2314:
2642:. The story is that a group of three brigands kidnap a young woman of a rich and powerful Madrid family. While the chief of the band is temporarily away, the two remaining bandits decide to rape the young woman. Upon the chief's unexpected return, he attempts to throw each of them over the cliff above the namesake boulder as quick justice. The first is done successfully, but the second grabs the leg of the ringleader as they struggle at the brink of the precipice, and they both plummet to their deaths on the rocks below. According to local people, for a time, the corpses of the three bandits could be seen in a crack of the rocks.
136:
1397:
2168:
1651:
258:
246:
2630:. He stole out at night, taking a mountain footpath that led to the nearest village, Robledondo. However, upon attempting to traverse the mountain area known as the Shepherd's Chasm, named for a deep mountain crevasse, he was caused by a saint watching over the monastery to fall into the chasm, which swallowed up both him and the stolen gold. In the course of time, the abyss was covered with branches and stones for fear that cattle or any person could suffer the same fate as Corraliza.
1072:
2303:
830:
1080:
2325:
403:
1409:
1101:
811:
1339:
453:
22:
1991:
1115:
1091:
2521:
441:
411:
800:
822:
2104:
1321:. It is located entirely within the Community of Madrid, between the Cuerda Larga and the main alignment of the mountain system, running in a southwest to northeast direction, and located, with respect the range as a whole, at its northeast stretch. The valley is more than 25 km in length and 6 km in average width. The slopes of the valley are covered with wild pine, oak and
430:
2477:. The citadel rises on a hill protecting the town. It dates to the 14th century and an expansion during the 16th century. Although at one time in disrepair, the castle was restored in modern times and is in a good state of preservation. The structure is protected on all sides by its original, ancient walls, lending a medieval ambience to the surroundings.
1384:, they are all of small volume. In the Segovia facing slopes, the more prominent dams are Peces, Revenga, Pontón and Pirón, while on the Madrid facing slopes are found the Tobar, Jarosa, Navacerrada and Pinilla. Outside the boundaries of the mountain range, in the Community of Madrid, there are three dams of much greater size: the Valmayor,
2120:, one of which starts in the town of Cercedilla, crosses the mountains and terminates at the Fuenfría Pass. Although the road is still present with some original stone, it was rendered obsolete by roads built during the mid-18th century: the Guadarrama Pass, or "del León" route, serviced by national highway six, running from Madrid to
1964:
1986:
Between 1,400 and 2,000 m, the average annual temperature is 6-9 °C, with a summer high of 25 °C and winter low of -8 °C. Average annual precipitation increases with the height to 700–1,300 mm, again primarily during the non-summer season in the form of snow, but between
December
1982:
is between 500 and 800 mm, predominately in non-summer months. At this elevation, much of the precipitation falls as snow, between
December and February, although there are always exceptions, and the snow rarely remains unmelted for more than three days. It is in this region that all cities and
1282:
action. Peñalara's cirques take the form of walls rising more than 300 meters in the shape of a "U". Several small lakes are found in the areas surrounding the cirques, up to a height of approximately 2,000 m, which give rise to streams and small waterfalls during spring thaws. Most outstanding
2002:
Between 2,000 and 2,428 m, the average annual temperature is between 4-6 °C, with a summer high of 20 °C and a winter low of -12 °C. Average annual precipitation is between 1,200 and 2,500 mm, mostly snowfall between
November and May which remains all winter and into the spring.
1254:(The Helmet), a gigantic granite rockface towering over the surrounding peaks, rising to 1,700 m in elevation. El Yelmo's south face presents a massive stone wall that is highly prized by advanced mountain climbers. Throughout its history, La Pedriza's complex of caves was used as a hideout by
1184:
Like the Fuenfría, the Valsaín valley is also covered by a well-preserved pine tree woodland, considered the best of the
Guadarramas. It is a wide, sloped valley running in a north to south direction, having a length of approximately 10 km, an average width of 5 km, and is located between
1471:), which sometimes encroach on the higher pine belt; this is problematic as Pyrenean oak have a protected conservation status and cannot be felled without dispensation from national park authorities. Nevertheless, controlled logging is allowed every year with the felled trees used to supply
2176:
1193:
groves, there are three separate recreation centers, each with areas for parking. Nearby these areas are a number of human-made Eresma river dams that create small pools suitable for bathing in the summer. Several paths begin in the recreation area that crisscross the whole of the woodsy
1159:, the Community of Madrid, featuring one of the better preserved wild pine forests of the mountains. The valleys faces in a north to south direction, has a length of approximately 5 km, a width of approximately 2 km and is located between Siete Picos and the edge of the
393:
means it can get crowded with visitors. The range is crossed by numerous roads and railway routes. It has a highly developed tourism infrastructure, coupled with provisions for various mountain sports. This poses a threat to the fragile environment and habitats of the mountains.
2159:("Spanish High Speed") trains, with tunnels between Miraflores de la Sierra and Segovia. The AVE can achieve speeds of up to 300 km/h on dedicated tracks. The AVE route between Madrid and Segovia is already open, and the network is slowly being expanded further north.
1975:, characterized by considerable temperatures changes between summer and winter and a very dry summer. But, as in any mountainous zone, the climate on the mountains proper changes markedly with increases in height, and can be differentiated into discrete climatic zones.
938:
that an ocean shift took place, causing the present-day location of the mountains to be part of the ocean for a time. It is possible that the then-peak formations were only small islands, barely rising above the level of the ocean. This accounts for the presence of
2921:
700:
area, there are the Cerro (hill) de las
Cardosillas (1,635 m, 5,364 ft), the Cerro de Matabueyes (1,485 m, 4,872 ft), the Cerro del Caloco (1,565 m, 5,134 ft), and the Sierra de Ojos Albos (1,662 m, 5,452 ft); and, in the
1012:-grooved rocks and small cirques. Finally, in the last million years, the action of glaciers caused consolidation of the network of rivers crisscrossing the mountain slopes, carved valleys and terraces resulting in the current appearance of the landscape.
1133:
viewpoint. Due to the proximity of Madrid's metropolitan area to the
Guadarramas, many such special interest zones are host to a large number of mountain climbers and general interest tourists the year round. The most heavily visited areas are the
2433:, the monument contains beneath it the remains of 40,000 fallen soldiers, as well as a basilica in which Franco was interred. Above rises a massive granite cross — 150 m high — which is visible from as far away as 50 km.
1249:
of its course. In the low part of the area is a recreational area with parking accommodations which allows visitors several routes to cross the territory. The most esteemed and sensational peak of La
Pedriza, as well as its largest, is
1352:
which gives birth to the territory's numerous streams and rivers. There are several rivers of special relevance. The range's
Segovia facing slopes give rise to the Moros and Eresma rivers, with the latter flowing through the City of
2115:
As it forms a natural barrier, the
Guadarramas is crossed by important routes through the mountains linking the north and south of the Iberian Peninsula. The routes date back to Roman times with the construction of their famous
1020:
The Sierra de
Guadarrama is surrounded by prominent population centres, which feature many second residences, occupied during holiday periods. The population pressure on and nearby the southeast slopes of the mountains near the
2500:
in 1724. The palace's extensive gardens feature numerous sculptures of mythological beings, which are highly prized for their artistic value. The gardens were based on those King Philip V had known during his childhood in the
1062:
are located at the feet of the mountains, they are situated below 1,200 meters. The Sierra de Guadarrama serves as backdrop for the cities of Madrid and Segovia, although Segovia is located closer to the peaks than is Madrid.
2290:(Free Institution of Education) in 1876, which advocated an assimilation into Madrid's cultural values of the nearby mountain range's natural beauty. By the 1920s, there was a call to declare the entire range a protected
1451:
The high slopes of the mountains are covered in Alpine grasses and are extensively used as grazing land for cattle. The meat that these cattle produce is of excellent quality and is specially denominated and certified as
2336:
The magnificent scenery, the balmy summer climate and, especially, the proximity to Madrid and Segovia have resulted in the erection of many striking buildings and monuments on the hillsides of the Sierra de Guadarrama.
1057:
in the province of Segovia. These towns are departure points for accessing the nearby mountain slopes and function as a centre of the tourism trade providing lodgings, restaurants and stores for visitors. Although these
1167:
that crosses the mountain running toward the Fuenfría Pass. On weekends and holidays the valley is flooded with tourists and mountain climbers who debark at a recreation area with a car park at the valley's lower
652:
Between Cuerda Larga and the main extent of the Sierra de Guadarrama lies the Lozoya valley, one of the most picturesque mountain valleys of the Sistema Central, which attracts numerous tourists in the winter for
879:. The mountains have undergone significant erosion since their formation, which is the reason why many peaks, especially in the northern and southern sections, have flattened summits, called "cuerdas" by
2010:(Central Plateau), and generally cold, increasing with elevation. In the peaks the wind is usually very intense and thunderstorms in the mountains are more frequent than in the plateau.
2218:
The Guadarramas' role as a natural barrier has been of importance in many of the armed conflicts that have afflicted Spain. For centuries, the range constituted a border between the
2577:("Peñalara's Summit, Cirques and Lakes Natural Park"). The natural park is much smaller and more recently designated than the preceding one, only covering the tallest part of the
2539:
caused by the heavy human traffic as a result of its proximity to large cities such as Madrid. The law that regulates the approved national park was published on June 26, 2013.
1299:(Lagoon of the Birds). Below 2,000 m, wild pine forests are also found in the designated zone. In the heights of the nature reserve are prairies in which high mountain
1978:
Between 800m and 1,400m, the average annual temperature varies from 9 °C to 13 °C, with a summer high of 28 °C and winter low of -3 °C. Average annual
2573:
669:(Quintanar Mountains), begins at the Fuenfría Pass (Puerto de la Fuenfría), and is located entirely in the province of Segovia. It is 11 km long and has several
1278:; the only area of the Guadarramas to receive such official designation. In the reserve are found, three cirques and a series of lakes, all the handiwork of ancient
2906:
623:("Long Rope"), or Carpetanos Mountains (Montes Carpetanos). (This name is sometimes also applied to the northern part of the main axis of the Guadarramas between
1373:), that passes by its namesake valley. On the South slope of the peak of Peñalara, at 2,200 m of elevation, there is a series of small, protected lakes of
2585:(at 2,428 m the highest mountain in the Sierra de Guadarrama) and one of few glaciers formations of the whole Sistema Central, with three small cirques, two
2276:
The Guadarramas, as a result of their proximity to high population centres of cultural and educational importance, was one of the first areas of Spain where
2155:, connecting the capital to the north of the country. These lines are already considered antiquated, and will be partially replaced with the new high speed
1435:
landscape and climate of Spain's Central Plateau, and the more specialized plants and animals native to the higher altitude and mountainous terrain of the
1983:
the majority of people live; this also means that of all distinguished elevations, it is the most susceptible to damage from human traffic and intrusion.
2994:
955:) found in the rims of Guadaramma mountain peaks and in some of their interior caves. Limestone formations are evident at a number of the peaks, notably
907:
In the mid Paleozoic era (between 360 and 290 mya), an initial substratum of ancient granites and sediments started bending and metamorphizing, forming
883:. For these reasons, the material making up the Sierra de Guadarrama is of more ancient origin than many other well-known mountain systems, such as the
1693:
among others. Birds are also well represented with such specialities as citril finch and crested tit as well as the usual waterfowl, especially in the
338:. while the pastures around the summits are fringed by juniper and Spanish broom shrubs. The mountains abound with a variety of wildlife such as
2989:
1329:. In the heart of the valley are two towns: Rascafría and Lozoya, both of which lend their names to the two rivers that run through the valley.
3004:
3009:
2999:
521:
510:
Another interpretation considers unlikely that a minor river could design a vast mountain range, and makes the name derive from the Latin
2493:
2329:
165:
2313:
2211:, the political designation of the mountains was distributed between the two provinces. Today the range is more often associated with
2945:
2687:
1713:. In fact, the animal species inhabiting the Guadarramas represent 45% of the fauna of Spain and 18% of those in Europe as a whole.
717:
The peaks of Guadarrama have a relatively soft silhouette, with few standing out as exceptionally larger than others in the chain:
2548:
1431:
The flora and fauna of the Sierra de Guadarrama is very diverse, reflecting something of a synthesis between species common to the
1220:
919:
to reach the surface which ultimately hardened into a granite shelf tableland. In the final phase of the Paleozoic era, during the
86:
1025:
is very high, motivated partly by the large quantity of people who wish to live near the mountains. The most important cities are
562:
The mountain bases are located between 900 and 1,200 metres above sea level, and the principal peaks of the range have an average
547:
319:
2270:
614:
of the range's northeast terminus lies near 41° 4' North, 3° 44' West, and the southwestern end near 40° 22' North, 4° 18' West.
331:
58:
327:
1456:("Veal of Guadarrama"). Below the high mountain pastures, in the subalpine and mountainous flats, are some of the best natural
1241:
which become a pine thicket farther way from the rock face. At the heart of the small valleys that make up La Pedriza runs the
970:
Other processes were in play during the Cenozoic era that shaped the present form of the Guadarramas. The erosion of the rocky
1661:
As might be expected in such an important ecosystem, there is a great variety of wildlife, with mammals such as Iberian ibex,
1189:. On its lower slopes is the municipality of Valsain, named after the valley. In the heart of the valley, amidst the pine and
923:, the tectonic plate collision causing the whole mountain range to rise. Finally, during the end of the Paleozoic through the
709:(1,404 m, 4,606 ft), the Cerro Cañal (1,331 m, 4,366 ft), and Las Machotas (1,466 m, 4,809 ft).
2556:
was the first Sierra de Guadarrama zone to receive protected status. When the designation was first granted it included only
39:
2317:
516:, meaning 'water divide', which very aptly describes the position of the sierra between the two largest water basins in the
65:
2286:
1987:
and April. Much of the snow remains on the ground for the duration of the winter, especially on the range's north slope.
2610:
2353:
2867:
1478:
The westernmost area of the mountain range shows a change in species distribution and variety, with a predominance of
72:
2833:
2819:
2805:
2791:
2777:
2763:
2560:(an area including a number of peaks, valleys and rivers in the Guadarramas), but later it was extended to cover the
2408:
and others; its library containing thousands of priceless ancient manuscripts; and the complex has been designated a
105:
54:
335:
318:
The flora of the Sierra de Guadarrama are characterized in the higher elevation Atlantic vegetation region with
43:
2984:
2613:, a secret treasure cache lies buried. Many have prospected in the region, searching for this illusive trove.
2265:(1936-1939) the range comprised an important front with skirmishes fought in the mountain passes between the
2235:
311:
in the northeast. The range measures approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) in length. Its highest peak is
2446:("Monastery of Santa María of Paular"). Surrounded by scenic mountainscapes, the monastery features a large
1136:
855:
era (starting 66 million years ago), although the predominant material of which the mountains are composed (
2542:
Formerly two high traffic areas of the Guadarrama mountains have achieved protected nature reserve status:
2345:
1233:
displaying unusual and eye-catching configurations. Below the high rocky areas is an underbrush made up of
706:
611:
158:
2284:
came to be valued, both for economic and educational reasons. This culminated in the establishment of the
1490:
and Holm oak in place of Pyrenean oak due to the lower elevations and higher precipitation of the region.
843:
belonging to the South sub-plateau and the North sub-plateau, both part of the Iberian Peninsula's larger
2502:
1979:
1349:
1270:(2,428 m), is a protected area considered to be of exceptional beauty and which has been declared a
631:.) The 15 km long Carpetanos sub-range is an imposing sight, starting in the Community of Madrid at
1317:
The Valle del Lozoya is the most extensive valley of the Sierra de Guadarrama range and one of the best
617:
Diverging from its main southwest-to-northeast alignment, the range has a westward-trending branch: the
2409:
1318:
1026:
579:
303:
The range runs southwest–northeast, extending from the province of Ávila in the southwest, through the
2851:
2657:
2193:
on both sides of the mountains – was associated with the city of Segovia, at least as far back as its
1125:
The Sierra de Guadarrama has a series of valleys and zones which are of special interest from both an
3014:
2536:
931:
processes reduced the size and smoothed and rounded the profile of the mountains of the Guadarramas.
1207:
is one of the more exceptional areas of the mountain range. It is located on the south slope of the
2929:
2662:
2514:
2368:
classical style, and built from 1563 to 1584, it is shaped as a grid in memory of the martyrdom of
1357:. The Madrid facing slopes give rise to the Guadarrama river (from which the range and the town of
1413:
649:
and Jarama rivers. The highest peak of the Cuerda Larga is the Cabezas de Hierro at 2,383 metres.
79:
2859:
2726:
2618:
This legend holds that a certain Rafael Corraliza, who managed the rich financial affairs of the
2357:
1046:
297:
32:
2006:
In summary, the climate of the Guadarramas is quite humid, more so than that of the rest of the
705:
area (from north to south), there are the Cerro de San Pedro (1,423 m, 4,668 ft), the
2937:
2273:. Today, trenches and gun emplacements still survive along the line of the mountains' summits.
1920:
1892:
1820:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1654:
563:
379:
2898:
2422:
2389:
2124:(although another freeway, AP-6, which tunnels through the mountains, can also be used); the
1972:
1856:
868:
766:
748:
El Nevero (2,209 m, 7,227 ft); one of the most northern peaks in the mountain range
422:
2128:
highway passage between Madrid and Segovia; and the Somosierra pass, through which runs the
657:, as well as in the summer for other diversions. Another western branch of the Guadarramas,
2258:
2254:
2250:
2208:
1698:
1624:
1542:
1385:
1141:
445:
2129:
289:
8:
2727:
LEY 7/2013, de 25 de junio, de declaración del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama
2553:
2451:
2204:
1950:
1746:
1502:
1216:
1022:
308:
304:
2496:, a royal residence actually used in summer by Spanish nobility. It was commissioned by
2485:
1396:
293:
135:
2890:
2461:
2167:
1812:
1579:
1575:
1362:
1242:
1160:
1042:
603:
456:
232:
2702:
2385:
1303:
dominate the terrain. The reserve is accessed by three routes feeding to and from the
1009:
833:
778:
674:
635:, and averaging more than 2,000 metres in elevation all the way to the Morcuera Pass (
607:
2829:
2815:
2801:
2787:
2773:
2759:
2672:
2497:
2457:
2430:
2277:
2262:
2239:
1848:
1832:
1650:
1638:
1467:
Below the pine forests, the middle elevations are covered by groves of Pyrenean oak (
595:
552:
517:
383:
281:
205:
2401:
598:
material to both rivers through the action of various mountain streams, such as the
2426:
2266:
2189:
For much of its history, the central part of the range – including the forests and
2125:
1908:
1888:
1860:
1554:
1238:
944:
860:
632:
575:
285:
272:(Guadarrama Mountains) is a mountain range forming the main eastern section of the
2568:
area to the north of Madrid, covering more than 470 square kilometres (181 mile²).
2692:
2667:
2652:
2361:
1896:
1789:
1751:
1595:
1342:
1305:
1229:. The Pedriza's landscape is noted for its enormous rock formations and walls of
840:
556:
273:
257:
250:
245:
220:
2144:
1963:
1163:. The valley's dense forest features a deep creek and a well-preserved, ancient
2697:
2602:
Over the centuries, several myths and legends about the region have developed:
2405:
2393:
2369:
2246:
1916:
1868:
1777:
1546:
1487:
1325:
forests. By contrast, the lower valley area is dominated by grass pastures and
1271:
1246:
1178:
1083:
1059:
952:
880:
724:
646:
414:
277:
213:
2468:. It is composed of several cylindrical towers and dates to the 15th century.
2253:
took place at the range's Somosierra Pass, where the Spanish were defeated by
1716:
The Guadarramas are also a migration route for many species of bird including
570:, reaches 2,428 metres above sea level. The range begins in the valley of the
2978:
2960:
2947:
2590:
2481:
2450:
and dates to the late 14th century. It was constructed at the behest of king
2291:
1864:
1793:
1725:
1702:
1603:
1562:
1514:
1506:
1432:
1370:
1054:
935:
912:
375:
180:
167:
1071:
730:
Cabezas de Hierro (2,383 m, 7,818 ft), highest of the Cuerda Larga
2349:
2302:
2194:
1946:
1884:
1880:
1717:
1634:
1550:
1366:
1004:
987:
829:
815:
803:
739:
473:(Guadarrama Mountains), is taken from the Guadarrama River and the town of
418:
339:
2199:
1050:
2638:
The name of this legend comes from a namesake peculiar rock formation in
2619:
2397:
2341:
2306:
2231:
2227:
2108:
1844:
1666:
1326:
1203:
1034:
583:
525:
347:
2677:
2582:
2121:
1267:
1186:
1119:
1104:
1079:
995:
982:(1.8 mya up to the present) shaped several mountain profiles with small
757:
624:
567:
433:
312:
261:
2682:
2639:
2465:
2377:
2324:
2219:
1942:
1904:
1852:
1678:
1571:
1510:
1479:
1457:
1408:
1358:
1164:
1156:
1145:
1100:
1094:
1038:
1030:
979:
810:
788:
642:
628:
474:
402:
359:
2531:
For some years, a proposal to designate the range as a national park (
1338:
760:(2,428 m, 7,965 ft), the highest mountain of the Guadarramas
2622:
monastery, was lured by greed to plunder the monastery's treasury of
2552:("High River Basin Regional Park of the Manzanares"), located in the
2372:. The complex has an enormous store of art, including masterworks by
2365:
2190:
1900:
1828:
1670:
1591:
1583:
1234:
1126:
975:
940:
896:
864:
693:
452:
351:
545:
The Guadarramas form a natural division between the North and South
21:
2627:
2623:
2565:
2535:) has been under discussion. The aim was to protect the range from
2520:
2447:
2381:
1990:
1912:
1773:
1761:
1720:
and black stork. Endangered species that inhabit the range include
1682:
1662:
1607:
1599:
1538:
1472:
1436:
1322:
1114:
1090:
924:
884:
872:
859:
shelf tableland) was preexisting, having been laid down during the
852:
787:
El Yelmo (1,717 m, 5,633 ft), the most important peak of
571:
343:
323:
2899:
Treks and ascents in the Guadarrama mountains in rutasserranas.net
2796:
Sánchez Martínez, Javier & Martínez de Pisón, Eduardo (2004).
641:). From there, the Carpetanos slope downward until they reach the
440:
2586:
2489:
2425:("Holy Cross of the Valley of the Fallen"). Conceived by General
2223:
2175:
2148:
1934:
1629:
1374:
1354:
1279:
1230:
1130:
991:
948:
928:
920:
876:
856:
848:
697:
537:('dragon range') because of the profile of Siete Picos mountain.
410:
363:
237:
2875:
2257:
troops composed principally of Polish lancers. Likewise, in the
799:
696:
are located on the periphery of the main range. Notably, in the
334:; and in the lower elevation Mediterranean vegetation region by
2578:
2373:
2281:
2212:
2152:
2140:
1995:
1840:
1816:
1797:
1769:
1765:
1744:
both smooth and viperous, the Iberian endemic mountain lizard (
1674:
1266:
On the south slope of the Sierra de Guadarrama's highest peak,
983:
971:
908:
821:
702:
670:
654:
599:
482:
390:
355:
148:
2103:
1380:
Although the mountain range proper features a great number of
1053:
in the Community of Madrid, and Los Ángeles de San Rafael and
2754:
Fidalgo García, Pablo & Martín Espinosa, Agustín (2005).
2352:
monastery, museum, and library complex. It is in the town of
2234:
walled cities occupying both sides of the mountains, such as
2117:
1811:
Citril finch, Iberian pied flycatcher, southern grey shrike,
1741:
1620:
1611:
1558:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1300:
1255:
974:
provoked sedimentation which filled the mountain basins with
916:
892:
591:
587:
998:. Additionally, some traces of glacial passage are found in
2294:; a notion that is still unrealized but has support today.
2133:
1938:
1836:
1785:
1781:
1690:
1587:
1440:
1401:
1381:
1348:
The climate of the Sierra de Guadarrama is marked by heavy
888:
492:
429:
371:
2724:
2139:
The mountains are crossed by separate rail routes between
839:
The Sierra de Guadarrama is the result of a clash between
2156:
1824:
1801:
1686:
1190:
477:, both of which are located in these mountains. The word
367:
2574:
Parque Natural de la Cumbre, Circo y Lagunas de Peñalara
927:(between 250 and 65 mya) and up to the present, ongoing
2471:
In the town of Pedraza, is a namesake medieval castle,
2297:
2230:. The legacy of that epoch can be seen in the splendid
911:. Thereafter, approximately 290 and 250 mya during the
2758:. Instituto de Estadística de la Comunidad de Madrid.
2454:
and in 1876 was declared a Spanish National Monument.
2626:. Corraliza then absconded, heading for sanctuary in
2013:
502:
490:
2242:in Madrid, and the Castillo de Pedraza in Segovia.
2215:, given that city's prominence as Spain's capital.
610:, Cega, and Eresma, which flow into the Duero. The
531:In the Middle Ages, this mountain range was called
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2249:fought by Spain against invaders from France, the
784:Cerro de Valdemartín (2,280 m, 7,480 ft)
772:Risco de los Pájaros (2,334 m, 7,657 ft)
2930:Meteorological prediction to Guadarrama mountains
1258:and by those seeking shelter during times of war.
2976:
2860:Information of the mountain range in Ascensiones
2812:La Sierra de Guadarrama. Biografía de un paisaje
2798:La Sierra de Guadarrama:La Imagen de una Montaña
2756:Atlas Estadístico de la Comunidad de Madrid 2005
2549:Parque Regional de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares
2344:, is an immense palace built to commemorate the
2868:Information of the mountain range in Montipedia
2442:, in the centre of the Lozoya valley, lies the
374:. The area is also rich in birdlife, including
2826:Excursiones para niños por la Sierra de Madrid
1075:Valle de la Fuenfría, as seen from Siete Picos
249:Satellite image: Sierra de Guadarrama in red,
2472:
2437:
2416:
2342:Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
2171:Roman roadway transecting the Fuenfría valley
1015:
754:Peña del Águila (2,010 m, 6,594 ft)
687:
681:
664:
658:
636:
618:
532:
468:
315:, 2,428 metres (7,966 ft) in elevation.
2609:It is believed that in the mountains nearby
1185:the mountains, Mujer Muerta and the bulk of
2226:kingdoms to the south, during the times of
721:Monte Abantos (1,753 m, 5,751 ft)
566:of 1,000 metres. The range's highest peak,
511:
448:, with Monte Abantos peak in the background
2995:Mountain ranges of the Community of Madrid
2494:Palacio Real de la Granja de San Ildefonso
2460:is a medieval fort in the municipality of
2421:, surrounded by thick pine groves, is the
2330:Palacio Real de la Granja de San Ildefonso
915:, the gneiss fractured, allowed a mass of
847:(Central Plateau). The mountain range was
733:Dos Hermanas (2,285 m, 7,496 ft)
2725:Boletín Oficial del Estado (2013-06-26).
2688:Imperial Route of the Community of Madrid
1731:
775:Siete Picos (2,138 m, 7,014 ft)
673:surpassing 2,000 metres, among them, the
586:boundary between the river basins of the
406:North face of Cabezas de Hierro in spring
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2938:Webcams in Valdesquí and Puerto de Cotos
2852:Official Website of Sierra de Guadarrama
2519:
2323:
2312:
2301:
2174:
2166:
2102:
1994:Ice-covered pine tree; the result of an
1989:
1967:Satellite photo of the snow-capped peaks
1962:
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745:La Najarra (2,108 m, 6,916 ft)
462:
451:
439:
428:
409:
401:
256:
244:
2922:The Guadarrama mountains in Google Maps
763:La Peñota (1,945 m, 6,381 ft)
578:into two portions, and finishes at the
2977:
2444:Monasterio de Santa María de El Paular
751:Pandasco (2,238 m, 7,342 ft)
606:, which empty into the Tagus, and the
540:
485:words for 'sandy river' — composed of
2891:Ascensions to the principal mountains
2203:. However, after the creation of the
1066:
994:. All three features can be found on
3010:Geography of the Province of Segovia
3000:Geography of the Community of Madrid
2881:
2597:
2298:Monuments and structures of interest
1295:(Lagoons of the Carnations) and the
978:. The action of glaciers during the
736:Flecha (2,078 m, 6,807 ft)
284:. It is located between the systems
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
2990:Mountain ranges of Castile and León
2784:Caminar por la Sierra de Guadarrama
902:
13:
3005:Geography of the Province of Ávila
2770:Guadarrama. 50 excursiones fáciles
2508:
2429:to honour those killed during the
2423:Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos
2318:Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos
1391:
389:The mountain range's proximity to
14:
3026:
2907:Treks in the Guadarrama mountains
2840:
2098:
2014:Average temperatures by elevation
1365:, that passes by Madrid, and the
1148:, an unusual mountain formation.
692:, a series of small mountains or
594:rivers. The mountains contribute
2912:
2824:Zarzuela Aragón, Javier (2003).
2207:to meet the requirements of the
2111:(Seven Peaks) in the background.
2107:Mountain railway pass, with the
1226:de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares
712:
134:
20:
2747:
31:needs additional citations for
2845:
2715:
2287:Institución Libre de Enseñanza
1486:) in place of scots-pine, and
1333:
397:
1:
2768:Pliego Vega, Domingo (2005).
2708:
2533:Parque Nacional de Guadarrama
2356:. Designed by the architects
2180:
1152:Valle (valley) de la Fuenfría
781:(2,161 m, 7,089 ft)
769:(2,387 m, 7,831 ft)
742:(2,227 m, 7,306 ft)
727:(2,265 m, 7,431 ft)
2732:(Report). Gobierno de España
2346:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
1475:to local mountain villages.
1263:Peñalara's cirques and lakes
1118:Valle del Lozoya, seen from
153:2,428 m (7,966 ft)
7:
2646:
2132:, along with the Madrid to
1211:, in the municipal area of
524:, to the north, and of the
503:
491:
481:itself is derived from the
10:
3031:
2611:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
2410:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2354:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
2222:kingdoms to the north and
2197:control under the name of
2162:
1958:
1617:Prevalent pine grove fungi
1276:Parque Natural de Peñalara
1176:
1137:Parque Natural de Peñalara
1086:, as seen from Siete Picos
1027:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
1016:Principal cities and towns
947:formed predominately from
794:
436:, the range's highest peak
2828:. Ediciones La Librería.
2814:. Ediciones La Librería.
2800:. Ediciones La Librería.
2473:
2438:
2417:
2348:, El Escorial is also an
2039:
2030:
2023:
688:
682:
665:
659:
637:
619:
574:river, which divides the
231:
226:
212:
201:
196:
157:
147:
142:
133:
128:
123:
2876:News in Sierra de Madrid
2663:Guadarrama National Park
2515:Guadarrama National Park
2092:26 °C / 11 °C
2054:-1 °C / -9 °C
2020:
1645:
1446:
934:It was also during this
612:geographical coordinates
555:, part of the so-called
280:along the centre of the
2782:Rincón, Manuel (1987).
2658:Peñalara Nature Reserve
2635:The Boulder of the Dead
2480:In the municipality of
2358:Juan Bautista de Toledo
2157:Alta Velocidad Española
2089:15 °C / 7 °C
2076:23 °C / 7 °C
2073:11 °C / 5 °C
2070:3 °C / -3 °C
2060:20 °C / 5 °C
2057:8 °C / -3 °C
1737:Reptiles and amphibians
1705:include the impressive
1361:take their names), the
1293:Lagunas de los Claveles
1047:Miraflores de la Sierra
663:("The Dead Woman"), or
497:, meaning 'river') and
298:province of Guadalajara
118:Mountain range in Spain
2786:. Editorial Barrabes.
2772:. Ediciones Desnivel.
2528:
2333:
2321:
2310:
2186:
2172:
2112:
2086:6 °C / 0 °C
1999:
1968:
1893:Eurasian black vulture
1821:short-toed treecreeper
1732:List of animal species
1722:Spanish imperial eagle
1711:Eurasian black vulture
1707:Spanish imperial eagle
1658:
1655:Eurasian black vulture
1428:
1405:
1400:Wild pine forest with
1345:
1122:
1111:
1097:
1087:
1076:
836:
826:
818:
814:A natural pool of the
807:
582:, which serves as the
564:topographic prominence
533:
512:
469:
459:
449:
437:
426:
407:
384:Eurasian black vulture
380:Spanish imperial eagle
324:Spanish broom thickets
322:, montane grasslands,
265:
254:
55:"Sierra de Guadarrama"
2523:
2415:In the north face of
2390:Rogier van der Weyden
2327:
2316:
2305:
2178:
2170:
2106:
1993:
1971:The Guadarramas have
1966:
1857:white-throated dipper
1695:Embalse de Santillana
1653:
1639:king trumpet mushroom
1494:List of plant species
1454:Ternera de Guadarrama
1414:Peñalara Natural Park
1411:
1399:
1341:
1297:Laguna de los Pájaros
1155:An eastern valley in
1117:
1103:
1093:
1082:
1074:
871:between Laurasia and
869:continental collision
832:
824:
813:
802:
767:Risco de los Claveles
638:Puerto de la Morcuera
507:, meaning 'sandy').
463:Etymology of the name
455:
443:
432:
423:Navacerrada Reservoir
413:
405:
332:Pyrenean Oaks forests
260:
248:
2985:Sierra de Guadarrama
2810:Vías, Julio (2004).
2606:The Shepherd's Chasm
2589:, and almost twenty
2259:Battle of Guadarrama
2251:Battle of Somosierra
2245:In 1808, during the
1699:Santillana reservoir
1464:) forests in Spain.
1416:'s mountains. Left:
1291:(Small Lagoon), the
913:Carboniferous period
666:Sierra del Quintanar
470:Sierra de Guadarrama
270:Sierra de Guadarrama
124:Sierra de Guadarrama
40:improve this article
2957: /
2554:Community of Madrid
2525:Castillo de Pedraza
2474:Castillo de Pedraza
2452:Henry II of Castile
2236:Buitrago del Lozoya
1951:great crested grebe
1750:), alpine newt and
1747:Iberolacerta cyreni
1677:, various types of
1503:European black pine
1161:province of Segovia
1023:Community of Madrid
680:In addition to the
541:General information
358:, various types of
309:province of Segovia
305:Community of Madrid
177: /
2529:
2503:French royal court
2462:Manzanares el Real
2334:
2322:
2311:
2240:Manzanares el Real
2205:province of Madrid
2187:
2173:
2113:
2000:
1969:
1813:European bee-eater
1659:
1429:
1406:
1346:
1287:(Big Lagoon), the
1217:province of Madrid
1213:Manzanares el Real
1123:
1112:
1098:
1088:
1077:
1067:Places of interest
1043:Manzanares el Real
837:
827:
819:
808:
602:, Guadarrama, and
460:
457:Cerro de San Pedro
450:
438:
427:
408:
266:
264:, the highest peak
255:
181:40.8128°N 3.9494°W
143:Highest point
2882:Routes and climbs
2673:Valsain Mountains
2598:Myths and legends
2562:Monte de El Pardo
2498:Philip V of Spain
2464:, at the foot of
2458:Manzanares Castle
2431:Spanish Civil War
2280:and the study of
2278:natural resources
2263:Spanish Civil War
2130:Autovía del Norte
2096:
2095:
2066:2,000 m - 1,400 m
2050:2,428 m - 2,000 m
1973:climatic features
1833:Eurasian woodcock
1683:European wild cat
1469:Quercus pyrenaica
1369:(location of the
1283:of these are the
1219:) and inside the
980:Quaternary Period
875:occurred to form
553:Iberian Peninsula
534:Sierra del Dragón
528:, to the south.
518:Iberian Peninsula
364:European wild cat
290:province of Ávila
282:Iberian Peninsula
253:in dashed yellow.
243:
242:
206:Iberian Peninsula
116:
115:
108:
90:
3022:
3015:Forests of Spain
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2961:40.850°N 3.950°W
2958:
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2889:
2874:
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2719:
2486:Castile and León
2476:
2475:
2441:
2440:
2427:Francisco Franco
2420:
2419:
2185:
2182:
2126:Navacerrada Pass
2018:
2017:
1909:peregrine falcon
1889:short-toed eagle
1768:, Iberian ibex,
1625:saffron milk cap
1462:Pinus sylvestris
1363:Manzanares river
1314:Valle del Lozoya
1274:under the title
1243:Manzanares river
1224:(Regional Park)
1173:Valle de Valsaín
1084:Valle de Valsaín
990:and left behind
953:marine organisms
945:sedimentary rock
903:Formation detail
861:Variscan orogeny
691:
690:
685:
684:
677:("Wheat Pile").
668:
667:
662:
661:
640:
639:
633:Navacerrada Pass
622:
621:
576:Sierra de Gredos
536:
515:
506:
496:
472:
336:Holm oak forests
294:Sierra de Ayllón
286:Sierra de Gredos
276:, the system of
216:
192:
191:
189:
188:
187:
186:40.8128; -3.9494
182:
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129:Sierra de Madrid
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2720:
2716:
2711:
2703:Montón de Trigo
2693:Puerto de Cotos
2668:Guadarrama Pass
2653:Sistema Central
2649:
2600:
2511:
2509:Protected zones
2362:Juan de Herrera
2300:
2183:
2165:
2101:
2082:1,400 m - 800 m
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2016:
1961:
1897:griffon vulture
1790:garden dormouse
1752:fire salamander
1734:
1648:
1596:common hawthorn
1576:French lavender
1496:
1449:
1394:
1392:Flora and fauna
1343:Navacerrada Dam
1336:
1306:Puerto de Cotos
1222:Parque Regional
1181:
1069:
1018:
1008:in the form of
905:
841:tectonic plates
834:Peñalara cirque
825:Pines in winter
797:
779:Montón de Trigo
715:
707:Sierra del Hoyo
689:La Mujer Muerta
675:Montón de Trigo
660:La Mujer Muerta
580:Somosierra Pass
557:Sistema Central
543:
520:, those of the
465:
400:
278:mountain ranges
274:Sistema Central
251:Sistema Central
221:Sistema Central
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2966:40.850; -3.950
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2841:External links
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2406:Claudio Coello
2402:José de Ribera
2394:Paolo Veronese
2370:Saint Lawrence
2364:in an austere
2299:
2296:
2247:Peninsular War
2164:
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2100:
2099:Through routes
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2015:
2012:
2008:Meseta Central
1960:
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1956:
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1869:European robin
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1580:common juniper
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1555:savin junipers
1547:Portuguese oak
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1488:Portuguese oak
1448:
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1393:
1390:
1335:
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1330:
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1311:
1310:
1272:nature reserve
1264:
1260:
1259:
1239:savin junipers
1200:
1196:
1195:
1182:
1179:Valsain Valley
1177:Main article:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1068:
1065:
1060:municipalities
1017:
1014:
921:Permian period
904:
901:
845:Meseta Central
806:peak in winter
796:
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725:Bola del Mundo
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320:Juniper groves
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2820:84-95889-73-0
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2806:84-95889-84-6
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2792:84-95744-38-4
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2778:84-96192-83-0
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2764:84-451-2786-1
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2482:San Ildefonso
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2449:
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2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:Monte Abantos
2413:
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2295:
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2292:national park
2289:
2288:
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2279:
2274:
2272:
2271:rebel faction
2268:
2264:
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2256:
2252:
2248:
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2237:
2233:
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2221:
2216:
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2209:Spanish Court
2206:
2202:
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2196:
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2169:
2160:
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2119:
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2056:
2053:
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2048:
2047:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:precipitation
1976:
1974:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:honey buzzard
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:, eagle owl,
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:Birds of prey
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:golden oriole
1863:, firecrest,
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:Eurasian wolf
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1726:Eurasian wolf
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:Birds of prey
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
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1656:
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1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:mountain pine
1512:
1508:
1507:maritime pine
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:mediterranean
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1404:ground cover.
1403:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:El Atazar Dam
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1350:precipitation
1344:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Laguna Grande
1281:
1277:
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1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
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1236:
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1215:(part of the
1214:
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1128:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:Laguna grande
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1055:San Ildefonso
1052:
1048:
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1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:glacial lakes
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:derived from
950:
946:
942:
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926:
922:
918:
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910:
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870:
867:era when the
866:
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790:
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753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
718:
713:Notable peaks
710:
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560:
558:
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550:
549:
538:
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529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
513:aquae dirrama
508:
505:
500:
495:
494:
488:
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458:
454:
447:
442:
435:
431:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
395:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:birds of prey
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
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162:
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110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2942:
2935:(in Spanish)
2927:(in Spanish)
2919:(in Spanish)
2904:(in Spanish)
2896:(in Spanish)
2888:(in Spanish)
2873:(in Spanish)
2865:(in Spanish)
2857:(in Spanish)
2825:
2811:
2797:
2783:
2769:
2755:
2748:Bibliography
2734:. Retrieved
2722:(in Spanish)
2717:
2601:
2572:
2564:— a densely
2561:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2512:
2479:
2470:
2456:
2443:
2435:
2414:
2339:
2335:
2285:
2275:
2244:
2217:
2198:
2188:
2138:
2114:
2081:
2065:
2049:
2044:(day/night)
2037:(day/night)
2028:(day/night)
2007:
2005:
2001:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1885:booted eagle
1881:Golden eagle
1745:
1715:
1694:
1660:
1628:
1551:Pyrenean oak
1483:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1379:
1367:Lozoya river
1347:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1289:Laguna Chica
1288:
1284:
1275:
1251:
1245:at the high
1225:
1221:
1212:
1209:Cuerda Larga
1208:
1202:
1142:Natural Park
1135:
1124:
1108:
1019:
1005:La Maliciosa
1003:
999:
969:
964:
960:
956:
936:geologic era
933:
925:Mesozoic era
906:
881:mountaineers
844:
838:
816:Eresma River
804:La Maliciosa
740:La Maliciosa
716:
683:Cuerda Larga
679:
651:
620:Cuerda Larga
616:
584:hydrographic
561:
546:
544:
530:
509:
498:
486:
478:
466:
419:La Maliciosa
388:
378:such as the
340:Iberian ibex
328:pine forests
317:
302:
269:
267:
233:Type of rock
215:Parent range
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2964: /
2846:Information
2620:El Escorial
2537:degradation
2398:Alonso Cano
2350:Augustinian
2307:El Escorial
2261:during the
2184: 1760
2109:Siete Picos
2040:Temperature
2031:Temperature
2024:Temperature
1845:crested tit
1667:fallow deer
1635:chanterelle
1484:Pinus pinea
1426:bulbicoides
1420:sp. Right:
1412:Flowers in
1388:and Pardo.
1334:Hydrography
1247:river basin
1204:The Pedriza
1035:Navacerrada
863:during the
851:during the
398:Description
348:fallow deer
184: /
159:Coordinates
2979:Categories
2949:40°51′00″N
2736:2013-06-27
2709:References
2683:La Pedriza
2640:La Pedriza
2558:La Pedriza
2466:La Pedriza
2378:Tintoretto
2309:monastery.
2255:Napoleonic
2228:Reconquest
2191:grasslands
2035:and autumn
2021:Elevation
1943:grey heron
1905:little owl
1853:kingfisher
1572:tree heath
1511:Scots pine
1480:stone pine
1458:scots pine
1386:Santillana
1359:Guadarrama
1327:farm crops
1199:La Pedriza
1165:Roman road
1157:Cercedilla
1146:La Pedriza
1140:(Peñalara
1131:ecological
1095:La Pedriza
1039:Cercedilla
1031:Guadarrama
961:La Pinilla
789:La Pedriza
643:confluence
629:Somosierra
604:Manzanares
479:Guadarrama
475:Guadarrama
467:The name,
169:40°48′46″N
66:newspapers
2952:3°57′00″W
2624:doubloons
2488:lies the
2439:Rascafría
2386:Velázquez
2366:Herrerian
2220:Christian
2200:Segóbriga
2136:railway.
2042:in summer
2033:in spring
2026:in winter
1931:Waterfowl
1915:and both
1901:tawny owl
1861:blackbird
1829:great tit
1671:wild boar
1592:rockroses
1584:bearberry
1422:Narcissus
1319:conserved
1235:rockroses
1127:aesthetic
1051:Rascafría
1010:sheepback
1000:El Nevero
986:, carved
976:sandstone
957:El Vellón
941:limestone
897:Himalayas
865:Paleozoic
694:foothills
446:holm oaks
425:in summer
421:from the
352:wild boar
307:, to the
197:Geography
172:3°56′58″W
149:Elevation
96:July 2012
2678:Peñalara
2647:See also
2628:Portugal
2587:moraines
2583:Peñalara
2566:forested
2448:cloister
2382:El Greco
2269:and the
2267:loyalist
2232:medieval
1913:red kite
1849:blue tit
1774:roe deer
1762:Squirrel
1740:Various
1724:and the
1663:roe deer
1608:rosemary
1600:Fabaceae
1543:holm oak
1473:firewood
1437:Pyrenees
1377:origin.
1323:chestnut
1268:Peñalara
1252:El Yelmo
1187:Peñalara
1120:Peñalara
1105:Peñalara
996:Peñalara
992:moraines
895:and the
885:Pyrenees
873:Gondwana
853:Cenozoic
758:Peñalara
625:Peñalara
572:Alberche
568:Peñalara
504:ar-ramla
434:Peñalara
382:and the
344:roe deer
313:Peñalara
262:Peñalara
202:Location
2492:-style
2490:Baroque
2224:Muslims
2163:History
2149:Segovia
1996:ice fog
1959:Climate
1935:Mallard
1758:Mammals
1630:Lepiota
1535:boxwood
1375:glacial
1355:Segovia
1280:glacial
1231:granite
1194:valley.
984:cirques
965:Patones
949:calcite
929:erosion
877:Pangaea
857:granite
795:Geology
698:Segovia
671:summits
645:of the
608:Duratón
596:fluvial
551:of the
548:mesetas
444:Winter
296:in the
288:in the
238:Granite
227:Geology
208:, Spain
80:scholar
2832:
2818:
2804:
2790:
2776:
2762:
2579:massif
2374:Titian
2282:nature
2213:Madrid
2153:Burgos
2141:Madrid
2122:Coruña
1947:little
1917:common
1841:chough
1817:hoopoe
1798:badger
1770:rabbit
1766:weasel
1742:snakes
1679:weasel
1675:badger
1568:Shrubs
1418:Crocus
1301:shrubs
1256:exiles
1144:) and
972:massif
909:gneiss
891:, the
887:, the
849:formed
703:Madrid
655:skiing
647:Lozoya
600:Jarama
501:(from
499:arrama
489:(from
483:Arabic
391:Madrid
360:weasel
356:badger
330:, and
292:, and
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2730:(PDF)
2195:Roman
2179:Map,
2145:Ávila
2118:roads
1808:Birds
1778:genet
1718:crane
1646:Fauna
1621:morel
1612:thyme
1604:boiss
1559:rowan
1539:beech
1531:hazel
1527:maple
1523:alder
1519:holly
1499:Trees
1447:Flora
1168:edge.
917:magma
893:Andes
592:Douro
588:Tagus
526:Tagus
522:Douro
87:JSTOR
73:books
2830:ISBN
2816:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2774:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2571:The
2546:The
2360:and
2340:The
2328:The
2238:and
2151:and
2143:and
2134:Irun
1949:and
1945:and
1939:coot
1919:and
1903:and
1895:and
1887:and
1837:wren
1800:and
1786:hare
1782:boar
1709:and
1691:hare
1689:and
1637:and
1610:and
1588:fern
1561:and
1513:and
1441:Alps
1439:and
1424:cf.
1402:fern
1382:dams
1237:and
1129:and
1049:and
1002:and
963:and
889:Alps
686:and
627:and
590:and
493:wadi
487:guad
417:and
372:hare
370:and
268:The
59:news
2581:of
2484:in
2436:In
1825:jay
1802:fox
1701:).
1687:fox
1563:yew
1191:oak
1107:'s
943:(a
368:fox
42:by
2981::
2505:.
2412:.
2404:,
2400:,
2396:,
2392:,
2388:,
2384:,
2380:,
2376:,
2181:c.
2147:,
1941:,
1937:,
1911:,
1907:,
1891:,
1883:,
1867:,
1859:,
1855:,
1851:,
1847:,
1843:,
1839:,
1835:,
1831:,
1827:,
1823:,
1819:,
1815:,
1796:,
1792:,
1788:,
1784:,
1780:,
1776:,
1772:,
1764:,
1728:.
1685:,
1681:,
1673:,
1669:,
1665:,
1633:,
1627:,
1623:,
1606:,
1602:,
1598:,
1594:,
1590:,
1586:,
1582:,
1578:,
1574:,
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1529:,
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1521:,
1517:;
1509:,
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1443:.
1045:,
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
1029:,
967:.
959:,
899:.
559:.
386:.
366:,
362:,
354:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
326:,
300:.
2739:.
2593:.
2527:.
2332:.
2320:.
1998:.
1697:(
1657:.
1641:.
1614:.
1565:.
1482:(
1460:(
1309:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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