 2016).
12146:
11050:
10673:
Seo, Ki-Weon; Ryu, Dongryeol; Eom, Jooyoung; Jeon, Taewhan; Kim, Jae-Seung; Youm, Kookhyoun; Chen, Jianli; Wilson, Clark R. (15 June 2023).
9499:
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16365:
7909:
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1708:
1435:
can even increase ice build-up. However, this effect is not enough to fully offset ice losses, and sea level rise continues to accelerate.
1432:
14091:
13077:
7418:
Rignot, Eric; Mouginot, Jérémie; Scheuchl, Bernd; van den Broeke, Michiel; van Wessem, Melchior J.; Morlighem, Mathieu (22 January 2019).
3933:
1837: in) to sea levels under the low-emission scenario, and 13 cm (5 in) under the high-emission scenario. The first scenario,
299:
Several approaches are used for sea level rise (SLR) projections. One is process-based modeling, where ice melting is computed through an
17722:
16249:
13296:
13026:
10889:
9265:
8395:
Chen, J. L.; Wilson, C. R.; Blankenship, D.; Tapley, B. D. (2009). "Accelerated Antarctic ice loss from satellite gravity measurements".
7108:
5887:
3425:
2472:
13206:
10109:"A multimillion-year-old record of Greenland vegetation and glacial history preserved in sediment beneath 1.4 km of ice at Camp Century"
7488:"Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet 1992–2016: reconciling results from GRACE gravimetry with ICESat, ERS1/2 and Envisat altimetry"
7134:
17825:
16508:
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1910:
sources. Glaciers contributed around 40% to sea level rise during the 20th century, with estimates for the 21st century of around 30%.
14058:
12298:
11907:
Tessler, Z. D.; Vörösmarty, C. J.; Grossberg, M.; Gladkova, I.; Aizenman, H.; Syvitski, J. P. M.; Foufoula-Georgiou, E. (2015-08-07).
10047:
Irvalı, Nil; Galaasen, Eirik V.; Ninnemann, Ulysses S.; Rosenthal, Yair; Born, Andreas; Kleiven, Helga (Kikki) F. (18 December 2019).
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3725:
2220:
will be especially vulnerable later in the century under warming of 3 °C (5.4 °F). This is close to the current trajectory.
1658:(WAIS) is substantially more vulnerable. Temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly, unlike East Antarctica and the
17387:
16503:
16088:
14588:
13442:
Sweet & Park (2015). "Increased nuisance flooding along the coasts of the United States due to sea level rise: Past and future".
4822:
4634:
343:
11520:
Krauss, Ken W.; McKee, Karen L.; Lovelock, Catherine E.; Cahoon, Donald R.; Saintilan, Neil; Reef, Ruth; Chen, Luzhen (April 2014).
6531:
3904:
2782:
1997:
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16718:
16439:
16157:
15934:
14009:
12547:
Garner, Andra J.; Sosa, Sarah E.; Tan, Fangyi; Tan, Christabel Wan Jie; Garner, Gregory G.; Horton, Benjamin P. (23 January 2023).
9781:
8950:
8498:
5642:
2790:
Asia has the largest population at risk from sea level due to its dense coastal populations. As of 2022, some 63 million people in
1952:
as 50 years after the tipping point is crossed, although 200 years is the most likely value, and the maximum is around 1000 years.
254:
Between 1901 and 2018, the global mean sea level rose by about 20 cm (7.9 in). More precise data gathered from satellite
245:
10858:
9031:
9001:
4334:
3932:; Gregory, J.; Gulev, S.; Hanawa, K.; Le Quéré, C.; Levitus, S.; Nojiri, Y.; Shum, C. K.; Talley, L. D.; Unnikrishnan, A. (2007).
3123:
In France, it was estimated that 8,000-10,000 people would be forced to migrate away from the coasts by 2080. The Italian city of
393:
For the 2021 IPCC report, three steps were taken to present a wider picture than the previous report (top left): state-of-the-art
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to sea level rise is inevitable. The simplest approach is to stop development in vulnerable areas and ultimately move people and
2002:
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the preindustrial level. This would be 2 °C (3.6 °F) below the temperature of 2020. Other researchers suggested that a
1561:
In the future, it is known that West Antarctica at least will continue to lose mass, and the likely future losses of sea ice and
8158:
7693:
6129:
16723:
16686:
16540:
16525:
16444:
16093:
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15889:
14937:
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8777:
6203:
4999:
3566:
2517:
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7659:
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caused an additional US$ 8 billion in damage, impacted 36,000 more houses and 71,000 more people. In the future, the northern
1431:
each other, sea level remains the same. Because of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface,
17907:
17382:
16520:
14546:
13788:
12085:
11999:
11881:
6197:
5122:
4706:
Mengel, Matthias; Levermann, Anders; Frieler, Katja; Robinson, Alexander; Marzeion, Ben; Winkelmann, Ricarda (8 March 2016).
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3945:
3898:
3398:
2255:
Potential disruption of sea trade and migrations could impact people living further inland. United Nations Secretary-General
1803:
sources (excluding thermal expansion). This observed rate of ice sheet melting is at the higher end of predictions from past
8080:
Greene, Chad A.; Young, Duncan A.; Gwyther, David E.; Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K.; Blankenship, Donald D. (6 September 2018).
7215:
3135:, inhabited by over 350,000 people, is at low elevation and has been vulnerable to flooding since preindustrial times. Many
17845:
17404:
16360:
16355:
15169:
11674:
Weston, Nathaniel B. (16 July 2013). "Declining Sediments and Rising Seas: an Unfortunate Convergence for Tidal Wetlands".
5708:
Gilford, Daniel M.; Ashe, Erica L.; DeConto, Robert M.; Kopp, Robert E.; Pollard, David; Rovere, Alessio (5 October 2020).
3471:
3260:
2966:
2919:
2655:
1624:
984:
357:
14032:"Honey, I Sunk the Maldives: Environmental changes could wipe out some of the world's most well-known travel destinations"
14031:
13917:"Long-Term Changes in the Land–Ocean Ecological Environment in Small Island Countries in the South Pacific: A Fiji Vision"
13150:"A coupled agent-based model for France for simulating adaptation and migration decisions under future coastal flood risk"
12349:
9578:
6719:
4294:
Mycoo, M., M. Wairiu, D. Campbell, V. Duvat, Y. Golbuu, S. Maharaj, J. Nalau, P. Nunn, J. Pinnegar, and O. Warrick, 2022:
1570:
wide range of estimates is mainly due to the uncertainties regarding marine ice sheet and marine ice cliff instabilities.
781:–34 in). In the SSP1-2.6 pathway the range would be 46–99 cm (18–39 in), for SSP2-4.5 a 66–133 cm (26–
30:
This article is about the current and projected rise in the world's average sea level. For sea level rise in general, see
18400:
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16885:
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16386:
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16100:
14658:
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13818:
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11212:
6641:
3561:
2467:. On the other hand, the Atlantic is warming at a faster pace than the Pacific. This has consequences for Europe and the
2304:
1427:
falls as snow, accumulates and over time forms glacial ice. If precipitation, surface processes and ice loss at the edge
336:
203:
183:
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15059:
12270:
10201:
Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023).
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17494:
17314:
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17132:
16628:
15764:
15191:
15079:
9716:
8878:
8024:
14128:(1 May 2016). "Interactions between sea-level rise and wave exposure on reef island dynamics in the Solomon Islands".
10675:"Drift of Earth's Pole Confirms Groundwater Depletion as a Significant Contributor to Global Sea Level Rise 1993–2010"
17820:
17241:
17117:
16934:
16137:
15611:
14882:
14603:
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6978:
1888:
1547:
1308:
368:, or SSPs. A large difference between the two was the addition of SSP1-1.9 to AR6, which represents meeting the best
8519:
Greene, Chad A.; Blankenship, Donald D.; Gwyther, David E.; Silvano, Alessandro; van Wijk, Esmee (1 November 2017).
4770:
DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (30 March 2016). "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".
614: ft) or more of sea level rise by 2100 from Antarctica alone, was considered even more important than the 2014
18385:
18081:
17474:
17112:
17092:
17039:
16991:
16053:
15069:
15029:
12991:"A New Coastal Erosion Risk Assessment Indicator: Application to the Calabria Tyrrhenian Littoral (Southern Italy)"
6466:
5992:"Marine ice-cliff instability modeling shows mixed-mode ice-cliff failure and yields calving rate parameterization"
4151:
3987:
1761:
in West Antarctica would increase the total sea level rise to 4.3 m (14 ft 1 in). However, mountain
1281:, an amateur meteorologist, beginning in 1837. Lempriere established a sea-level benchmark on a small cliff on the
1164:
13665:
12910:
12879:
11308:
7310:
5990:
Crawford, Anna J.; Benn, Douglas I.; Todd, Joe; Åström, Jan A.; Bassis, Jeremy N.; Zwinger, Thomas (11 May 2021).
4295:
4191:
712:
Even if the temperature stabilizes, significant sea-level rise (SLR) will continue for centuries, consistent with
18432:
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17902:
17533:
17231:
17182:
16608:
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16515:
15985:
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14785:
14333:
13679:
12924:
12893:
12649:"Modeling Human Migration Under Environmental Change: A Case Study of the Effect of Sea Level Rise in Bangladesh"
11908:
11635:
10723:
8440:"Grounding line retreat of Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, measured with COSMO-SkyMed radar interferometry data"
7324:
6766:
Nerem, R. S.; Beckley, B. D.; Fasullo, J. T.; Hamlington, B. D.; Masters, D.; Mitchum, G. T. (27 February 2018).
6154:
4566:
4309:
4205:
3685:
3433:
2647:
2451:
1781:
372:
goal of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). In that case, the likely range of sea level rise by 2100 is 28–55 cm (11–
14354:
11169:
6894:
6869:
3936:. In Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; Marquis, M.; Averyt, K. B.; Tignor, M.; Miller, H. L. (eds.).
3446:. Atolls on average reach 0.9–1.8 m (3–6 ft) above sea level. These are the most vulnerable places to
2989:-owned holdings and cultural heritage objects. Australian assets worth AUS$ 164–226 billion including many
1849:
can affect both pathways. In the best-case scenario, ice sheet under SSP1-2.6 gains enough mass by 2100 through
1715:
accumulation over the EAIS at about the same rate as it would increase ice loss from WAIS. However, most of the
17790:
17299:
16583:
16340:
15879:
15472:
14651:
14130:
5662:"Stabilizing effect of mélange buttressing on the marine ice-cliff instability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet"
3429:
3352:
would occur once in 19–68 years by 2050 and 4–60 years by 2080. By 2050, 20 million people in the greater
2015:
1902:
17:
9908:
7531:
3459:
have already disappeared due to the effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds pushing water into the
3333:
2761:
2087:
884: in) for the high-warming RCP8.5. The former scenario had the 5%–95% confidence range of 24–311 cm (
18180:
18086:
17538:
17409:
16944:
16476:
14608:
13698:"Economic damages from Hurricane Sandy attributable to sea level rise caused by anthropogenic climate change"
13515:
7943:
5826:
5709:
4451:
3594:
3549:
1845:
goals, while the other, SSP5-8.5, has the emissions accelerate throughout the century. The uncertainty about
1838:
365:
14185:
11183:
6346:
Bamber, Jonathan L.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Kopp, Robert E.; Aspinall, Willy P.; Cooke, Roger M. (May 2019).
3621:
2224:-based research had established in 2021 that 267 million people worldwide lived on land less than 2 m (
1731:
deepens inland and becomes more vulnerable to meltwater, in what is known as marine ice sheet instability.
987:
of Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets are likely to play a larger role over such timescales. Ice loss from
717:
202:
of ecosystems and countries also varies, which will result in more or less pronounced impacts. The greatest
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18230:
18130:
17392:
17064:
16593:
16588:
16493:
16370:
15927:
14927:
14563:
12900:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 1581–1688, |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.013
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current rates, sea level rise would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100. Five of the
3223:
2942:
2839:
2664:
1525:
The large volume of ice on the Antarctic continent stores around 60% of the world's fresh water. Excluding
1137:
760:
615:
557:
522:
518:
361:
311:
modelling). It was developed because process-based model projections in the past IPCC reports (such as the
265:
Sea level rise is not uniform around the globe. Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of
262:
data shows that this rate of sea level rise is the fastest it had been over at least the past 3,000 years.
11431:
11136:
10756:"Quantifying coastal flood vulnerability for climate adaptation policy using principal component analysis"
7486:
Zwally, H. Jay; Robbins, John W.; Luthcke, Scott B.; Loomis, Bryant D.; Rémy, Frédérique (29 March 2021).
6053:"Last interglacial global mean sea level from high-precision U-series ages of Bahamian fossil coral reefs"
5808:
3976:
3497:. In 2014, Kiribati purchased 20 square kilometers of land (about 2.5% of Kiribati's current area) on the
2997:
would also be at risk. This amounts to a 111% rise in Australia's inundation costs between 2020 and 2100.
2332:
areas become inundated with saltwater to the point no trees can survive the resulting habitats are called
1420:
18964:
18713:
17912:
17862:
16603:
16456:
14583:
13605:"Groundwater level observations in 250,000 coastal US wells reveal scope of potential seawater intrusion"
13485:
13413:
13101:"Accumulated effects of chronic, acute and man-induced erosion in Nørlev strand on the Danish west coast"
10724:"Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding Along the U.S. Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold"
5710:"Could the Last Interglacial Constrain Projections of Future Antarctic Ice Mass Loss and Sea-Level Rise?"
3951:
3555:
3394:
3270:
there is already considering relocation due to widespread coastal erosion. In Mexico, damage from SLR to
2715:
sea level rise will be around 21 cm, with little difference from climate change scenarios. By 2100,
2073:
1477:
1282:
1229:
14987:
12109:
Dasgupta, Susmita; Wheeler, David; Bandyopadhyay, Sunando; Ghosh, Santadas; Roy, Utpal (February 2022).
7186:
4415:
Slater, Thomas; Lawrence, Isobel R.; Otosaka, Inès N.; Shepherd, Andrew; et al. (25 January 2021).
3143:, sea level at the end of the century would increase by 53 to 115 centimeters at the mouth of the River
1464:
There has been an increase in ocean heat content during recent decades as the oceans absorb most of the
18992:
18373:
18225:
18200:
17610:
17462:
17226:
17029:
16986:
16759:
16681:
16535:
15124:
14613:
14598:
14593:
14383:
Thomas, Adelle; Baptiste, April; Martyr-Koller, Rosanne; Pringle, Patrick; Rhiney, Kevon (2020-10-17).
10486:
Dyurgerov, Mark (2002). Glacier Mass Balance and Regime Measurements and Analysis, 1945-2003 (Report).
8674:"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse"
3523:
to protect against flooding and erosion. It sees this as a more cost-efficient alternative to building
3267:
3021:. Many people live in low-lying areas exposed to sea level rise. This includes 6% of the population of
2962:
2651:
856:.) In 2020, 106 experts who contributed to 6 or more papers on sea level estimated median 118 cm (
595: ft) in basal (underground) height are likely to rapidly collapse under their own weight once the
46:
13351:
10796:
8732:
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020).
7846:
5368:"Marine ice sheet instability amplifies and skews uncertainty in projections of future sea-level rise"
5334:. The International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Engineering (CONF-MCEE 2021).
2091:
High tide flooding, also called tidal flooding, has become much more common in the past seven decades.
2005:
observations in gigatons per year, April 2002 to November 2014 (glaciers and ice sheets are excluded).
138:
Rising seas affect every coastal and island population on Earth. This can be through flooding, higher
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18776:
18619:
18351:
18346:
18220:
18050:
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17679:
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16916:
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15064:
15024:
14633:
14539:
13603:
Jasechko, Scott J.; Perrone, Debra; Seybold, Hansjörg; Fan, Ying; Kirchner, James W. (26 June 2020).
12202:"Costs and coasts: an empirical assessment of physical and institutional climate adaptation pathways"
11570:
Soares, M.L.G. (2009). "A Conceptual Model for the Responses of Mangrove Forests to Sea Level Rise".
4853:"January 2017 analysis from NOAA: Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States"
3158:
is a country that sits partially below sea level and is subsiding. It has responded by extending its
3057:
76 times in one 6-year period in the 2010s. There was a US$ 25,000-50,000 loss for each idle day. In
2749:
2569:
2565:
2541:
2505:
1947: in) by 2100. Mountain glaciers are even more vulnerable over the longer term. In 2022, another
1414:
995:
Year 2021 IPCC estimates for the amount of sea level rise over the next 2,000 years project that:
304:
199:
16846:
14245:
13546:"Public priorities on locally-driven sea level rise planning on the East Coast of the United States"
7069:
6289:
Mengel, Matthias; Nauels, Alexander; Rogelj, Joeri; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich (20 February 2018).
4060:"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding"
2843:
extensive rice production on the coast are already seeing adverse impacts from saltwater intrusion.
1599:
In spite of the net mass gain, some East Antarctica glaciers have lost ice in recent decades due to
767:°C under the SSP1-1.9 scenario would result in sea level rise in the 17–83% range of 37–86 cm (
703:
18949:
18838:
18733:
18659:
18486:
18115:
17815:
17517:
17341:
17336:
17326:
17267:
17107:
16613:
16578:
16471:
16398:
16239:
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16004:
15965:
15789:
15164:
15154:
15094:
14730:
14700:
14623:
14618:
14568:
12648:
12480:"Global survey shows planners use widely varying sea-level rise projections for coastal adaptation"
11745:
Ohenhen, Leonard O.; Shirzaei, Manoochehr; Ojha, Chandrakanta; Kirwan, Matthew L. (11 April 2023).
9523:"Return to rapid ice loss in Greenland and record loss in 2019 detected by the GRACE-FO satellites"
7240:
Lambeck, Kurt; Rouby, Hélène; Purcell, Anthony; Sun, Yiying; Sambridge, Malcolm (28 October 2014).
7156:
6868:
Mantua, Nathan J.; Hare, Steven R.; Zhang, Yuan; Wallace, John M.; Francis, Robert C. (June 1997).
1961:
1823:
estimated that by 2100, the melting of Greenland ice sheet would most likely add around 6 cm (
1655:
1641:
1585:
1579:
1465:
1266:
312:
104:
12167:
10315:
Rounce, David R.; Hock, Regine; Maussion, Fabien; Hugonnet, Romain; et al. (5 January 2023).
1595:
Aerial view of ice flows at Denman Glacier, one of the less stable glaciers in the East Antarctica
870: in) SLR in the year 2300 for the low-warming RCP2.6 scenario and the median of 329 cm (
18944:
18513:
18368:
17664:
17450:
17372:
17282:
17024:
16996:
16676:
16335:
16313:
15920:
15826:
15809:
15646:
15139:
15004:
14942:
14932:
14825:
14573:
14476:
13887:"Many Low-Lying Atoll Islands Will Be Uninhabitable by Mid-21st Century | U.S. Geological Survey"
12110:
11014:
9663:; Whitehouse, Pippa; Briggs, Kate; Joughin, Ian; Krinner, Gerhard; Nowicki, Sophie (2020-03-12).
9461:
9400:
6177:
5637:
There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number," says
3311:
3054:
2509:
2144:
1616:
1248:
Between 1993 and 2018, the mean sea level has risen across most of the world ocean (blue colors).
369:
353:
230:
163:
7660:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"
6567:
6530:
Clark, Peter U.; Shakun, Jeremy D.; Marcott, Shaun A.; Mix, Alan C.; Eby, Michael (April 2016).
6405:
Solomon, Susan; Plattner, Gian-Kasper; Knutti, Reto; Friedlingstein, Pierre (10 February 2009).
6291:"Committed sea-level rise under the Paris Agreement and the legacy of delayed mitigation action"
6272:
2252: ft) sea level rise and zero population growth, that could increase to 410 million people.
18959:
18793:
18740:
18634:
18457:
18302:
17660:
17049:
16869:
16811:
16728:
16713:
16598:
16244:
16190:
16185:
16180:
16175:
16170:
16165:
15821:
15759:
15186:
14872:
14578:
13049:
12948:
Ballesteros, Caridad; Jiménez, José A.; Valdemoro, Herminia I.; Bosom, Eva (7 September 2017).
12373:"The macroeconomic effects of adapting to high-end sea-level rise via protection and migration"
11646:
11642:
9176:"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"
7847:"Ocean heat uptake and its consequences for the magnitude of sea level rise and climate change"
7064:
6586:"Combustion of available fossil fuel resources sufficient to eliminate the Antarctic Ice Sheet"
6532:"Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change"
5915:"Transition to marine ice cliff instability controlled by ice thickness gradients and velocity"
3879:
Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia
3319:
2614:
2508:(Netherlands) are 3–4 m (10–13 ft), over 3 m (10 ft) in urban areas of the
1877:
1683:
1184:
13260:
12990:
12320:
Hallegatte, Stephane; Green, Colin; Nicholls, Robert J.; Corfee-Morlot, Jan (18 August 2013).
10920:"Global LiDAR land elevation data reveal greatest sea-level rise vulnerability in the tropics"
7100:
7001:
5760:
Wise, Matthew G.; Dowdeswell, Julian A.; Jakobsson, Martin; Larter, Robert D. (October 2017).
2658:, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and sometimes include extreme scenarios. But 88% of projections from the
19002:
18363:
18175:
17637:
17598:
17438:
17084:
16961:
16769:
16229:
16152:
15654:
15636:
15144:
15039:
14674:
14448:
9224:
7130:
3460:
3131:
and has already spent $ 6 billion on a barrier system. A quarter of the German state of
1286:
639:
13050:"Coastal erosion risk assessment to discuss mitigation strategies: Barra-Vagueira, Portugal"
8157:
Edwards, Tamsin L.; Nowicki, Sophie; Marzeion, Ben; Hock, Regine; et al. (5 May 2021).
5762:"Evidence of marine ice-cliff instability in Pine Island Bay from iceberg-keel plough marks"
5645:, who has also reviewed the Hansen study. "So the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.
5231:
2178:
1810:
18728:
18525:
18427:
18292:
18254:
18004:
17808:
17702:
17277:
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16816:
16391:
16318:
15841:
15674:
15377:
15234:
15099:
14810:
14532:
14063:
13928:
13709:
13616:
13451:
13272:
13161:
13112:
13002:
12950:"Erosion consequences on beach functions along the Maresme coast (NW Mediterranean, Spain)"
12812:
12756:
12660:
12605:
12560:
12491:
12443:
12384:
12333:
12294:
12246:
12035:
11923:
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11758:
11606:
11470:
11405:
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11026:
10931:
10767:
10686:
10596:
10519:
10460:
10405:
10328:
10271:
10214:
10175:
10120:
10011:
9951:
9864:
9823:
9753:
9609:
9598:"Spatial and temporal distribution of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet since AD 1900"
9534:
9357:
9304:
9239:
9187:
9132:
9073:
8854:
8807:
8745:
8685:
8646:
8590:
8532:
8451:
8404:
8353:
8308:
8257:
8170:
8093:
7984:
7861:
7787:
7746:
7733:
Cheng, Lijing; Foster, Grant; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Abraham, John (2022).
7499:
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5379:
5285:
5227:
5163:
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5011:
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4904:
4779:
4719:
4675:
4618:
4428:
4243:
4071:
3882:
3829:
3256:
2931:
2775:
1850:
1428:
1383:
1343:
1323:
1189:
853:
270:
14401:
14384:
12534:
10049:"A low climate threshold for south Greenland Ice Sheet demise during the Late Pleistocene"
9984:
9853:"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps"
9812:"Effects of extreme melt events on ice flow and sea level rise of the Greenland Ice Sheet"
5660:
Schlemm, Tanja; Feldmann, Johannes; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Levermann, Anders (24 May 2022).
5344:
4603:
2450:
Sea level rise in many locations across the world is worsened due to land subsidence. The
2412:. They are particularly vulnerable due to mangrove plants' reliance on breathing roots or
556:
The greatest uncertainty with sea level rise projections is associated with the so-called
8:
18869:
18649:
18520:
18442:
18040:
17986:
17934:
17897:
17887:
17593:
17294:
17069:
16303:
16298:
15836:
15721:
15716:
15442:
15114:
15074:
14790:
13966:"Climate impacts on air quality and child health and wellbeing: Implications for Oceania"
13915:
Zhu, Bozhong; Bai, Yan; He, Xianqiang; Chen, Xiaoyan; Li, Teng; Gong, Fang (2021-09-18).
12852:
11992:
Comparative assessment of the vulnerability and resilience of 10 deltas: synthesis report
11747:"Hidden vulnerability of US Atlantic coast to sea-level rise due to vertical land motion"
9293:"Evidence for the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet divide for 1.4 million years"
9036:
8843:"Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling"
6094:"Constraining the contribution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to Last Interglacial sea level"
3874:
3872:
3323:
3176:
3050:
2927:
2554:
2381:
2369:
2313:
1795:
1774:
1724:
1659:
1509:
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1439:
1365:
1353:
1262:
1258:
1163:
continued the sea surface measurements started by TOPEX/Poseidon. It was followed by the
1145:
1070:
At a warming peak of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), global sea levels would rise 6–7 m (
999:
At a warming peak of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), global sea levels would rise 2–3 m (
992:
the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.
817:
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14119:
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8312:
8261:
8174:
8097:
7988:
7865:
7791:
7750:
7503:
7435:
7367:
7354:
IMBIE team (13 June 2018). "Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017".
7257:
7060:
7047:
Church, J.A.; White, N.J. (2006). "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".
7017:
6885:
6838:
6783:
6687:
6601:
6547:
6485:
6422:
6363:
6306:
6244:
6109:
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5842:
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5677:
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5510:
5445:
5383:
5289:
5167:
5082:
5015:
4908:
4783:
4723:
4679:
4622:
4432:
4247:
4075:
3833:
2256:
1368:(changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit) caused the
335:
Historical sea level reconstruction and projections up to 2100 published in 2017 by the
19007:
18572:
18567:
18545:
18530:
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18210:
18190:
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18093:
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13467:
13356:
13288:
13130:
13069:
13018:
12971:
12828:
12684:
12629:
12596:
McLeman, Robert (2018). "Migration and displacement risks due to mean sea-level rise".
12578:
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12138:
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11955:
11833:
11691:
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6382:
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6024:
5991:
5599:
5535:
5494:
5470:
5429:
5402:
5367:
5303:
5275:
5259:
5216:"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure"
5184:
5151:
5114:
5035:
4803:
4742:
4707:
4526:
4464:
4397:
4272:
4231:
4092:
4059:
3540:. A further 49–60% of coastal resorts would be at risk from resulting coastal erosion.
3132:
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3034:
2737:
2545:
2487:
2437:
2377:
2353:
2104:
1915:
1846:
1736:
1551:
1455:
1387:
274:
222:
38:
13234:"Venice Flooding Reveals A Real Hoax About Climate Change - Framing It As "Either/Or""
12744:
11368:"Sea level rise poses a major threat to coastal ecosystems and the biota they support"
10722:
Sweet, William V.; Dusek, Greg; Obeysekera, Jayantha; Marra, John J. (February 2018).
10507:
10316:
7712:"Ocean Warming / Latest Measurement: December 2022 / 345 (± 2) zettajoules since 1955"
7711:
7573:
5914:
3017:
By 2100, coastal flooding and erosion will affect at least 3-4 million people in
2766:
1591:
18805:
18706:
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18309:
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14005:
13993:
13985:
13946:
13747:
13735:
13642:
13585:
13567:
13327:
13292:
13261:"Contributions to 21st century projections of extreme sea-level change around the UK"
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10354:
10297:
10240:
10148:
10088:
10070:
10033:
9969:
9890:
9740:
Bamber, Jonathan L; Westaway, Richard M; Marzeion, Ben; Wouters, Bert (1 June 2018).
9712:
9700:
9692:
9633:
9564:
9552:
9491:
9430:
9373:
9330:
9209:
9160:
9148:
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8773:
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6807:
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6387:
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6264:
6256:
6193:
6121:
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5792:
5603:
5540:
5522:
5475:
5457:
5407:
5189:
5118:
5106:
5039:
5027:
4807:
4795:
4747:
4518:
4468:
4456:
4277:
4259:
4097:
3983:
3941:
3894:
3451:
3240:
3215:
3097:
3077:
2848:
2711:
2630:
then attempting to protect every coastline, in the case of very high sea level rise.
2357:
2201:
2136:
2095:
Sea-level rise has many impacts. They include higher and more frequent high-tide and
2057:
1654:
East Antarctica contains the largest potential source of sea level rise. However the
1538:
1485:
1376:
1104:
At a warming peak of 5 °C (9.0 °F), sea levels would rise 28–37 m (92–
656:
234:
89:
50:
The global average sea level has risen about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) since 1880.
13471:
12722:
11959:
11636:"Mangroves for coastal defence. Guidelines for coastal managers & policy makers"
11417:
9385:
9261:
9109:
8733:
8622:
8020:
7881:
7401:
7033:
6501:
6077:
6052:
5043:
1265:
remained scarce up to the 1970s. The longest running sea-level measurements, NAP or
1087:
At a warming peak of 2 °C (3.6 °F), sea levels would rise 8–13 m (26–
331:
18954:
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13624:
13575:
13557:
13459:
13280:
13177:
13169:
13120:
13061:
13010:
12961:
12932:
12848:"As seas rise, Indonesia is moving its capital city. Other cities should take note"
12820:
12764:
12676:
12668:
12613:
12568:
12509:
12499:
12451:
12400:
12392:
12341:
12254:
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11478:
11413:
11279:
11263:
11034:
10955:
10939:
10831:
10775:
10694:
10645:
10637:
10626:"Recent Changes in Land Water Storage and its Contribution to Sea Level Variations"
10604:
10535:
10527:
10487:
10468:
10437:
10423:
10413:
10344:
10336:
10287:
10279:
10230:
10222:
10183:
10138:
10128:
10078:
10060:
10019:
9959:
9940:"Dynamic ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet driven by sustained glacier retreat"
9880:
9872:
9831:
9761:
9684:
9676:
9645:
9625:
9617:
9542:
9481:
9473:
9420:
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8101:
8000:
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7754:
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7449:
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7261:
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7021:
6889:
6842:
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6613:
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5514:
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5397:
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5293:
5235:
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5171:
5096:
5086:
5019:
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4737:
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4508:
4446:
4436:
4387:
4377:
4317:
4267:
4251:
4213:
4087:
4079:
3982:(Report). International Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. 2001.
3886:
3847:
3837:
3788:
3340:
predicts different levels of sea level rise through 2050 for several US coastlines.
3283:
3195:
2876:
2838:
alone account for 70% of people exposed to sea level rise during the 21st century.
2361:
1720:
1278:
1141:
14498:
12617:
11521:
10780:
10755:
10508:"Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters"
10317:"Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters"
9659:
Shepherd, Andrew; Ivins, Erik; Rignot, Eric; Smith, Ben; van den Broeke, Michiel;
8874:
6348:"Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment"
5066:
4416:
2119:. There can also be loss of tourism, recreation, and transport-related functions.
1719:
underlying the WAIS lies well below sea level, and it has to be buttressed by the
1460:
1047:
At a warming peak of 5 °C (9.0 °F), sea levels would rise 19–22 m (
18783:
18624:
18195:
18055:
17971:
17959:
17939:
17835:
17625:
17605:
17528:
17351:
17272:
17236:
17165:
17139:
17127:
17044:
16976:
16851:
16708:
16330:
16281:
16259:
15621:
15517:
15467:
15432:
15392:
15284:
15254:
15104:
15054:
14964:
14922:
14855:
14780:
14740:
14321:
14125:
13683:
13672:
13414:"Florida Coastal Flooding Maps: Residents Deny Predicted Risks to Their Property"
12928:
12917:
12897:
12886:
12258:
12092:
9582:
8231:
7328:
7317:
6916:
6252:
5618:"James Hansen's controversial sea level rise paper has now been published online"
5495:"Basal channels drive active surface hydrology and transverse ice shelf fracture"
4313:
4302:
4209:
4198:
3783:
3772:
3625:
3494:
3475:
3456:
3447:
3357:
3307:
3299:
3065:
were three times more frequent between 2000 and 2016 than between 1928 and 1999.
3053:
threaten its unique. Extreme wave or wind behavior disrupted the port complex of
2745:
2699:
2468:
2284:
2268:
2260:
2140:
2100:
2077:
1842:
1534:
1530:
713:
394:
300:
218:
211:
18925:
13763:"Climate change to blame for $ 8 billion of Hurricane Sandy losses, study finds"
13099:
Rivero, Ofelia Yocasta; Margheritini, Lucia; Frigaard, Peter (4 February 2021).
12549:"Evaluating Knowledge Gaps in Sea-Level Rise Assessments From the United States"
12111:"Coastal dilemma: Climate change, public assistance and population displacement"
12026:; Nicholls, Robert J. (2010). "Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones".
9477:
9416:
7242:"Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene"
6768:"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era"
6224:
Hansen, J.; Russell, G.; Lacis, A.; Fung, I.; Rind, D.; Stone, P. (1985-08-30).
3934:"Observations: Ocean Climate Change and Sea Level: §5.5.1: Introductory Remarks"
2986:
2731:
In the near term, some of the largest displacement is projected to occur in the
1476:
The oceans store more than 90% of the extra heat added to the climate system by
1244:
1016:
At a warming peak of 2 °C (3.6 °F), sea levels would rise 2–6 m (
763:
was able to provide estimates for sea level rise in 2150. Keeping warming to 1.5
225:, or protecting against sea level rise through hard-construction practices like
18761:
18701:
18686:
18639:
18535:
18481:
18341:
17999:
17976:
17867:
17857:
17759:
17754:
17620:
17571:
17304:
17160:
17102:
17097:
16939:
16828:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16408:
16083:
16063:
16022:
15943:
15731:
15726:
15626:
15462:
15402:
15397:
15129:
15019:
14840:
14775:
14750:
14121:
13721:
13628:
13284:
13173:
13125:
13100:
13065:
12769:
12504:
12396:
12321:
11770:
11619:
11594:
11267:
10943:
10428:
10260:"Contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level over the next millennium"
10226:
10024:
9999:
9766:
9741:
9575:
9200:
9175:
8842:
8321:
8297:"Low Antarctic continental climate sensitivity due to high ice sheet orography"
8296:
8182:
7970:
7246:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6772:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6723:
6314:
6015:
5453:
5240:
5215:
5175:
4083:
3852:
3390:
3349:
3303:
3287:
3235:
3191:
3140:
3101:
3058:
2970:
2856:
2799:
2659:
2638:
2627:
2573:
2441:
2413:
2349:
2209:
1612:
1608:
1514:
1469:
1360:
1335:
1180:
348:
77:
31:
14976:
13383:
13014:
12966:
12949:
12936:
12824:
12455:
11828:
11803:
11687:
11482:
11244:"Uncertain future for global sea turtle populations in face of sea level rise"
11038:
11015:"Port adaptation to climate change and capacity investments under uncertainty"
10641:
9964:
9939:
9680:
9547:
9522:
9085:
8819:
8757:
7574:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"
7375:
7336:
6870:"A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Production"
6696:
6671:
6493:
5585:
5023:
4513:
4496:
4321:
4217:
3842:
3817:
3792:
3005:
2633:
1529:
this is 90%. Antarctica is experiencing ice loss from coastal glaciers in the
648:
625:
18981:
18904:
18788:
18745:
18691:
18679:
18664:
18654:
18577:
18491:
18467:
18462:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18242:
17830:
17771:
17734:
17686:
17377:
17309:
17034:
16856:
16841:
16776:
16671:
15901:
15749:
15669:
15558:
15477:
15452:
15387:
15317:
15224:
15119:
14996:
14917:
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14850:
14760:
14710:
14484:
14462:
14434:
14410:
14151:
13989:
13950:
13571:
13331:
12931:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 1689–1816
12778:
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12023:
12009:
11943:
11275:
10951:
10835:
10418:
10393:
10074:
9973:
9696:
9556:
9462:"The potential for stabilizing Amundsen Sea glaciers via underwater curtains"
9152:
9144:
9093:
8473:
8198:
7759:
7734:
7605:
6563:
6260:
5956:
5796:
5526:
5461:
5298:
5263:
5110:
5031:
4917:
4892:
4522:
4460:
4316:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 2043–2121.
4263:
4212:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 1457–1579.
3929:
3681:
3638:
3353:
3345:
3314:
would experience the greatest sea level rise. By 2030, flooding along the US
3231:
3202:(October 17, 2016). The risk of tidal flooding increases with sea level rise.
3018:
2990:
2600:
2550:
2446:
2372:
are expected to be flooded. The proportion will increase over time. In 2016,
2128:
2108:
2046:
2034:
1600:
1424:
1133:
849:
643:
339:. RCPs are different scenarios for future concentrations of greenhouse gases.
17486:
14524:
14276:"Besieged by the rising tides of climate change, Kiribati buys land in Fiji"
12047:
11935:
11633:
10531:
10340:
10133:
10065:
9836:
9811:
9664:
9369:
8106:
8081:
8004:
7996:
7589:
7444:
7331:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 2043–2121
7266:
6792:
6431:
6372:
6226:"Climate Response Times: Dependence on Climate Sensitivity and Ocean Mixing"
5938:
5686:
5661:
5392:
4732:
4708:"Future sea level rise constrained by observations and long-term commitment"
4382:
4365:
4236:
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences
3595:"Climate Change Indicators: Sea Level / Figure 1. Absolute Sea Level Change"
3206:
As of 2017, around 95 million Americans lived on the coast. The figures for
2690:
A man looking out over the beach from a building destroyed by high tides in
1399:
1339:
1307: in) per year. This was double the average 20th century rate. The 2023
1297:(CSIRO) had shown that the global mean sea level was rising by 3.2 mm (
633:(viewed from the top) would do a lot to determine how quickly it may proceed
315:
from 2007) were found to underestimate the already observed sea level rise.
18930:
18864:
18596:
18582:
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18247:
18215:
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17954:
17852:
17798:
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16703:
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16147:
15856:
15804:
15744:
15695:
15573:
15568:
15543:
15527:
15502:
15219:
15109:
15049:
14835:
14745:
14720:
14216:"Many small island nations can adapt to climate change with global support"
13997:
13739:
13686:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 1929–2042
13646:
13589:
13191:
12523:
12414:
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10283:
10244:
10152:
10092:
9894:
9704:
9637:
9495:
9434:
9377:
9334:
9101:
8905:"Ice shelf holding back keystone Antarctic glacier within years of failure"
8765:
8715:
8697:
8562:
8544:
8373:
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7613:
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to reach at least 6 °C (11 °F) to melt two thirds of its volume.
1620:
1489:
1372:
724:
emissions increase before peaking. It shows a 5% likelihood of a 1 m (
688:
548:
308:
259:
214:. Sea level rise will make many of them uninhabitable later this century.
14159:
12647:
De Lellis, Pietro; Marín, Manuel Ruiz; Porfiri, Maurizio (29 March 2021).
9252:
9225:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
9032:"Crucial Antarctic ice shelf could fail within five years, scientists say"
8270:
8246:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"
8245:
8224:
7571:
4366:"Adaptation or Manipulation? Unpacking Climate Change Response Strategies"
4232:"Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society"
3010:
2802:. This is largely due to inadequate coastal protection in many countries.
80:
due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting
18909:
18452:
18447:
18284:
18269:
18145:
18120:
17749:
17669:
17576:
17561:
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16798:
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15846:
15578:
15507:
15372:
15312:
15279:
15269:
15264:
15149:
15084:
15044:
15034:
15009:
14892:
14865:
14845:
14805:
14770:
13463:
12672:
12573:
12548:
12345:
11634:
Spalding, M.; McIvor, A.; Tonneijck, F.H.; Tol, S.; van Eijk, P. (2014).
11396:
Pontee, Nigel (November 2013). "Defining coastal squeeze: A discussion".
10699:
10674:
10187:
10000:"Greenland ice sheet climate disequilibrium and committed sea-level rise"
8464:
8439:
8159:"Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise"
8082:"Seasonal dynamics of Totten Ice Shelf controlled by sea ice buttressing"
7873:
7800:
7775:
7078:
7025:
6974:
6846:
6555:
5850:
5742:
5733:
5101:
4630:
3361:
3327:
3295:
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2558:
2513:
2494:
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2417:
2401:
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2116:
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2096:
2042:
1526:
1501:
1348:
1225:
1193:
692:
175:
139:
18591:
14643:
11579:
11490:
10985:"Rising seas threaten 'mass exodus on a biblical scale', UN chief warns"
10540:
10349:
9876:
9621:
9316:
9174:
A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023).
8365:
7597:
6584:; Levermann, Anders; Ridgwell, Andy; Caldeira, Ken (11 September 2015).
5788:
5594:
4791:
4604:"Rethinking Sea-Level Projections Using Families and Timing Differences"
4401:
4255:
2906:
By 2050, Guangzhou would see 0.2 meters of sea level rise and estimated
2682:
Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa § Sea level rise
1766:
Antarctica ice is 500 years, and the potential maximum is 13,000 years.
1419:
The three main reasons why global warming causes sea levels to rise are
1156:
18859:
18674:
18644:
18629:
18417:
18405:
18165:
18027:
17653:
17321:
16698:
15664:
15512:
15487:
15382:
15362:
15289:
15274:
15259:
15249:
15214:
15134:
14954:
14949:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14800:
14301:
13941:
13916:
13562:
13207:"Venice's historic flooding blamed on human failure and climate change"
12743:
Erkens, G.; Bucx, T.; Dam, R.; de Lange, G.; Lambert, J. (2015-11-12).
12680:
11339:"'Our little brown rat': first climate change-caused mammal extinction"
11101:"Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"
9688:
9629:
8613:
8190:
7512:
7487:
7384:
5947:
5827:"Marine Ice Cliff Instability Mitigated by Slow Removal of Ice Shelves"
5214:
Pollard, David; DeConto, Robert M.; Alley, Richard B. (February 2015).
4023:"The three-degree world: cities that will be drowned by global warming"
3516:
3505:
to relocate its population once their own islands are lost to the sea.
3502:
3443:
3368:
3315:
3264:
2978:
2958:
2860:
2803:
2795:
2720:
2686:
2529:
2521:
2464:
2292:
2276:
2053:
2038:
1898:
1728:
1319:
1253:
1197:
988:
619:
485: in) by 2100. The "moderate" SSP2-4.5 results in a 44–76 cm (
266:
195:
179:
167:
159:
81:
15896:
14428:
14305:
13981:
13676:
13259:
Howard, Tom; Palmer, Matthew D; Bricheno, Lucy M (18 September 2019).
12921:
12890:
12371:
Bachner, Gabriel; Lincke, Daniel; Hinkel, Jochen (29 September 2022).
11537:
10257:
9401:"Feasibility of ice sheet conservation using seabed anchored curtains"
8280:
8047:"Latest estimate shows how much Antarctic ice has fallen into the sea"
7321:
5913:
Bassis, J. N.; Berg, B.; Crawford, A. J.; Benn, D. I. (18 June 2021).
5859:
5366:
Robel, Alexander A.; Seroussi, Hélène; Roe, Gerard H. (23 July 2019).
4687:
4392:
4306:
4202:
3776:
2309:
290:
18601:
18390:
18319:
18264:
18259:
18125:
17966:
17872:
17615:
16276:
15736:
15598:
15583:
15497:
15342:
15181:
15176:
14959:
14887:
14815:
14735:
14725:
14682:
14306:"Vanua in the Anthropocene: Relationality and Sea Level Rise in Fiji"
12989:
Ietto, Fabio; Cantasano, Nicola; Pellicone, Gaetano (11 April 2018).
12749:
Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences
11240:
10733:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). p. 4.
10491:
10472:
8658:
3537:
3219:
3199:
3167:
3148:
3081:
3022:
2954:
2947:
2900:
2872:
2815:
2791:
2786:
2010 estimates of population exposure to sea level rise in Bangladesh
2460:
2325:
2316:, the first known mammal species to go extinct due to sea level rise.
2107:
processes, more extensive coastal inundation, and changes in surface
1973:
1615:. Totten Glacier is particularly important because it stabilizes the
1562:
1274:
1270:
1129:
630:
618:. Even more rapid sea level rise was proposed in a 2016 study led by
596:
207:
191:
155:
151:
143:
88:
accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from
72:
14470:
13352:"Dutch draw up drastic measures to defend coast against rising seas"
12715:"Potential Impacts of Sea-Level Rise on Populations and Agriculture"
12319:
11852:"Why the U.S. East Coast could be a major 'hotspot' for rising seas"
11709:
Wong, Poh Poh; Losado, I.J.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Hinkel, Jochen (2014).
11563:
11453:
10113:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
9782:"Greenland ice loss is at 'worse-case scenario' levels, study finds"
8866:
8603:
8416:
7417:
6467:"The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets under 1.5 °C global warming"
4823:"Climate Model Predicts West Antarctic Ice Sheet Could Melt Rapidly"
943:
389:
18894:
18879:
18410:
18395:
18297:
18135:
17583:
15831:
15553:
15412:
15304:
15294:
15239:
14715:
10797:"300 Million People Worldwide Could Suffer Yearly Flooding by 2050"
8945:
8125:"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades"
6949:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 285. Archived from
6580:
6404:
6189:
5280:
3890:
3726:"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change"
3679:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3486:
3482:
3417:
3250:
Along an estimated ~15% of the US coastline, the majority of local
3113:
3109:
3042:
3030:
2911:
2831:
2823:
2724:
2463:
affects regional sea level differently than the equivalent loss in
2405:
2217:
2120:
1977:
1972:, with a slightly greater volume per unit of mass. If all floating
1965:
1712:
1646:
795: in) range by 2100 and for SSP5-8.5 a rise of 98–188 cm (
739:
567:
The latter posits that coastal ice cliffs which exceed ~90 m (
14382:
13390:. Toronto. Agence France-Presse. September 4, 2008. p. AL12.
12432:
11909:"Profiling risk and sustainability in coastal deltas of the world"
11906:
11595:"Salt marsh persistence is threatened by predicted sea-level rise"
8489:"Climate change: Earth's deepest ice canyon vulnerable to melting"
7939:
7002:"The Sea Level at Port Arthur, Tasmania, from 1841 to the Present"
5825:
Clerc, Fiona; Minchew, Brent M.; Behn, Mark D. (21 October 2019).
5659:
5065:
Grinsted, Aslak; Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg (2 February 2021).
4558:
3873:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011).
3815:
2910:
economic losses of US$ 254 million – the highest in the world. In
742:
and slowly falling temperatures could limit it to 70–120 cm (
18874:
18723:
18560:
18550:
18358:
18170:
17882:
17877:
16254:
15912:
15700:
15690:
14860:
14830:
14456:
13852:"Impact of Sea Level Rise in the New York City Metropolitan Area"
13147:
12108:
11802:
Rovere, Alessio; Stocchi, Paolo; Vacchi, Matteo (2 August 2016).
11213:"How Rising Seas Are Killing Southern U.S. Woodlands - Yale E360"
10203:"Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet"
9742:"The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era"
8797:
7420:"Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979–2017"
6670:
Rovere, Alessio; Stocchi, Paolo; Vacchi, Matteo (2 August 2016).
4021:
Holder, Josh; Kommenda, Niko; Watts, Jonathan (3 November 2017).
3637:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3618:
3318:
could cause economic losses of up to US$ 176 billion. Using
3291:
3271:
3227:
3117:
2923:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2868:
2867:
extraction in the past) would compound sea level rise. These are
2835:
2691:
2397:
2345:
2337:
2030:
2026:
1969:
1762:
1716:
1650:
Thwaites Glacier, with its vulnerable bedrock topography visible.
1604:
1543:
1364:
temperatures was 120,000 years ago. This was when warming due to
1172:
1168:
1160:
226:
147:
85:
14214:
Grecequet, Martina; Noble, Ian; Hellmann, Jessica (2017-11-16).
13320:"The Dutch Have Solutions to Rising Seas. The World Is Watching"
12947:
12201:
10200:
10105:
10046:
8973:"After Decades of Losing Ice, Antarctica Is Now Hemorrhaging It"
8635:
8575:
4494:
3413:
2847:
from population displacement at those levels. China, India, the
1682: in) of Antarctica sea level rise. Outflow glaciers in the
150:. There are many knock-on effects. They lead to loss of coastal
18884:
18810:
17257:
15407:
14820:
10890:"Up to 410 million people at risk from sea level rises – study"
10859:"A Crisis Right Now: San Francisco and Manila Face Rising Seas"
9850:
9460:
Wolovick, Michael; Moore, John; Keefer, Bowie (27 March 2023).
9399:
Wolovick, Michael; Moore, John; Keefer, Bowie (27 March 2023).
8840:
8518:
7773:
7216:"Present CO2 levels caused 20-metre-sea-level rise in the past"
3927:
3490:
3275:
3211:
3207:
3144:
3124:
3089:
3049:
production. A combination of sea level rise, ocean warming and
3046:
3038:
3026:
2918:, yet would increase to 0.8% by 2100 even under the "moderate"
2896:
2888:
2852:
2771:
2707:
2525:
2329:
1555:
1518:
1369:
1315:
499:–30 in) range by 2100 and SSP5-8.5 led to 65–101 cm (
14519:
14514:
13819:"More Damaging Flooding, 2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report"
13695:
8437:
8242:
8079:
7732:
6161:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2021.
6049:
4705:
4565:. Cambridge, UK and New York, US: Cambridge University Press.
3695:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US.
2320:
Flooding and soil/water salinization threaten the habitats of
1584:
The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the
273:(land rising as melting ice reduces weight). Therefore, local
18555:
18314:
17171:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
16264:
15769:
15588:
15367:
15322:
14510:
Fourth National Climate Assessment Sea Level Rise Key Message
14503:
12529:
12476:
12295:"Coastal cities face rising risk of flood losses, study says"
11459:
9979:
9739:
9570:
6765:
6407:"Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions"
6345:
6288:
6184:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 245.
5888:"Collapse may not always be inevitable for marine ice cliffs"
5759:
4665:
4602:
Slangen, A. B. A.; Haasnoot, M.; Winter, G. (30 March 2022).
4414:
3532:
3528:
3439:
3172:
3136:
3105:
3093:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2716:
2695:
2623:
2599:
or improved natural defenses. Other options include updating
2596:
2498:
2424:
2321:
2280:
2263:
on a "biblical scale". Sea level rise will inevitably affect
2221:
2213:
2205:
2161: ft) by 2100. This could be as much as over two metres (
255:
100:
93:
12097:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.
9173:
8731:
5000:"Ice-sheet losses track high-end sea-level rise projections"
4962:"Ice sheet melt on track with 'worst-case climate scenario'"
3409:
3298:
due to sea level rise is also a problem. Due to this effect
2387:
1964:, no rise would occur. However melted sea ice contains less
1295:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
229:
are hard approaches. There are also soft approaches such as
18899:
15201:
14092:"Five Pacific islands vanish from sight as sea levels rise"
13824:
12086:
Ocean and Coastal Ecosystems and their Services (Chapter 3)
11718:
Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability
10715:
9665:"Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018"
9347:
9062:
8394:
7187:"Scientists discover evidence for past high-level sea rise"
6895:
10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2
6091:
3868:
3866:
3508:
3498:
3337:
2740:
as a whole, damage from sea level rise could reach 2–4% of
2482:, urban conglomerations, and agricultural regions stand on
2479:
2408:
ecosystems on the mudflats of tropical coasts nurture high
2341:
2264:
1980:
were to melt sea level would only rise by about 4 cm (
1804:
187:
182:
will greatly affect the severity of impacts. For instance,
13677:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
13098:
13048:
Ferreira, A. M.; Coelho, C.; Narra, P. (13 October 2020).
12922:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
12891:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
12802:
10504:
10394:"A new model for global glacier change and sea-level rise"
10314:
9594:
9289:
8671:
8343:
8156:
7700:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
7653:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7485:
7322:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
4307:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
4203:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
3294:
could amount to US$ 1.4–2.3 billion. The increase in
2380:
was inundated. This flooded the habitat of a rodent named
1188:
takes to return after reflecting off the ocean's surface.
17347:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
13602:
12172:
US EPA, Climate Change Adaptation Resource Center (ARC-X)
11744:
11519:
11154:
10721:
10666:
8941:"Thwaites: Antarctic glacier heading for dramatic change"
8493:
6463:
6175:
3916:
Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts
3601:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2022.
3386:
3166:
report said that the country must plan for a rise in the
2915:
2741:
2698:. Sunny day flooding caused by sea level rise, increases
2619:
2592:
2182:
Major cities threatened by sea level rise of 49 cm (
2021:
2020:
Human activity impacts how much water is stored on land.
1820:
1758:
13789:"U.S Coastline to See Up to a Foot of Sea Level by 2050"
9658:
9520:
8295:
Singh, Hansi A.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (10 January 2020).
6824:
4364:
Thomsen, Dana C.; Smith, Timothy F.; Keys, Noni (2012).
4058:
Kulp, Scott A.; Strauss, Benjamin H. (29 October 2019).
3881:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p.
3863:
3234:
is also vulnerable. On average, the number of days with
217:
Societies can adapt to sea level rise in multiple ways.
13516:"Climate Change, Sea Level Rise Spurring Beach Erosion"
12988:
11880:
Yin, Jianjun & Griffies, Stephen (March 25, 2015).
11708:
10165:
9909:"Warming Greenland ice sheet passes point of no return"
9810:
Beckmann, Johanna; Winkelmann, Ricarda (27 July 2023).
7640:
7046:
6999:
3576:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3558: – Type of anthropogenic effect on the environment
3356:
area would be at risk. This is because 40% of existing
3330:
restoration could avoid around US$ 50 billion of this.
2744:
by 2050, although this depends on the extent of future
2147:
would result in sea level rise of well over one metre (
1138:
landmasses still rising from past ice masses retreating
14213:
13660:
13658:
13656:
12535:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
11882:"Extreme sea level rise event linked to AMOC downturn"
11720:. New York: Cambridge University Press. Archived from
10821:
9985:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
9576:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
8579:"Ocean forced variability of Totten Glacier mass loss"
7735:"Improved Quantification of the Rate of Ocean Warming"
7239:
6867:
6223:
5989:
5912:
5707:
5332:
Reviewing the elements of marine ice cliff instability
1496:
581: ft) in above-ground height and are ~800 m (
17718:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
17188:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
12742:
12646:
7692:
Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023).
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
6570:
on July 11, 2020 – via Oregon State University.
6529:
5492:
5430:"The paradigm shift in Antarctic ice sheet modelling"
5257:
5152:"The paradigm shift in Antarctic ice sheet modelling"
4601:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
2914:, coastal inundation amounts to about 0.03% of local
2654:
included at least three estimates. These are usually
17644:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
14424:
13258:
11592:
10585:"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level"
10107:
J.; Caffee, Marc W.; Southon, John (30 March 2021).
9996:
8521:"Wind causes Totten Ice Shelf melt and acceleration"
7817:"Deep Ocean Waters Are Trapping Vast Stores of Heat"
7532:"How would sea level change if all glaciers melted?"
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
4889:
3728:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023.
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3438:
Small island states are nations with populations on
3092:
are vulnerable to erosion due to sea level rise. In
14385:"Climate Change and Small Island Developing States"
13653:
13508:
13047:
12903:
12872:
12370:
12232:"Hard and soft paths for climate change adaptation"
11801:
11094:
11092:
10583:Noerdlinger, Peter D.; Brower, Kay R. (July 2007).
9937:
9459:
9398:
9122:
8431:
7682:
6669:
5562:
5213:
5064:
4335:"IPCC's New Estimates for Increased Sea-Level Rise"
4020:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3686:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3214:were 6.5 million and 19 million. Increased chronic
2922:scenario in the absence of adaptation. The city of
2637:Planning for the future sea level rise used in the
2520:. On the other hand, relative sea level around the
2504:Estimates for total human-caused subsidence in the
326:
303:and rising sea temperature and expansion through a
14056:
10623:
10392:Huss, Matthias; Hock, Regine (30 September 2015).
9809:
7554:
4408:
4288:
4173:
3552: – Emergency proclaimed due to climate change
3179:. Worst-case evacuation plans were also drawn up.
2532:is falling due to post-glacial isostatic rebound.
2486:. Here land subsidence contributes to much higher
2291:in Vietnam. Saltwater intrusion into the soil and
1785:Trends of Greenland ice loss between 2002 and 2019
1438:The contributions of the two large ice sheets, in
695:and the known history of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
285:
15617:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
14209:
14207:
14205:
14120:Simon Albert; Javier X Leon; Alistair R Grinham;
12195:
12193:
11522:"How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level"
11184:"Ghost forests are eerie evidence of rising seas"
10582:
10308:
8834:
7971:"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance"
7718:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
7292:
4993:
4452:20.500.11820/df343a4d-6b66-4eae-ac3f-f5a35bdeef04
2259:warned in 2023 that sea level rise risks causing
1517:is Antarctica's largest. It is about the size of
424:take a decade or two to peak and its atmospheric
18979:
18772:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
17388:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
13441:
12546:
12022:
11130:
11128:
11089:
10917:
8583:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
8150:
8044:
7844:
7218:. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research.
6465:D.; van den Broeke, Michiel (12 November 2018).
6149:
6147:
5824:
5365:
4363:
3747:
3644:
2328:fish when seawater reaches inland. When coastal
2009:
1603:and declining structural support from the local
629:If MICI can occur, the structure of the glacier
543:
37:"Rising seas" redirects here. For the song, see
15607:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
13793:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
10251:
10053:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7657:
7424:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6874:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
6411:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6352:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5372:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5142:
5140:
4712:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4359:
4357:
4355:
4121:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
18670:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
14202:
13318:Kimmelman, Michael; Haner, Josh (2017-06-15).
13317:
12190:
11360:
11019:Transportation Research Part B: Methodological
9735:
9733:
9453:
9392:
9223:Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013).
8898:
8896:
8119:
8117:
7691:
6975:"Other Long Records not in the PSMSL Data Set"
6178:"7 Sea Level Rise and the Coastal Environment"
6045:
6043:
5714:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5655:
5653:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
4989:
4987:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4016:
4014:
3720:
3718:
3716:
2583:It is possible to avoid or at least delay the
2384:. It was officially declared extinct in 2019.
2336:. Starting around 2050, some nesting sites in
1789:
951:will also have an effect on local sea levels).
17675:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
17516:
17502:
16133:History of climate change policy and politics
15928:
14659:
14554:
14540:
14515:The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
14059:"Climate refugees in Pacific flee rising sea"
13964:Sly, Peter D; Vilcins, Dwan (November 2021).
12640:
12322:"Future flood losses in major coastal cities"
11985:
11983:
11125:
10672:
9803:
9216:
9167:
8727:
8725:
8075:
8073:
7964:
7519:and Giovinetto (Zwally and Giovinetto, 2011).
7481:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7413:
7411:
6930:
6928:
6663:
6144:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5338:. Vol. 2152. California, United States.
5253:
5251:
5067:"The transient sensitivity of sea level rise"
5058:
4701:
4699:
4697:
3977:TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
3587:
2295:water has a disproportionate effect on them.
912: in), and the latter of 88–783 cm (
206:in the near term will occur in the low-lying
14184:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from
14113:
14029:
13914:
12428:
12426:
12424:
11795:
11137:"Food security threatened by sea-level rise"
8294:
7965:Shepherd, Andrew; Ivins, Erik; et al. (
7774:Levitus, S.; Boyer, T.; Antonov, J. (2005).
7349:
7347:
7345:
7101:"Historical sea level changes: Last decades"
6934:
5641:, a climate and hurricane researcher at the
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5137:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4352:
4146:
4144:
4142:
3928:Bindoff, N. L.; Willebrand, J.; Artale, V.;
3222:flooding is already a problem in the highly
3000:
2762:Climate change in Asia § Sea level rise
2238: ft) above sea level. With a 1 m (
2056:from 1993 to 2010 caused a drift of Earth's
1433:effects of climate change on the water cycle
1408:
687: ft), appear inconsistent with the new
412: ft) instead of 1.5 m (5 ft)
17723:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
16250:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
14172:
11879:
11013:Xia, Wenyi; Lindsey, Robin (October 2021).
10194:
10099:
9730:
9341:
8893:
8734:"The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet"
8114:
7933:
7931:
7658:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022).
6457:
6040:
5755:
5753:
5694:
5650:
5418:
5200:
4984:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4758:
4580:
4556:
4117:"Sea Levels Rising Fast on U.S. East Coast"
4057:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4011:
3971:
3969:
3816:WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018).
3713:
3574: – Study of changes in ancient climate
3426:Effects of climate change on island nations
3360:facilities would be compromised and 60% of
2473:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1352:Changes in sea levels since the end of the
820:of −10 cm (4 in) to 740 cm (
698:
17826:Climate change and civilizational collapse
17509:
17495:
17469:
17457:
16914:
15935:
15921:
14666:
14652:
14547:
14533:
14504:Sea level change / Observations from space
14389:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
13963:
11980:
11098:
11012:
10982:
10385:
8722:
8070:
7470:
7408:
7353:
7000:Hunter, John; R. Coleman; D. Pugh (2003).
6925:
6759:
5551:
5248:
4694:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
2082:
540: ft) by 2100 could not be ruled out.
99:Sea level rise lags behind changes in the
17209:
17015:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
16158:United Nations Climate Change conferences
14673:
14400:
14173:Nurse, Leonard A.; McLean, Roger (2014).
13940:
13729:
13636:
13579:
13561:
13543:
13181:
13124:
12965:
12845:
12768:
12572:
12513:
12503:
12421:
12404:
11827:
11804:"Eustatic and Relative Sea Level Changes"
11778:
11618:
11283:
10959:
10918:Hooijer, A.; Vernimmen, R. (2021-06-29).
10779:
10698:
10649:
10608:
10539:
10485:
10450:
10427:
10417:
10348:
10291:
10234:
10142:
10132:
10082:
10064:
10023:
9963:
9884:
9835:
9765:
9546:
9485:
9424:
9324:
9283:
9251:
9199:
8705:
8612:
8602:
8552:
8463:
8320:
8288:
8279:
8269:
8105:
7958:
7799:
7758:
7511:
7453:
7443:
7383:
7342:
7275:
7265:
7068:
6893:
6801:
6791:
6695:
6672:"Eustatic and Relative Sea Level Changes"
6617:
6440:
6430:
6381:
6371:
6322:
6076:
6023:
5946:
5858:
5741:
5685:
5593:
5534:
5469:
5401:
5391:
5352:
5343:
5314:
5297:
5279:
5239:
5183:
5100:
5090:
4916:
4845:
4741:
4731:
4652:
4561:. In Stocker, T. F.; et al. (eds.).
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4512:
4450:
4440:
4391:
4381:
4271:
4139:
4091:
3851:
3841:
2516:), and over 9 m (30 ft) in the
2271:. This is a particularly acute issue for
1754: ft) or more if it were applicable.
1273:. Record collection is also extensive in
344:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
18829:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
18767:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
16719:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
13760:
13384:"Rising Sea Levels Threaten Netherlands"
13231:
12229:
12199:
11432:"Mangroves - Northland Regional Council"
10856:
10391:
9596:Eske; Kjær, Kurt H. (16 December 2015).
9222:
9023:
8665:
8337:
7928:
5750:
5643:National Center for Atmospheric Research
4876:
4044:
3966:
3921:
3465:
3408:
3332:
3186:
3072:
3004:
2941:
2781:
2765:
2685:
2632:
2549:
2445:
2386:
2308:
2196: ft) compared to the level in 2010.
2177:
2086:
1996:
1887:
1883:
1809:
1780:
1688:
1645:
1590:
1508:
1500:
1459:
1398:
1347:
1243:
1155:
942:
702:
624:
547:
398:larger scale, which ends at 2.5 m (
388:
330:
289:
244:
198:and the Philippines. The resilience and
53:
45:
27:Rise in sea levels due to climate change
17075:National Adaptation Programme of Action
16864:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
14273:
13970:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
13849:
13232:Shepherd, Marshall (16 November 2019).
12595:
12168:"Climate Adaptation and Sea Level Rise"
12160:
11134:
10983:Carrington, Damian (14 February 2023).
8225:https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/173870/
7776:"Warming of the world ocean: 1955–2003"
7040:
6398:
6182:Advancing the Science of Climate Change
5885:
5875:– via American Geophysical Union.
5746:– via American Geophysical Union.
4417:"Review article: Earth's ice imbalance"
3798:
3612:
3605:from the original on 4 September 2023.
1858:volume. This is leading to 27 cm (
1521:and up to several hundred metres thick.
1505:Processes around an Antarctic ice shelf
1192:correct the additional delay caused by
14:
18980:
16724:Economics of climate change mitigation
16687:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
16210:
16038:Scientific consensus on climate change
14938:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
12533:Text and images are available under a
12484:Communications Earth & Environment
11673:
11569:
11395:
11336:
10887:
10794:
10740:from the original on 15 October 2022.
9983:Text and images are available under a
9944:Communications Earth & Environment
9574:Text and images are available under a
9527:Communications Earth & Environment
9029:
8902:
6642:"2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report"
6339:
6169:
5424:
5146:
4930:
4928:
4820:
4537:
4229:
4152:"2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report"
3818:"Global sea-level budget 1993–present"
3607:Data sources: CSIRO, 2017. NOAA, 2022.
3567:List of countries by average elevation
3470:Surface area change of islands in the
3393:, a meter of SLR inundates 42% of the
2431:
2391:An example of mangrove pneumatophores.
1421:the expansion of oceans due to heating
1329:
17490:
17383:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
17208:
16913:
16649:
16209:
16121:
16002:
15954:
15916:
14647:
14528:
14402:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083355
14282:from the original on 13 November 2022
13265:Environmental Research Communications
13204:
12911:Chapter 12: Central and South America
11888:from the original on January 27, 2023
11711:"Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas"
11306:
10857:Sengupta, Somini (13 February 2020).
9919:from the original on 5 September 2023
9271:from the original on 16 February 2020
8932:
7814:
7722:from the original on 20 October 2023.
7704:from the original on 29 October 2023.
7628:from the original on 14 November 2022
6720:"Ocean Surface Topography from Space"
5336:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
5329:
3732:from the original on 17 December 2023
3399:National Register for Historic Places
1968:than sea water and is therefore less
647:make this scenario relevant, or that
358:Representative Concentration Pathways
17846:Tipping points in the climate system
17405:Representative Concentration Pathway
16356:Tipping points in the climate system
16032:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
15885:
14300:
14071:from the original on 18 October 2017
14057:Kristina Stefanova (19 April 2009).
13394:from the original on 28 October 2022
13205:Calma, Justine (November 14, 2019).
12695:from the original on 27 October 2022
11989:
11599:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
11135:Nagothu, Udaya Sekhar (2017-01-18).
10803:from the original on 9 December 2019
10564:from the original on 12 January 2023
10373:from the original on 12 January 2023
9044:from the original on August 19, 2023
8953:from the original on 22 January 2022
8938:
8486:
7946:from the original on 18 January 2024
7937:
7916:from the original on 15 January 2024
7845:Kuhlbrodt, T; Gregory, J.M. (2012).
7694:"Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content"
7157:"Global and European sea level rise"
4557:Church, J. A.; Clark, P. U. (2013).
4475:from the original on 26 January 2021
4114:
3999:from the original on 5 December 2021
3619:27-year Sea Level Rise – TOPEX/JASON
3127:is located on islands. It is highly
3112:region, the Barra-Vagueira coast in
2045:is influenced by climate change and
1903:mass loss from glaciers and ice caps
1619:. Subglacial basins like Aurora and
816:°C warming scenario, there were 90%
17841:Extinction risk from climate change
17740:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
17176:Nationally determined contributions
16886:Individual action on climate change
16101:World energy supply and consumption
14243:
13765:. Nature Communications. Sky News.
13496:from the original on 19 August 2023
13364:from the original on 21 August 2017
12352:from the original on 26 August 2023
11099:Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018).
10795:Rosane, Olivia (October 30, 2019).
9502:from the original on 6 January 2024
9441:from the original on 6 January 2024
9030:Kaplan, Sarah (December 13, 2021).
8939:Amos, Jonathan (13 December 2021).
8301:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
7940:"Antarctic Ice Mass Loss 2002-2023"
7167:from the original on 27 August 2023
6278:on March 27, 2021 – via NASA.
5566:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
5220:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4925:
3562:Effects of climate change on oceans
2863:(typically caused by unsustainable
2557:, the largest barrier of the Dutch
2305:Extinction risk from climate change
1497:Ice loss on the Antarctic continent
360:, or RCPs and the scenarios in the
337:U.S. Global Change Research Program
184:sea level rise in the United States
71:Between 1901 and 2018, the average
24:
18801:List of fictional doomsday devices
17315:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
15942:
15765:National Oceanographic Data Center
15192:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
15080:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
14274:Caramel, Laurence (July 1, 2014).
13761:Seabrook, Victoria (19 May 2021).
13299:from the original on 21 April 2023
13213:from the original on 1 August 2020
13080:from the original on 21 April 2023
13029:from the original on 22 April 2023
12301:from the original on 22 April 2023
11168:. January 13, 2017. Archived from
11113:from the original on 1 August 2020
10753:
6981:from the original on 20 April 2020
6176:National Research Council (2010).
5894:from the original on 23 March 2023
4942:from the original on 14 April 2019
2587:from sea level rise with enhanced
2518:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
2493:rise. Unsustainable extraction of
2103:. Other impacts are inhibition of
2001:Trends in land water storage from
1635:
1573:
1183:in 1992, an overlapping series of
25:
19019:
17821:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
17242:Satellite temperature measurement
16847:forestry for carbon sequestration
16138:History of climate change science
15612:Global Sea Level Observing System
14420:
14089:
13544:Carpenter, Adam T. (2020-05-04).
12598:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
10589:Geophysical Journal International
8903:Voosen, Paul (13 December 2021).
8881:from the original on 2 March 2020
8135:from the original on 30 June 2020
7670:from the original on 18 July 2023
7542:from the original on 31 July 2023
6511:from the original on 7 March 2020
6165:from the original on 7 July 2021.
5268:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
5125:from the original on 19 June 2022
4115:Choi, Charles Q. (27 June 2012).
3404:
1548:European Remote-Sensing Satellite
1309:World Meteorological Organization
18937:
18936:
18924:
18082:Decline in amphibian populations
17468:
17456:
17445:
17444:
17432:
17093:Climate Change Performance Index
15895:
15884:
15875:
15874:
15070:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
14986:
14975:
14520:USA Sea Level Rise Viewer (NOAA)
14506:(links to multiple measurements)
14483:
14469:
14455:
14441:
14427:
14376:
14347:
14294:
14267:
14237:
14166:
14083:
14050:
14023:
13957:
13908:
13879:
13843:
13811:
13799:from the original on 5 July 2023
13781:
13769:from the original on 9 July 2023
13754:
13689:
13596:
13537:
13478:
13435:
13406:
13376:
13344:
13311:
13252:
13225:
13198:
13141:
13092:
13041:
12982:
12941:
12860:from the original on 13 May 2020
12839:
12796:
12736:
12707:
12589:
12540:
12528:
12470:
12364:
12313:
12287:
12223:
12102:
12078:
12016:
11994:. Delft, Netherlands: Deltares.
11900:
11873:
11844:
11738:
11702:
11667:
11627:
11586:
11513:
11424:
11389:
11374:. Birdlife International. 2015.
11330:
11300:
11234:
11205:
11176:
11064:
11006:
10976:
10911:
10881:
10850:
10815:
10788:
10747:
10617:
10610:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03472.x
10576:
10498:
10479:
10444:
10159:
10040:
9990:
9978:
9931:
9901:
9844:
9774:
9652:
9588:
9569:
9514:
9116:
9056:
8994:
8965:
8791:
8629:
8569:
8512:
8480:
8388:
7137:from the original on 13 May 2020
7128:
6910:Climate Change: Global Sea Level
6155:"Anticipating Future Sea Levels"
6132:from the original on 3 June 2024
5971:from the original on 3 June 2024
5867:from the original on 3 June 2024
4972:from the original on 9 June 2023
4833:from the original on 9 June 2024
4821:Gillis, Justin (30 March 2016).
4640:from the original on 26 May 2024
3632:
3182:
3175:and strengthening sea and river
3033:. In Guyana much of the capital
2566:Cutting greenhouse gas emissions
2298:
1794:Most ice on Greenland is in the
1686:played a disproportionate role.
1449:
1165:Ocean Surface Topography Mission
327:Projections for the 21st century
18433:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
17930:Land surface effects on climate
17903:Human impact on the environment
17534:Future of an expanding universe
17232:Instrumental temperature record
17183:Sustainable Development Goal 13
15800:Ocean thermal energy conversion
15523:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
14365:from the original on 2020-08-07
14336:from the original on 2019-07-28
14256:from the original on 2023-05-06
14226:from the original on 2020-05-27
14180:. In Barros, VR; Field (eds.).
14102:from the original on 2020-03-31
14012:from the original on 2023-01-23
13897:from the original on 2023-06-06
13832:from the original on 2022-11-29
13526:from the original on 2020-08-06
13424:from the original on 2023-06-04
13240:from the original on 2 May 2020
13105:Journal of Coastal Conservation
12785:from the original on 2023-03-11
12212:from the original on 2020-07-31
12178:from the original on 8 May 2020
12149:from the original on 2022-11-10
11969:from the original on 2018-07-24
11862:from the original on 2020-03-31
11656:from the original on 2019-11-12
11552:from the original on 2020-08-06
11442:from the original on 2023-06-02
11418:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.07.010
11378:from the original on 2019-05-20
11349:from the original on 2020-06-17
11319:from the original on 2020-08-17
11223:from the original on 2023-08-19
11194:from the original on 2023-03-29
11143:from the original on 2020-07-31
11078:from the original on 2023-09-02
11053:from the original on 2023-01-02
10995:from the original on 2023-07-06
10900:from the original on 2023-05-18
10869:from the original on 7 May 2020
9792:from the original on 2020-04-03
9719:from the original on 2022-10-23
9012:from the original on 2020-05-03
8983:from the original on 2020-03-19
8917:from the original on 2023-04-18
8780:from the original on 2023-08-19
8501:from the original on 2024-01-13
8236:
8059:from the original on 2018-06-15
8045:Scott K. Johnson (2018-06-13).
8038:
8027:from the original on 2023-01-23
7902:
7891:from the original on 2020-07-31
7838:
7827:from the original on 2020-06-30
7808:
7767:
7726:
7536:United States Geological Survey
7524:
7233:
7222:from the original on 2020-08-01
7208:
7197:from the original on 2019-12-13
7179:
7149:
7122:
7111:from the original on 2020-03-18
7093:
6993:
6967:
6902:
6861:
6818:
6748:from the original on 2019-09-06
6730:
6712:
6652:from the original on 2022-11-29
6634:
6574:
6523:
6282:
6217:
6206:from the original on 2015-08-13
6085:
6078:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108287
5983:
5906:
5879:
5818:
5628:from the original on 2019-11-26
5610:
5486:
5345:10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012057
4994:Slater, Thomas; Hogg, Anna E.;
4954:
4865:from the original on 2017-12-18
4814:
4569:from the original on 2020-05-09
4488:
4341:from the original on 2020-03-28
4337:. Yale University Press. 2013.
4327:
4223:
4162:from the original on 2022-11-29
4108:
4033:from the original on 2020-01-03
3907:from the original on 2023-06-30
3742:Press Release Number: 21042023.
3702:from the original on 2022-10-24
3434:Alliance of Small Island States
3259:and more remote locations like
3037:is already below sea level. In
2452:East Coast of the United States
2052:Water redistribution caused by
1955:
1391:beginning of the 20th century.
1277:. They include measurements by
1134:deformations of the solid Earth
1122:
948:
286:Approaches used for projections
240:
17300:Climate variability and change
16650:
16341:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
14355:"Adaptation to Sea Level Rise"
14131:Environmental Research Letters
12846:Englander, John (3 May 2019).
12230:Sovacool, Benjamin K. (2011).
12127:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105707
11808:Current Climate Change Reports
11398:Ocean & Coastal Management
11309:"Extinct: Bramble Cay melomys"
10865:. Photographer: Chang W. Lee.
9746:Environmental Research Letters
9002:"Marine ice sheet instability"
7131:"Historical Sea Level Changes"
6676:Current Climate Change Reports
5330:Zhang, Zhe (7 November 2021).
3940:. Cambridge University Press.
3450:, flooding and salt intrusion
3430:Small Island Developing States
3162:program. Drafted in 2008, the
3045:is responsible for 99% of its
2973:would occur every year in the
2937:
2497:and oil and gas is one cause.
2324:plants, birds, and freshwater/
2016:Groundwater-related subsidence
1239:
280:
269:(land sinking or settling) or
121: ft) or even 1.6 m (
13:
1:
18379:Interpretations of Revelation
18181:Cosmological phase transition
18087:Decline in insect populations
17539:Ultimate fate of the universe
17410:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
16945:Climate emergency declaration
14144:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054011
12618:10.1080/00963402.2018.1461951
10781:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108006
8487:Amos, Jonathan (2020-03-23).
6738:"Jason-3 Satellite – Mission"
5886:Perkins, Sid (17 June 2021).
3581:
3550:Climate emergency declaration
3029:and 68% of the population of
2535:
2010:Changes to land water storage
1269:were established in 1675, in
1151:
1136:. They look in particular at
544:Role of instability processes
366:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
18834:Future of Humanity Institute
18231:Potentially hazardous object
18131:Interplanetary contamination
17393:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
16619:Middle East and North Africa
15955:
15060:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
15030:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
14786:Luke's variational principle
14322:10.5250/symploke.26.1-2.0051
14246:"Small Islands, Rising Seas"
13444:Geophysical Research Letters
12297:. Phys.org. 18 August 2013.
12259:10.1080/14693062.2011.579315
11337:Hannam, Peter (2019-02-19).
11307:Smith, Lauren (2016-06-15).
10824:Environment and Urbanization
10679:Geophysical Research Letters
8927:sea level by 65 centimeters.
8444:Geophysical Research Letters
7912:. British Antarctic Survey.
7854:Geophysical Research Letters
7780:Geophysical Research Letters
7049:Geophysical Research Letters
7006:Geophysical Research Letters
6827:Geophysical Research Letters
6253:10.1126/science.229.4716.857
5831:Geophysical Research Letters
3147:and 30 to 90 centimeters at
2840:Sea level rise in Bangladesh
2798:were already at risk from a
2670:
2665:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1289:convict settlement in 1841.
1234:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
852:greatly elevating ice sheet
761:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
616:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
562:Marine Ice Cliff Instability
558:marine ice sheet instability
362:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
223:accommodating coastal change
7:
18714:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
17863:Global terrestrial stilling
16122:
14030:Megan Angelo (1 May 2009).
13859:Global and Planetary Change
11572:Journal of Coastal Research
7161:European Environment Agency
6938:; Rintoul, Stephan (2013).
3556:Coastal development hazards
3543:
3395:Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula
3239:cities have responded with
3041:, the coastal ecoregion of
3025:, 56% of the population of
2074:Coastal development hazards
1790:Ice sheet loss in Greenland
1484:When the ocean gains heat,
1230:Pacific Decadal Oscillation
560:(MISI), and, even more so,
204:impact on human populations
10:
19024:
18226:Asteroid impact prediction
18201:Heat death of the universe
17611:Mutual assured destruction
17227:Global surface temperature
17118:Popular culture depictions
17030:Ecosystem-based adaptation
16760:Carbon capture and storage
16682:Carbon offsets and credits
16003:
15125:Ocean dynamical thermostat
14973:
13722:10.1038/s41467-021-22838-1
13629:10.1038/s41467-020-17038-2
13174:10.1038/s41598-023-31351-y
13126:10.1007/s11852-021-00812-9
13066:10.1007/s11069-020-04349-2
12770:10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015
12505:10.1038/s43247-023-00703-x
12397:10.1038/s41467-022-33043-z
12200:Fletcher, Cameron (2013).
11771:10.1038/s41467-023-37853-7
11620:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.018
11268:10.1038/s41598-023-31467-1
10944:10.1038/s41467-021-23810-9
10888:Storer, Rhi (2021-06-29).
10398:Frontiers in Earth Science
10227:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9
10025:10.1038/s41558-022-01441-2
9201:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x
8322:10.1038/s41612-020-00143-w
8183:10.1038/s41586-021-03302-y
7815:Upton, John (2016-01-19).
6722:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
6315:10.1038/s41467-018-02985-8
6057:Quaternary Science Reviews
6016:10.1038/s41467-021-23070-7
5454:10.1038/s41467-018-05003-z
5241:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035
5176:10.1038/s41467-018-05003-z
4084:10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
3423:
2957:, erosion and flooding of
2759:
2679:
2652:Northeastern United States
2539:
2435:
2302:
2067:
2063:
2013:
1639:
1577:
1453:
1412:
1333:
834: ft) and −9 cm (
36:
29:
18998:Effects of climate change
18988:Climate change adaptation
18918:
18852:
18844:Nuclear Threat Initiative
18821:
18777:List of apocalyptic films
18754:
18620:2011 end times prediction
18612:
18352:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
18347:Abomination of desolation
18283:
18221:Asteroid impact avoidance
18158:
18069:
18051:List of extinction events
18026:
18019:
17985:
17893:Environmental degradation
17789:
17780:
17695:
17680:Technological singularity
17549:
17524:
17518:Global catastrophic risks
17439:Climate change portal
17426:
17365:
17332:Extreme event attribution
17250:
17219:
17215:
17204:
17148:
17083:
17005:
16955:School Strike for Climate
16927:
16923:
16909:
16878:
16834:Climate-smart agriculture
16795:
16752:
16662:
16658:
16645:
16569:
16432:
16379:
16222:
16218:
16205:
16128:
16117:
16046:
16015:
16011:
15998:
15981:Climate change adaptation
15976:Climate change mitigation
15971:Effects of climate change
15961:
15950:
15870:
15709:
15683:
15660:Ocean acoustic tomography
15645:
15597:
15536:
15473:Mohorovičić discontinuity
15431:
15303:
15200:
15065:General circulation model
14995:
14701:Benjamin–Feir instability
14681:
14560:
14555:Sea level rise by country
13666:Chapter 14: North America
13015:10.1007/s40710-018-0295-6
12967:10.1007/s11069-017-3038-5
12937:10.1017/9781009325844.014
12825:10.1007/s11069-011-9866-9
12456:10.1016/j.crm.2022.100403
11829:10.1007/s40641-016-0045-7
11688:10.1007/s12237-013-9654-8
11483:10.1007/s00442-010-1705-2
11343:The Sydney Morning Herald
11039:10.1016/j.trb.2021.08.009
10731:tidesandcurrents.NOAA.gov
10642:10.1007/s10712-016-9399-6
9965:10.1038/s43247-020-0001-2
9681:10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2
9548:10.1038/s43247-020-0010-1
9478:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad103
9417:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad053
9086:10.1038/s41586-019-0889-9
8820:10.1007/s00382-015-2582-5
8758:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5
7664:climatetippingpoints.info
7376:10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y
7337:10.1017/9781009325844.011
6697:10.1007/s40641-016-0045-7
6494:10.1038/s41558-018-0305-8
6159:EarthObservatory.NASA.gov
5586:10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5
5024:10.1038/s41558-020-0893-y
4514:10.1007/s10584-011-0037-5
4322:10.1017/9781009325844.017
4296:Chapter 15: Small islands
4218:10.1017/9781009325844.012
3843:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
3822:Earth System Science Data
3793:10.1017/9781009157896.001
3629:NASA Visualization Studio
3088:Many sandy coastlines in
3068:
3001:Central and South America
2750:climate change adaptation
2675:
2570:climate change adaptation
2542:Climate change adaptation
2506:Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta
1709:intensify the water cycle
1468:created by human-induced
1415:Effects of climate change
1409:Effects of climate change
1394:
983: ft). Additionally,
949:local adaptation measures
305:general circulation model
18839:Future of Life Institute
18741:Resurrection of the dead
18734:Post-tribulation rapture
18116:Colony collapse disorder
17342:Global warming potential
17149:International agreements
16796:Preserving and enhancing
16240:Arctic methane emissions
16162:Years in climate change
16069:Greenhouse gas emissions
15966:Causes of climate change
15790:Ocean surface topography
15165:Thermohaline circulation
15155:Subsurface ocean current
15095:Hydrothermal circulation
14928:Wave–current interaction
14706:Boussinesq approximation
13850:Gornitz, Vivien (2002).
13823:National Ocean Service,
13285:10.1088/2515-7620/ab42d7
12745:"Sinking coastal cities"
10836:10.1177/0956247807076960
10754:Wu, Tao (October 2021).
10419:10.3389/feart.2015.00054
9767:10.1088/1748-9326/aac2f0
9145:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0846.1
7760:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0895.1
6908:Lindsey, Rebecca (2019)
5299:10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016
4918:10.5194/gmd-16-7461-2023
3766:Summary for Policymakers
3416:, the capital island of
1656:West Antarctic ice sheet
1642:West Antarctic Ice Sheet
1586:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
1580:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
1478:Earth's energy imbalance
1267:Amsterdam Ordnance Datum
699:Post-2100 sea level rise
313:Fourth Assessment Report
105:greenhouse gas emissions
17665:Artificial intelligence
17373:Climate change scenario
17025:Disaster risk reduction
16677:Carbon emission trading
16487:U.S. insurance industry
16467:Civilizational collapse
16314:sea surface temperature
15827:Sea surface temperature
15810:Outline of oceanography
15005:Atmospheric circulation
14943:shallow water equations
14933:Waves and shallow water
14826:Significant wave height
14499:Vital signs / Sea level
14477:Renewable energy portal
12995:Environmental Processes
12880:Chapter 11: Australasia
12436:Climate Risk Management
12048:10.1126/science.1185782
11936:10.1126/science.aab3574
10532:10.1126/science.abo1324
10341:10.1126/science.abo1324
10134:10.1073/pnas.2021442118
10066:10.1073/pnas.1911902116
9837:10.5194/tc-17-3083-2023
9370:10.1126/science.1169335
8107:10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018
7997:10.1126/science.1228102
7590:10.1126/science.abn7950
7445:10.1073/pnas.1812883116
7267:10.1073/pnas.1411762111
6793:10.1073/pnas.1717312115
6432:10.1073/pnas.0812721106
6373:10.1073/pnas.1817205116
5939:10.1126/science.abf6271
5687:10.5194/tc-16-1979-2022
5393:10.1073/pnas.1904822116
5232:2015E&PSL.412..112P
4733:10.1073/pnas.1500515113
4383:10.5751/es-04953-170320
3312:Pacific coast of Mexico
2851:, Japan, Indonesia and
2755:
2510:Mississippi River Delta
2099:flooding and increased
2083:On people and societies
2070:Human impacts on coasts
1757:The melting of all the
1617:Aurora Subglacial Basin
1340:Sea level § Change
1228:. These occur when the
370:Paris climate agreement
354:Fifth Assessment Report
18794:List of disaster films
18635:Apocalyptic literature
17735:Malthusian catastrophe
17661:Synthetic intelligence
17366:Research and modelling
17050:Nature-based solutions
16870:Nature-based solutions
16812:Carbon dioxide removal
16729:Fossil fuel divestment
16714:Climate risk insurance
16624:Small island countries
16245:Arctic sea ice decline
15822:Sea surface microlayer
15187:Wind generated current
11647:The Nature Conservancy
11643:Wetlands International
10284:10.1126/sciadv.aav9396
8698:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787
8545:10.1126/sciadv.1701681
6610:10.1126/sciadv.1500589
6118:10.1126/sciadv.adf0198
5519:10.1126/sciadv.aao7212
5092:10.5194/os-17-181-2021
4442:10.5194/tc-15-233-2021
4230:Mimura, Nobuo (2013).
3478:
3421:
3364:will need relocation.
3341:
3320:nature-based solutions
3203:
3129:vulnerable to flooding
3085:
3014:
2950:
2787:
2779:
2703:
2642:
2562:
2455:
2392:
2317:
2197:
2092:
2031:underground reservoirs
2006:
1894:
1878:carbon dioxide removal
1841:, largely fulfils the
1816:
1786:
1700:
1684:Amundsen Sea Embayment
1651:
1596:
1522:
1506:
1473:
1405:
1356:
1252:The global network of
1249:
1176:
952:
709:
634:
553:
413:
340:
296:
251:
164:increasing salt levels
162:may reduce because of
68:
51:
18176:Coronal mass ejection
17638:Electromagnetic pulse
17599:Kinetic energy weapon
17327:Earth's energy budget
17210:Background and theory
17098:Climate crisis (term)
16770:Fossil fuel phase-out
16664:Economics and finance
16629:by individual country
16571:By country and region
16546:Security and conflict
16541:Psychological impacts
16230:Abrupt climate change
16153:Charles David Keeling
15986:By country and region
15655:Deep scattering layer
15637:World Geodetic System
15145:Princeton Ocean Model
15025:Coriolis–Stokes force
14675:Physical oceanography
14449:Climate change portal
13702:Nature Communications
13609:Nature Communications
12377:Nature Communications
12326:Nature Climate Change
11751:Nature Communications
11313:Australian Geographic
11190:. 18 September 2016.
10924:Nature Communications
10760:Ecological Indicators
10685:(12): e2023GL103509.
10630:Surveys in Geophysics
10168:Nature Climate Change
10004:Nature Climate Change
9913:Ohio State University
9857:Nature Communications
9297:Nature Communications
9253:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
9180:Nature Climate Change
9006:AntarcticGlaciers.org
8271:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
7910:"Antarctic Factsheet"
7492:Journal of Glaciology
6940:"Observations: Ocean"
6646:oceanservice.noaa.gov
6536:Nature Climate Change
6474:Nature Climate Change
6295:Nature Communications
5996:Nature Communications
5434:Nature Communications
5156:Nature Communications
5004:Nature Climate Change
4936:"The CAT Thermometer"
4668:Reviews of Geophysics
4156:oceanservice.noaa.gov
4064:Nature Communications
3469:
3424:Further information:
3412:
3336:
3190:
3116:and Nørlev Strand in
3076:
3008:
2945:
2785:
2769:
2760:Further information:
2689:
2680:Further information:
2636:
2576:away from them. Such
2553:
2540:Further information:
2449:
2436:Further information:
2390:
2312:
2181:
2090:
2000:
1962:Archimedes' principle
1891:
1884:Mountain glacier loss
1813:
1784:
1698:
1649:
1640:Further information:
1594:
1578:Further information:
1533:and some glaciers of
1512:
1504:
1463:
1402:
1351:
1247:
1190:Microwave radiometers
1185:altimetric satellites
1159:
946:
706:
640:seabed gouging by ice
628:
551:
392:
334:
293:
248:
66:
49:
18578:War of Gog and Magog
18255:Near-Earth supernova
18005:Human overpopulation
17809:Mass mortality event
17703:Anthropogenic hazard
17156:Glasgow Climate Pact
16817:Carbon sequestration
16392:Mass mortality event
15675:Underwater acoustics
15235:Perigean spring tide
15100:Langmuir circulation
14811:Rossby-gravity waves
14064:The Washington Times
13795:. 15 February 2022.
13486:"High Tide Flooding"
13464:10.1002/2015GL066072
13360:. 3 September 2008.
12673:10.1029/2020EF001931
12659:(4): e2020EF001931.
12574:10.1029/2022EF003187
12559:(2): e2022EF003187.
12346:10.1038/nclimate1979
11676:Estuaries and Coasts
11172:on January 17, 2017.
10700:10.1029/2023GL103509
10188:10.1038/nclimate1449
8465:10.1029/2019GL086291
8450:(7): e2019GL086291.
7938:NASA (7 July 2023).
7874:10.1029/2012GL052952
7801:10.1029/2004GL021592
7163:. 18 November 2021.
7079:10.1029/2005GL024826
7026:10.1029/2002GL016813
6847:10.1029/2012gl052032
6556:10.1038/nclimate2923
5851:10.1029/2019GL084183
5837:(4): e2022GL102400.
5734:10.1029/2019JF005418
4631:10.1029/2021EF002576
4617:(4): e2021EF002576.
3245:beach replenishment.
2932:capital of Indonesia
2776:Fukushima Prefecture
2370:olive ridley turtles
2037:. This often causes
1851:surface mass balance
1807:assessment reports.
1384:Last Glacial Maximum
1359:An understanding of
1354:last glacial episode
1344:Marine transgression
1324:post-glacial rebound
1322:have dropped due to
1220: in) per year.
1179:Since the launch of
854:surface mass balance
818:confidence intervals
600:suggested 1 m (
271:post-glacial rebound
18650:Blood moon prophecy
18443:Number of the Beast
18041:Holocene extinction
17987:Earth Overshoot Day
17935:Ocean acidification
17898:Habitat destruction
17888:Ecological collapse
17594:Kinetic bombardment
17529:Future of the Earth
17295:Climate sensitivity
17070:The Adaptation Fund
16526:Infectious diseases
16433:Social and economic
15837:Science On a Sphere
15443:Convergent boundary
15115:Modular Ocean Model
15075:Geostrophic current
14791:Mild-slope equation
14175:"29: Small Islands"
13933:2021RemS...13.3740Z
13714:2021NatCo..12.2720S
13621:2020NatCo..11.3229J
13456:2015GeoRL..42.9846M
13277:2019ERCom...1i5002H
13166:2023NatSR..13.4176T
13117:2021JCC....25...24R
13007:2018EProc...5..201I
12853:The Washington Post
12817:2011NatHa..59.1753A
12761:2015PIAHS.372..189E
12665:2021EaFut...901931D
12610:2018BuAtS..74c.148M
12565:2023EaFut..1103187G
12496:2023ComEE...4..102H
12448:2022CliRM..3500403V
12389:2022NatCo..13.5705B
12338:2013NatCC...3..802H
12251:2011CliPo..11.1177S
12040:2010Sci...328.1517N
12034:(5985): 1517–1520.
11928:2015Sci...349..638T
11856:The Washington Post
11820:2016CCCR....2..221R
11763:2023NatCo..14.2038O
11611:2016ECSS..181...93C
11475:2010Oecol.164..545K
11410:2013OCM....84..204P
11260:2023NatSR..13.5277R
11166:National Geographic
11031:2021TRPB..152..180X
10936:2021NatCo..12.3592H
10772:2021EcInd.12908006W
10691:2023GeoRL..5003509S
10601:2007GeoJI.170..145N
10524:2023Sci...379...78R
10465:2011NatGe...4...91R
10429:20.500.11850/107708
10410:2015FrEaS...3...54H
10333:2023Sci...379...78R
10276:2019SciA....5.9396A
10219:2023Natur.622..528B
10180:2012NatCC...2..429R
10125:2021PNAS..11821442C
10119:(13): e2021442118.
10016:2022NatCC..12..808B
9956:2020ComEE...1....1K
9877:10.1038/ncomms14730
9869:2017NatCo...814730N
9828:2023TCry...17.3083B
9758:2018ERL....13f3008B
9661:Velicogna, Isabella
9622:10.1038/nature16183
9614:2015Natur.528..396K
9539:2020ComEE...1....8S
9362:2009Sci...324..901B
9317:10.1038/ncomms10325
9309:2016NatCo...710325H
9244:2013TCry....7..375F
9192:2023NatCC..13.1222N
9137:2020JCli...33.6599M
9078:2019Natur.566...65G
9037:The Washington Post
8859:2008NatGe...1..106R
8812:2016ClDy...46..263L
8750:2020Natur.585..538G
8690:2021SciA....7.7787P
8651:2015NatGe...8..294G
8595:2018GSLSP.461..175R
8537:2017SciA....3E1681G
8456:2020GeoRL..4786291B
8409:2009NatGe...2..859C
8366:10.1038/nature11621
8358:2012Natur.491..586K
8313:2020npCAS...3...39S
8262:2013TCry....7..375F
8175:2021Natur.593...74E
8131:. 14 January 2019.
8098:2018TCry...12.2869G
7989:2012Sci...338.1183S
7983:(6111): 1183–1189.
7866:2012GeoRL..3918608K
7821:Scientific American
7792:2005GeoRL..32.2604L
7751:2022JCli...35.4827C
7504:2021JGlac..67..533Z
7436:2019PNAS..116.1095R
7368:2018Natur.558..219I
7258:2014PNAS..11115296L
7252:(43): 15296–15303.
7061:2006GeoRL..33.1602C
7018:2003GeoRL..30.1401H
6922:, 19 November 2019.
6886:1997BAMS...78.1069M
6839:2012GeoRL..3913602M
6784:2018PNAS..115.2022N
6742:www.nesdis.noaa.gov
6688:2016CCCR....2..221R
6602:2015SciA....1E0589W
6582:Winkelmann, Ricarda
6548:2016NatCC...6..360C
6486:2018NatCC...8.1053P
6423:2009PNAS..106.1704S
6364:2019PNAS..11611195B
6358:(23): 11195–11200.
6307:2018NatCo...9..601M
6245:1985Sci...229..857H
6110:2023SciA....9F.198B
6069:2023QSRv..31808287D
6008:2021NatCo..12.2701C
5931:2021Sci...372.1342B
5925:(6548): 1342–1344.
5843:2019GeoRL..4612108C
5789:10.1038/nature24458
5781:2017Natur.550..506W
5726:2020JGRF..12505418G
5678:2022TCry...16.1979S
5622:The Washington Post
5578:2020npCAS...3...18H
5511:2018SciA....4.7212D
5446:2018NatCo...9.2728P
5384:2019PNAS..11614887R
5378:(30): 14887–14892.
5290:2016ACP....16.3761H
5260:Velicogna, Isabella
5168:2018NatCo...9.2728P
5083:2021OcSci..17..181G
5046:on 2 September 2020
5016:2020NatCC..10..879S
4909:2023GMD....16.7461K
4792:10.1038/nature17145
4784:2016Natur.531..591D
4724:2016PNAS..113.2597M
4680:2013RvGeo..51..484M
4623:2022EaFut..1002576S
4433:2021TCry...15..233S
4370:Ecology and Society
4256:10.2183/pjab.89.281
4248:2013PJAB...89..281M
4076:2019NatCo..10.4844K
3853:20.500.11850/287786
3834:2018ESSD...10.1551W
3631:, 5 November 2020.
3324:wetland restoration
3051:ocean acidification
2555:Oosterscheldekering
2432:Regional variations
2382:Bramble Cay melomys
2314:Bramble Cay melomys
2041:. Furthermore, the
1796:Greenland ice sheet
1775:climate engineering
1660:Antarctic Peninsula
1366:Milankovitch cycles
1330:Past sea level rise
1263:Southern Hemisphere
1259:Northern Hemisphere
364:(AR6) are known as
231:dune rehabilitation
174:Local factors like
18965:Doomsday scenarios
18531:Beast of the Earth
18423:Book of Revelation
18211:Virtual black hole
18191:False vacuum decay
18141:Pollinator decline
18104:Biological warfare
18094:Biotechnology risk
17945:Resource depletion
16866:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
16838:Forest management
16822:Direct air capture
16787:Sustainable energy
16744:Net zero emissions
16739:Low-carbon economy
16734:Green Climate Fund
16521:Indigenous peoples
16424:Plant biodiversity
16212:Effects and issues
15493:Seafloor spreading
15483:Outer trench swell
15448:Divergent boundary
15348:Continental margin
15333:Carbonate platform
15230:Lunitidal interval
14491:Environment portal
14124:; Badin R Gibbes;
13942:10.3390/rs13183740
13682:2022-02-28 at the
13671:2023-03-20 at the
13563:10.7717/peerj.9044
13357:The New York Times
13324:The New York Times
13154:Scientific Reports
12927:2022-02-28 at the
12916:2023-03-20 at the
12896:2022-02-28 at the
12885:2023-03-14 at the
12091:2023-07-12 at the
11990:Bucx, Tom (2010).
11248:Scientific Reports
10863:The New York Times
9915:. 13 August 2020.
9581:2017-10-16 at the
9125:Journal of Climate
8230:2023-03-22 at the
7739:Journal of Climate
7584:(6611): eabn7950.
7513:10.1017/jog.2021.8
7327:2022-02-28 at the
7316:2022-12-06 at the
6915:2019-02-28 at the
4998:(31 August 2020).
4827:The New York Times
4559:"Sea Level Change"
4312:2022-02-28 at the
4301:2023-06-30 at the
4208:2022-02-28 at the
4197:2023-04-12 at the
3782:2023-05-26 at the
3771:2021-08-11 at the
3624:2020-11-25 at the
3479:
3422:
3342:
3204:
3133:Schleswig-Holstein
3086:
3015:
3009:An aerial view of
2951:
2788:
2780:
2738:sub-Saharan Africa
2704:
2643:
2601:building standards
2563:
2546:coastal management
2456:
2438:Relative sea level
2393:
2378:Great Barrier Reef
2348:and the island of
2318:
2202:ocean temperatures
2198:
2105:primary production
2093:
2043:hydrological cycle
2007:
1895:
1847:ice sheet dynamics
1817:
1787:
1737:Thwaites Ice Shelf
1701:
1652:
1597:
1552:GRACE and GRACE-FO
1523:
1507:
1474:
1456:Ocean heat content
1406:
1357:
1250:
1177:
953:
710:
635:
554:
414:
356:(AR5) were called
341:
297:
275:relative sea level
252:
69:
52:
39:Rising Seas (song)
18993:Coastal geography
18975:
18974:
18806:Zombie apocalypse
18707:Postmillennialism
18502:Great Tribulation
18275:Stellar collision
18236:Near-Earth object
18186:Geomagnetic storm
18154:
18153:
18077:Biodiversity loss
18061:Genetic pollution
18015:
18014:
17804:Biodiversity loss
17767:Societal collapse
17745:Nuclear holocaust
17730:Economic collapse
17713:Doomsday argument
17631:Antimatter weapon
17484:
17483:
17422:
17421:
17418:
17417:
17357:Radiative forcing
17200:
17199:
17196:
17195:
17020:Adaptive capacity
16905:
16904:
16901:
16900:
16765:Energy transition
16641:
16640:
16637:
16636:
16361:Tropical cyclones
16287:Urban heat island
16201:
16200:
16113:
16112:
16109:
16108:
16074:Carbon accounting
16028:Greenhouse effect
15994:
15993:
15910:
15909:
15902:Oceans portal
15862:World Ocean Atlas
15852:Underwater glider
15795:Ocean temperature
15458:Hydrothermal vent
15423:Submarine volcano
15358:Continental shelf
15338:Coastal geography
15328:Bathymetric chart
15210:Amphidromic point
14898:Wave nonlinearity
14756:Infragravity wave
14641:
14640:
14244:Nations, United.
14126:Colin D Woodroffe
13982:10.1111/jpc.15650
13976:(11): 1805–1810.
13450:(22): 9846–9852.
12115:World Development
12001:978-94-90070-39-7
11922:(6248): 638–643.
11538:10.1111/nph.12605
10453:Nature Geoscience
10213:(7983): 528–536.
9675:(7798): 233–239.
9608:(7582): 396–400.
9356:(5929): 901–903.
9186:(11): 1222–1228.
9131:(15): 6599–6620.
9040:. Washington DC.
8847:Nature Geoscience
8744:(7826): 538–544.
8639:Nature Geoscience
8397:Nature Geoscience
8352:(7425): 586–589.
7745:(14): 4827–4840.
7362:(7709): 219–222.
7311:Chapter 9: Africa
7105:www.cmar.csiro.au
6480:(12): 1053–1061.
6239:(4716): 857–859.
6199:978-0-309-14588-6
5775:(7677): 506–510.
4903:(24): 7461–7489.
4778:(7596): 591–597.
4718:(10): 2597–2602.
4688:10.1002/rog.20015
3947:978-0-521-88009-1
3900:978-0-309-15176-4
3682:Hewitt, Helene T.
3527:. The nations of
3371:alone, 2 m (
3241:beach nourishment
3216:nuisance flooding
3098:Costa del Maresme
3078:Beach nourishment
3013:'s Port of Santos
2934:to another city.
2849:Republic of Korea
2712:population growth
2528:and the northern
2145:emission scenario
2137:population growth
2033:for drinking and
1696:
1539:systematic review
1486:the water expands
1377:parts per million
657:Last Interglacial
235:beach nourishment
200:adaptive capacity
90:thermal expansion
64:
16:(Redirected from
19015:
18940:
18939:
18931:World portal
18929:
18928:
18890:Financial crisis
18719:Nibiru cataclysm
18697:Premillennialism
18541:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
18509:Son of perdition
18497:Olivet Discourse
18473:Whore of Babylon
18099:Biological agent
18046:Human extinction
18036:Extinction event
18024:
18023:
17995:Overexploitation
17925:Land consumption
17920:Land degradation
17787:
17786:
17649:Micro black hole
17557:Chemical warfare
17511:
17504:
17497:
17488:
17487:
17472:
17471:
17460:
17459:
17448:
17447:
17437:
17436:
17435:
17400:Paleoclimatology
17217:
17216:
17206:
17205:
16967:Ecological grief
16950:Climate movement
16925:
16924:
16911:
16910:
16891:Plant-based diet
16782:Renewable energy
16660:
16659:
16647:
16646:
16482:Economic impacts
16414:Invasive species
16270:Coastal flooding
16220:
16219:
16207:
16206:
16143:Svante Arrhenius
16119:
16118:
16089:from agriculture
16079:Carbon footprint
16064:Greenhouse gases
16013:
16012:
16000:
15999:
15952:
15951:
15937:
15930:
15923:
15914:
15913:
15900:
15899:
15888:
15887:
15878:
15877:
15817:Pelagic sediment
15755:Marine pollution
15549:Deep ocean water
15418:Submarine canyon
15353:Continental rise
15245:Rule of twelfths
15160:Sverdrup balance
15090:Humboldt Current
15015:Boundary current
14990:
14979:
14796:Radiation stress
14766:Iribarren number
14741:Equatorial waves
14696:Ballantine scale
14691:Airy wave theory
14668:
14661:
14654:
14645:
14644:
14549:
14542:
14535:
14526:
14525:
14493:
14488:
14487:
14479:
14474:
14473:
14465:
14460:
14459:
14451:
14446:
14445:
14444:
14437:
14432:
14431:
14415:
14414:
14404:
14380:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14370:
14351:
14345:
14344:
14342:
14341:
14298:
14292:
14291:
14289:
14287:
14278:. The Guardian.
14271:
14265:
14264:
14262:
14261:
14241:
14235:
14234:
14232:
14231:
14220:The Conversation
14211:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14196:
14190:
14179:
14170:
14164:
14163:
14117:
14111:
14110:
14108:
14107:
14087:
14081:
14080:
14078:
14076:
14054:
14048:
14047:
14045:
14043:
14034:. Archived from
14027:
14021:
14020:
14018:
14017:
13961:
13955:
13954:
13944:
13912:
13906:
13905:
13903:
13902:
13883:
13877:
13876:
13874:
13873:
13867:
13861:. Archived from
13856:
13847:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13837:
13815:
13809:
13808:
13806:
13804:
13785:
13779:
13778:
13776:
13774:
13758:
13752:
13751:
13733:
13693:
13687:
13662:
13651:
13650:
13640:
13600:
13594:
13593:
13583:
13565:
13541:
13535:
13534:
13532:
13531:
13512:
13506:
13505:
13503:
13501:
13482:
13476:
13475:
13439:
13433:
13432:
13430:
13429:
13410:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13399:
13380:
13374:
13373:
13371:
13369:
13348:
13342:
13341:
13339:
13338:
13315:
13309:
13308:
13306:
13304:
13256:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13245:
13229:
13223:
13222:
13220:
13218:
13202:
13196:
13195:
13185:
13145:
13139:
13138:
13128:
13096:
13090:
13089:
13087:
13085:
13045:
13039:
13038:
13036:
13034:
12986:
12980:
12979:
12969:
12945:
12939:
12907:
12901:
12876:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12865:
12843:
12837:
12836:
12811:(3): 1753–1771.
12800:
12794:
12793:
12791:
12790:
12772:
12740:
12734:
12733:
12731:
12730:
12721:. Archived from
12711:
12705:
12704:
12702:
12700:
12644:
12638:
12637:
12593:
12587:
12586:
12576:
12544:
12538:
12532:
12527:
12517:
12507:
12474:
12468:
12467:
12430:
12419:
12418:
12408:
12368:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12357:
12317:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12306:
12291:
12285:
12284:
12282:
12281:
12275:
12269:. Archived from
12245:(4): 1177–1183.
12236:
12227:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12217:
12197:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12164:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12106:
12100:
12082:
12076:
12075:
12020:
12014:
12013:
11987:
11978:
11977:
11975:
11974:
11968:
11913:
11904:
11898:
11897:
11895:
11893:
11877:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11848:
11842:
11841:
11831:
11799:
11793:
11792:
11782:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11732:
11726:
11715:
11706:
11700:
11699:
11671:
11665:
11664:
11662:
11661:
11655:
11640:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11590:
11584:
11583:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11517:
11511:
11510:
11457:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11447:
11428:
11422:
11421:
11393:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11383:
11364:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11334:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11324:
11304:
11298:
11297:
11287:
11238:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11228:
11209:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11199:
11180:
11174:
11173:
11162:"Sea Level Rise"
11158:
11152:
11151:
11149:
11148:
11132:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11096:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11083:
11068:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11058:
11010:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10980:
10974:
10973:
10963:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10905:
10885:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10854:
10848:
10847:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10751:
10745:
10744:
10739:
10728:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10702:
10670:
10664:
10663:
10653:
10621:
10615:
10614:
10612:
10580:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10543:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10492:10.7265/N52N506F
10483:
10477:
10476:
10473:10.1038/ngeo1052
10448:
10442:
10441:
10431:
10421:
10389:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10378:
10352:
10312:
10306:
10305:
10295:
10264:Science Advances
10255:
10249:
10248:
10238:
10198:
10192:
10191:
10163:
10157:
10156:
10146:
10136:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10086:
10068:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10027:
9994:
9988:
9982:
9977:
9967:
9935:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9888:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9822:(7): 3083–3099.
9807:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9778:
9772:
9771:
9769:
9737:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9592:
9586:
9573:
9568:
9550:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9489:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9428:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9328:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9270:
9255:
9229:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9203:
9171:
9165:
9164:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9017:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8936:
8930:
8929:
8923:
8922:
8910:Science Magazine
8900:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8838:
8832:
8831:
8806:(1–2): 263–271.
8800:Climate Dynamics
8795:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8785:
8729:
8720:
8719:
8709:
8678:Science Advances
8669:
8663:
8662:
8659:10.1038/ngeo2388
8633:
8627:
8626:
8616:
8606:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8556:
8531:(11): e1701681.
8525:Science Advances
8516:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8467:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8324:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8273:
8240:
8234:
8222:
8217:. Archived from
8154:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8140:
8121:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8092:(9): 2869–2882.
8077:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8005:2060/20140006608
7962:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7935:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7890:
7851:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7708:Top 2000 meters:
7705:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7655:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7569:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7515:
7498:(263): 533–559.
7483:
7468:
7467:
7457:
7447:
7430:(4): 1095–1103.
7415:
7406:
7405:
7387:
7351:
7340:
7307:
7290:
7289:
7279:
7269:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7072:
7044:
7038:
7037:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6955:
6944:
6932:
6923:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6880:(6): 1069–1079.
6865:
6859:
6858:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6805:
6795:
6778:(9): 2022–2025.
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6699:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6621:
6590:Science Advances
6578:
6572:
6571:
6566:. Archived from
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6471:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6444:
6434:
6417:(6): 1704–1709.
6402:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6375:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6271:. Archived from
6230:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6098:Science Advances
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6027:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5950:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5862:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5807:. Archived from
5766:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5720:(7): 1899–1918.
5705:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5672:(5): 1979–1996.
5657:
5648:
5647:
5634:
5633:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5560:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5499:Science Advances
5490:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5363:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5327:
5312:
5311:
5301:
5283:
5274:(6): 3761–3812.
5255:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5211:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5150:(16 July 2018).
5144:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5104:
5094:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5042:. Archived from
4991:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4887:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4767:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4735:
4703:
4692:
4691:
4663:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4608:
4599:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4554:
4535:
4534:
4516:
4507:(3–4): 617–645.
4492:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4454:
4444:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4361:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4331:
4325:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4275:
4227:
4221:
4192:Chapter 10: Asia
4188:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4148:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4123:. Archived from
4112:
4106:
4105:
4095:
4055:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3981:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3950:. Archived from
3925:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3845:
3828:(3): 1551–1590.
3813:
3796:
3762:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3722:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3690:
3680:Fox-Kemper, B.;
3677:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3591:
3577:
3495:climate refugees
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3284:Playa del Carmen
3164:Delta Commission
2946:King's Beach at
2877:Ho Chi Minh City
2778:of Honshu Island
2615:natural defenses
2261:human migrations
2257:António Guterres
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2123:changes such as
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1388:Meltwater pulses
1306:
1305:
1301:
1283:Isle of the Dead
1279:Thomas Lempriere
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
982:
981:
977:
974:
968:
967:
963:
960:
939:
938:
934:
931:
925:
924:
920:
917:
911:
910:
906:
903:
897:
896:
892:
889:
883:
882:
878:
875:
869:
868:
864:
861:
847:
846:
842:
839:
833:
832:
828:
825:
815:
808:
807:
803:
800:
794:
793:
789:
786:
780:
779:
775:
772:
766:
755:
754:
750:
747:
737:
736:
732:
729:
686:
685:
681:
678:
672:
671:
667:
664:
613:
612:
608:
605:
594:
593:
589:
586:
580:
579:
575:
572:
539:
538:
534:
531:
512:
511:
507:
504:
498:
497:
493:
490:
484:
483:
479:
476:
470:
469:
465:
462:
456:
455:
451:
448:
442:
441:
437:
434:
411:
410:
406:
403:
385:
384:
380:
377:
134:
133:
129:
126:
120:
119:
115:
112:
65:
21:
19023:
19022:
19018:
19017:
19016:
19014:
19013:
19012:
18978:
18977:
18976:
18971:
18950:Future problems
18923:
18914:
18848:
18817:
18784:Climate fiction
18750:
18625:2012 phenomenon
18608:
18514:Sheep and Goats
18401:2 Thessalonians
18279:
18196:Gamma-ray burst
18150:
18065:
18056:Genetic erosion
18011:
17981:
17972:Water pollution
17940:Ozone depletion
17836:Desertification
17776:
17691:
17626:Doomsday device
17606:Nuclear warfare
17545:
17520:
17515:
17485:
17480:
17433:
17431:
17414:
17361:
17352:Orbital forcing
17246:
17211:
17192:
17166:Paris Agreement
17144:
17140:Warming stripes
17079:
17045:Managed retreat
17040:Loss and damage
17001:
16935:Business action
16919:
16897:
16874:
16797:
16791:
16748:
16709:Climate finance
16654:
16633:
16565:
16428:
16404:Extinction risk
16380:Flora and fauna
16375:
16336:Permafrost thaw
16331:Ozone depletion
16260:Extreme weather
16214:
16197:
16124:
16105:
16042:
16007:
15990:
15957:
15946:
15941:
15911:
15906:
15894:
15866:
15705:
15679:
15641:
15622:Sea-level curve
15593:
15532:
15518:Transform fault
15468:Mid-ocean ridge
15434:
15427:
15393:Oceanic plateau
15299:
15285:Tidal resonance
15255:Theory of tides
15196:
15105:Longshore drift
15055:Ekman transport
14991:
14985:
14984:
14983:
14982:
14981:
14980:
14971:
14923:Wave turbulence
14856:Trochoidal wave
14781:Longshore drift
14677:
14672:
14642:
14637:
14556:
14553:
14489:
14482:
14475:
14468:
14461:
14454:
14447:
14442:
14440:
14433:
14426:
14423:
14418:
14381:
14377:
14368:
14366:
14353:
14352:
14348:
14339:
14337:
14299:
14295:
14285:
14283:
14272:
14268:
14259:
14257:
14242:
14238:
14229:
14227:
14212:
14203:
14194:
14192:
14188:
14177:
14171:
14167:
14118:
14114:
14105:
14103:
14088:
14084:
14074:
14072:
14055:
14051:
14041:
14039:
14038:on 17 July 2012
14028:
14024:
14015:
14013:
13962:
13958:
13913:
13909:
13900:
13898:
13885:
13884:
13880:
13871:
13869:
13865:
13854:
13848:
13844:
13835:
13833:
13817:
13816:
13812:
13802:
13800:
13787:
13786:
13782:
13772:
13770:
13759:
13755:
13694:
13690:
13684:Wayback Machine
13673:Wayback Machine
13663:
13654:
13601:
13597:
13542:
13538:
13529:
13527:
13520:Climate Central
13514:
13513:
13509:
13499:
13497:
13484:
13483:
13479:
13440:
13436:
13427:
13425:
13412:
13411:
13407:
13397:
13395:
13382:
13381:
13377:
13367:
13365:
13350:
13349:
13345:
13336:
13334:
13316:
13312:
13302:
13300:
13257:
13253:
13243:
13241:
13230:
13226:
13216:
13214:
13203:
13199:
13146:
13142:
13097:
13093:
13083:
13081:
13054:Natural Hazards
13046:
13042:
13032:
13030:
12987:
12983:
12954:Natural Hazards
12946:
12942:
12929:Wayback Machine
12918:Wayback Machine
12908:
12904:
12898:Wayback Machine
12887:Wayback Machine
12877:
12873:
12863:
12861:
12844:
12840:
12805:Natural Hazards
12801:
12797:
12788:
12786:
12741:
12737:
12728:
12726:
12713:
12712:
12708:
12698:
12696:
12645:
12641:
12594:
12590:
12545:
12541:
12475:
12471:
12431:
12422:
12369:
12365:
12355:
12353:
12318:
12314:
12304:
12302:
12293:
12292:
12288:
12279:
12277:
12273:
12234:
12228:
12224:
12215:
12213:
12198:
12191:
12181:
12179:
12166:
12165:
12161:
12152:
12150:
12107:
12103:
12093:Wayback Machine
12083:
12079:
12021:
12017:
12002:
11988:
11981:
11972:
11970:
11966:
11911:
11905:
11901:
11891:
11889:
11878:
11874:
11865:
11863:
11850:
11849:
11845:
11800:
11796:
11743:
11739:
11730:
11728:
11724:
11713:
11707:
11703:
11672:
11668:
11659:
11657:
11653:
11638:
11632:
11628:
11591:
11587:
11568:
11564:
11555:
11553:
11526:New Phytologist
11518:
11514:
11458:
11454:
11445:
11443:
11436:www.nrc.govt.nz
11430:
11429:
11425:
11394:
11390:
11381:
11379:
11366:
11365:
11361:
11352:
11350:
11335:
11331:
11322:
11320:
11305:
11301:
11239:
11235:
11226:
11224:
11211:
11210:
11206:
11197:
11195:
11182:
11181:
11177:
11160:
11159:
11155:
11146:
11144:
11133:
11126:
11116:
11114:
11097:
11090:
11081:
11079:
11070:
11069:
11065:
11056:
11054:
11011:
11007:
10998:
10996:
10981:
10977:
10916:
10912:
10903:
10901:
10886:
10882:
10872:
10870:
10855:
10851:
10820:
10816:
10806:
10804:
10793:
10789:
10752:
10748:
10737:
10726:
10720:
10716:
10671:
10667:
10622:
10618:
10581:
10577:
10567:
10565:
10518:(6627): 78–83.
10503:
10499:
10484:
10480:
10449:
10445:
10390:
10386:
10376:
10374:
10327:(6627): 78–83.
10313:
10309:
10256:
10252:
10199:
10195:
10164:
10160:
10104:
10100:
10045:
10041:
9995:
9991:
9936:
9932:
9922:
9920:
9907:
9906:
9902:
9849:
9845:
9808:
9804:
9795:
9793:
9780:
9779:
9775:
9738:
9731:
9722:
9720:
9657:
9653:
9593:
9589:
9583:Wayback Machine
9519:
9515:
9505:
9503:
9458:
9454:
9444:
9442:
9397:
9393:
9346:
9342:
9288:
9284:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9227:
9221:
9217:
9172:
9168:
9121:
9117:
9072:(7742): 65–72.
9061:
9057:
9047:
9045:
9028:
9024:
9015:
9013:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8986:
8984:
8971:
8970:
8966:
8956:
8954:
8937:
8933:
8920:
8918:
8901:
8894:
8884:
8882:
8867:10.1038/ngeo102
8839:
8835:
8796:
8792:
8783:
8781:
8730:
8723:
8670:
8666:
8634:
8630:
8604:10.1144/sp461.6
8574:
8570:
8517:
8513:
8504:
8502:
8485:
8481:
8436:
8432:
8417:10.1038/ngeo694
8393:
8389:
8342:
8338:
8293:
8289:
8241:
8237:
8232:Wayback Machine
8221:on 11 May 2021.
8169:(7857): 74–82.
8155:
8151:
8138:
8136:
8123:
8122:
8115:
8078:
8071:
8062:
8060:
8043:
8039:
8030:
8028:
7963:
7959:
7949:
7947:
7936:
7929:
7919:
7917:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7849:
7843:
7839:
7830:
7828:
7813:
7809:
7772:
7768:
7731:
7727:
7710:
7689:Top 700 meters:
7687:
7683:
7673:
7671:
7656:
7641:
7631:
7629:
7570:
7555:
7545:
7543:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7484:
7471:
7416:
7409:
7352:
7343:
7329:Wayback Machine
7318:Wayback Machine
7308:
7293:
7238:
7234:
7225:
7223:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7200:
7198:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7127:
7123:
7114:
7112:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7070:10.1.1.192.1792
7045:
7041:
6998:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6942:
6933:
6926:
6917:Wayback Machine
6907:
6903:
6866:
6862:
6823:
6819:
6764:
6760:
6751:
6749:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6668:
6664:
6655:
6653:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6596:(8): e1500589.
6579:
6575:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6469:
6462:
6458:
6403:
6399:
6344:
6340:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6207:
6200:
6174:
6170:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6090:
6086:
6048:
6041:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5890:. ScienceNews.
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5823:
5819:
5814:on May 6, 2020.
5811:
5764:
5758:
5751:
5706:
5695:
5658:
5651:
5631:
5629:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5561:
5552:
5505:(6): eaao7212.
5491:
5487:
5423:
5419:
5364:
5353:
5328:
5315:
5256:
5249:
5212:
5201:
5145:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5010:(10): 879–881.
4992:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4888:
4877:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4819:
4815:
4768:
4759:
4704:
4695:
4664:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4606:
4600:
4581:
4572:
4570:
4555:
4538:
4501:Climatic Change
4493:
4489:
4478:
4476:
4413:
4409:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4314:Wayback Machine
4303:Wayback Machine
4293:
4289:
4228:
4224:
4210:Wayback Machine
4199:Wayback Machine
4189:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4150:
4149:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4109:
4056:
4045:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3954:on 20 June 2017
3948:
3926:
3922:
3910:
3908:
3901:
3871:
3864:
3814:
3799:
3784:Wayback Machine
3773:Wayback Machine
3763:
3748:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3688:
3678:
3645:
3633:
3626:Wayback Machine
3617:
3613:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3546:
3476:Solomon Islands
3472:Central Pacific
3461:Western Pacific
3457:Solomon Islands
3448:coastal erosion
3436:
3407:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3358:water treatment
3308:Atlantic Canada
3300:Hurricane Sandy
3185:
3080:in progress in
3071:
3003:
2940:
2764:
2758:
2746:economic growth
2700:coastal erosion
2684:
2678:
2673:
2548:
2538:
2469:U.S. East Coast
2444:
2434:
2307:
2301:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2141:human migration
2101:coastal erosion
2085:
2080:
2078:Coastal erosion
2066:
2058:rotational pole
2035:food production
2018:
2012:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1886:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1843:Paris Agreement
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1792:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1636:West Antarctica
1582:
1576:
1574:East Antarctica
1535:East Antarctica
1531:West Antarctica
1499:
1458:
1452:
1417:
1411:
1397:
1346:
1334:Main articles:
1332:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1261:. Data for the
1242:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1154:
1142:Earth's gravity
1125:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
979:
975:
972:
970:
965:
961:
958:
956:
936:
932:
929:
927:
922:
918:
915:
913:
908:
904:
901:
899:
894:
890:
887:
885:
880:
876:
873:
871:
866:
862:
859:
857:
844:
840:
837:
835:
830:
826:
823:
821:
813:
805:
801:
798:
796:
791:
787:
784:
782:
777:
773:
770:
768:
764:
752:
748:
745:
743:
734:
730:
727:
725:
723:
701:
683:
679:
676:
674:
669:
665:
662:
660:
610:
606:
603:
601:
591:
587:
584:
582:
577:
573:
570:
568:
546:
536:
532:
529:
527:
509:
505:
502:
500:
495:
491:
488:
486:
481:
477:
474:
472:
467:
463:
460:
458:
453:
449:
446:
444:
439:
435:
432:
430:
420:
408:
404:
401:
399:
395:ice sheet model
382:
378:
375:
373:
329:
301:ice-sheet model
288:
283:
243:
219:Managed retreat
212:Pacific islands
131:
127:
124:
122:
117:
113:
110:
108:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19021:
19011:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18995:
18990:
18973:
18972:
18970:
18969:
18968:
18967:
18962:
18957:
18952:
18947:
18945:Apocalypticism
18934:
18919:
18916:
18915:
18913:
18912:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18862:
18856:
18854:
18850:
18849:
18847:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18831:
18825:
18823:
18819:
18818:
18816:
18815:
18814:
18813:
18803:
18798:
18797:
18796:
18789:Disaster films
18786:
18781:
18780:
18779:
18774:
18764:
18762:Alien invasion
18758:
18756:
18752:
18751:
18749:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18737:
18736:
18731:
18721:
18716:
18711:
18710:
18709:
18704:
18702:Amillennialism
18699:
18689:
18687:Millenarianism
18684:
18683:
18682:
18672:
18667:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18647:
18642:
18640:Apocalypticism
18637:
18632:
18627:
18622:
18616:
18614:
18610:
18609:
18607:
18606:
18605:
18604:
18594:
18589:
18588:
18587:
18586:
18585:
18580:
18575:
18565:
18564:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18536:Dhu al-Qarnayn
18533:
18528:
18518:
18517:
18516:
18511:
18506:
18505:
18504:
18494:
18489:
18484:
18482:Great Apostasy
18479:
18478:
18477:
18476:
18475:
18470:
18465:
18460:
18455:
18450:
18445:
18440:
18435:
18420:
18415:
18414:
18413:
18408:
18398:
18393:
18388:
18383:
18382:
18381:
18371:
18361:
18356:
18355:
18354:
18349:
18339:
18329:
18327:Last Judgement
18324:
18323:
18322:
18317:
18307:
18306:
18305:
18300:
18289:
18287:
18285:Eschatological
18281:
18280:
18278:
18277:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18251:
18250:
18245:
18240:
18239:
18238:
18228:
18223:
18213:
18208:
18203:
18198:
18193:
18188:
18183:
18178:
18173:
18168:
18162:
18160:
18156:
18155:
18152:
18151:
18149:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18133:
18128:
18123:
18118:
18113:
18112:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18091:
18090:
18089:
18084:
18073:
18071:
18067:
18066:
18064:
18063:
18058:
18053:
18048:
18043:
18038:
18032:
18030:
18021:
18017:
18016:
18013:
18012:
18010:
18009:
18008:
18007:
18000:Overpopulation
17997:
17991:
17989:
17983:
17982:
17980:
17979:
17977:Water scarcity
17974:
17969:
17964:
17963:
17962:
17952:
17950:Sea level rise
17947:
17942:
17937:
17932:
17927:
17922:
17917:
17916:
17915:
17913:on marine life
17910:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17875:
17870:
17868:Global warming
17865:
17860:
17858:Global dimming
17855:
17850:
17849:
17848:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17816:Cascade effect
17813:
17812:
17811:
17801:
17795:
17793:
17791:Climate change
17784:
17778:
17777:
17775:
17774:
17769:
17764:
17763:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17742:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17726:
17725:
17720:
17710:
17705:
17699:
17697:
17693:
17692:
17690:
17689:
17684:
17683:
17682:
17677:
17672:
17658:
17657:
17656:
17651:
17641:
17635:
17634:
17633:
17628:
17623:
17621:Doomsday Clock
17618:
17613:
17603:
17602:
17601:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17580:
17579:
17574:
17572:Cyberterrorism
17569:
17559:
17553:
17551:
17547:
17546:
17544:
17543:
17542:
17541:
17531:
17525:
17522:
17521:
17514:
17513:
17506:
17499:
17491:
17482:
17481:
17479:
17478:
17466:
17454:
17442:
17427:
17424:
17423:
17420:
17419:
17416:
17415:
17413:
17412:
17407:
17402:
17397:
17396:
17395:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17369:
17367:
17363:
17362:
17360:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17318:
17317:
17307:
17305:Cloud feedback
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17286:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17270:
17260:
17254:
17252:
17248:
17247:
17245:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17223:
17221:
17213:
17212:
17202:
17201:
17198:
17197:
17194:
17193:
17191:
17190:
17185:
17180:
17179:
17178:
17173:
17163:
17161:Kyoto Protocol
17158:
17152:
17150:
17146:
17145:
17143:
17142:
17137:
17136:
17135:
17130:
17125:
17115:
17113:Media coverage
17110:
17105:
17103:Climate spiral
17100:
17095:
17089:
17087:
17081:
17080:
17078:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17011:
17009:
17003:
17002:
17000:
16999:
16994:
16992:Public opinion
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16958:
16957:
16947:
16942:
16940:Climate action
16937:
16931:
16929:
16921:
16920:
16907:
16906:
16903:
16902:
16899:
16898:
16896:
16895:
16894:
16893:
16882:
16880:
16876:
16875:
16873:
16872:
16867:
16861:
16860:
16859:
16854:
16852:REDD and REDD+
16849:
16844:
16836:
16831:
16829:Carbon farming
16826:
16825:
16824:
16819:
16809:
16803:
16801:
16793:
16792:
16790:
16789:
16784:
16779:
16774:
16773:
16772:
16762:
16756:
16754:
16750:
16749:
16747:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16690:
16689:
16679:
16674:
16668:
16666:
16656:
16655:
16643:
16642:
16639:
16638:
16635:
16634:
16632:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16606:
16601:
16596:
16591:
16586:
16581:
16575:
16573:
16567:
16566:
16564:
16563:
16561:Water security
16558:
16556:Water scarcity
16553:
16551:Urban flooding
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16518:
16513:
16512:
16511:
16501:
16496:
16491:
16490:
16489:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16453:
16452:
16447:
16436:
16434:
16430:
16429:
16427:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16409:Forest dieback
16406:
16401:
16396:
16395:
16394:
16383:
16381:
16377:
16376:
16374:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16358:
16353:
16348:
16346:Sea level rise
16343:
16338:
16333:
16328:
16327:
16326:
16321:
16319:stratification
16316:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16291:
16290:
16289:
16284:
16274:
16273:
16272:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16232:
16226:
16224:
16216:
16215:
16203:
16202:
16199:
16198:
16196:
16195:
16194:
16193:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16173:
16168:
16160:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16129:
16126:
16125:
16115:
16114:
16111:
16110:
16107:
16106:
16104:
16103:
16098:
16097:
16096:
16091:
16086:
16084:Carbon leakage
16081:
16076:
16066:
16061:
16056:
16050:
16048:
16044:
16043:
16041:
16040:
16035:
16025:
16023:Climate system
16019:
16017:
16009:
16008:
15996:
15995:
15992:
15991:
15989:
15988:
15983:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15948:
15947:
15944:Climate change
15940:
15939:
15932:
15925:
15917:
15908:
15907:
15905:
15904:
15892:
15882:
15871:
15868:
15867:
15865:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15842:Stratification
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15813:
15812:
15802:
15797:
15792:
15787:
15782:
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15734:
15732:Color of water
15729:
15727:Benthic lander
15724:
15719:
15713:
15711:
15707:
15706:
15704:
15703:
15698:
15693:
15687:
15685:
15681:
15680:
15678:
15677:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15651:
15649:
15643:
15642:
15640:
15639:
15634:
15632:Sea level rise
15629:
15627:Sea level drop
15624:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15603:
15601:
15595:
15594:
15592:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15540:
15538:
15534:
15533:
15531:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15463:Marine geology
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15439:
15437:
15429:
15428:
15426:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15405:
15403:Passive margin
15400:
15398:Oceanic trench
15395:
15390:
15385:
15380:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15320:
15315:
15309:
15307:
15301:
15300:
15298:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15206:
15204:
15198:
15197:
15195:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15173:
15172:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15130:Ocean dynamics
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15027:
15022:
15020:Coriolis force
15017:
15012:
15007:
15001:
14999:
14993:
14992:
14974:
14972:
14970:
14969:
14968:
14967:
14957:
14952:
14947:
14946:
14945:
14940:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14869:
14868:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14843:
14841:Stokes problem
14838:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14776:Kinematic wave
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14713:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14693:
14687:
14685:
14679:
14678:
14671:
14670:
14663:
14656:
14648:
14639:
14638:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14558:
14557:
14552:
14551:
14544:
14537:
14529:
14523:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14501:
14495:
14494:
14480:
14466:
14452:
14438:
14422:
14421:External links
14419:
14417:
14416:
14375:
14361:. 2018-01-11.
14359:UN Environment
14346:
14316:(1–2): 51–70.
14293:
14266:
14250:United Nations
14236:
14201:
14165:
14112:
14090:Klein, Alice.
14082:
14049:
14022:
13956:
13921:Remote Sensing
13907:
13878:
13842:
13810:
13780:
13753:
13688:
13652:
13595:
13536:
13507:
13477:
13434:
13420:. 2020-02-10.
13405:
13375:
13343:
13310:
13251:
13224:
13197:
13140:
13091:
13040:
13001:(2): 201–223.
12981:
12940:
12902:
12871:
12838:
12795:
12735:
12706:
12653:Earth's Future
12639:
12604:(3): 148–154.
12588:
12553:Earth's Future
12539:
12469:
12420:
12363:
12332:(9): 802–806.
12312:
12286:
12239:Climate Policy
12222:
12189:
12174:. 2 May 2016.
12159:
12101:
12077:
12024:Cazenave, Anny
12015:
12000:
11979:
11899:
11872:
11843:
11814:(4): 221–231.
11794:
11737:
11701:
11666:
11626:
11585:
11562:
11512:
11469:(2): 545–553.
11452:
11423:
11388:
11359:
11329:
11299:
11233:
11204:
11175:
11153:
11124:
11088:
11063:
11005:
10975:
10910:
10880:
10849:
10814:
10787:
10746:
10714:
10665:
10636:(1): 131–152.
10616:
10595:(1): 145–150.
10575:
10497:
10478:
10443:
10384:
10307:
10270:(6): 218–222.
10250:
10193:
10174:(6): 429–432.
10158:
10098:
10059:(1): 190–195.
10039:
10010:(9): 808–813.
9989:
9930:
9900:
9843:
9816:The Cryosphere
9802:
9788:. 2019-12-19.
9773:
9729:
9651:
9587:
9513:
9472:(4): pgad103.
9452:
9411:(3): pgad053.
9391:
9340:
9282:
9232:The Cryosphere
9215:
9166:
9115:
9055:
9022:
8993:
8964:
8931:
8892:
8853:(2): 106–110.
8833:
8790:
8721:
8664:
8645:(4): 294–298.
8628:
8589:(1): 175–186.
8568:
8511:
8479:
8430:
8387:
8336:
8287:
8256:(1): 375–393.
8250:The Cryosphere
8235:
8149:
8113:
8086:The Cryosphere
8069:
8037:
7969:team) (2012).
7957:
7927:
7901:
7860:(18): L18608.
7837:
7807:
7766:
7725:
7681:
7639:
7553:
7523:
7469:
7407:
7341:
7291:
7232:
7207:
7193:. 2019-08-30.
7178:
7148:
7121:
7092:
7039:
6992:
6966:
6924:
6901:
6860:
6817:
6758:
6729:
6726:on 2011-07-22.
6711:
6682:(4): 221–231.
6662:
6633:
6573:
6542:(4): 360–369.
6522:
6456:
6397:
6338:
6281:
6216:
6198:
6190:10.17226/12782
6168:
6143:
6084:
6039:
5982:
5905:
5878:
5817:
5749:
5693:
5666:The Cryosphere
5649:
5609:
5550:
5485:
5417:
5351:
5313:
5247:
5199:
5136:
5077:(1): 181–186.
5057:
4983:
4953:
4924:
4897:The Cryosphere
4875:
4844:
4813:
4757:
4693:
4674:(3): 484-522.
4651:
4611:Earth's Future
4579:
4536:
4487:
4427:(1): 233–246.
4421:The Cryosphere
4407:
4351:
4326:
4287:
4242:(7): 281–301.
4222:
4172:
4138:
4127:on May 4, 2021
4107:
4043:
4010:
3988:
3965:
3946:
3920:
3899:
3891:10.17226/12877
3862:
3797:
3746:
3712:
3643:
3611:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3545:
3542:
3406:
3405:Island nations
3403:
3391:North Carolina
3350:100-year flood
3304:Gulf of Mexico
3288:Puerto Morelos
3274:hotspots like
3236:tidal flooding
3192:Tidal flooding
3184:
3181:
3141:United Kingdom
3102:Tyrrhenian Sea
3070:
3067:
3059:Port of Santos
3055:Santa Catarina
3002:
2999:
2991:unsealed roads
2971:100-year flood
2963:Sunshine Coast
2939:
2936:
2857:sinking cities
2800:100-year flood
2757:
2754:
2694:, a suburb of
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2660:American South
2639:United Kingdom
2628:Southeast Asia
2591:These include
2574:infrastructure
2537:
2534:
2454:is one example
2442:Sinking cities
2433:
2430:
2414:pneumatophores
2350:Sint Eustatius
2300:
2297:
2269:food shortages
2210:Rio de Janeiro
2084:
2081:
2065:
2062:
2011:
2008:
1966:dissolved salt
1957:
1954:
1885:
1882:
1791:
1788:
1637:
1634:
1613:Totten Glacier
1609:Denman Glacier
1575:
1572:
1515:Ross Ice Shelf
1498:
1495:
1470:global warming
1454:Main article:
1451:
1448:
1410:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1361:past sea level
1336:Past sea level
1331:
1328:
1241:
1238:
1232:(PDO) and the
1181:TOPEX/Poseidon
1153:
1150:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1102:
1085:
1063:
1062:
1045:
1014:
985:tipping points
756:–47 in).
721:
700:
697:
545:
542:
513:–40 in).
418:
349:greenhouse gas
328:
325:
287:
284:
282:
279:
242:
239:
78:Climate change
32:Past sea level
26:
18:Sea-level rise
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19020:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18985:
18983:
18966:
18963:
18961:
18960:Risk analysis
18958:
18956:
18953:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18943:
18942:
18935:
18933:
18932:
18927:
18921:
18920:
18917:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18905:Social crisis
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18861:
18858:
18857:
18855:
18851:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18824:
18822:Organizations
18820:
18812:
18809:
18808:
18807:
18804:
18802:
18799:
18795:
18792:
18791:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18782:
18778:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18769:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18759:
18757:
18753:
18747:
18746:World to come
18744:
18742:
18739:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18726:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18700:
18698:
18695:
18694:
18693:
18692:Millennialism
18690:
18688:
18685:
18681:
18680:Messianic Age
18678:
18677:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18665:Gog and Magog
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18655:Earth Changes
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18631:
18628:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18618:
18617:
18615:
18611:
18603:
18600:
18599:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18570:
18569:
18566:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18524:
18523:
18522:
18519:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18503:
18500:
18499:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18492:New Jerusalem
18490:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18468:War in Heaven
18466:
18464:
18463:Two witnesses
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18434:
18431:
18430:
18429:
18426:
18425:
18424:
18421:
18419:
18416:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18403:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18392:
18389:
18387:
18384:
18380:
18377:
18376:
18375:
18372:
18370:
18367:
18366:
18365:
18362:
18360:
18357:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18344:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18334:
18333:
18332:Second Coming
18330:
18328:
18325:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18312:
18311:
18308:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18295:
18294:
18291:
18290:
18288:
18286:
18282:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18249:
18246:
18244:
18241:
18237:
18234:
18233:
18232:
18229:
18227:
18224:
18222:
18219:
18218:
18217:
18214:
18212:
18209:
18207:
18204:
18202:
18199:
18197:
18194:
18192:
18189:
18187:
18184:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18164:
18163:
18161:
18157:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18132:
18129:
18127:
18124:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18096:
18095:
18092:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18079:
18078:
18075:
18074:
18072:
18068:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18052:
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18039:
18037:
18034:
18033:
18031:
18029:
18025:
18022:
18018:
18006:
18003:
18002:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17990:
17988:
17984:
17978:
17975:
17973:
17970:
17968:
17965:
17961:
17958:
17957:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17905:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17847:
17844:
17843:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17831:Deforestation
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17810:
17807:
17806:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17796:
17794:
17792:
17788:
17785:
17783:
17779:
17773:
17772:World War III
17770:
17768:
17765:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17747:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17715:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17700:
17698:
17694:
17688:
17687:Transhumanism
17685:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17667:
17666:
17662:
17659:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17646:
17645:
17642:
17639:
17636:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17608:
17607:
17604:
17600:
17597:
17596:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17564:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17554:
17552:
17550:Technological
17548:
17540:
17537:
17536:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17526:
17523:
17519:
17512:
17507:
17505:
17500:
17498:
17493:
17492:
17489:
17477:
17476:
17467:
17465:
17464:
17455:
17453:
17452:
17443:
17441:
17440:
17429:
17428:
17425:
17411:
17408:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17394:
17391:
17390:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17378:Climate model
17376:
17374:
17371:
17370:
17368:
17364:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17316:
17313:
17312:
17311:
17310:Cloud forcing
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17265:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17255:
17253:
17249:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17224:
17222:
17218:
17214:
17207:
17203:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17168:
17167:
17164:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17153:
17151:
17147:
17141:
17138:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17120:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17090:
17088:
17086:
17085:Communication
17082:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17065:Vulnerability
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17035:Flood control
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17012:
17010:
17008:
17004:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16956:
16953:
16952:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16932:
16930:
16926:
16922:
16918:
16912:
16908:
16892:
16889:
16888:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16881:
16877:
16871:
16868:
16865:
16862:
16858:
16857:reforestation
16855:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16842:afforestation
16840:
16839:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16814:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16804:
16802:
16800:
16794:
16788:
16785:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16777:Nuclear power
16775:
16771:
16768:
16767:
16766:
16763:
16761:
16758:
16757:
16755:
16751:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16688:
16685:
16684:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16672:Carbon budget
16670:
16669:
16667:
16665:
16661:
16657:
16653:
16648:
16644:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16580:
16577:
16576:
16574:
16572:
16568:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16517:
16514:
16510:
16509:Mental health
16507:
16506:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16488:
16485:
16484:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16451:
16450:United States
16448:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16441:
16438:
16437:
16435:
16431:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16393:
16390:
16389:
16388:
16385:
16384:
16382:
16378:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16337:
16334:
16332:
16329:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16304:deoxygenation
16302:
16300:
16299:acidification
16297:
16296:
16295:
16292:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16279:
16278:
16275:
16271:
16268:
16267:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16227:
16225:
16221:
16217:
16213:
16208:
16204:
16192:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16163:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16130:
16127:
16120:
16116:
16102:
16099:
16095:
16094:from wetlands
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16071:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16054:Deforestation
16052:
16051:
16049:
16045:
16039:
16036:
16033:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16020:
16018:
16014:
16010:
16006:
16001:
15997:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15963:
15960:
15953:
15949:
15945:
15938:
15933:
15931:
15926:
15924:
15919:
15918:
15915:
15903:
15898:
15893:
15891:
15883:
15881:
15873:
15872:
15869:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15811:
15808:
15807:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15750:Marine energy
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15740:
15735:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15717:Acidification
15715:
15714:
15712:
15708:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15688:
15686:
15682:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15670:SOFAR channel
15668:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15652:
15650:
15648:
15644:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15604:
15602:
15600:
15596:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15541:
15539:
15535:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15478:Oceanic crust
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15453:Fracture zone
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15440:
15438:
15436:
15430:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15388:Oceanic basin
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15318:Abyssal plain
15316:
15314:
15311:
15310:
15308:
15306:
15302:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15225:Internal tide
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15207:
15205:
15203:
15199:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15171:
15168:
15167:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15120:Ocean current
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15002:
15000:
14998:
14994:
14989:
14978:
14966:
14963:
14962:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14918:Wave shoaling
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14878:Ursell number
14876:
14874:
14871:
14867:
14864:
14863:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14761:Internal wave
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14711:Breaking wave
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14692:
14689:
14688:
14686:
14684:
14680:
14676:
14669:
14664:
14662:
14657:
14655:
14650:
14649:
14646:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14629:United States
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14559:
14550:
14545:
14543:
14538:
14536:
14531:
14530:
14527:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14496:
14492:
14486:
14481:
14478:
14472:
14467:
14464:
14463:Energy portal
14458:
14453:
14450:
14439:
14436:
14435:Oceans portal
14430:
14425:
14412:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14394:
14390:
14386:
14379:
14364:
14360:
14356:
14350:
14335:
14331:
14327:
14323:
14319:
14315:
14311:
14307:
14303:
14297:
14281:
14277:
14270:
14255:
14251:
14247:
14240:
14225:
14221:
14217:
14210:
14208:
14206:
14191:on 2018-04-30
14187:
14183:
14176:
14169:
14161:
14157:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14141:
14138:(5): 054011.
14137:
14133:
14132:
14127:
14123:
14122:John A Church
14116:
14101:
14097:
14096:New Scientist
14093:
14086:
14070:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14053:
14037:
14033:
14026:
14011:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13995:
13991:
13987:
13983:
13979:
13975:
13971:
13967:
13960:
13952:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13934:
13930:
13926:
13922:
13918:
13911:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13882:
13868:on 2019-09-26
13864:
13860:
13853:
13846:
13831:
13827:
13826:
13820:
13814:
13798:
13794:
13790:
13784:
13768:
13764:
13757:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13723:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13699:
13692:
13685:
13681:
13678:
13674:
13670:
13667:
13661:
13659:
13657:
13648:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13630:
13626:
13622:
13618:
13614:
13610:
13606:
13599:
13591:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13573:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13555:
13551:
13547:
13540:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13511:
13495:
13491:
13487:
13481:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13453:
13449:
13445:
13438:
13423:
13419:
13415:
13409:
13393:
13389:
13388:National Post
13385:
13379:
13363:
13359:
13358:
13353:
13347:
13333:
13329:
13325:
13321:
13314:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13278:
13274:
13271:(9): 095002.
13270:
13266:
13262:
13255:
13239:
13235:
13228:
13212:
13209:. The Verge.
13208:
13201:
13193:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13144:
13136:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13095:
13079:
13075:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13060:: 1069–1107.
13059:
13055:
13051:
13044:
13028:
13024:
13020:
13016:
13012:
13008:
13004:
13000:
12996:
12992:
12985:
12977:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12959:
12955:
12951:
12944:
12938:
12934:
12930:
12926:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12912:
12906:
12899:
12895:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12875:
12859:
12855:
12854:
12849:
12842:
12834:
12830:
12826:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12810:
12806:
12799:
12784:
12780:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12746:
12739:
12725:on 2020-04-18
12724:
12720:
12716:
12710:
12694:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12643:
12635:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12592:
12584:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12543:
12536:
12531:
12525:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12473:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12441:
12437:
12429:
12427:
12425:
12416:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12374:
12367:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12335:
12331:
12327:
12323:
12316:
12300:
12296:
12290:
12276:on 2020-07-10
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12233:
12226:
12211:
12207:
12203:
12196:
12194:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12163:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12105:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12087:
12081:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12025:
12019:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11993:
11986:
11984:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11921:
11917:
11910:
11903:
11887:
11883:
11876:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11847:
11839:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11805:
11798:
11790:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11741:
11727:on 2018-11-23
11723:
11719:
11712:
11705:
11697:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11670:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11637:
11630:
11621:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11589:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11566:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11516:
11508:
11504:
11500:
11496:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11472:
11468:
11464:
11456:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11427:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11392:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11363:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11333:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11303:
11295:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11237:
11222:
11218:
11217:e360.yale.edu
11214:
11208:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11179:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11157:
11142:
11138:
11131:
11129:
11112:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11095:
11093:
11077:
11073:
11067:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11009:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10979:
10971:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10914:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10884:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10818:
10802:
10798:
10791:
10782:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10750:
10743:
10736:
10732:
10725:
10718:
10710:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10669:
10661:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10620:
10611:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10579:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10501:
10493:
10489:
10482:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10447:
10439:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10388:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10311:
10303:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10197:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10162:
10154:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10102:
10094:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10035:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9993:
9986:
9981:
9975:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9934:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9904:
9896:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9847:
9838:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9806:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9777:
9768:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9752:(6): 063008.
9751:
9747:
9743:
9736:
9734:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9655:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9591:
9584:
9580:
9577:
9572:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9517:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9456:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9395:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9344:
9336:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9286:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9226:
9219:
9211:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9170:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9059:
9043:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9026:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8997:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8968:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8935:
8928:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8899:
8897:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8728:
8726:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8668:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8632:
8624:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8572:
8564:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8515:
8500:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8483:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
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7055:(1): L01602.
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6956:on 2018-06-13
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6936:Rhein, Monika
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5071:Ocean Science
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4996:Mottram, Ruth
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2334:ghost forests
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2299:On ecosystems
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2289:Mekong Deltas
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2211:
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2180:
2176:
2146:
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2138:
2132:
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2129:deforestation
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2118:
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2110:
2109:water quality
2106:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2047:deforestation
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1979:
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1971:
1967:
1963:
1953:
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1918:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1890:
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1873:
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1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1738:
1732:
1730:
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1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:and increase
1710:
1706:
1687:
1685:
1672: ±
1661:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:tipping point
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:ocean warming
1593:
1589:
1587:
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1571:
1568:
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1553:
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1511:
1503:
1494:
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1487:
1482:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1450:Ocean heating
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:precipitation
1422:
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1255:
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1231:
1227:
1221:
1210: ±
1199:
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1143:
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998:
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996:
993:
990:
986:
950:
945:
941:
855:
851:
850:precipitation
819:
810:
762:
759:By 2021, the
757:
741:
719:
715:
714:paleo records
705:
696:
694:
690:
658:
652:
650:
645:
644:Younger Dryas
641:
632:
627:
623:
621:
617:
598:
565:
563:
559:
550:
541:
524:
520:
514:
427:
426:concentration
423:
396:
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387:
371:
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359:
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136:
106:
102:
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83:
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48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
19003:Oceanography
18922:
18865:Cyberwarfare
18583:Third Temple
18438:Lake of fire
18248:Rogue planet
18216:Impact event
18206:Proton decay
18159:Astronomical
18109:Bioterrorism
17955:Supervolcano
17949:
17853:Flood basalt
17799:Anoxic event
17708:Collapsology
17696:Sociological
17567:Cyberwarfare
17473:
17461:
17449:
17430:
17263:Carbon cycle
17220:Measurements
16915:Society and
16799:carbon sinks
16704:Climate debt
16694:Carbon price
16516:Human rights
16351:Season creep
16345:
16309:heat content
16235:Anoxic event
16148:James Hansen
15857:Water column
15805:Oceanography
15780:Observations
15775:Explorations
15745:Marginal sea
15738:
15696:OSTM/Jason-2
15631:
15528:Volcanic arc
15503:Slab suction
15220:Head of tide
15110:Loop Current
15050:Ekman spiral
14836:Stokes drift
14746:Gravity wave
14721:Cnoidal wave
14392:
14388:
14378:
14367:. Retrieved
14358:
14349:
14338:. Retrieved
14313:
14309:
14296:
14284:. Retrieved
14269:
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14249:
14239:
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14219:
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14186:the original
14181:
14168:
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14129:
14115:
14104:. Retrieved
14095:
14085:
14075:29 September
14073:. Retrieved
14062:
14052:
14042:29 September
14040:. Retrieved
14036:the original
14025:
14014:. Retrieved
13973:
13969:
13959:
13927:(18): 3740.
13924:
13920:
13910:
13899:. Retrieved
13891:www.usgs.gov
13890:
13881:
13870:. Retrieved
13863:the original
13858:
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13834:. Retrieved
13822:
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13803:February 16,
13801:. Retrieved
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12289:
12278:. Retrieved
12271:the original
12242:
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12225:
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12031:
12027:
12018:
11991:
11971:. Retrieved
11919:
11915:
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11892:November 23,
11890:. Retrieved
11875:
11864:. Retrieved
11855:
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11811:
11807:
11797:
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11740:
11729:. Retrieved
11722:the original
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11669:
11658:. Retrieved
11629:
11602:
11598:
11588:
11571:
11565:
11554:. Retrieved
11532:(1): 19–34.
11529:
11525:
11515:
11466:
11462:
11455:
11444:. Retrieved
11435:
11426:
11401:
11397:
11391:
11380:. Retrieved
11372:birdlife.org
11371:
11362:
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11332:
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11312:
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11247:
11236:
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11216:
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11187:
11178:
11170:the original
11165:
11156:
11145:. Retrieved
11115:. Retrieved
11106:The Guardian
11104:
11080:. Retrieved
11066:
11055:. Retrieved
11022:
11018:
11008:
10997:. Retrieved
10989:The Guardian
10988:
10978:
10927:
10923:
10913:
10902:. Retrieved
10894:The Guardian
10893:
10883:
10871:. Retrieved
10862:
10852:
10830:(1): 17–37.
10827:
10823:
10817:
10805:. Retrieved
10799:. Ecowatch.
10790:
10763:
10759:
10749:
10741:
10730:
10717:
10682:
10678:
10668:
10633:
10629:
10619:
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10588:
10578:
10566:. Retrieved
10541:10852/108771
10515:
10511:
10500:
10481:
10459:(2): 91–94.
10456:
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10350:10852/108771
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9912:
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9863:(1): 14730.
9860:
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9785:
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9058:
9048:December 14,
9046:. Retrieved
9035:
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9005:
8996:
8985:. Retrieved
8977:The Atlantic
8976:
8967:
8957:December 14,
8955:. Retrieved
8944:
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8925:
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8908:
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8128:
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8085:
8061:. Retrieved
8052:Ars Technica
8050:
8040:
8029:. Retrieved
7980:
7974:
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7918:. Retrieved
7904:
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7820:
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7684:
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7663:
7630:. Retrieved
7598:10871/131584
7581:
7577:
7544:. Retrieved
7535:
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7210:
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7095:
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7048:
7042:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6983:. Retrieved
6969:
6958:. Retrieved
6951:the original
6947:IPCC AR5 WGI
6946:
6920:NOAA Climate
6919:
6904:
6877:
6873:
6863:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6750:. Retrieved
6741:
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6645:
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6477:
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6101:
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5973:. Retrieved
5922:
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5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5834:
5830:
5820:
5809:the original
5772:
5768:
5717:
5713:
5669:
5665:
5639:Greg Holland
5636:
5630:. Retrieved
5621:
5612:
5595:10356/143900
5569:
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5502:
5498:
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5044:the original
5007:
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4965:
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4896:
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4847:
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4614:
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4424:
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4329:
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4225:
4164:. Retrieved
4155:
4129:. Retrieved
4125:the original
4120:
4110:
4067:
4063:
4035:. Retrieved
4027:The Guardian
4026:
4001:. Retrieved
3989:0521-80767-0
3956:. Retrieved
3952:the original
3937:
3930:Cazenave, A.
3923:
3915:
3909:. Retrieved
3878:
3857:
3825:
3821:
3764:IPCC, 2021:
3741:
3734:. Retrieved
3704:. Retrieved
3692:
3628:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3589:
3572:Paleoclimate
3507:
3480:
3437:
3366:
3362:power plants
3343:
3280:Isla Mujeres
3249:
3244:
3205:
3163:
3153:
3122:
3087:
3063:storm surges
3016:
2983:Christchurch
2952:
2907:
2905:
2845:
2789:
2730:
2705:
2644:
2609:
2605:
2589:protections.
2588:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2564:
2503:
2488:
2484:river deltas
2477:
2457:
2423:
2410:biodiversity
2394:
2319:
2273:river deltas
2254:
2199:
2133:
2125:urbanisation
2094:
2051:
2019:
1959:
1956:Sea ice loss
1948:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1896:
1893:millimeters.
1874:
1856:
1818:
1800:
1793:
1770:
1768:
1756:
1733:
1704:
1702:
1653:
1630:
1621:Wilkes Basin
1598:
1583:
1560:
1524:
1490:Arctic Ocean
1483:
1475:
1437:
1418:
1381:
1373:interglacial
1358:
1313:
1291:
1251:
1222:
1178:
1126:
1123:Measurements
1084:–23 ft)
1064:
1061:–72 ft)
1013:–10 ft)
994:
954:
811:
758:
711:
689:paleoclimate
653:
636:
566:
561:
555:
519:in Greenland
515:
425:
421:
415:
342:
321:
317:
309:paleoclimate
298:
264:
260:Paleoclimate
253:
241:Observations
216:
190:, including
173:
140:storm surges
137:
98:
70:
43:
18941:Categories
18910:Survivalism
18597:Zoroastrian
18453:Seven seals
18448:Seven bowls
18374:Historicism
18270:Solar flare
18146:Overfishing
18121:Defaunation
17908:coral reefs
17670:AI takeover
17589:Nanoweapons
17577:Cybergeddon
17562:Cyberattack
17290:Carbon sink
17268:atmospheric
17133:video games
16807:Blue carbon
16440:Agriculture
16419:Marine life
16366:Water cycle
16324:temperature
16059:Fossil fuel
15847:Thermocline
15564:Mesopelagic
15537:Ocean zones
15508:Slab window
15373:Hydrography
15313:Abyssal fan
15280:Tidal range
15270:Tidal power
15265:Tidal force
15150:Rip current
15085:Gulf Stream
15045:Ekman layer
15035:Downwelling
15010:Baroclinity
14997:Circulation
14893:Wave height
14883:Wave action
14866:megatsunami
14846:Stokes wave
14806:Rossby wave
14771:Kelvin wave
14751:Green's law
14609:New Zealand
14604:Netherlands
14395:(1): 1–27.
14302:Long, Maebh
13708:(1): 2720.
13615:(1): 3229.
13368:25 February
13244:17 November
13217:17 November
13160:(1): 4176.
12960:: 173–195.
12755:: 189–198.
12719:www.fao.org
12681:10317/13078
12383:(1): 5705.
11757:(1): 2038.
11682:(1): 1–23.
11574:: 267–271.
11404:: 204–207.
11254:(1): 5277.
11025:: 180–204.
10930:(1): 3592.
9689:2268/242139
9630:10852/50174
8885:11 December
8614:10871/28918
8403:(12): 859.
8191:1874/412157
8139:January 14,
7698:climate.gov
7385:2268/225208
7012:(7): 1401.
6833:(13): n/a.
6002:(1): 2701.
5948:10023/23422
5440:(1): 2728.
5226:: 112–121.
5162:(1): 2728.
5050:8 September
4976:8 September
4966:www.esa.int
4131:October 22,
4070:(1): 4844.
3736:18 December
3517:coral reefs
3444:low islands
3328:oyster reef
3296:storm surge
3252:groundwater
3160:Delta Works
3156:Netherlands
2975:New Zealand
2938:Australasia
2865:groundwater
2828:Philippines
2733:East Africa
2559:Delta Works
2514:New Orleans
2495:groundwater
2374:Bramble Cay
2354:leatherback
2117:aquaculture
2113:groundwater
2097:storm-surge
1994: in).
1974:ice shelves
1913:In 2023, a
1725:Pine Island
1563:ice shelves
1527:groundwater
1466:excess heat
1287:Port Arthur
1254:tide gauges
1240:Tide gauges
1226:trade winds
1194:water vapor
940: in).
693:The Bahamas
649:ice mélange
597:ice shelves
386: in).
295:temperature
281:Projections
176:tidal range
160:Crop yields
18982:Categories
18870:Depression
18860:Ransomware
18675:Messianism
18645:Armageddon
18630:Apocalypse
18418:Antichrist
18406:Man of sin
18303:Three Ages
18166:Big Crunch
18028:Extinction
18020:Biological
17782:Ecological
17654:Strangelet
17322:Cryosphere
17283:permafrost
17055:Resilience
17007:Adaptation
16982:Litigation
16972:Governance
16917:adaptation
16699:Carbon tax
16652:Mitigation
16589:Antarctica
16477:Disability
15785:Reanalysis
15684:Satellites
15665:Sofar bomb
15513:Subduction
15488:Ridge push
15383:Ocean bank
15363:Contourite
15290:Tide gauge
15275:Tidal race
15260:Tidal bore
15250:Slack tide
15215:Earth tide
15135:Ocean gyre
14955:Wind setup
14950:Wind fetch
14913:Wave setup
14908:Wave radar
14903:Wave power
14801:Rogue wave
14731:Dispersion
14564:Bangladesh
14369:2019-02-02
14340:2019-10-04
14260:2021-12-17
14230:2019-02-02
14195:2018-09-02
14106:2016-05-09
14016:2021-12-17
13901:2021-12-17
13872:2020-08-09
13836:2022-03-18
13530:2018-08-20
13428:2021-01-31
13398:28 October
13337:2019-02-02
13236:. Forbes.
12789:2021-02-03
12729:2018-10-21
12699:27 October
12490:(1): 102.
12442:: 100403.
12280:2018-09-02
12216:2019-10-31
12153:2021-12-17
12121:: 105707.
11973:2019-09-02
11884:. CLIVAR.
11866:2016-02-04
11731:2018-10-07
11660:2018-09-07
11556:2019-10-31
11446:2020-10-28
11382:2018-09-06
11353:2019-06-25
11323:2016-06-17
11227:2017-05-17
11198:2017-05-17
11147:2018-10-21
11082:2021-12-17
11057:2021-12-17
10999:2023-02-25
10904:2021-07-01
10807:31 October
10766:: 108006.
9950:(1): 1–7.
9796:2019-12-28
9723:2020-05-11
9506:27 October
9466:PNAS Nexus
9445:27 October
9405:PNAS Nexus
9238:(1): 390.
9016:2018-08-29
8987:2018-08-29
8949:. London.
8921:2022-10-22
8784:2022-10-23
8505:2024-01-13
8281:1808/18763
8063:2018-06-15
8031:2020-11-10
7950:15 January
7920:15 January
7895:2019-10-31
7831:2019-02-01
7632:23 October
7546:15 January
7226:2020-02-03
7201:2019-09-07
7171:10 October
7115:2018-08-26
6960:2018-08-26
6752:2018-08-22
6656:2022-02-22
6515:31 October
6301:(1): 601.
6210:2011-06-17
6063:: 108287.
5860:1912/25343
5632:2017-09-11
5281:1602.01393
5129:3 February
4869:2017-02-06
4573:2018-08-12
4479:26 January
4393:10535/8585
4345:2015-09-01
4166:2022-07-04
4037:2018-12-28
3958:25 January
3911:2022-04-11
3875:"Synopsis"
3787:pp. 3−32,
3706:2022-10-18
3582:References
3503:Vanua Levu
3501:island of
3452:into soils
3442:and other
3369:California
3348:, current
3316:Gulf Coast
3224:vulnerable
3035:Georgetown
2979:Wellington
2977:cities of
2959:Queensland
2861:subsidence
2804:Bangladesh
2796:South Asia
2721:Mozambique
2536:Adaptation
2530:Baltic Sea
2522:Hudson Bay
2465:Antarctica
2358:loggerhead
2303:See also:
2293:irrigation
2277:Nile Delta
2068:See also:
2054:irrigation
2039:subsidence
2014:See also:
1899:Antarctica
1729:topography
1607:, such as
1444:Antarctica
1413:See also:
1382:Since the
1320:Baltic Sea
1198:atmosphere
1152:Satellites
1140:, and the
1130:Satellites
989:Antarctica
718:deep ocean
691:data from
620:Jim Hansen
523:Antarctica
267:subsidence
196:Bangladesh
180:subsidence
171:century.
168:irrigation
152:ecosystems
144:king tides
82:ice sheets
19008:Sea level
18755:Fictional
18602:Saoshyant
18487:New Earth
18458:The Beast
18391:Preterism
18364:Christian
18320:Kali Yuga
18265:Micronova
18260:Hypernova
18126:Dysgenics
17967:Verneshot
17873:Hypercane
17616:Dead Hand
17337:Feedbacks
17108:Education
16609:Caribbean
16604:Australia
16531:Migration
16494:Fisheries
16445:Livestock
16371:Wildfires
16277:Heat wave
15647:Acoustics
15599:Sea level
15498:Slab pull
15435:tectonics
15343:Cold seep
15305:Landforms
15182:Whirlpool
15177:Upwelling
14960:Wind wave
14888:Wave base
14816:Sea state
14736:Edge wave
14726:Cross sea
14584:Indonesia
14411:1543-5938
14330:150286287
14286:9 January
14160:Q29028186
14152:1748-9326
14006:244271480
13990:1034-4810
13951:2072-4292
13748:234783225
13572:2167-8359
13556:: e9044.
13332:0362-4331
13293:203120550
13135:231794192
13111:(1): 24.
13074:222318289
13023:134889581
12976:135328414
12864:31 August
12833:129557182
12779:2199-899X
12689:233626963
12634:150179939
12626:0096-3402
12583:256227421
12464:246354121
12267:153384574
12143:244585347
12135:0305-750X
12072:199393735
12056:0036-8075
12010:768078077
11944:0036-8075
11838:131866367
11696:128615335
11605:: 93–99.
11463:Oecologia
11276:2045-2322
11188:Grist.org
11139:. Nibio.
11117:30 August
11047:239647501
10952:2041-1723
10844:154588933
10709:259275991
10568:8 January
10558:255441012
10377:8 January
10367:255441012
10075:0027-8424
10034:251912711
9974:2662-4435
9923:15 August
9713:219146922
9697:1476-4687
9565:221200001
9557:2662-4435
9303:: 10325.
9275:6 January
9210:264476246
9161:219487981
9153:0894-8755
9094:1476-4687
8828:131723421
8774:221885420
8474:0094-8276
8425:130927366
8331:222179485
8307:(1): 39.
8215:233871029
8199:0028-0836
7674:2 October
7622:252161375
7606:0036-8075
7133:. CSIRO.
7087:129887186
7065:CiteSeerX
6977:. PSMSL.
6855:128907116
6706:131866367
6564:1758-6798
6261:0036-8075
5957:0036-8075
5898:9 January
5797:0028-0836
5604:218541055
5572:(1): 18.
5527:2375-2548
5462:2041-1723
5119:234353584
5111:1812-0784
5040:221381924
5032:1758-6798
4946:8 January
4808:205247890
4523:0165-0009
4469:234098716
4461:1994-0416
4264:0386-2208
3538:Caribbean
3525:sea walls
3521:mangroves
3268:community
3226:state of
3220:king tide
3200:king tide
3198:during a
3168:North Sea
3149:Edinburgh
3104:coast of
3082:Barcelona
3023:Venezuela
3011:São Paulo
2955:Australia
2948:Caloundra
2901:Zhanjiang
2873:Guangzhou
2816:Indonesia
2710:, future
2671:By region
2491:sea level
2461:Greenland
2362:hawksbill
2326:estuarine
2285:Red River
1819:In 2021,
1440:Greenland
1285:near the
1275:Australia
1271:Amsterdam
1171:, and by
1118: ft)
1101: ft)
1044: ft)
642:from the
631:embayment
422:emissions
208:Caribbean
192:Indonesia
156:mangroves
73:sea level
18895:Pandemic
18880:Epidemic
18875:Droughts
18729:Prewrath
18660:End time
18526:Al-Qa'im
18411:Katechon
18396:2 Esdras
18386:Idealism
18369:Futurism
18298:Maitreya
18293:Buddhist
18136:Pandemic
17584:Gray goo
17463:Glossary
17451:Category
17273:biologic
16987:Politics
16879:Personal
16584:Americas
16457:Children
16223:Physical
16016:Overview
15956:Overview
15880:Category
15832:Seawater
15559:Littoral
15554:Deep sea
15413:Seamount
15295:Tideline
15240:Rip tide
15170:shutdown
15140:Overflow
14873:Undertow
14716:Clapotis
14614:Thailand
14599:Maldives
14594:Malaysia
14363:Archived
14334:Archived
14310:Symplokē
14304:(2018).
14280:Archived
14254:Archived
14224:Archived
14182:AR5 WGII
14156:Wikidata
14100:Archived
14069:Archived
14010:Archived
13998:34792251
13895:Archived
13830:Archived
13828:. 2022.
13797:Archived
13767:Archived
13740:34006886
13680:Archived
13669:Archived
13647:32591535
13590:32411525
13524:Archived
13522:. 2012.
13494:Archived
13472:19624347
13422:Archived
13418:EcoWatch
13392:Archived
13362:Archived
13303:17 April
13297:Archived
13238:Archived
13211:Archived
13192:36914726
13183:10011601
13084:17 April
13078:Archived
13033:17 April
13027:Archived
12925:Archived
12914:Archived
12894:Archived
12883:Archived
12858:Archived
12783:Archived
12693:Archived
12524:38665203
12515:11041751
12415:36175422
12356:17 April
12350:Archived
12305:17 April
12299:Archived
12210:Archived
12182:13 March
12176:Archived
12147:Archived
12089:Archived
12064:20558707
11964:Archived
11960:12295500
11952:26250684
11886:Archived
11860:Archived
11858:. 2016.
11789:37041168
11780:10090057
11651:Archived
11580:25737579
11550:Archived
11546:24251960
11499:20593198
11491:40864709
11440:Archived
11376:Archived
11347:Archived
11317:Archived
11294:37081050
11285:10119306
11221:Archived
11192:Archived
11141:Archived
11111:Archived
11076:Archived
11051:Archived
10993:Archived
10970:34188026
10898:Archived
10867:Archived
10801:Archived
10735:Archived
10660:32269399
10562:Archived
10550:36603094
10371:Archived
10359:36603094
10302:31223652
10245:37853149
10236:10584691
10153:33723012
10093:31871153
9917:Archived
9895:28361871
9790:Archived
9786:UCI News
9717:Archived
9705:31822019
9638:26672555
9579:Archived
9533:(1): 8.
9500:Archived
9496:37091546
9487:10118300
9439:Archived
9435:37007716
9426:10062297
9386:11083712
9378:19443778
9335:26838462
9266:Archived
9262:13129041
9110:59606358
9102:30728520
9042:Archived
9010:Archived
9008:. 2014.
8981:Archived
8979:. 2018.
8951:Archived
8946:BBC News
8915:Archived
8879:Archived
8778:Archived
8766:32968257
8716:33931453
8623:55567382
8563:29109976
8499:Archived
8374:23086145
8228:Archived
8223:Alt URL
8207:33953415
8133:Archived
8057:Archived
8025:Archived
8021:32653236
8013:23197528
7944:Archived
7914:Archived
7886:Archived
7882:19120823
7825:Archived
7720:Archived
7716:NASA.gov
7702:Archived
7668:Archived
7626:Archived
7614:36074831
7540:Archived
7464:30642972
7402:49188002
7394:29899482
7325:Archived
7314:Archived
7286:25313072
7220:Archived
7195:Archived
7191:phys.org
7165:Archived
7141:25 April
7135:Archived
7109:Archived
7034:55384210
6979:Archived
6913:Archived
6812:29440401
6746:Archived
6650:Archived
6628:26601273
6506:Archived
6502:91886763
6451:19179281
6392:31110015
6333:29463787
6269:17777925
6204:Archived
6163:Archived
6130:Archived
6126:37406130
6034:33976208
5969:Archived
5965:34140387
5892:Archived
5865:Archived
5805:29072274
5626:Archived
5624:. 2015.
5545:29928691
5480:30013142
5428:(2018).
5412:31285345
5194:30013142
5123:Archived
4970:Archived
4940:Archived
4860:Archived
4831:Archived
4800:27029274
4752:26903648
4635:Archived
4567:Archived
4473:Archived
4402:26269087
4339:Archived
4310:Archived
4299:Archived
4282:23883609
4206:Archived
4195:Archived
4160:Archived
4102:31664024
4031:Archived
3994:Archived
3905:Archived
3780:Archived
3769:Archived
3730:Archived
3697:Archived
3622:Archived
3603:Archived
3544:See also
3513:sediment
3487:Kiribati
3483:Maldives
3418:Maldives
3310:and the
3114:Portugal
3110:Calabria
3043:Caatinga
3031:Suriname
2912:Shanghai
2859:, where
2832:Thailand
2824:Pakistan
2725:Tanzania
2489:relative
2475:(AMOC).
2406:Mangrove
2398:mudflats
2275:such as
2218:Shanghai
2121:Land use
2027:wetlands
1978:icebergs
1908:land ice
1839:SSP1-2.6
1801:land ice
1763:ice caps
1721:Thwaites
1713:snowfall
1146:rotation
740:net zero
227:seawalls
178:or land
148:tsunamis
86:glaciers
18955:Hazards
18853:General
18724:Rapture
18573:Messiah
18561:Sufyani
18551:Israfil
18521:Islamic
18359:Messiah
18337:1 Enoch
18171:Big Rip
17883:Ecocide
17878:Ice age
17278:oceanic
17128:fiction
16977:Justice
16928:Society
16536:Poverty
16255:Drought
16123:History
16047:Sources
15890:Commons
15760:Mooring
15710:Related
15701:Jason-3
15691:Jason-1
15574:Pelagic
15569:Oceanic
15544:Benthic
14861:Tsunami
14831:Soliton
14634:Vietnam
14589:Ireland
13929:Bibcode
13731:8131618
13710:Bibcode
13638:7319989
13617:Bibcode
13581:7204830
13500:10 July
13452:Bibcode
13273:Bibcode
13162:Bibcode
13113:Bibcode
13003:Bibcode
12813:Bibcode
12757:Bibcode
12661:Bibcode
12606:Bibcode
12561:Bibcode
12492:Bibcode
12444:Bibcode
12406:9522673
12385:Bibcode
12334:Bibcode
12247:Bibcode
12036:Bibcode
12028:Science
11924:Bibcode
11916:Science
11816:Bibcode
11759:Bibcode
11607:Bibcode
11507:6929383
11471:Bibcode
11406:Bibcode
11256:Bibcode
11027:Bibcode
10961:8242013
10932:Bibcode
10873:4 March
10768:Bibcode
10742:Fig. 2b
10687:Bibcode
10651:7115037
10597:Bibcode
10520:Bibcode
10512:Science
10461:Bibcode
10438:3256381
10406:Bibcode
10329:Bibcode
10321:Science
10293:6584365
10272:Bibcode
10215:Bibcode
10176:Bibcode
10144:8020747
10121:Bibcode
10084:6955352
10012:Bibcode
9952:Bibcode
9886:5380968
9865:Bibcode
9824:Bibcode
9754:Bibcode
9646:4468824
9610:Bibcode
9535:Bibcode
9358:Bibcode
9350:Science
9326:4742792
9305:Bibcode
9240:Bibcode
9188:Bibcode
9133:Bibcode
9074:Bibcode
8855:Bibcode
8808:Bibcode
8746:Bibcode
8707:8087405
8686:Bibcode
8647:Bibcode
8591:Bibcode
8554:5665591
8533:Bibcode
8452:Bibcode
8405:Bibcode
8382:4414976
8354:Bibcode
8309:Bibcode
8258:Bibcode
8171:Bibcode
8094:Bibcode
7985:Bibcode
7976:Science
7862:Bibcode
7788:Bibcode
7747:Bibcode
7578:Science
7500:Bibcode
7455:6347714
7432:Bibcode
7364:Bibcode
7277:4217469
7254:Bibcode
7057:Bibcode
7014:Bibcode
6882:Bibcode
6835:Bibcode
6803:5834701
6780:Bibcode
6684:Bibcode
6619:4643791
6598:Bibcode
6544:Bibcode
6482:Bibcode
6442:2632717
6419:Bibcode
6383:6561295
6360:Bibcode
6324:5820313
6303:Bibcode
6241:Bibcode
6233:Science
6106:Bibcode
6065:Bibcode
6025:8113328
6004:Bibcode
5927:Bibcode
5919:Science
5839:Bibcode
5777:Bibcode
5722:Bibcode
5674:Bibcode
5574:Bibcode
5536:6007161
5507:Bibcode
5471:6048022
5442:Bibcode
5403:6660720
5380:Bibcode
5308:9410444
5286:Bibcode
5228:Bibcode
5185:6048022
5164:Bibcode
5079:Bibcode
5012:Bibcode
4905:Bibcode
4891:2023).
4780:Bibcode
4743:4791025
4720:Bibcode
4676:Bibcode
4619:Bibcode
4531:2242594
4485:Fig. 4.
4429:Bibcode
4273:3758961
4244:Bibcode
4093:6820795
4072:Bibcode
4003:23 July
3830:Bibcode
3599:EPA.gov
3380:⁄
3292:Cozumel
3272:tourism
3265:Mi'kmaq
3257:Halifax
3228:Florida
3118:Denmark
2928:sinking
2924:Jakarta
2893:Tianjin
2885:Kolkata
2881:Jakarta
2869:Bangkok
2836:Vietnam
2692:Chorkor
2585:retreat
2578:retreat
2346:Ecuador
2338:Florida
2322:coastal
2247:⁄
2233:⁄
2191:⁄
2170:⁄
2156:⁄
2064:Impacts
1989:⁄
1949:Science
1942:⁄
1928:⁄
1916:Science
1867:⁄
1832:⁄
1749:⁄
1717:bedrock
1677:⁄
1667:⁄
1605:sea ice
1544:Envisat
1429:balance
1302:⁄
1215:⁄
1205:⁄
1196:in the
1173:Jason-3
1169:Jason-2
1161:Jason-1
1113:⁄
1096:⁄
1079:⁄
1056:⁄
1039:⁄
1025:⁄
1008:⁄
978:⁄
964:⁄
935:⁄
921:⁄
907:⁄
893:⁄
879:⁄
865:⁄
843:⁄
829:⁄
804:⁄
790:⁄
776:⁄
751:⁄
733:⁄
682:⁄
668:⁄
609:⁄
590:⁄
576:⁄
535:⁄
508:⁄
494:⁄
480:⁄
466:⁄
452:⁄
438:⁄
407:⁄
381:⁄
130:⁄
116:⁄
18885:Famine
18811:Zombie
18613:Others
18568:Jewish
18546:Dajjal
18428:Events
18342:Daniel
18243:winter
18070:Others
17960:winter
17760:winter
17755:famine
17750:cobalt
17258:Albedo
17251:Theory
16962:Denial
16753:Energy
16614:Europe
16594:Arctic
16579:Africa
16504:Health
16499:Gender
16462:Cities
16387:Biomes
16294:Oceans
16282:Marine
16005:Causes
15579:Photic
15408:Seabed
14821:Seiche
14624:Tuvalu
14619:Turkey
14569:Brazil
14409:
14328:
14158:
14150:
14004:
13996:
13988:
13949:
13773:9 July
13746:
13738:
13728:
13645:
13635:
13588:
13578:
13570:
13470:
13330:
13291:
13190:
13180:
13133:
13072:
13021:
12974:
12831:
12777:
12687:
12632:
12624:
12581:
12522:
12512:
12462:
12413:
12403:
12265:
12141:
12133:
12095:. In:
12070:
12062:
12054:
12008:
11998:
11958:
11950:
11942:
11836:
11787:
11777:
11694:
11578:
11544:
11505:
11497:
11489:
11292:
11282:
11274:
11045:
10968:
10958:
10950:
10842:
10707:
10658:
10648:
10556:
10548:
10436:
10404:: 54.
10365:
10357:
10300:
10290:
10243:
10233:
10207:Nature
10151:
10141:
10091:
10081:
10073:
10032:
9972:
9893:
9883:
9711:
9703:
9695:
9669:Nature
9644:
9636:
9602:Nature
9563:
9555:
9494:
9484:
9433:
9423:
9384:
9376:
9333:
9323:
9260:
9208:
9159:
9151:
9108:
9100:
9092:
9066:Nature
8875:784105
8873:
8826:
8772:
8764:
8738:Nature
8714:
8704:
8684:(18).
8621:
8561:
8551:
8472:
8423:
8380:
8372:
8346:Nature
8329:
8213:
8205:
8197:
8163:Nature
8019:
8011:
7880:
7620:
7612:
7604:
7462:
7452:
7400:
7392:
7356:Nature
7284:
7274:
7085:
7067:
7032:
6985:11 May
6853:
6810:
6800:
6704:
6626:
6616:
6562:
6500:
6449:
6439:
6390:
6380:
6331:
6321:
6267:
6259:
6196:
6136:3 June
6124:
6104:(27).
6032:
6022:
5975:3 June
5963:
5955:
5871:3 June
5803:
5795:
5769:Nature
5602:
5543:
5533:
5525:
5478:
5468:
5460:
5410:
5400:
5306:
5192:
5182:
5117:
5109:
5038:
5030:
4837:28 May
4806:
4798:
4772:Nature
4750:
4740:
4644:28 May
4529:
4521:
4467:
4459:
4400:
4280:
4270:
4262:
4100:
4090:
3986:
3944:
3897:
3775:. In:
3499:Fijian
3491:Tuvalu
3440:atolls
3432:, and
3276:Cancun
3263:. The
3230:. The
3212:Mexico
3208:Canada
3145:Thames
3137:levees
3125:Venice
3090:Europe
3069:Europe
3047:shrimp
3039:Brazil
3027:Guyana
2920:RCP4.5
2908:annual
2897:Xiamen
2889:Nagoya
2853:Russia
2826:, the
2772:Lagoon
2708:Africa
2676:Africa
2656:RCP2.6
2597:levees
2526:Canada
2499:Levees
2425:Corals
2330:forest
2076:, and
1705:median
1611:, and
1556:ICESat
1519:France
1395:Causes
1370:Eemian
1342:, and
1316:Europe
814:
765:
146:, and
18900:Riots
18592:Norse
18556:Mahdi
18315:Kalki
18310:Hindu
17640:(EMP)
17475:Index
17237:Proxy
16997:Women
16472:Crime
16399:Birds
16265:Flood
15770:Ocean
15739:Alvin
15589:Swash
15433:Plate
15378:Knoll
15368:Guyot
15323:Atoll
15202:Tides
14965:model
14851:Swell
14683:Waves
14574:China
14326:S2CID
14189:(PDF)
14178:(PDF)
14002:S2CID
13866:(PDF)
13855:(PDF)
13744:S2CID
13675:. In
13550:PeerJ
13468:S2CID
13289:S2CID
13131:S2CID
13070:S2CID
13019:S2CID
12972:S2CID
12920:. In
12889:. In
12829:S2CID
12685:S2CID
12630:S2CID
12579:S2CID
12460:S2CID
12274:(PDF)
12263:S2CID
12235:(PDF)
12139:S2CID
12068:S2CID
11967:(PDF)
11956:S2CID
11912:(PDF)
11834:S2CID
11725:(PDF)
11714:(PDF)
11692:S2CID
11654:(PDF)
11639:(PDF)
11576:JSTOR
11503:S2CID
11487:JSTOR
11043:S2CID
10840:S2CID
10738:(PDF)
10727:(PDF)
10705:S2CID
10554:S2CID
10434:S2CID
10363:S2CID
10030:S2CID
9709:S2CID
9642:S2CID
9561:S2CID
9382:S2CID
9269:(PDF)
9258:S2CID
9228:(PDF)
9206:S2CID
9157:S2CID
9106:S2CID
8871:S2CID
8824:S2CID
8770:S2CID
8619:S2CID
8421:S2CID
8378:S2CID
8327:S2CID
8211:S2CID
8017:S2CID
7967:IMBIE
7889:(PDF)
7878:S2CID
7850:(PDF)
7786:(2).
7618:S2CID
7398:S2CID
7320:. In
7083:S2CID
7030:S2CID
6954:(PDF)
6943:(PDF)
6851:S2CID
6702:S2CID
6509:(PDF)
6498:S2CID
6470:(PDF)
6276:(PDF)
6229:(PDF)
5812:(PDF)
5765:(PDF)
5600:S2CID
5304:S2CID
5276:arXiv
5115:S2CID
5036:S2CID
4863:(PDF)
4856:(PDF)
4804:S2CID
4638:(PDF)
4607:(PDF)
4527:S2CID
4465:S2CID
4398:JSTOR
4376:(3).
4305:. In
4201:. In
3997:(PDF)
3980:(PDF)
3700:(PDF)
3689:(PDF)
3533:Tonga
3529:Palau
3389:. In
3322:like
3196:Miami
3177:dikes
3173:dunes
3106:Italy
3094:Spain
2987:Maori
2820:Japan
2812:India
2808:China
2717:Egypt
2696:Accra
2624:India
2480:ports
2478:Many
2366:green
2281:Egypt
2265:ports
2222:LiDAR
2214:Osaka
2206:Miami
2003:GRACE
1970:dense
1815:half)
1771:below
1567:SROCC
708:2300.
583:2,624
256:radar
250:year.
154:like
101:Earth
94:water
17060:Risk
16599:Asia
16191:2024
16186:2023
16181:2022
16176:2021
16171:2020
16166:2019
15737:DSV
15722:Argo
15584:Surf
15040:Eddy
14579:Fiji
14407:ISSN
14288:2023
14148:ISSN
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