1451:
1415:
895:
345:
1439:
739:
353:
493:
766:
1403:
635:
1391:
964:
1157:
98:
1427:
282:
1147:
824:
501:
793:
712:
73:
54:
1259:, and others. Despite its invasiveness in parts of eastern North America, the pine does not often grow well there, partly due to climate and soil differences between its native habitat and that of North America, and partly due to damage by pests and diseases; the tree often grows in a twisted, haphazard manner if not tended to (as they are in the Christmas tree trade). The pines may be killed by the
465: in) basal sheath. On vigorous young trees the leaves can be twice as long, and occasionally occur in fascicles of three or four on the tips of strong shoots. Leaf persistence varies from two to four years in warmer climates, and up to nine years in subarctic regions. Seedlings up to one year old bear juvenile leaves; these are single (not in pairs), 2–3 cm (
1378:
than genes expressed only in the diploid stage. The concept that those genes of an organism that are expressed in the haploid stage are subject to more efficient natural selection than those genes expressed exclusively in the diploid stage is referred to as the “masking theory”. This theory implies
998:
The Irish and western
Scottish populations went through a massive decline around 4,000 years ago which ultimately led to the practical extinction of the Irish population between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago. It was replaced by large areas of blanket bog in western Scotland and Ireland though the reasons
978:
It was present in
Ireland over 8,800 years ago but absent from Wales at that time which suggests that the pine in Ireland had a separate Iberian origin or contained surviving populations, although evidence towards its survival is lacking. Pine expanded into Scotland between 8,000 and 8,500 years ago
1270:
Previously, the pine was grown in and used extensively by the coal mining regions of
Flanders, Belgium. It was used to fortify tunnels, primarily because it would make a cracking sound when in need of replacement. Large patches of forest, mostly containing the species, are still scattered over the
1127:
trees in four forest farms in northeastern China. It first appeared on the upper part of the needles, and then the needles became withered and gradually showed light black spots, although they still remained green. As the fungal disease progressed, the needles eventually died and turned gray with
1011:
and grazing; it has been re-introduced in these countries. Similar historical extinction and re-introduction applies to
Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands. Whether it truly became extinct in England is unknown. It has been speculated that it may have survived wild long enough for trees used in
1047:
demand, fire, overgrazing by sheep and deer, and even deliberate clearance to deter wolves have all been factors in the decline of this once great pine and birch forest. Only comparatively small areas – 17,000 hectares (42,000 acres), only just over 1% of the estimated original
664:
composition. Populations in westernmost
Scotland are genetically distinct from those in the rest of Scotland and northern Europe, but not sufficiently to have been distinguished as separate botanical varieties. Trees in the far north of the range were formerly sometimes treated as var.
2311:
413:
is thick, flaky and orange-red when young to scaly and gray-brown in maturity, sometimes retaining the former on the upper portion. The habit of the mature tree is distinctive due to its long, bare and straight trunk topped by a rounded or flat-topped mass of foliage.
2892:
The
Pliocene flora of Frankfurt am Main, Germany: taxonomy, palaeoenvironments and biogeographic affinities by Zlatko Kvaček, Vasilis Teodoridis & Thomas Denk – Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, pages 647–703 (2020) – Springer Link –
938:. In the north of its range, it occurs from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft), while in the south of its range it is a mountain tree, growing at 1,200–2,600 m (3,900–8,500 ft) altitude. Its distribution intersects with
2333:
975:. Pollen records show that pine was present locally in southern England by 9,000 years ago having entered from northeast France and that it had spread as far north as the Lake District and North Pennines 500 years later.
1006:
In
Britain it now occurs naturally only in Scotland. Historical and archaeological records indicate that it also occurred in Wales and England until about 300–400 years ago, becoming extinct there due to
685:
1235:
The pine has also been widely planted in New
Zealand and much of the colder regions of North America; it was one of the first trees introduced to North America, in about 1600. It is listed as an
1251:
trade, and was one of the most popular
Christmas trees from the 1950s through the 1980s. It remains popular for that usage, though it has been eclipsed in popularity, by such species as
1028:
947:
The species is mainly found on poorer, sandy soils, rocky outcrops, peat bogs or close to the forest limit. On fertile sites, the pine is out-competed by other tree species, usually
380:
tree growing up to 35 metres (115 feet) in height and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in trunk diameter when mature, exceptionally over 45 m (148 ft) tall and 1.7 m (
1379:
that purifying selection is more efficient in the haploid stage of the life cycle where fitness effects are more evidently expressed than in the diploid stage of the life cycle.
536: in) in diameter in their first year, expanding to full size in their second year, pointed ovoid-conic, green, then gray-green to yellow-brown at maturity, 3–7.5 cm (
1665:
2662:
660:
literature, but only three or four are now accepted. They differ only minimally in morphology, but with more pronounced differences in genetic analysis and
602: in) wing and are released when the cones open in spring 22–24 months after pollination. The pollen cones are yellow, occasionally pink, 8–12 mm (
2745:
1450:
1032:), both around the time when the pine was thought to become extinct in England, but when landowners were also beginning ornamental and forestry planting.
3434:
421:('needles') are a glaucous blue-green, often darker green to dark yellow-green in winter, 2.5–5 centimetres (1–2 inches) long and 1–2 millimetres (
3595:
3252:
1193:
in the preindustrial age. Some active tar producers still exist, but that industry has almost ceased. The pine has also been used as a source of
3340:
1283:
are grown for ornamental purposes in parks and large gardens, of which 'Aurea', 'Beuvronensis', 'Frensham', and 'Gold Coin' have gained the
3555:
2284:
1645:
2718:
3600:
2997:
2100:
Goncharenko, G. G.; Silin, A. E.; Padutov, V. E. (1995). "Intra- and interspecific genetic differentiation in closely related pines from
2905:
Oberpliocän-Flora aus den
Baugruben des Klärbeckens bei Niederrad und Schleuse bei Höchst a M. T. Geyler F. Kinkelin. (Frankfort, 1887).
3610:
3575:
983:) or from Ireland. As the climate warmed it became extinct from most of Britain and Ireland around 5,500 years ago except in Scotland,
3455:
2474:
2322:. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. p. 6.
3190:
3605:
3265:
3203:
1438:
903:
3630:
3363:
1949:
1804:
1375:
1543:
1402:
3306:
2630:
2442:
2367:
2327:
1718:
1625:
1555:
1267:. The nematode most often attacks trees that are at least ten years old and often kills trees it infects within a few weeks.
756:
Foliage more consistently glaucous all year, not becoming duller in winter; cones more frequently with a pyramidal apophysis.
3270:
3650:
3625:
3424:
1048:
1,500,000 ha (3,700,000 acres) – of this ancient forest remain, the main surviving remnants being at
680:
398:
which stands at 46.6 m (153 ft). The lifespan is normally 150–300 years, with the oldest recorded specimens in
3141:
2759:
3615:
1328:
2666:
394: ft) in trunk diameter on very productive sites. The tallest on record is a tree over 210 years old growing in
3640:
3570:
2617:
Kershner, B.; Mathews, D.; Nelson, G.; Spellenberg, R.; Purinton, T.; Block, A.; Moore, G.; Thieret, J. W. (2008).
2585:
A Complete Dictionary of Dry Goods and History of Silk, Cotton, Linen, Wool, and other Fibrous Substances, etc etc
3345:
3239:
97:
814:
by all authors) Kalenicz. Ex Kom. Cones often with thicker scales, but doubtfully distinguishable on morphology.
3635:
3368:
3473:
3620:
3327:
2834:
1390:
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rotations vary between 50 and 120 years, with longer rotations in northeastern areas where growth is slower.
2809:
2784:
1414:
3182:
3169:
3061:
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1426:
336:. It can readily be identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark.
3481:
1284:
2619:
3468:
3208:
3047:
2920:"Strong Purifying Selection in Haploid Tissue-Specific Genes of Scots Pine Supports the Masking Theory"
2726:. Sustainable Urban Landscapes. Iowa State University. SUL 9. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012
1260:
17:
1579:
Wu, Fan; Sun, Xiaobo; Hu, Xingfeng; Zou, Bingzhang; Lin, Nengqing; Lin, Jingquan; Ji, Kongshu (2020).
3645:
3355:
3301:
2496:
Wang, S.-R.; Zhang, H.; Chen, Y.-Z.; Zhang, Y.-D.; Li, D.-B.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Yang, J. (2022).
3156:
2717:
Gleason, M.; Linit, M.; Zriba, N.; Donald, P.; Tisserat, N.; Giesler, L. (2000). Edwards, E. (ed.).
2391:
Carlisle, A.; Brown, A. H. F. (1968). "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pinus sylvestris L.".
2265:. Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture
2258:
2211:"Красная Книга России | Red Book of Russia. Pinus Sylvestris L. Var. Cretacea Kalenicz. Ex Kom"
1064:. Plans are currently in progress to restore at least some areas and work has started at key sites.
3590:
3585:
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2557:
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products. A seedling stand can be created by planting, sowing, or natural regeneration. Commercial
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1517:
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1324:
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1704:
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1331:(Swedish: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet), as a scientific gift specimen, the seed cone is of late
1217:
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species. In central and southern Europe, it occurs with numerous additional species, including
2696:
2431:
2163:
Sinclair, W. T.; Morman, J. D.; Ennos, R. A. (1999). "The postglacial history of Scots pine (
1288:
417:
The shoots are light brown, with a spirally arranged scale-like pattern. On mature trees the
344:
256:
3394:
1668:[Estonia's tallest pine turned out to be a giant in the rest of the world as well].
3283:
3115:
2437:. The New Naturalist: A Survey of British Natural History (3rd ed.). London: Collins.
2176:
2121:
1057:
972:
967:
Scattered survivors (two recently dead) of extensive deforestation at Glen Quoich, Scotland
360:
229:
2918:
Cervantes S, Kesälahti R, Kumpula TA, Mattila TM, Helanterä H, Pyhäjärvi T (August 2023).
8:
2972:
2026:
Szmidt, A. E.; Wang, X.-R. (1993). "Molecular systematics and genetic differentiation of
1097:
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738:
62:
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2180:
2125:
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352:
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2539:
2408:
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2192:
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1978:
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923:
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492:
92:
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3414:
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2008:
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213:
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2184:
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1990:
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Foliage duller green, shoots gray-green; leaves occasionally up to 12 cm long.
653:
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634:
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3293:
2644:
2597:
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1848:
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is pale brown to red-brown, and used for general construction work. It has a dry
1105:
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2526:
2497:
2232:
963:
3560:
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1248:
1089:
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122:
31:
30:"Baltic Pine" redirects here. For the United Baltic Corporation steamship, see
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2377:
1565:
1503:
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cultivation in England to derive from native (rather than imported) sources.
931:
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82:
77:
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2012:
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The Sierra Nevada in southern Spain and possibly other Spanish populations
513:
500:
329:
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1934:
1906:
1224:
of 1.60 kg/kg. The pine fibres are used to make the textile known as
792:
3314:
3216:
3041:
2980:
1300:
1256:
1053:
1023:
878:
786:
Mongolia and adjoining parts of southern Siberia and northwestern China.
711:
3381:
3071:
2141:
1581:"Response of Nitrogen Metabolism in Masson Pine Needles to Elevated CO2"
3221:
3195:
2412:
2133:
2047:
2004:
1347:. The cone fossil had been recovered during the years 1884 and 1885 in
1252:
1198:
1183:
1109:
988:
980:
135:
2996:- distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.
1597:
1580:
1550:(22nd ed.). Tisbury: Cathedral Communications. pp. 123–126.
3128:
2588:(revised ed.). Chicago: W. B. Conkey Company. pp. 365–366.
1348:
1336:
1280:
657:
374:
3003:
2404:
1003:
are not clear, but it may have been influenced by human activities.
3494:
3026:
2167:
L.) in western Europe: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation".
1332:
1308:
1244:
1175:
1171:
1093:
927:
732:
The bulk of the range, from Scotland and Spain to central Siberia.
554:(the external part of the cone scale), with a small prickle on the
325:
175:
53:
3244:
3133:
2621:
National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America
516:
are red at pollination, then pale brown, globose and 4–8 mm (
3102:
1356:
1240:
1229:
1209:
1161:
1061:
1000:
919:
403:
395:
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333:
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165:
155:
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2917:
2616:
2077:
Prus-Glowacki, W.; Stephan, B. R. (1994). "Genetic variation of
3056:
2665:. Protect Our Water and Environmental Resources. Archived from
1371:
1179:
1044:
948:
623:
418:
1873:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. 2013
1362:
1194:
854:
Before the 18th century, the species was more often known as
661:
505:
364:
109:
1927:
Scots Pine: Variation, Intraspecific Taxonomy, and Selection
1666:"Eesti kõrgeim mänd osutus hiiglaseks ka ülejäänud maailmas"
1486:
1367:
1205:
1119:
In 2020, black spot needle blight was found on hundreds of
559:
550:–3 in) long. The cone scales have a flat to pyramidal
321:
185:
2695:. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the
1212:
around 470 kg/m (varying with growth conditions), an
2720:
Pine Wilt: A Fatal Disease of Exotic Pines in the Midwest
1929:. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
1374:
stage of the life cycle appear to be subject to stronger
1190:
979:
either from an independent refuge, from Scandinavia (via
914:
is the only pine native to northern Europe, ranging from
2362:. London: the Natural History Museum. pp. 15, 120.
1977:
Kinloch, B. B.; Westfall, R. D.; Forrest, G. I. (1986).
1653:. Peterborough, Ontario: Ontario Invasive Plant Council.
1189:
In Scandinavian countries, the pine was used for making
759:
The Balkans, northern Turkey, Crimea, and the Caucasus.
2716:
2099:
2081:
from Spain in Relation to Other European Populations".
1247:. It has been widely used in the United States for the
944:
habitat, making the beetle a primary pest of the tree.
1979:"Caledonian Scots Pine: Origins and Genetic Structure"
1976:
1232:-like appearance, but with a tighter, softer texture.
2625:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. p. 67.
1022:) was familiar with the species in the 1590s, as was
971:
The tree spread across Britain and Ireland after the
582: in) in length with a pale brown 12–20 mm (
2883:
Rick Steves Scotland (second edition) By Rick Steves
2865:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
2076:
1620:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Bern: Hallwag AG.
1128:
many dark black spots. The fungus was identified as
2309:
2162:
1950:"A Cline or not a Cline – a Question of Scots Pine"
1112:. In the eastern part of its range, it occurs with
489: in) long, flattened, with a serrated margin.
2618:
2495:
2430:
2310:Mátyás, C.; Ackzell, L.; Samuel, C. J. A. (2004).
1703:
1544:"Architectural Timber – History and Conservation"
3547:
2913:
2911:
2744:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1647:Scots Pine: Best Management Practices in Ontario
843:From border regions between Russia and Ukraine.
2693:Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System
1672:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusringhääling
1972:
1970:
1832:
1706:Pines: Drawings and descriptions of the genus
1643:
1456:Pine releasing pollen on a windy day in Sweden
2908:
2498:"First Report of Black Spot Needle Blight of
2390:
1518:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42418A2978732.en
1138:) based on morphology and molecular methods.
906:Scots pine in Stockholm archipelago, Sweden
445:of two with a persistent gray 5–10 mm (
2998:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1967:
1713:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
1492:
1072:It forms either pure forests or mixes with
884:
2895:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-019-00391-6
2025:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1578:
1408:Seedling with flattish, unfascicled leaves
1363:Selection in haploid versus diploid tissue
280:
71:
52:
2943:
2610:
2601:
2525:
1994:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1611:
1596:
1516:
2970:
2489:
2424:
2422:
2256:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1807:. Forres: Trees for Life. Archived from
1802:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1664:Oidermaa, J.-J., ed. (9 February 2016).
1663:
1605:
1370:of Scots Pine that are expressed in the
1155:
1145:
962:
877:; the name "deal" comes from an archaic
633:
499:
491:
351:
343:
2710:
2252:
2250:
1947:
1924:
1913:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1541:
14:
3596:Trees of continental subarctic climate
3548:
2357:
2203:
1815:
1701:
958:
3008:
3007:
2428:
2419:
1896:
1885:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1762:
1684:
1299:The Scots pine is the plant badge of
1220:of 0.25 kg/kg, and a saturation
3356:0e15e0cc-1f5e-4bd7-87c2-e60929f15464
2581:
2575:
2384:
2247:
1833:Steven, H. M.; Carlisle, A. (1959).
1743:
1639:
1637:
1537:
1535:
558:(central boss or protuberance). The
3556:IUCN Red List least concern species
1859:
1763:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
1548:The Building Conservation Directory
1504:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
879:unit of volume used to measure wood
810:(not considered distinct from var.
673:and it is not genetically distinct.
24:
3601:Trees of humid continental climate
2475:"Scots pine facts and information"
1996:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00671.x
1901:. New York: Ronald Press Company.
1779:
1444:Looking up in the branch structure
999:for its decline and extinction in
869:The timber from it is also called
626:release is in mid to late spring.
25:
3662:
3611:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate
3576:Forests and woodlands of Scotland
2971:Eichhorn, Markus (October 2011).
2964:
1644:Marinich, A.; Powell, K. (2017).
1634:
1532:
1329:Swedish Museum of Natural History
1039:, which once covered much of the
3474:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263353-1
2189:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00527.x
2036:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
1836:The Native Pinewoods of Scotland
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1314:
893:
822:
791:
764:
737:
710:
96:
2899:
2886:
2877:
2852:
2827:
2802:
2777:
2752:
2681:
2655:
2550:
2467:
2351:
2303:
2285:"Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)"
2277:
2263:Fire Effects Information System
2225:
2156:
2114:Plant Systematics and Evolution
2112:) in the former Soviet Union".
2093:
2070:
2019:
1941:
1239:in some areas there, including
930:, and north to well inside the
862:. Another, less common name is
3606:Trees of mild maritime climate
2291:. Grantham: the Woodland Trust
1839:. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
1657:
1572:
339:
13:
1:
3631:Least concern biota of Europe
1805:"Species profile: Scots pine"
1479:
1294:
441: in) broad, produced in
2360:Trees of Britain and Ireland
2233:"Red Deal/European Red Wood"
1274:
1035:The pine formed much of the
629:
7:
3651:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3626:Least concern biota of Asia
2689:"Species found in Michigan"
2527:10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2667-PDN
1461:
1285:Royal Horticultural Society
656:have been described in the
562:are blackish, 3–5 mm (
496:Mature open cones and seeds
10:
3667:
1382:
1067:
681:Excessive citations inline
669:, but the differences are
29:
3016:
2860:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
2663:"Invasive Ontario Plants"
2562:Webster's 1913 Dictionary
2508:Heterotruncatella spartii
1432:Bark on a mature specimen
1131:Heterotruncatella spartii
288:
279:
262:
255:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
51:
44:
3616:Plants described in 1753
2985:University of Nottingham
2477:. Forres: Trees for Life
1925:Pravdin, L. F. (1969) .
1396:Leaves and cones, Poland
1319:One fossil seed cone of
1170:is an important tree in
1060:, and the Black Wood of
885:Distribution and habitat
849:
504:Roots of an old pine in
3641:Garden plants of Europe
3571:Flora of temperate Asia
1773:The Gymnosperm Database
1612:Rushforth, K. (1986) .
1546:. In Taylor, J. (ed.).
1325:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
1174:. The wood is used for
1141:
686:considered for deletion
2936:10.1093/molbev/msad183
2785:"RHS Plant Selector –
2764:(Aurea Group) 'Aurea'"
1867:"The Plant List v1.1:
1351:which is a quarter of
1321:Pinus montana fossilis
1218:fibre saturation point
1164:
1153:
968:
646:
509:
497:
367:
349:
3636:Garden plants of Asia
2697:University of Georgia
2429:Edlin, H. L. (1970).
2257:Sullivan, J. (1993).
1897:Mirov, N. T. (1967).
1618:Pocket Guide to Trees
1289:Award of Garden Merit
1160:Scots pine forest in
1159:
1149:
966:
637:
503:
495:
355:
347:
3621:Least concern plants
2582:Cole, G. S. (1892).
2433:Trees, Woods and Man
2289:A–Z of British Trees
1948:Langlet, O. (1959).
1811:on 26 February 2014.
1803:Featherstone, A. W.
1542:Bispham, J. (2015).
1511:: e.T42418A2978732.
1493:Gardner, M. (2013).
1263:, which causes pine
1058:Rothiemurchus Forest
1026:in the early 1660s (
973:Last Glacial Maximum
361:Sierra de Guadarrama
2835:"RHS Plantfinder -
2810:"RHS Plantfinder -
2760:"RHS Plantfinder -
2558:"Vegetable flannel"
2358:Milner, E. (2011).
2181:1999MolEc...8...83S
2126:1995PSyEv.194...39G
2034:(Sieb. et Zucc.)".
1983:The New Phytologist
1702:Farjon, A. (2005).
1376:purifying selection
1134:(within the family
1098:European black pine
959:Britain and Ireland
324:in the pine family
63:Conservation status
2393:Journal of Ecology
2339:on 19 January 2017
2259:"Pinus sylvestris"
2134:10.1007/BF00983215
2048:10.1007/BF00222074
1261:pine wood nematode
1165:
1154:
1043:. Overcutting for
1041:Scottish Highlands
969:
953:broad-leaved trees
924:Caucasus Mountains
647:
510:
498:
368:
350:
248:P. sylvestris
27:Species of conifer
3543:
3542:
3390:Open Tree of Life
3010:Taxon identifiers
2632:978-1-4027-3875-3
2444:978-0-00-213230-5
2369:978-0-565-09295-5
2329:978-92-9043-661-4
2235:. Tralee: Adanack
2169:Molecular Ecology
1720:978-90-04-13916-9
1627:978-3-444-70130-6
1598:10.3390/f11040390
1557:978-1-900915-71-7
1353:Frankfurt am Main
1226:vegetable flannel
1037:Caledonian Forest
1009:over-exploitation
847:
846:
837:Kalenicz. ex Kom.
348:Young female cone
314:European red pine
293:
292:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3658:
3646:Ornamental trees
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3437:
3435:pinus-sylvestris
3428:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3412:Panartic Flora:
3408:
3407:
3405:Pinus_sylvestris
3398:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3333:NBNSYS0000004629
3323:
3322:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3062:pinus-sylvestris
3052:
3051:
3050:
3048:Pinus sylvestris
3037:
3036:
3035:
3018:Pinus sylvestris
3005:
3004:
2993:Pinus sylvestris
2988:
2973:"The Scots Pine"
2958:
2957:
2947:
2915:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2837:Pinus sylvestris
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2812:Pinus sylvestris
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2787:Pinus sylvestris
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2762:Pinus sylvestris
2756:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2669:on 26 April 2012
2659:
2653:
2652:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2529:
2506:Litv. Caused by
2500:Pinus sylvestris
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2436:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2332:. Archived from
2321:
2315:Pinus sylvestris
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2165:Pinus sylvestris
2160:
2154:
2153:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2079:Pinus sylvestris
2074:
2068:
2067:
2042:(2–3): 159–165.
2028:Pinus sylvestris
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1869:Pinus sylvestris
1863:
1857:
1856:
1830:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1777:
1776:
1767:Pinus sylvestris
1760:
1741:
1740:
1712:
1699:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1497:Pinus sylvestris
1490:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1345:Pinus sylvestris
1343:is a synonym of
1323:was sent by the
1237:invasive species
1222:moisture content
1168:Pinus sylvestris
1121:Pinus sylvestris
1116:, among others.
1050:Abernethy Forest
912:Pinus sylvestris
897:
864:European redwood
838:
830:Pinus sylvestris
826:
807:
799:Pinus sylvestris
795:
780:
772:Pinus sylvestris
768:
753:
745:Pinus sylvestris
741:
729:Described above.
726:
718:Pinus sylvestris
714:
693:
692:
689:
651:Pinus sylvestris
639:Pinus sylvestris
622: in) long;
621:
620:
616:
611:
610:
606:
601:
600:
596:
591:
590:
586:
581:
580:
576:
571:
570:
566:
549:
548:
544:
541:
535:
534:
530:
525:
524:
520:
488:
487:
483:
480:
474:
473:
469:
464:
463:
459:
454:
453:
449:
440:
439:
435:
430:
429:
425:
406:over 760 years.
393:
392:
388:
385:
371:Pinus sylvestris
357:Pinus sylvestris
297:Pinus sylvestris
284:
268:
266:Pinus sylvestris
234:
218:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
56:
46:Pinus sylvestris
42:
41:
21:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3591:Trees of Russia
3586:Trees of Europe
3566:Flora of Europe
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3377:Observation.org
3375:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3291:MichiganFlora:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3012:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2789:'Beuvronensis'"
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2633:
2615:
2611:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2445:
2427:
2420:
2405:10.2307/2258078
2389:
2385:
2370:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2161:
2157:
2098:
2094:
2083:Silvae Genetica
2075:
2071:
2024:
2020:
1975:
1968:
1957:Silvae Genetica
1952:
1946:
1942:
1923:
1914:
1899:The Genus Pinus
1895:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1831:
1816:
1801:
1780:
1761:
1744:
1721:
1700:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1610:
1606:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1385:
1365:
1317:
1297:
1277:
1152:
1151:Botanical plate
1144:
1106:Macedonian pine
1070:
987:in England and
961:
922:, south to the
909:
908:
907:
905:
900:
899:
898:
887:
852:
836:
805:
778:
751:
724:
674:
632:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:
546:
542:
539:
537:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
517:
485:
481:
478:
476:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
446:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
390:
386:
383:
381:
342:
275:
270:
264:
251:
232:
216:
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:wfo-0000481648
3524:
3514:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3360:
3350:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3298:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3249:
3236:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3086:
3076:
3066:
3053:
3038:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2966:
2965:External links
2963:
2960:
2959:
2907:
2898:
2885:
2876:
2851:
2826:
2801:
2776:
2751:
2709:
2680:
2654:
2631:
2609:
2574:
2549:
2488:
2466:
2443:
2418:
2399:(1): 269–307.
2383:
2368:
2350:
2328:
2302:
2276:
2246:
2224:
2202:
2155:
2120:(1/2): 39–54.
2092:
2069:
2018:
1989:(4): 703–729.
1966:
1940:
1912:
1884:
1858:
1814:
1778:
1742:
1719:
1683:
1656:
1633:
1626:
1604:
1571:
1556:
1531:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1364:
1361:
1316:
1313:
1296:
1293:
1276:
1273:
1249:Christmas tree
1228:, which has a
1150:
1143:
1140:
1090:Eurasian aspen
1086:European rowan
1078:common juniper
1069:
1066:
960:
957:
941:T. piniperda's
916:Western Europe
902:
901:
892:
891:
890:
889:
888:
886:
883:
851:
848:
845:
844:
841:
839:
827:
819:
818:
815:
808:
796:
788:
787:
784:
781:
769:
761:
760:
757:
754:
742:
734:
733:
730:
727:
715:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
631:
628:
341:
338:
291:
290:
286:
285:
277:
276:
271:
260:
259:
253:
252:
245:
243:
239:
238:
227:
223:
222:
211:
207:
206:
195:
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3663:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Trees of Asia
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:Mol Biol Evol
2921:
2914:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:Plant Disease
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2476:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:Scots pine –
2306:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2234:
2228:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:P. densiflora
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1872:
1870:
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1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:Pinus montana
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:Fossil record
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:national tree
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1271:countryside.
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:open porosity
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1136:Sporocadaceae
1133:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1114:Siberian pine
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:mountain pine
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Norway spruce
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
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974:
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954:
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945:
943:
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937:
933:
932:Arctic Circle
929:
925:
921:
917:
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904:
896:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
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831:
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797:
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790:
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767:
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746:
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736:
735:
731:
728:
723:
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708:
705:Distribution
704:
701:
698:
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687:
683:
682:
678:
672:
668:
663:
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652:
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561:
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366:
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315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
289:Distribution
287:
283:
278:
274:
269:
267:
261:
258:
257:Binomial name
254:
250:
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244:
241:
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137:
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131:
128:
127:
124:
123:Tracheophytes
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
78:Least Concern
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
35:
19:
3017:
2992:
2976:
2927:
2923:
2901:
2888:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2839:'Gold Coin'"
2836:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2811:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2786:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2761:
2754:
2728:. Retrieved
2719:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2657:
2620:
2612:
2584:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2491:
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2469:
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2396:
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2386:
2359:
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2334:the original
2316:
2312:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2262:
2237:. Retrieved
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2205:
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2172:
2168:
2164:
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2113:
2109:
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2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
1986:
1982:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1926:
1898:
1875:. Retrieved
1868:
1861:
1835:
1809:the original
1772:
1766:
1709:
1705:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:ERR Novaator
1669:
1659:
1646:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1547:
1522:. Retrieved
1508:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1366:
1344:
1340:
1320:
1318:
1303:. It is the
1298:
1278:
1269:
1265:wilt disease
1234:
1203:
1188:
1167:
1166:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1082:silver birch
1071:
1034:
1027:
1017:
1005:
997:
993:County Clare
977:
970:
946:
939:
936:Fennoscandia
911:
910:
874:
870:
868:
863:
859:
855:
853:
833:
829:
811:
802:
798:
775:
771:
748:
744:
721:
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679:
666:
650:
648:
642:
638:
511:
416:
408:
370:
369:
356:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
295:
294:
265:
263:
247:
246:
230:
226:Subsection:
214:
202:
198:
186:
136:Gymnospermae
129:
116:
45:
39:
33:
3448:kew-2562297
3315:NatureServe
3232:32317645830
3217:iNaturalist
3042:Wikispecies
2981:Brady Haran
2814:'Frensham'"
2702:17 December
2673:17 December
2520:(8): 2256.
2213:. biodat.ru
2104:subsection
1963:(1): 13–22.
1524:19 November
1301:Clan Gregor
1257:Douglas-fir
1054:Glen Affric
1014:Shakespeare
995:, Ireland.
918:to Eastern
875:yellow deal
806:D.H.Christ.
702:Description
402:, Northern
340:Description
310:Baltic pine
306:Scotch pine
34:Baltic Pine
3550:Categories
3517:WisFlora:
3443:Plant List
3079:Calflora:
3000:(EUFORGEN)
2794:6 February
2239:24 October
2106:Sylvestres
2089:(1): 7–14.
1676:9 February
1591:(4): 390.
1480:References
1295:In culture
1253:Fraser fir
1216:of 60%, a
1199:turpentine
1184:plantation
1110:Swiss pine
1092:and other
1019:Richard II
989:The Burren
981:Doggerland
860:Scotch fir
812:sylvestris
803:nevadensis
722:sylvestris
514:seed cones
378:coniferous
363:, central
359:forest in
302:Scots pine
194:Subgenus:
142:Division:
18:Scots Pine
3183:200005358
3170:200005358
2977:Test Tube
2740:cite book
2649:11637505M
2641:705626973
2567:18 August
2544:246487193
2510:in China"
2504:mongolica
2461:38560280M
2378:751745667
2030:(L.) and
1566:931417684
1349:Niederrad
1337:Reuverian
1281:cultivars
1275:Cultivars
1178:and sawn
1125:mongolica
856:Scots fir
776:mongolica
699:Varieties
684:is being
667:lapponica
658:botanical
654:varieties
649:Over 100
630:Varieties
552:apophysis
443:fascicles
375:evergreen
242:Species:
210:Section:
156:Pinopsida
146:Pinophyta
106:Kingdom:
3507:VASCAN:
3500:24900220
3495:Tropicos
3402:PalDat:
3320:2.131914
3258:10586133
3245:263353-1
3069:BioLib:
3027:Wikidata
2983:for the
2954:37565532
2945:10457172
2869:30 April
2844:25 April
2819:30 April
2769:30 April
2603:7231038M
2536:35108070
2217:21 March
2197:84168134
2150:12560701
2142:23642988
2110:Pinaceae
2064:10888339
2056:24193455
2013:33873854
1877:22 March
1853:6267106M
1737:9084955M
1729:59279728
1473:rhaetica
1462:See also
1333:Pliocene
1309:Scotland
1279:Several
1245:Michigan
1172:forestry
1094:hardwood
928:Anatolia
871:red deal
834:cretacea
725:L., 1753
677:template
645:, Crimea
508:, Sweden
328:that is
326:Pinaceae
233:subsect.
176:Pinaceae
172:Family:
83:IUCN 3.1
3302:MoBotPF
3222:5872289
3196:5285637
3121:1059929
3103:Ecocrop
3033:Q133128
2481:25 June
2453:1835850
2413:2258078
2295:25 June
2177:Bibcode
2122:Bibcode
2005:2433046
1845:1148550
1585:Forests
1383:Gallery
1372:haploid
1357:Germany
1327:to the
1241:Ontario
1210:density
1162:Estonia
1068:Ecology
1062:Rannoch
1001:England
985:Kielder
920:Siberia
690:
617:⁄
607:⁄
597:⁄
587:⁄
577:⁄
567:⁄
545:⁄
531:⁄
521:⁄
484:⁄
470:⁄
460:⁄
450:⁄
436:⁄
426:⁄
404:Finland
400:Lapland
396:Estonia
389:⁄
334:Eurasia
318:species
182:Genus:
166:Pinales
162:Order:
152:Class:
110:Plantae
81: (
3456:PLANTS
3415:130401
3395:568619
3353:NZOR:
3307:285005
3271:183389
3157:pinsyl
3154:FEIS:
3147:150624
3057:ARKive
2952:
2942:
2730:20 May
2647:
2639:
2629:
2600:
2594:401856
2592:
2542:
2534:
2459:
2451:
2441:
2411:
2376:
2366:
2343:20 May
2326:
2269:20 May
2195:
2148:
2140:
2062:
2054:
2011:
2003:
1935:121486
1933:
1907:712344
1905:
1851:
1843:
1735:
1727:
1717:
1624:
1564:
1554:
1180:timber
1108:, and
1045:timber
1024:Evelyn
949:spruce
752:Steven
749:hamata
671:clinal
643:hamata
624:pollen
419:leaves
373:is an
330:native
308:(US),
304:(UK),
300:, the
201:subg.
3561:Pinus
3487:13141
3432:PPE:
3422:PFI:
3364:NZPCN
3284:42418
3253:IRMNG
3229:IPA:
3209:28552
3142:EUNIS
3134:PIUSI
3095:4J2J5
2930:(8).
2863:(PDF)
2724:(PDF)
2540:S2CID
2502:var.
2409:JSTOR
2337:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
2193:S2CID
2146:S2CID
2138:JSTOR
2102:Pinus
2060:S2CID
2001:JSTOR
1953:(PDF)
1708:Pinus
1651:(PDF)
1616:[
1614:Bäume
1469:Pinus
1368:Genes
1335:age (
1195:rosin
1123:var.
1029:Sylva
850:Names
832:var.
801:var.
779:Litv.
774:var.
747:var.
720:var.
696:Image
675:‹The
662:resin
641:var.
560:seeds
506:Ystad
365:Spain
316:is a
312:, or
235:Pinus
219:Pinus
217:sect.
203:Pinus
187:Pinus
130:Clade
117:Clade
3520:4507
3510:7196
3469:POWO
3461:PISY
3382:7199
3369:3091
3346:3349
3341:NCBI
3294:1926
3279:IUCN
3266:ITIS
3240:IPNI
3204:GRIN
3191:GBIF
3129:EPPO
3108:8658
3082:9384
3072:2312
2950:PMID
2871:2018
2846:2018
2821:2018
2796:2021
2771:2018
2746:link
2732:2023
2704:2011
2675:2011
2637:OCLC
2627:ISBN
2590:OCLC
2569:2014
2532:PMID
2483:2022
2449:OCLC
2439:ISBN
2374:OCLC
2364:ISBN
2345:2023
2324:ISBN
2297:2022
2271:2023
2241:2022
2219:2016
2052:PMID
2009:PMID
1931:OCLC
1903:OCLC
1879:2019
1841:OCLC
1725:OCLC
1715:ISBN
1678:2016
1622:ISBN
1562:OCLC
1552:ISBN
1526:2021
1509:2013
1420:Wood
1230:hemp
1206:wood
1204:The
1197:and
1176:pulp
1142:Uses
1016:(in
926:and
556:umbo
512:The
411:bark
409:The
322:tree
3528:WFO
3482:RHS
3425:156
3328:NBN
3178:FoC
3165:FNA
3116:EoL
3090:CoL
2940:PMC
2932:doi
2522:doi
2518:106
2401:doi
2185:doi
2130:doi
2118:194
2044:doi
1991:doi
1987:104
1593:doi
1513:doi
1359:.
1339:).
1307:of
1287:'s
1191:tar
991:in
951:or
934:in
873:or
858:or
332:to
320:of
231:P.
215:P.
32:SS
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