1083:
875:
1535:
1689:
1392:
730:
3700:
4127:
248:. After his accession to the English throne in 1603 James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England and the loss of the court as a centre of patronage was a major blow to Scottish literature. A new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge, including work by women such as Mary MacLeod of Harris. The tradition of neo-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the publication of the anthology of the
1216:
1798:
478:
765:(1375), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the English invasion until the end of the war of independence. The work was extremely popular among the Scots-speaking aristocracy and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary
351:, began his literary career as a poet and also collected and published Scottish ballads. Scottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect, and for its lack of Scottishness in the English tongue. Successful poets included
1520:(1784–1842),. The most important figure in Scottish Romanticism, Walter Scott (1771–1832), began his literary career as a poet, producing Medieval revival pieces in English such as "The lay of the last minstrel" (1805), and also collected and published Scottish ballads, before the success of his first prose work,
31:
665:, existed in Scotland and a larger number in Ireland, until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry. Much of their work was never written down and what survives was only recorded from the sixteenth century.
1097:
Having extolled the virtues of Scots "poesie", after his accession to the
English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England. The loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. A number of Scottish poets, including William
750:
was compiled by the brothers James and Donald MacGregor in the early decades of the sixteenth century. Beside
Scottish Gaelic verse it contains a large number of poems composed in Ireland as well verse and prose in Scots and Latin. The subject matter includes love poetry, heroic ballads and
1880:(b. 1947) also explored the lives of working-class people of Glasgow, but added an appreciation of female voices within a sometimes male dominated society. The 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets that became leading figures on the UK stage, including
623:
1904:
Paterson and
Crawford have both produced esoteric work, which includes Paterson's ironically self-aware verse and Crawford's a metaphorically colourful re-imagining of Scottish history. Kathleen Jamie has explored female aspirations, drawing on her experiences growing up in rural
1114:
As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge. While
Classical poetry used a language largely fixed in the twelfth century, the vernacular continued to develop. In contrast to the Classical tradition, which used
119:
continued to act in a similar role in the
Highlands and Islands. What survives of their work was only recorded from the sixteenth century. This includes poems composed by women, including Aithbhreac Nighean Coirceadail. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is
1545:
Scottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots language poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect and
English poetry for its lack of Scottishness. The main legacy of Burns were the conservative and anti-radical
1102:
their written language. James's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the
Scottish court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign, but his patronage for the
1410:(1750–48), who also worked in English. His work often celebrated his native Edinburgh, as in his best known poem "Auld Reekie" (1773). Burns (1759–96) was highly influenced by the Ossian cycle. An Ayrshire poet and lyricist, he is widely regarded as the
1657:
and widespread emigration significantly weakened Gaelic language and culture and had a profound impact on the nature of Gaelic poetry. The theme of homeland became prominent. The best poetry in this vein contained a strong element of protest, including
672:
literature was written in
Medieval Scotland than is often thought, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the fourteenth century. Works that have survived include that of the prolific poet
1727:(1898–1943), who pursued an exploration of identity, rejecting nostalgia and parochialism and engaging with social and political issues. Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including
371:
and widespread emigration weakened Gaelic language and culture and had a profound impact on the nature of Gaelic poetry. Particularly significant was the work of
Uilleam Mac Dhun Lèibhe, Seonaidh Phàdraig Iarsiadair and Màiri Mhòr nan Óran.
1674:, 1821–98), whose verse was criticised for a lack of intellectual weight, but which embodies the spirit of the land agitation of the 1870s and 1880s and whose evocation of place and mood has made her among the most enduring Gaelic poets.
651:
that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French. After this "de-gallicisation" of the
Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of
1254:(1724–37) contained old Scots folk material, his own poems in the folk style and "gentilizings" of Scots poems in the English neo-classical style. Ramsay was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English. These included
1042:, published in 1584 when he was aged 18, was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue, to which he applied Renaissance principles. He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish
1179:", that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, but in verses that were not recorded until the modern era. They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as
1123:. However, they shared with the Classic poets a set of complex metaphors and a common role, as the verse was still often panegyric. A number of these vernacular poets were women, such as Mary MacLeod of Harris (c. 1615–1707).
656:
took over the functions of the filidh and they would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the
1367:
was speedily translated into many European languages, and its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legends did more than any single work to bring about the
786:
144:
1554:'s (1784–1848) "Anster Fair" (1812) produced a more respectable version of folk revels. Standard critical narratives have seen the descent of Scottish poetry into infantalism as exemplified by the highly popular
207:
founded a tradition of neo-Latin poetry that would continue into the seventeenth century. From the 1550s cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court, political turmoil and discouragement from the
1230:(1686–1758) was the most important literary figure of the era, often described as leading a "vernacular revival". He laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, publishing
1840:
in 1956, widely regarded as one of the most important literary works in the language, for which he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature on three occasions, the first esperantist to be nominated.
643:, who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and passed on their knowledge and culture in Gaelic to the next generation. At least from the accession of
1770:(Somhairle MacGill-Eain, 1911–96). A native of Skye and a native Gaelic speaker, he abandoned the stylistic conventions of the tradition and opened up new possibilities for composition with his poem
982:(1506–82) had a major influence as a Latin poet, founding a tradition of neo-Latin poetry that would continue in to the seventeenth century. Contributors to this tradition included royal secretary
1036:
Unlike many of his predecessors, James VI actively despised Gaelic culture. However, in the 1580s and 1590s he strongly promoted the literature of the country of his birth in Scots. His treatise,
751:
philosophical pieces. It also is notable for containing poetry by at least four women. These include Aithbhreac Nighean Coirceadail (f. 1460), who wrote a lament for her husband, the constable of
3736:
1868:, pioneering the working class voice in Scottish poetry, although what has been described as his finest work "A priest came on at Merkland Street" is in English. Like his friend Leonard,
1666:
clearances in "Fios Thun a' Bhard" ("A Message for the Poet") and Seonaidh Phàdraig Iarsiadair's (John Smith, 1848–81) long emotional condemnation of those responsible for the clearances
1289:(Duncan Ban MacIntyre, 1724–1812) and Uilleam Ross (William Ross, 1762–90), most noted for his anguished love songs. The most significant poet in the language during this era was
1581:'s visit to Scotland. From the other end of the social scale Lady Margaret Maclean Clephane Compton Northampton (d. 1830), translated Jacobite verse from the Gaelic and poems by
1642:(1857–1909), whose work, including "The Runable Stag" and "Thirty Bob a Week" were much anthologised, would have a major impact on modernist poets including Hugh MacDiarmid,
1848:(b. 1942), whose work has often seen a coming to terms with class and national identity within the formal structures of poetry and commenting on contemporary events, as in
711:
was a literary language, with works that include the "Carmen de morte Sumerledi", a poem which exults triumphantly the victory of the citizens of Glasgow over the warlord
1719:
that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms. Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets
1711:(the pseudonym of Christopher Murray Grieve, 1892–1978). MacDiarmid attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including "
707:, written in French and preserved only outside Scotland, are thought by some scholars, including D. D. R. Owen, to have been written in Scotland. In addition to French,
1074:(1570–1627). By the late 1590s the king's championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne.
3226:
1469:. Some of his works, such as "Love and Liberty" (also known as "The Jolly Beggars"), are written in both Scots and English for various effects. His themes included
3729:
1082:
915:. William Dunbar (1460–1513) produced satires, lyrics, invectives and dream visions that established the vernacular as a flexible medium for poetry of any kind.
543:
poetry survive from the early Medieval period and most of these are in Irish manuscripts. These include poems in praise of Pictish kings contained within Irish
148:. They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were produced in the period. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by
3722:
1107:
in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined. The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was
1550:
that sprang up around Scotland, filled with members that praised a sanitised version of Burns and poets who fixated on the "Burns stanza" as a form.
1333:(1736–96) was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, by claiming to have collected and translated Gaelic poetry written by the
639:
was overwhelmingly an oral society dominated by Gaelic culture. Our fuller sources for Ireland of the same period suggest that there would have been
1171:
emerged as a significant written form in Scotland. Some ballads may date back to the late Medieval era and deal with events and people, such as "
1138:(1585–1670) and containing work by the major Scottish practitioners since Buchanan. This period was marked by the work of female Scottish poets.
983:
3054:
2455:
3440:
1512:(1766–1813), whose outspoken views forced him into emigration to the US. Major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets
2061:
1909:
and Jackie Kay has drawn on her experiences as a black child adopted by a working class Glasgow family. Glasgow-born Duffy was named as
1066:
and short sonnets, for narrative, nature description, satire and meditations on love. Later poets that followed in this vein included
1009:(r. 1567–1625), cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk, heavily influenced by
1872:(Angus Nicolson, b. 1942), amongst the most prominent post-war Gaelic poets, was influenced by new American poetry, particularly the
1348:. Macpherson's published translations immediately acquired international popularity, being proclaimed as a Gaelic equivalent to the
848:(c. 1505) provides evidence of a wider tradition of secular writing outside of Court and Kirk now largely lost. Major works include
3639:
3248:
1566:(1810–72). This tendency has been seen as leading late nineteenth-century Scottish poetry into the sentimental parochialism of the
1226:
After the Union in 1707 Scottish literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation.
1033:'s (?1520-82/3) use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilian poets of James VI's adult reign.
443:. The 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets who became leading figures on the UK stage including
3401:
1573:
However, Scotland continued to produce talented and successful poets. Poets from the lower social orders included the weaver-poet
3480:
3475:
1067:
3465:
1794:(Iain Mac a' Ghobhainn, 1928–98). They all focused on the issues of exile, the fate of the Gaelic language and bi-culturalism.
1098:
Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write, but they soon began to
232:
promoted the literature in Scots and became patron and member of a loose circle of court poets and musicians, later called the
798:. They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were also produced in the period, including
3234:
1747:(1921–96) from Orkney, wrote both poetry and prose fiction shaped by his distinctive island background. The Glaswegian poet
3634:
115:
who acted as poets, musicians and historians. After the "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court from the twelfth century,
1327:, which helped inspire a new form of nature poetry in Gaelic, which was not focused on their relations to human concerns.
3470:
1030:
225:
2154:
T. O. Clancy, "Scotland, the 'Nennian' recension of the Historia Brittonum, and the Lebor Bretnach", in S. Taylor, ed.,
1281:
The eighteenth century was also a period of innovation in Gaelic vernacular poetry. Major figures included the satirist
1630:
Among the most influential poets of the later nineteenth century that rejected the limitations of Kailyard School were
1414:
of Scotland and a major figure in the Romantic movement. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected
1577:(1799–1848), whose "A chieftain unknown to the Queen" (1843) combined simple Scots language with a social critique of
3433:
3154:
2966:
2885:
2862:
2813:
2792:
2771:
2729:
2678:
2652:
2631:
2610:
2547:
2526:
2505:
2443:
2419:
2398:
2357:
2331:
2310:
2247:
2226:
2205:
2184:
2163:
2142:
2024:
1982:
1961:
1937:
472:
927:
concerns and classical sources into his poetry. The landmark work in the reign of James IV was Douglas's version of
582:
early works include a "Prayer for Protection" attributed to St Mugint, thought to be from the mid-sixth century and
1712:
1509:
1290:
1263:
724:
617:
388:
328:
304:
69:
and any language in which poetry has been written within the boundaries of modern Scotland, or by Scottish people.
1751:(1920–2010) became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first
105:
from early Medieval Scotland. In Latin early works include a "Prayer for Protection" attributed to St Mugint, and
3071:
1885:
1271:
1108:
1086:
746:
568:
from early Medieval Scotland. It has also been suggested on the basis of ornithological references that the poem
448:
312:
17:
2622:
N. Rhodes, "Wrapped in the strong arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds,
1286:
320:
3388:
3367:
3320:
3284:
3202:
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3112:
3004:
2938:
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2834:
2750:
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2589:
2568:
2484:
2289:
2268:
2116:
2095:
2088:
Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800
2071:
2045:
2003:
588:("The High Creator") attributed to St Columba (c. 597). The most important piece of Scottish hagiography after
3485:
1740:
1683:
1255:
1135:
416:
315:. The eighteenth century was also a period of innovation in Gaelic vernacular poetry. Major figures included
296:
3084:
824:, which would remain popular in to the late sixteenth century. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by
3680:
3426:
1013:, also discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature. Nevertheless, poets from this period included
2036:
T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds,
335:
was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, claiming to have found poetry written by
3619:
3536:
3296:
Willem A. Verloren van Themaat, "Esperanto literature and its reception outside the Esperanto movement",
2669:
T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): literature", in M. Lynch, ed.,
1994:
T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds,
1763:
1617:(1777–1844), whose produced patriotic British songs, including "Ye Mariners of England", a reworking of "
1598:
1377:
791:
424:
3333:
4156:
3624:
3593:
2456:"Bridging the Continental divide: neo-Latin and its cultural role in Jacobean Scotland, as seen in the
1703:
In the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by
1586:
1494:
1381:
1234:(1724), a collection that included many major poetic works of the Stewart period. He led the trend for
1196:
1055:
562:
387:, attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including "
375:
In the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by
265:
241:
99:
1384:. Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic, but were an
4040:
3588:
1707:
and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure in the movement was
1659:
1517:
658:
515:, said to have been resident in Bythonic kingdom of Gododdin in the sixth century. It is a series of
490:
73:
3051:
4151:
3614:
3017:
L. McIlvanney (Spring 2005), "Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature",
1195:. From the seventeenth century they were used as a literary form by aristocratic authors including
1104:
1021:(fl. 1530–75), who wrote allegorical satires in the tradition of Douglas and courtier and minister
54:
3775:
3521:
3506:
2389:
T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603", in M. Lynch, ed.,
1697:
1602:
1474:
1200:
995:
892:
866:(1545–1608) around 1560 and contains the work of many Scots poets who would otherwise be unknown.
269:
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of Lethington (1496–1586), who produced meditative and satirical verses in the style of Dunbar;
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1131:
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844:
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Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions
1913:
in May 2009, the first woman, the first Scot and the first openly gay poet to take the post.
1873:
1563:
1259:
1146:(1603) was a popular religious allegory and the first book published by a woman in Scotland.
1059:
874:
800:
527:
300:
245:
584:
107:
3887:
3765:
3531:
3171:
The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and empire (1707–1918)
2434:
R. Mason, "Culture: 4 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): general", in M. Lynch, ed.,
1821:
1732:
1639:
1631:
1294:
1006:
1002:
991:
888:
859:
828:, poets with links to the royal court, which included James I, who wrote the extended poem
408:
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364:
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166:
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was composed in or near Scotland, but only written down in Wales much later. These include
8:
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1791:
1783:
1748:
1744:
1735:(1915–75). Others demonstrated a greater interest in English language poetry, among them
1654:
1623:
1574:
1534:
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of the country. Burns's poetry drew upon a substantial familiarity with and knowledge of
1419:
1349:
1323:. He also mixed these traditions with influences from the Lowlands, including Thompson's
1227:
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284:
192:
153:
121:
46:
3254:
1093:, the only significant poet to remain in Scotland after James VI's departure for England
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would be derived. These works were only written down in Wales much later. These include
3982:
3977:
3897:
3655:
3409:
3034:
2876:
D. Dachies, "Poetry in Scots: Brus to Burns" in C. R. Woodring and J. S. Shapiro, eds,
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308:
131:
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834:. Many of the makars had a university education and so were also connected with the
508:, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland, which is attributed to the
3997:
3987:
3967:
3835:
3820:
3815:
3685:
3670:
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3583:
3026:
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The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707
2017:
The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707
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by what would become known as the "Skota Skolo" (Scottish School), which included
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anthologies, which appeared 1830–90 and which notoriously included in one volume "
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The tradition of neo-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the anthology of the
1120:
1026:
987:
979:
896:
878:
849:
704:
695:
636:
628:
452:
392:
384:
204:
170:
295:. He was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English who included
4097:
4077:
4057:
4032:
4022:
4007:
3992:
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3927:
3907:
3857:
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The mid-twentieth century also saw some much acclaimed poetry being written in
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1724:
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court included the patronage of makars who were mainly clerics. These included
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58:
50:
3872:
2929:"Scottish poetry" in S. Cushman, C. Cavanagh, J. Ramazani and P. Rouzer, eds,
403:. Writers that emerged after the Second World War who wrote in Scots included
252:(1637). This period was marked by the work of female Scottish poets including
4145:
4131:
4087:
4072:
4067:
4012:
4002:
3972:
3952:
3937:
3892:
3862:
3780:
3760:
3598:
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1910:
1817:
1756:
1470:
1431:
1411:
1310:
1302:
1239:
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344:
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1906:
1881:
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1845:
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1341:
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1222:, the most influential literary figure in early eighteenth-century Scotland
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1043:
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967:
752:
669:
540:
444:
440:
432:
348:
340:
324:
217:
84:
83:, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland. Very few works of
1820:(1909–94), and John Francis (1924–2012). Influenced by the Hungarian poet
978:, was a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires.
187:(1513) was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an
4102:
4092:
3957:
3541:
1752:
1647:
1369:
1352:
1247:
944:
899:(c. 1450-c. 1505), who re-worked Medieval and Classical sources, such as
781:
565:
493:
was actually composed in or near the country now called Scotland, in the
188:
139:
102:
1621:", and sentimental but powerful epics on contemporary events, including
1391:
943:. It was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an
729:
87:
poetry survive from this period and most of these in Irish manuscripts.
1897:
1833:
1802:
1720:
1547:
1513:
1415:
1298:
1039:
Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody
975:
700:
504:
460:
396:
130:(1375). In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included
79:
30:
3418:
2580:
K. M. Brown, "Scottish identity", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds,
589:
431:. The generation of poets that grew up in the postwar period included
1809:
1704:
1184:
1147:
1099:
1010:
820:
795:
575:
376:
66:
3169:
L. Mandell, "Nineteenth-century Scottish poetry", in I. Brown, ed.,
2582:
British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707
1844:
The generation of poets that grew up in the postwar period included
1541:, among the most successful Scottish poets of the nineteenth century
264:
became a recognised literary form by aristocratic authors including
3189:
3187:
1601:(1813–65), eventually appointed Professor of belles lettres at the
1582:
1439:
1427:
1306:
1282:
1235:
1156:
1151:
924:
858:(c. 1448). Much of their work survives in a single collection. The
806:
761:
712:
605:
532:
316:
288:
126:
111:("The High Creator") attributed to St Columba. There were probably
2601:
M. Spiller, "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660" in C. Cairns, ed.,
1406:
Before Robert Burns the most important Scottish language poet was
1187:, later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including
1860:(1985), which deal with the death of his first wife from cancer.
1856:(1988). His most personal work is contained in the collection of
1670:. The best known Gaelic poet of the era was Màiri Mhòr nan Óran (
1638:" broke many of the conventions of nineteenth-century poetry and
1498:
1462:
1385:
1334:
939:
900:
766:
512:
183:
4126:
3184:
2931:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition
2798:
2643:
R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed.,
2538:
R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed.,
2496:
R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed.,
1613:. Among the most successful Scottish poets was the Glasgow-born
1062:(c. 1550–98). They produced poems using French forms, including
1025:(c. 1556–1609), whose corpus of work includes nature poetry and
947:
language, finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at
626:
Picture from a fourteenth-century illuminated manuscript of the
622:
359:. Among the most influential poets of the later nineteenth were
260:(1603) was the first book published by a woman in Scotland. The
38:, the major source for Scottish Medieval and Early Modern poetry
3745:
1901:
1360:
1337:
1315:
1215:
1168:
1063:
933:
928:
825:
772:
In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included
703:
literature to survive from Scotland. Many other stories in the
640:
536:
336:
261:
149:
112:
3744:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
1797:
1627:. His works were extensively reprinted in the period 1800–60.
1508:
Major poets writing in the radical tradition of Burns include
4045:
3501:
2665:
2663:
2661:
1663:
1451:
1443:
1356:
904:
544:
516:
423:. The parallel revitalisation of Gaelic poetry, known as the
477:
283:
Scottish literature developed a distinct national identity.
3253:, The Scottish Government, 16 February 2004, archived from
2376:
1762:
The parallel revitalisation of Gaelic poetry, known as the
1759:), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004.
653:
509:
116:
2658:
2240:
The Lordship of the Isles: Wanderings in the Lost Lordship
1388:
made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience.
355:, Lady Margaret Maclean Clephane Compton Northampton and
1609:
and made use of the ballad form in his poems, including
1454:
tradition. Burns was skilled in writing not only in the
755:. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3195:
The Edinburgh Book of Twentieth-century Scottish Poetry
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2410:
I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds,
2015:
I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds,
1778:, 1943). His work inspired a new generation to take up
1313:. His interest in traditional forms can be seen in his
1293:(Alasdair MacDonald, c. 1698–1770), who emerged as the
27:
Poetry written within the boundaries of modern Scotland
3165:
3163:
2219:
The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350
2177:
The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350
1662:(Uilleam Macdhunleibhe) (1808–70) protest against the
481:
The first part of the text from the Gododdin from the
152:, poets with links to the royal court, which included
3077:
2720:
J. MacDonald, "Gaelic literature", in M. Lynch, ed.,
1824:(1891–1976), they published an important collection,
1786:(Deòrsa Mac Iain Dheòrsa, 1915–84), Lewis-born poets
1589:
as well as producing her own original work. Her poem
1505:, and the beneficial aspects of popular socialising.
744:
The major corpus of Medieval Scottish Gaelic poetry,
535:, traditionally thought to be a bard at the court of
395:. Other writers connected with the movement included
347:. The most important figure in Scottish Romanticism,
3352:
3208:
3090:
2989:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2705:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1274:(1700–48), most famous for the nature poetry of his
3340:. Telegraph Media Group Limited. September 22, 2006
3160:
2777:
2430:
2428:
2348:M. Lynch, "Culture: 3 Medieval", in M. Lynch, ed.,
2156:
Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297
1677:
1070:(c. 1567–1640), Alexander Craig (c. 1567–1627) and
3381:Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature
2806:Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature
2785:Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature
2553:
2063:Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature
519:to the men of the Gododdin killed fighting at the
331:, who helped inspire a new form of nature poetry.
3312:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005–2008
2912:
2743:The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England
2626:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004),
2337:
2122:
1975:Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: an Anthology
4143:
3373:
2574:
2425:
2404:
2082:
2080:
203:wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires.
3362:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009),
3197:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005),
3173:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
3107:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009),
2999:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009),
2829:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994),
2694:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012),
2584:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003),
2563:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
2561:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
2479:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
2477:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
2414:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
2371:Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469
2137:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
2135:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
2111:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004),
2090:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002),
2019:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
1948:
1946:
1493:, commentary on the Scottish Kirk of his time,
1150:, daughter of David Hume of Godscroft, adapted
3276:Esperanto: Language, Literature, and Community
3044:
2469:
2056:
2054:
2040:(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012),
2038:The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature
1998:(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012),
1996:The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature
881:, playwright, poet and political theorist, by
539:in roughly the same period. Very few works of
3730:
3434:
3064:
3016:
2827:The Cambridge History of the English Language
2692:Women's Writing in the British Atlantic World
2077:
1301:and whose poetry marks a shift away from the
1258:(c. 1665–1751), Robert Crawford (1695–1733),
974:(c. 1486–1555), diplomat and the head of the
2521:(Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985),
2373:(Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984), pp. 102–3.
1943:
1828:, together in 1952. Inspired in part by the
1526:in 1814, launched his career as a novelist.
1046:court poets and musicians, later called the
681:(c. 1218) dealt with his experiences of the
3383:] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009),
2983:The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson's "Ossian"
2647:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1,
2605:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1,
2542:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1,
2500:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1,
2051:
958:(r. 1513–42) supported William Stewart and
561:, making it the only surviving fragment of
3737:
3723:
3441:
3427:
2980:
1434:" served for a long time as an unofficial
1285:(Robert Mackay, 1714–78), the hunter-poet
608:, perhaps as early as the eighth century.
287:led a "vernacular revival", the trend for
3231:Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile
2950:
2846:
2808:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009),
2787:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009),
2724:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
2673:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
2438:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
2393:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
2352:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
2066:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009),
1954:Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia
1005:(r. 1542–67) and the minority of her son
3147:Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance
3126:FOF Companion to the British Short Story
2722:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
2671:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
2436:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
2391:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
2350:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
1796:
1739:(1910–96), George Bruce (1909–2002) and
1687:
1533:
1418:from across Scotland, often revising or
1390:
1214:
1081:
873:
728:
621:
476:
379:and resurgent nationalism, known as the
29:
3448:
3227:"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond"
1816:(1924–2006), John Dinwoodie (1904–80),
1597:to reflect natural patterns of speech.
45:includes all forms of verse written in
14:
4144:
2878:The Columbia History of British Poetry
1077:
3718:
3422:
3279:, ed., H. Tonkin (SUNY Press, 1993),
2282:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
2261:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
1790:(Ruaraidh MacThòmais, 1921–2012) and
1529:
1210:
2933:(Princeton University Press, 2012),
2766:(Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001),
869:
557:, from which lines are found on the
466:
411:. Those working in English included
98:, is the only surviving fragment of
94:, from which lines are found on the
3402:"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post"
3315:(Oxford: Oxford University Press),
2880:(Columbia University Press, 1994),
1930:Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature
1634:(1834–82), whose most famous poem "
1398:, considered the national poet, in
1270:(1712–94), and poet and playwright
718:
699:, the earliest piece of non-Celtic
611:
391:" (1936) which developed a form of
24:
2645:The History of Scottish Literature
2603:The History of Scottish Literature
2540:The History of Scottish Literature
2498:The History of Scottish Literature
1607:The lays of the Scottish Cavaliers
1242:, which would be later be used by
1162:Triumphs of Love: Chastitie: Death
1130:(1637), published in Amsterdam by
951:that brought the reign to an end.
212:. Poets from this period included
25:
4168:
1928:R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin,
1782:(the new poetry). These included
1430:(the last day of the year), and "
1119:, vernacular poets tended to use
954:As a patron of poets and authors
473:Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
4125:
3750:different cultures and languages
3698:
1713:A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle
1678:Twentieth century to the present
1291:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair
1266:of Bangour (1704–54), socialite
1256:William Hamilton of Gilbertfield
1001:From the 1550s, in the reign of
891:'s (r. 1488–1513) creation of a
725:Scotland in the Late Middle Ages
618:Scotland in the High Middle Ages
574:was composed somewhere near the
389:A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle
329:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair
297:William Hamilton of Gilbertfield
3394:
3326:
3303:
3290:
3267:
3241:
3139:
3118:
3087:." Retrieved 24 September 2010.
3074:", retrieved 24 September 2010.
3061:", retrieved 24 September 2010.
3010:
2974:
2944:
2891:
2870:
2840:
2819:
2756:
2735:
2684:
2637:
2616:
2595:
2532:
2511:
2490:
2449:
2363:
2316:
2295:
2274:
2253:
2232:
2211:
2200:(London: Pan Macmillan, 2011),
2190:
2169:
2148:
1766:was largely due to the work of
1715:" (1936), developing a form of
1372:in European, and especially in
1238:poetry, helping to develop the
1109:William Drummond of Hawthornden
1087:William Drummond of Hawthornden
747:The Book of the Dean of Lismore
661:dynasty, who were bards to the
427:was largely due to the work of
2101:
2030:
2009:
1988:
1967:
1922:
778:Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland
525:around 600 AD. Similarly, the
195:supported William Stewart and
156:, who wrote the extended poem
136:Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland
13:
1:
3128:(Infobase Publishing, 2007),
2985:, Aberdeen: Oliver & Boyd
2324:History of English Literature
1684:Scottish Literary Renaissance
1167:This was the period when the
1136:Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet
685:. In the thirteenth century,
3408:, 1 May 2009, archived from
3149:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008),
2217:T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus,
2175:T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus,
1287:Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir
321:Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir
7:
3537:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance
1932:(London: Greenwood, 2000),
1764:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance
1599:William Edmondstoune Aytoun
1422:them. His poem (and song) "
962:, who translated the Latin
647:(r. 1124–53), as part of a
425:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance
10:
4173:
3300:35 (1), (1989), pp. 21–39.
3193:M. Lindsay and L. Duncan,
2957:, Harper Collins, p.
2853:, Harper Collins, p.
2458:Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum
2280:J. T. Koch and A. Minard,
2259:J. T. Koch and A. Minard,
1681:
1495:Scottish cultural identity
1450:, as well as the Scottish
1376:, literature, influencing
1268:Alison Rutherford Cockburn
1262:(1699–1784), the Jacobite
1128:Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum
1056:John Stewart of Baldynneis
722:
615:
470:
343:is widely regarded as the
309:Alison Rutherford Cockburn
250:Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum
242:John Stewart of Baldynneis
4121:
3756:
3694:
3648:
3607:
3576:
3550:
3494:
3458:
2901:(Canongate Books, 2010),
2466:, retrieved 23 July 2013.
2221:(Canongate Books, 1998),
2179:(Canongate Books, 1998),
2158:(Dublin/Portland, 2000),
1977:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2004),
1660:William Livingston (poet)
1305:-based tradition of both
713:Somairle mac Gilla Brigte
668:It is possible that more
291:poetry and developed the
3031:10.1215/00982601-29-2-25
2624:Shakespeare and Scotland
1916:
1864:(b. 1944), works in the
970:, into verse and prose.
919:(1475–1522), who became
812:The Porteous of Noblenes
550:In Old English there is
36:The Bannatyne Manuscript
3640:Science fiction writers
3507:Renaissance in Scotland
3019:Eighteenth-Century Life
2816:, pp. 224, 248 and 257.
1603:University of Edinburgh
1058:(c. 1545–c. 1605), and
996:David Hume of Godscroft
165:Makars at the court of
2745:(Random House, 2012),
2301:A. A. M. Duncan, ed.,
1805:
1700:
1668:Spiord a' Charthannais
1636:City of Dreadful Night
1542:
1403:
1223:
1201:Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw
1094:
885:
845:Lament for the Makaris
741:
675:Gille Brighde Albanach
632:
604:, written in Latin in
486:
383:. The leading figure,
270:Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw
39:
2519:Alexander Montgomerie
2464:University of Glasgow
1874:Black Mountain School
1836:, Auld would publish
1800:
1691:
1537:
1394:
1218:
1085:
1060:Alexander Montgomerie
909:Testament of Cresseid
907:in works such as his
877:
801:The Buik of Alexander
732:
625:
528:Battle of Gwen Ystrad
489:Much of the earliest
480:
246:Alexander Montgomerie
72:Much of the earliest
33:
3532:Scottish Renaissance
3237:on 30 September 2011
1733:Sydney Goodsir Smith
1696:sculpted in 1927 by
1605:, is best known for
1321:Clanranald's Gallery
1295:Scottish nationalist
1252:Tea-Table Miscellany
1003:Mary, Queen of Scots
986:(1537–95), reformer
966:compiled in 1527 by
860:Bannatyne Manuscript
807:Launcelot o the Laik
679:Heading for Damietta
578:in East Lothian. In
409:Sydney Goodsir Smith
381:Scottish Renaissance
3705:Scotland portal
3635:Short story writers
3451:Scottish literature
3360:Scottish Literature
3105:Scottish Literature
2997:Scottish Literature
2981:D. Thomson (1952),
2954:Crowded with Genius
2850:Crowded with Genius
2305:(Canongate, 1997),
1792:Iain Crichton Smith
1784:George Campbell Hay
1745:George Mackay Brown
1655:Highland Clearances
1624:Gertrude of Wyoming
1479:Scottish patriotism
1426:" is often sung at
1402:'s portrait of 1787
1205:Lady Grizel Baillie
1199:(c. 1595-c. 1665),
1078:Seventeenth century
964:History of Scotland
913:The Morall Fabillis
693:, and produced the
677:(fl. 1200–30). His
649:Davidian Revolution
497:speech, from which
421:George Mackay Brown
415:, George Bruce and
369:Highland Clearances
299:, Robert Crawford,
274:Lady Grizel Baillie
3656:British literature
3412:on 30 October 2011
3257:on 4 February 2012
3057:2013-10-16 at the
2951:J. Buchan (2003),
2847:J. Buchan (2003),
2401:, pp. 129–30.
2326:(Atlantic, 2001),
2284:(ABC-CLIO, 2012),
2263:(ABC-CLIO, 2012),
1956:(ABC-CLIO, 2006),
1870:Aonghas MacNeacail
1866:Glaswegian dialect
1806:
1801:Poet and novelist
1701:
1543:
1530:Nineteenth century
1448:English literature
1404:
1224:
1211:Eighteenth century
1142:'s (f. 1585–1630)
1140:Elizabeth Melville
1134:(c.1579–1641) and
1095:
1091:Abraham Blyenberch
886:
855:Buke of the Howlat
792:historical romance
742:
633:
601:Life of St. Ninian
522:Battle of Catraeth
487:
254:Elizabeth Melville
43:Poetry of Scotland
40:
4157:Poetry by country
4139:
4138:
4132:Poetry portal
3712:
3711:
3676:Opera in Scotland
3661:Celtic literature
3205:, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.
2732:, pp. 255–7.
2681:, pp. 127–8.
2446:, pp. 120–3.
2360:, pp. 117–8.
1832:of American poet
1595:Spenserian stanza
1560:Wee Willie Winkie
1400:Alexander Nasmyth
1370:Romantic movement
1177:Thomas the Rhymer
1173:Sir Patrick Spens
1068:William Alexander
1050:, which included
994:(1570?–1611) and
921:Bishop of Dunkeld
883:Arnold Bronckorst
870:Sixteenth century
774:Andrew of Wyntoun
739:Bishop of Dunkeld
691:literary language
663:Lord of the Isles
554:Dream of the Rood
531:is attributed to
467:Early Middle Ages
236:, which included
132:Andrew of Wyntoun
91:Dream of the Rood
16:(Redirected from
4164:
4130:
4129:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3686:Welsh literature
3671:Irish literature
3649:Related articles
3452:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3419:
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3398:
3392:
3377:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3307:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3233:, archived from
3223:
3206:
3191:
3182:
3167:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3088:
3083:Red Star Cafe: "
3081:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3014:
3008:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2948:
2942:
2927:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2764:Scottish Ballads
2760:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2718:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2667:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2473:
2467:
2453:
2447:
2432:
2423:
2408:
2402:
2387:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2346:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2242:(Mercat, 1982),
2236:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2131:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2084:
2075:
2058:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2013:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1973:E. M. Treharne,
1971:
1965:
1950:
1941:
1926:
1723:(1887–1959) and
1518:Allan Cunningham
1516:(1770–1835) and
1510:Alexander Wilson
1467:English language
1460:Scottish English
1458:but also in the
1408:Robert Fergusson
1346:Celtic mythology
1331:James Macpherson
1264:William Hamilton
1203:(1627–1727) and
1144:Ane Godlie Dream
1054:(c. 1560–1612),
1027:epistolary verse
1015:Richard Maitland
864:George Bannatyne
862:was collated by
831:The Kingis Quair
790:, which blended
719:Late Middle Ages
689:flourished as a
612:High Middle Ages
491:Welsh literature
333:James Macpherson
305:William Hamilton
258:Ane Godlie Dream
214:Richard Maitland
159:The Kingis Quair
74:Welsh literature
21:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4152:Scottish poetry
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4124:
4117:
3752:
3743:
3713:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3644:
3603:
3594:Scottish Gaelic
3572:
3546:
3527:Kailyard school
3490:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3417:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3378:
3374:
3358:G. Carruthers,
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3250:The Scots Makar
3247:
3246:
3242:
3225:
3224:
3209:
3192:
3185:
3168:
3161:
3145:K. S. Whetter,
3144:
3140:
3123:
3119:
3103:G. Carruthers,
3102:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3070:Robert Burns: "
3069:
3065:
3059:Wayback Machine
3050:Robert Burns: "
3049:
3045:
3015:
3011:
2995:G. Carruthers,
2994:
2990:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2949:
2945:
2928:
2913:
2909:, pp. ix–xviii.
2897:C. Maclachlan,
2896:
2892:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2845:
2841:
2824:
2820:
2803:
2799:
2782:
2778:
2761:
2757:
2740:
2736:
2719:
2706:
2689:
2685:
2668:
2659:
2642:
2638:
2621:
2617:
2600:
2596:
2579:
2575:
2558:
2554:
2537:
2533:
2517:R. D. S. Jack,
2516:
2512:
2495:
2491:
2474:
2470:
2454:
2450:
2433:
2426:
2409:
2405:
2388:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2347:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2300:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2258:
2254:
2237:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2195:
2191:
2174:
2170:
2153:
2149:
2132:
2123:
2106:
2102:
2086:R. A. Houston,
2085:
2078:
2059:
2052:
2035:
2031:
2014:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1951:
1944:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1890:Carol Ann Duffy
1886:Robert Crawford
1822:Kálmán Kalocsay
1776:Poems to Eimhir
1741:Maurice Lindsay
1717:Synthetic Scots
1709:Hugh MacDiarmid
1694:Hugh MacDiarmid
1686:
1680:
1672:Mary MacPherson
1644:Wallace Stevens
1619:Rule Britannia!
1615:Thomas Campbell
1568:Kailyard school
1552:William Tennant
1539:Thomas Campbell
1532:
1483:anticlericalism
1436:national anthem
1283:Rob Donn Mackay
1213:
1183:and as part of
1132:Arthur Johnston
1080:
1031:Alexander Scott
988:Andrew Melville
980:George Buchanan
897:Robert Henryson
879:George Buchanan
872:
850:Richard Holland
796:verse chronicle
727:
721:
705:Arthurian Cycle
696:Roman de Fergus
637:Kingdom of Alba
629:Roman de Fergus
620:
614:
598:, is the verse
485:, sixth century
483:Book of Aneirin
475:
469:
453:Carol Ann Duffy
449:Robert Crawford
417:Maurice Lindsay
393:Synthetic Scots
385:Hugh MacDiarmid
357:Thomas Campbell
317:Rob Donn Mackay
226:Alexander Scott
216:of Lethington,
205:George Buchanan
171:Robert Henryson
55:Scottish Gaelic
28:
23:
22:
18:Scottish poetry
15:
12:
11:
5:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4137:
4136:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:Latin American
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Castalian Band
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3393:
3372:
3351:
3334:"William Auld"
3325:
3302:
3289:
3266:
3240:
3207:
3183:
3159:
3138:
3117:
3089:
3076:
3063:
3052:Literary Style
3043:
3009:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2943:
2911:
2890:
2869:
2863:
2839:
2818:
2797:
2776:
2755:
2734:
2704:
2683:
2657:
2636:
2615:
2594:
2573:
2552:
2531:
2510:
2489:
2468:
2448:
2424:
2403:
2375:
2362:
2336:
2322:N. Jayapalan,
2315:
2294:
2273:
2252:
2231:
2210:
2189:
2187:, pp. 247–283.
2168:
2147:
2121:
2100:
2076:
2050:
2029:
2008:
1987:
1966:
1942:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1896:(b. 1962) and
1894:Kathleen Jamie
1838:La infana raso
1788:Derick Thomson
1772:Dàin do Eimhir
1768:Sorley Maclean
1755:(the official
1737:Norman MacCaig
1731:(1909–81) and
1729:Robert Garioch
1725:William Soutar
1682:Main article:
1679:
1676:
1579:Queen Victoria
1556:Whistle Binkie
1531:
1528:
1489:inequalities,
1456:Scots language
1424:Auld Lang Syne
1299:Jacobite cause
1260:Alexander Ross
1232:The Ever Green
1212:
1209:
1197:Robert Sempill
1121:stressed metre
1117:syllabic metre
1079:
1076:
1052:William Fowler
1048:Castalian Band
1023:Alexander Hume
960:John Bellenden
871:
868:
852:'s satire the
840:William Dunbar
720:
717:
613:
610:
585:Altus Prosator
559:Ruthwell Cross
468:
465:
457:Kathleen Jamie
429:Sorley Maclean
413:Norman MacCaig
405:Robert Garioch
401:William Soutar
301:Alexander Ross
266:Robert Sempill
238:William Fowler
234:Castalian Band
222:Alexander Hume
197:John Bellenden
175:William Dunbar
108:Altus Prosator
96:Ruthwell Cross
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4169:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Lowland Scots
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Enlightenment
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:R. Crawford,
3376:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3181:, pp. 301–07.
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3155:0-7546-6142-3
3152:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:to the Kibble
3080:
3073:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2968:0-06-055888-1
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2941:, pp. 1276–9.
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2886:0-585-04155-5
2883:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2864:0-06-055888-1
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2814:0-19-538623-X
2811:
2807:
2804:R. Crawford,
2801:
2794:
2793:0-19-538623-X
2790:
2786:
2783:R. Crawford,
2780:
2773:
2772:0-86241-477-6
2769:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:I. Mortimer,
2738:
2731:
2730:0-19-211696-7
2727:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:K. Chedgzoy,
2687:
2680:
2679:0-19-211696-7
2676:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:0-08-037728-9
2650:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2632:0-7190-6636-0
2629:
2625:
2619:
2613:, pp. 141–52.
2612:
2611:0-08-037728-9
2608:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2548:0-08-037728-9
2545:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2527:0-7073-0367-2
2524:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2506:0-08-037728-9
2503:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2444:0-19-211696-7
2441:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:0-7486-1615-2
2417:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2399:0-19-211696-7
2396:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2358:0-19-211696-7
2355:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:81-269-0041-5
2329:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2311:0-86241-681-7
2308:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2248:0-901824-68-2
2245:
2241:
2238:I. F. Grant,
2235:
2228:
2227:0-86241-787-2
2224:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2206:0-330-53997-3
2203:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2185:0-86241-787-2
2182:
2178:
2172:
2166:, pp. 87–107.
2165:
2164:1-85182-516-9
2161:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2143:0-7486-0276-3
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:K. M. Brown,
2104:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:R. Crawford,
2057:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2025:0-7486-1615-2
2022:
2018:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1983:1-4051-1313-8
1980:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1962:1-85109-440-7
1959:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:0-313-30054-2
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1911:Poet Laureate
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Reto Rossetti
1815:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:nea bhardachd
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:national poet
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:(1918–2009).
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:John Davidson
1637:
1633:
1632:James Thomson
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:William Miler
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:republicanism
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:Scots Wha Hae
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:national poet
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:praise poetry
1308:
1304:
1303:Scottish clan
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:James Thomson
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:Habbie stanza
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1207:(1645–1746).
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1111:(1585–1649).
1110:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:(1558–1629).
997:
993:
992:John Johnston
990:(1545–1622),
989:
985:
984:John Maitland
981:
977:
973:
972:David Lyndsay
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:Gavin Douglas
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
884:
880:
876:
867:
865:
861:
857:
856:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
822:
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
749:
748:
740:
736:
735:Gavin Douglas
731:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
684:
683:Fifth Crusade
680:
676:
671:
666:
664:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
630:
624:
619:
609:
607:
603:
602:
597:
596:
595:Vita Columbae
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
564:
560:
556:
555:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
514:
511:
507:
506:
500:
496:
492:
484:
479:
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
370:
366:
365:John Davidson
362:
361:James Thomson
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:national poet
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:James Thomson
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Habbie stanza
290:
286:
282:
281:Union in 1707
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
201:David Lyndsay
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:
180:
179:Gavin Douglas
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
101:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
4123:
4063:Serbian epic
4052:
3696:
3567:
3486:20th century
3481:19th century
3476:18th century
3471:Early modern
3410:the original
3405:
3396:
3380:
3375:
3359:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3337:
3328:
3311:
3309:L. Goldman,
3305:
3297:
3292:
3275:
3269:
3259:, retrieved
3255:the original
3249:
3243:
3235:the original
3230:
3194:
3170:
3146:
3141:
3125:
3124:A. Maunder,
3120:
3104:
3079:
3066:
3046:
3025:(2): 25–46,
3022:
3018:
3012:
2996:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2953:
2946:
2930:
2899:Before Burns
2898:
2893:
2877:
2872:
2849:
2842:
2826:
2825:R. M. Hogg,
2821:
2805:
2800:
2795:, pp. 216–9.
2784:
2779:
2763:
2758:
2742:
2737:
2721:
2691:
2686:
2670:
2655:, pp. 137–8.
2644:
2639:
2623:
2618:
2602:
2597:
2592:, pp. 253–3.
2581:
2576:
2571:, pp. 192–3.
2560:
2559:J. Wormald,
2555:
2539:
2534:
2518:
2513:
2508:, pp. 126–7.
2497:
2492:
2476:
2475:J. Wormald,
2471:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2435:
2422:, pp. 256–7.
2411:
2406:
2390:
2370:
2365:
2349:
2323:
2318:
2302:
2297:
2281:
2276:
2271:, pp. 262–3.
2260:
2255:
2239:
2234:
2218:
2213:
2197:
2192:
2176:
2171:
2155:
2150:
2134:
2133:J. Wormald,
2108:
2103:
2087:
2062:
2037:
2032:
2016:
2011:
1995:
1990:
1974:
1969:
1953:
1952:J. T. Koch,
1929:
1924:
1907:Renfrewshire
1882:Don Paterson
1878:Liz Lochhead
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:Douglas Dunn
1843:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1814:William Auld
1807:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1749:Edwin Morgan
1702:
1698:William Lamb
1667:
1652:
1629:
1622:
1610:
1606:
1590:
1575:William Thom
1572:
1544:
1521:
1507:
1491:gender roles
1405:
1396:Robert Burns
1364:
1342:Fenian Cycle
1329:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1297:poet of the
1280:
1275:
1251:
1244:Robert Burns
1231:
1228:Allan Ramsay
1225:
1220:Allan Ramsay
1193:Walter Scott
1189:Robert Burns
1166:
1161:
1155:
1143:
1127:
1125:
1113:
1096:
1072:Robert Ayton
1037:
1035:
1019:John Rolland
1000:
968:Hector Boece
963:
953:
938:
932:
912:
908:
887:
853:
843:
829:
819:
811:
805:
799:
785:
777:
771:
769:in England.
760:
757:John Barbour
753:Castle Sween
745:
743:
733:The seal of
694:
678:
670:Middle Irish
667:
634:
627:
599:
593:
583:
571:The Seafarer
569:
563:Northumbrian
551:
549:
526:
520:
502:
488:
482:
445:Don Paterson
441:Liz Lochhead
433:Douglas Dunn
374:
353:William Thom
349:Walter Scott
341:Robert Burns
325:Uilleam Ross
307:of Bangour,
285:Allan Ramsay
278:
257:
249:
218:John Rolland
182:
181:. Douglas's
164:
157:
143:
135:
125:
122:John Barbour
106:
100:Northumbrian
88:
77:
71:
42:
41:
35:
34:A page from
3983:Old English
3978:New Zealand
3898:Indian epic
3873:Guernésiais
3776:Anglo-Welsh
3577:By language
3542:Tartan Noir
3522:Romanticism
3370:, pp. 67–9.
3273:P. Janton,
3115:, pp. 58–9.
3007:, pp. 53–4.
2774:, pp. 9–10.
2634:, pp. 38–9.
2292:, pp. 33–4.
2145:, pp. 60–7.
1900:(b. 1961).
1892:(b. 1955),
1888:(b. 1959),
1884:(b. 1953),
1862:Tom Leonard
1852:(1979) and
1753:Scots Makar
1648:T. S. Eliot
1593:adapts the
1548:Burns clubs
1248:poetic form
923:, injected
893:Renaissance
838:. However,
816:Gilbert Hay
787:The Wallace
782:Blind Harry
659:MacMhuirich
566:Old English
437:Tom Leonard
145:The Wallace
140:Blind Harry
103:Old English
4146:Categories
4108:Vietnamese
4028:Rajasthani
4018:Portuguese
3791:Australian
3620:Dramatists
3389:019538623X
3368:074863309X
3321:0199671540
3285:0791412539
3261:2007-10-28
3203:074862015X
3179:0748624813
3134:0816074968
3113:074863309X
3005:074863309X
2939:1400841429
2907:1847674666
2835:0521264782
2751:1847921140
2700:113946714X
2590:0521893615
2569:0748602763
2529:, pp. 1–2.
2485:0748602763
2369:A. Grant,
2290:1598849646
2269:1598849646
2229:, pp. 7–8.
2117:0748612998
2096:0521890888
2072:019538623X
2046:0521189365
2004:0521189365
1964:, p. 1576.
1902:Dundonians
1898:Jackie Kay
1854:Northlight
1850:Barbarians
1834:Ezra Pound
1803:Jackie Kay
1721:Edwin Muir
1692:A bust of
1514:James Hogg
1475:radicalism
1416:folk songs
1386:adaptation
1181:broadsides
1105:high style
976:Lyon Court
723:See also:
701:vernacular
616:See also:
471:See also:
461:Jackie Kay
397:Edwin Muir
279:After the
191:language.
61:, French,
4041:Classical
4037:Sanskrit
3998:Pakistani
3988:Old Norse
3968:Malayalam
3836:Cantonese
3821:Byzantine
3816:Bulgarian
3665:mythology
3625:Novelists
3495:Movements
3391:, p. 653.
3344:April 22,
3338:Telegraph
3287:, p. 102.
3136:, p. 374.
3039:144358210
2888:, p. 100.
2762:E. Lyle,
2702:, p. 105.
2550:, p. 137.
2250:, p. 495.
2198:Edinburgh
2119:, p. 220.
1985:, p. 108.
1940:, p. 508.
1810:Esperanto
1705:modernism
1503:sexuality
1440:Classical
1350:Classical
1340:from the
1185:chapbooks
1148:Anna Hume
1100:anglicise
1011:Calvinism
821:Greysteil
794:with the
776:'s verse
576:Bass Rock
495:Brythonic
377:modernism
169:included
134:'s verse
67:Esperanto
47:Brythonic
4053:Scottish
3933:Kashmiri
3923:Jèrriais
3918:Javanese
3913:Japanese
3878:Gujarati
3853:Estonian
3826:Canadian
3801:Biblical
3786:Assamese
3771:American
3766:Albanian
3681:Theatres
3466:Medieval
3406:BBC News
3323:, p. 36.
3157:, p. 28.
3072:hae meat
3055:Archived
2837:, p. 39.
2753:, p. 70.
2487:, p. 40.
2334:, p. 23.
2303:The Brus
2196:M. Fry,
2098:, p. 76.
2048:, p. 19.
2027:, p. 94.
2006:, p. 16.
1611:Bothwell
1583:Petrarch
1523:Waverley
1444:Biblical
1428:Hogmanay
1420:adapting
1236:pastoral
1164:(1644).
1157:Triumphs
1152:Petrarch
1044:Jacobean
1007:James VI
925:Humanist
889:James IV
606:Whithorn
533:Taliesin
505:Gododdin
289:pastoral
256:, whose
230:James VI
167:James IV
80:Gododdin
4098:Turkish
4078:Spanish
4058:Serbian
4033:Russian
4023:Punjabi
4008:Persian
3993:Ottoman
3963:Marathi
3928:Kannada
3908:Italian
3858:Finnish
3848:English
3843:Cornish
3831:Chinese
3811:Bosnian
3806:British
3796:Bengali
3615:Writers
3584:English
2460:(1637)"
2313:, p. 3.
1858:Elegies
1826:Kvaropo
1499:poverty
1465:of the
1463:dialect
1335:demigod
1325:Seasons
1276:Seasons
1175:" and "
1064:sonnets
956:James V
949:Flodden
945:Anglian
940:Eneados
901:Chaucer
767:Chaucer
645:David I
590:Adomnán
517:elegies
513:Aneirin
193:James V
189:Anglian
184:Eneados
154:James I
63:English
4088:Telugu
4073:Slovak
4068:Sindhi
4013:Polish
4003:Pashto
3973:Nepali
3953:Latino
3938:Korean
3893:Indian
3888:Hebrew
3863:French
3781:Arabic
3761:Afghan
3746:Poetry
3568:Poetry
3502:Makars
3387:
3366:
3319:
3283:
3201:
3177:
3153:
3132:
3111:
3037:
3003:
2965:
2937:
2905:
2884:
2861:
2833:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2749:
2728:
2698:
2677:
2651:
2630:
2609:
2588:
2567:
2546:
2525:
2504:
2483:
2442:
2418:
2397:
2356:
2330:
2309:
2288:
2267:
2246:
2225:
2204:
2183:
2162:
2141:
2115:
2094:
2070:
2044:
2023:
2002:
1981:
1960:
1936:
1830:Cantos
1587:Goethe
1446:, and
1382:Goethe
1378:Herder
1374:German
1365:Fingal
1361:Virgil
1338:Ossian
1316:immram
1250:. His
1169:ballad
937:, the
934:Aeneid
929:Virgil
826:makars
687:French
641:filidh
545:annals
541:Gaelic
537:Rheged
439:, and
367:. The
337:Ossian
311:, and
262:ballad
244:, and
150:makars
113:filidh
85:Gaelic
4113:Welsh
4083:Tamil
4046:Vedic
3943:Latin
3903:Irish
3883:Hindi
3868:Greek
3630:Poets
3608:Lists
3563:Novel
3558:Drama
3551:Forms
3298:Babel
3035:S2CID
1917:Notes
1664:Islay
1591:Irene
1562:" by
1487:class
1452:Makar
1357:Homer
1353:epics
1319:poem
1246:as a
905:Aesop
709:Latin
654:bards
580:Latin
499:Welsh
117:bards
59:Scots
51:Latin
4103:Urdu
4093:Thai
3958:Manx
3599:Norn
3459:Eras
3385:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3346:2010
3317:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3130:ISBN
3109:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2831:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2726:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2021:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1653:The
1646:and
1585:and
1380:and
1359:and
1309:and
1191:and
911:and
903:and
836:Kirk
818:and
780:and
762:Brus
635:The
552:The
510:bard
503:The
459:and
419:and
407:and
399:and
363:and
327:and
272:and
224:and
210:Kirk
177:and
138:and
127:Brus
89:The
78:The
65:and
3748:of
3027:doi
2959:163
2855:311
1355:of
1344:of
1307:war
1160:as
1154:'s
1089:by
931:'s
842:'s
814:by
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737:as
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220:),
142:'s
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4148::
3404:,
3336:.
3229:,
3210:^
3186:^
3162:^
3092:^
3033:,
3023:29
3021:,
2961:,
2914:^
2857:,
2707:^
2660:^
2462:,
2427:^
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2124:^
2079:^
2053:^
1945:^
1876:.
1650:.
1570:.
1501:,
1497:,
1485:,
1481:,
1477:,
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1363:.
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268:,
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228:.
199:.
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