356:(1996) defined scientific literacy as "the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making, participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic productivity". In addition, it emphasized that scientific literacy was not simply a matter of remembering specific scientific content. It involved the development of key abilities or skills. "Scientific literacy means that a person can ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences. It means that a person has the ability to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena."
2415:
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put on grades. Students begin to feel that they are achieving less which causes them to lose motivation in the classroom and student participation drops. It has been well documented that students who retain high motivation for learning will have a more positive attitude toward the subject. Studies of college students' attitudes about learning physics suggest that these attitudes may be divided into categories of real world connections, personal connections, conceptual connections, student effort and problem-solving.
25:
3790:
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educational standards, as a means to drive curriculum, teaching, assessment, and ultimately, learning nationwide. Moreover, scientific literacy provides an important basis for making informed social decisions. Science is a human process carried out in a social context, which makes it relevant as a part of our science education. In order for people to make evidence-informed decision, everyone should seek to improve their scientific literacy.
451:. The mission statement of the Chemistry Literacy Project includes environmental and social justice. Technological literacy is defined in a three-dimensional coordinate space; on the knowledge axis, it is noted that technology can be risky, and that it "reflects the values and culture of society". Energy literacy boasts several websites, including one associated with climate literacy.
428:
reduce climate change and its impacts". Each type of Earth systems literacy then defines the concepts students should understand upon graduation from high school. Current educational efforts in Earth systems literacy tend to focus more on the scientific concepts than on the decision-making aspect of literacy, but environmental action remains as a stated goal.
317:
was somewhat narrowly defined as expanded geological processes. In the decade after those initial documents, ocean scientists and educators revised the notion of science literacy to include more contemporary, systems-oriented views of the natural world, leading to scientific literacy programs for the
475:
In the K–12 classroom, learning standards do not commonly address the affective domain due to the difficulty in developing teaching strategies and in assessing student attitude. Many modern teaching strategies have been shown to have positive impacts on student attitudes toward science including the
394:
The interdependence of humans and our natural environment is at the heart of scientific literacy in the Earth systems. As defined by nationwide consensus among scientists and educators, this literacy has two key parts. First, a literate person is defined, in language that echoes the above definition
499:
Proponents of scientific literacy tend to focus on what is learned by the time a student graduates from high school. Science literacy has always been an important element of the standards movement in education. All science literacy documents have been drafted with the explicit intent of influencing
467:
and an impediment to comprehension and future learning goals. In the United States, student attitudes toward science are known to decline beginning in fourth grade and continue to decline through middle and high school. This beginning of negative feelings about science stems from a greater emphasis
520:
reports "The new U.S. rate, based on questionnaires administered in 2008, is seven percentage points behind Sweden, the only
European nation to exceed the Americans. The U.S. figure is slightly higher than that for Denmark, Finland, Norway and the Netherlands. And it’s double the 2005 rate in the
427:
All types of literacy in Earth systems have a definition like the above. Ocean literacy is further defined as "understanding our impact on the ocean and the ocean's impact on us". Similarly, the climate literacy website includes a guiding principle for decision making; "humans can take action to
359:
Some emphasize the importance of an underlying "ethos" that makes it possible to participate in scientific debates and communities. Key norms are that the observations and hypotheses of scientific discovery are part of a communally shared process; that ideas are important, not the status of the
503:
Relevant research has suggested ways to promote scientific literacy to students more efficiently. Programs to promote scientific literacy among students abound, including several programs sponsored by technology companies, as well as quiz bowls and science fairs. A partial list of such programs
208:
According to the United States
National Center for Education Statistics, "scientific literacy is the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making, participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic productivity". A scientifically
471:
The decision-making aspect of science literacy suggests further attitudes about the state of the world, one's responsibility for its well-being and one's sense of empowerment to make a difference. These attitudes may be important measures of science literacy, as described in the case of ocean
297:
was popularized by Paul Hurd in 1958, when he charged that the immediate problem in education was "one of closing the gap between the wealth of scientific achievement and the poverty of scientific literacy in
America". For Hurd, rapid innovation in science and technology demanded an education
371:
as dangers. They suggest that civic science literacy, digital media science literacy, and cognitive science literacy are all important components of education, if individuals are to be scientifically informed and engage in individual and collective decision-making in a democratic society.
193:
as "the ability to engage with science-related issues, and with the ideas of science, as a reflective citizen." A scientifically literate person, therefore, is willing to engage in reasoned discourse about science and technology which requires the competencies to:
407:, and climate. Earth science literacy is one of the types of literacy defined for Earth systems; the qualities of an Earth science literate person are representative of the qualities for all the Earth system literacy definitions.
515:
Some organizations have attempted to compare the scientific literacy of adults in different countries. The OECD found that scientific literacy in the United States is not measurably different from the OECD average.
395:
of scientific literacy. Second, a set of concepts are listed, organized into six to nine big ideas or essential principles. This defining process was undertaken first for ocean literacy, then for the
341:, one that helps average people to make better decisions and enrich their lives. In the United States, this change in emphasis can be noted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the publication of
333:
Since the 1950s, scientific literacy has increasingly emphasized scientific knowledge being as socially situated and heavily influenced by personal experience. Science literacy is seen as a
273:
Finally, scientific literacy may involve particular attitudes toward learning and using science. Scientifically-literate citizens are capable of researching matters of fact for themselves.
298:"appropriate for meeting the challenges of an emerging scientific revolution." Underlying Hurd's call was the idea "that some mastery of science is essential preparation for modern life."
259:
Scientific literacy may also be defined in language similar to the definitions of ocean literacy, Earth science literacy and climate literacy. Thus a scientifically literate person can:
2145:
204:
Interpret data and evidence scientifically – analyze and evaluate data, claims and arguments in a variety of representations and draw appropriate scientific conclusions.
439:, laments "will misunderstandings or lack of knowledge about science imperil our democratic way of life and national security?" A discussion of physics literacy includes
360:
person who voices them; that what matters is disinterested evidence, not desired outcomes; and that statements that go beyond observations should be subject to testing.
1919:
Klymkowsky, Michael W.; Underwood, Sonia M.; Garvin-Doxas, R. Kathleen (2010). "Biological
Concepts Instrument (BCI): A diagnostic tool for revealing student thinking".
1626:
463:, understanding of content lies in the cognitive domain, while attitudes lie in the affective domain. Thus, negative attitudes, such as fear of science, can act as an
431:
The theme of science in a socially-relevant context appears in many discussions of scientific literacy. Ideas that turn up in the life sciences include an allusion to
2992:
1888:
Libarkin, J. C.; Ward, E. M. G.; Anderson, S. W.; Kortemeyer, G.; Raeburn, S. P. (2011). "Revisiting the
Geoscience Concept Inventory: A call to the community".
547:
186:
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1657:
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Initial definitions of science literacy included elaborations of the content that people should understand, often following somewhat traditional lines (
201:
Evaluate and design scientific inquiry – describe and appraise scientific investigations and propose ways of addressing questions scientifically.
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suggest that they hold very different positions on a range of science, engineering and technology-related issues. Both citizens and scientists rate
3808:
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35:
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Identify scientific issues underlying national and local decisions and express positions that are scientifically and technologically informed.
2153:
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944:
1622:"A new instrument for measuring student beliefs about physics and learning physics: the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey"
198:
Explain phenomena scientifically – recognize, offer and evaluate explanations for a range of natural and technological phenomena.
3125:
2357:
1687:
1081:
1950:
3793:
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2202:"Scientific Literacy: Another Look at Its Historical and Contemporary Meanings and Its Relationship to Science Education Reform"
1954:
2435:
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2055:
1834:
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1221:"Improving Science Attitude and Creative Thinking through Science Education Project: A Design, Implementation and Assessment"
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69:
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University educators are attempting to develop reliable instruments to measure scientific literacy, and the use of
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or differential scales to determine and monitor changes in student attitudes towards science and science learning.
752:
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has also been shown to improve student attitudes about a subject and improve their scientific processing skills.
3531:
2018:
3001:
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824:
2309:
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Evaluate the quality of scientific information on the basis of its source and the methods used to generate it.
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1934:
509:
542:
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Adams, W. K.; Perkins, K. K.; Podolefsky, N. S.; Dubson, M.; Finkelstein, N. D.; Wieman, C. E. (2006).
3776:
3733:
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477:
290:
2414:
2087:"Atmospheric Science Literacy: Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts of Atmospheric Science"
3613:
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1818:
51:
47:
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Ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences.
98:
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in the United States have often been driven by strategic challenges such as the launch of the
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1015:"(Mis)informed about what? What it means to be a science-literate citizen in a digital world"
368:
146:
43:
2002:"Ocean Literacy: Understanding the Ocean‵s influence on you and your influence on the Ocean"
1524:
1412:
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3598:
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1797:"Earth Science Literacy Principles: The Big Ideas and Supporting Concepts of Earth Science"
1635:
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1026:
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150:
142:
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557:
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is increasing in the fields of physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology and earth science.
440:
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376:
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and a working knowledge of science and its role in society is seen as a requirement for
2349:
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1982:
1903:
1864:
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1377:
1057:
1014:
868:
90:
2336:
Hurd, Paul DeHart (June 1998). "Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world".
410:
According to the Earth
Science Literacy Initiative, an Earth-science-literate person:
189:(OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Framework (2015) defines
3831:
3781:
3764:
3745:
3380:
3315:
3285:
2929:
2828:
2716:
2701:
2696:
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923:
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282:
228:
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is able to make informed and responsible decisions regarding Earth and its resources
3698:
3673:
3573:
3434:
3429:
3210:
2803:
2711:
2676:
2374:
2365:
Miller, Jon D. (21 December 2016). "The measurement of civic scientific literacy".
2353:
2264:
2224:
2122:
2114:
1907:
1868:
1822:
1781:
1656:
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1528:
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1312:
1232:
1052:
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985:
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464:
460:
239:
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560:, encouraging evidence-based approach to scientific and technological developments
3713:
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3205:
2970:
2939:
2873:
2853:
2838:
2813:
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2756:
2681:
2500:
2071:
Reflecting on
Sputnik: Linking the Past, Present and Future of Educational Reform
1737:
1710:
1365:
537:
480:, innovative learning strategies and utilizing a variety of teaching techniques.
459:
Attitudes about science can have a significant effect on scientific literacy. In
444:
286:
3771:
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3320:
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2520:
1718:
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448:
383:
364:
679:
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3292:
3240:
3235:
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2924:
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2645:
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2001:
1540:
1508:
1485:
1428:
1396:
1373:
1246:
1048:
864:
797:
327:
314:
255:
based on evidence and to apply conclusions from such arguments appropriately.
235:
2103:"Undergraduate Biology Courses for Nonscientists: Toward a Lived Curriculum"
1938:
1786:
1769:
1039:
417:
knows how to find and assess scientifically credible information about Earth
3543:
3402:
3340:
3075:
2878:
2746:
2650:
2630:
2282:
2278:
2136:
2118:
1715:
Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals
1446:
1237:
1066:
999:
779:"Science Education as a Human Right: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
488:
138:
1306:
980:
3578:
3275:
3245:
3230:
3095:
3090:
2666:
563:
396:
338:
334:
174:
126:
110:
94:
2358:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199806)82:3<407::AID-SCE6>3.0.CO;2-G
1460:
Ortiz-Revilla, Jairo; Greca, Ileana M.; Arriassecq, Irene (2021-08-03).
1191:"Change in student beliefs about attitudes toward science in grades 6-9"
3511:
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3451:
3115:
3085:
3067:
2620:
404:
214:
134:
130:
2269:
2244:
733:
708:
153:, as well as a basic understanding of core scientific fields, such as
3688:
3155:
3130:
3009:
2894:
2726:
1911:
1890:
306:
252:
158:
2395:
1955:"International Mathematics and Science Literacy (Indicator 16-2011)"
1925:
2919:
2808:
2476:
1826:
1691:
1283:"Changing and Measuring Attitudes in the Science Classroom | NARST"
263:
Understand the science relevant to environmental and social issues.
118:
2394:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016).
2229:
10.1002/1098-2736(200008)37:6<582::AID-TEA5>3.0.CO;2-L
1316:
919:
521:
United
Kingdom (and the collective rate for the European Union)."
3032:
2954:
2949:
2934:
2510:
2022:
400:
323:
310:
302:
170:
166:
162:
154:
102:
3665:
2290:
1918:
1594:
1397:"Facilitating Middle School Students' Reasoning About Vaccines"
363:
More recently, calls for "scientific literacy" have identified
218:
1887:
1605:
2818:
319:
1619:
1459:
1259:
841:"Public Understanding of Science: The Royal Society Reports"
414:
understands the fundamental concepts of Earth's many systems
2445:
1978:
1627:
Physical Review
Special Topics - Physics Education Research
375:
Comparisons of the views of citizens and scientists by the
209:
literate person is defined as one who has the capacity to:
2086:
2042:
Science for All Americans: Education for a changing future
1814:
Tech Tally: Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy
1753:
2179:
Achieving Scientific Literacy: From Purposes to Practices
907:
777:
Schuck, Patrick; Feser, Markus Sebastian (6 April 2022).
897:
American Association for the Advancement of Science 1993
435:, the "well-being of earth". Robin Wright, a writer for
389:
221:
as well as interpret scientific facts and their meaning.
1705:
1462:"A Theoretical Framework for Integrated STEM Education"
1175:
1013:
Howell, Emily L.; Brossard, Dominique (13 April 2021).
2422:
Roth, Wolff-Michael; Barton, Angela Calabrese (2004).
2397:
Science Literacy: Concepts, Contexts, and Consequences
945:"Scientific Literacy: It's Not (Just) About The Facts"
548:
Science, technology, society and environment education
187:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2146:"Science literacy: U.S. college courses really count"
1507:
Ampatzidis, Georgios; Ergazaki, Marida (2021-11-25).
1082:"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society"
786:
European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
2310:"Science literacy: Its meaning for American schools"
1219:Şener, Nilay; Türk, Cumhur; Taş, Erol (2015-05-08).
753:"Science literacy: Its meaning for American schools"
420:
communicates about Earth science in a meaningful way
1658:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
234:Read articles with understanding of science in the
3000:
2423:
2039:
1661:
1506:
121:is chiefly concerned with an understanding of the
2037:
1770:"Ocean Literacy: There's more to it than content"
885:
3823:
1394:
914:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
1709:; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.;
1395:Cetinkaya, Ertan; Saribas, Deniz (2022-03-04).
1019:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
968:Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
2400:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
2287:Science Matters: Achieving Scientific Literacy
2038:Rutherford, F. James; Ahlgren, Andrew (1991).
1846:"Physics literacy, energy and the environment"
1012:
964:"Science Literacy: a More Fundamental Meaning"
879:
2986:
2461:
1810:
1595:Klymkowsky, Underwood & Garvin-Doxas 2010
1164:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
2143:
1583:
1218:
680:Noam Chomsky on what it means to be educated
238:and engage in social conversation about the
2277:
1339:
776:
702:
700:
698:
269:Make informed decisions about these issues.
2993:
2979:
2468:
2454:
2421:
2064:
1811:Gamire, Elsa; Pearson, Greg, eds. (2006).
1795:Earth Science Literacy Initiative (2009).
690:
494:
454:
101:literacy as they pertain to understanding
2268:
2242:
2126:
1924:
1785:
1688:American Institute of Biological Sciences
1647:
1436:
1236:
1225:Journal of Education and Training Studies
1086:Pew Research Center Science & Society
1056:
1038:
989:
979:
732:
706:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1951:National Center for Education Statistics
1767:
1270:
942:
936:
695:
2600:National Council of Teachers of English
2209:Journal of Research in Science Teaching
2017:Ohio Sea Grant College Program (2010).
845:Science, Technology, & Human Values
746:
744:
3824:
2364:
2199:
2100:
1843:
1142:
1131:
1006:
943:Lombrozo, Tania (September 14, 2015).
770:
266:Communicate clearly about the science.
2974:
2449:
2176:
2016:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1185:
1183:
1098:
961:
955:
646:
644:
642:
390:Science, society, and the environment
2335:
2307:
2081:
1977:
1949:
1939:National Science Education Standards
1794:
1686:
1572:
1561:
1308:National Science Education Standards
1120:
1109:
1079:
1073:
911:National Science Education Standards
750:
741:
664:
662:
660:
658:
650:
630:
628:
626:
354:National Science Education Standards
18:
3487:Digital media use and mental health
3201:Sociology of the history of science
2000:
1933:
1751:
1736:Chemistry Literacy Project (2009).
1735:
1153:
819:. London: The Royal Society. 1985.
813:The public understanding of science
668:
634:
617:
606:
600:
13:
2590:International Literacy Association
2537:List of countries by literacy rate
2169:
1207:
1180:
908:National Research Council (1996).
639:
14:
3853:
3196:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3041:History and philosophy of science
3023:Economics of scientific knowledge
1752:Climate Literacy Network (2011).
655:
623:
3789:
3788:
3763:
2413:
2243:Feinstein, Noah (January 2011).
2144:Raloff, Janet (March 13, 2010).
1509:"How Did Darwin Prefer His Tea?"
1340:Maienschein, Jane (1998-08-14).
707:Feinstein, Noah (January 2011).
23:
2367:Public Understanding of Science
2067:"Sputnik and science education"
1664:Benchmarks for Science Literacy
1599:
1588:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1500:
1453:
1388:
1333:
1299:
1275:
1264:
1253:
1169:
1158:
1147:
1136:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1092:
962:Elhai, Jeff (10 January 2023).
901:
890:
833:
804:
347:Benchmarks for Science Literacy
227:Describe, explain, and predict
3002:Science and technology studies
2767:Occupational Safety and Health
2426:Rethinking Scientific Literacy
2004:. Ocean Literacy Network. 2011
1080:Funk, Cary (29 January 2015).
684:
673:
611:
575:
339:responsible members of society
1:
2065:Rutherford, F. James (1997).
1649:10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.010101
1613:
886:Rutherford & Ahlgren 1991
180:
16:Ability to understand science
3549:Normalization process theory
3106:Philosophy of social science
2475:
2308:Hurd, P. D. (October 1958).
2245:"Salvaging science literacy"
2075:National Academy of Sciences
1935:National Academy of Sciences
1738:"Chemistry Literacy Project"
1366:10.1126/science.281.5379.917
709:"Salvaging science literacy"
510:National Ocean Sciences Bowl
478:student-centered instruction
7:
2430:. Critical Social Thought.
583:PISA 2015 Science Framework
543:Public awareness of science
531:
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3858:
3172:construction of technology
2595:International Literacy Day
2200:DeBoer, George E. (2000).
1959:The Condition of Education
1873:10.1088/0031-9120/38/2/301
1768:Cudaback, Cynthia (2008).
1533:10.1007/s11191-021-00305-z
1478:10.1007/s11191-021-00242-x
1421:10.1007/s11191-021-00318-8
857:10.1177/016224398601100306
588:(Report). OECD. March 2013
276:
3842:Standards-based education
3759:
3704:Politicization of science
3664:
3450:
3219:
3154:
3066:
3031:
3008:
2887:
2659:
2613:
2582:
2529:
2483:
2379:10.1088/0963-6625/7/3/001
2177:Bybee, Rodger W. (1997).
1165:Gamire & Pearson 2006
343:Science for All Americans
293:in the 1980s. The phrase
3111:Philosophy of technology
2605:No Child Left Behind Act
1819:National Academies Press
569:
2048:Oxford University Press
1787:10.5670/oceanog.2008.21
1670:Oxford University Press
1525:2023Sc&Ed..32...37A
1513:Science & Education
1466:Science & Education
1413:2023Sc&Ed..32..361C
1401:Science & Education
1040:10.1073/pnas.1912436117
851:(3): 53–60. July 1986.
512:and Action Bioscience.
495:Promoting and measuring
455:Attitudes about science
125:, units and methods of
3184:Sociology of knowledge
2779:Information literacies
2317:Educational Leadership
2119:10.1187/cbe.05-04-0075
2107:Cell Biology Education
2101:Wright, Robin (2005).
2019:"Great Lakes Literacy"
1943:National Academy Press
1238:10.11114/jets.v3i4.771
798:10.30935/scimath/11967
760:Educational Leadership
506:Global Challenge Award
482:Project-based learning
437:Cell Biology Education
291:Japanese economic boom
3751:Transition management
3741:Technology assessment
3709:Regulation of science
3684:Evidence-based policy
3569:Sociotechnical system
3418:Traditional knowledge
3298:Psychology of science
3271:Mapping controversies
3177:shaping of technology
3136:Social constructivism
3101:Philosophy of science
3058:History of technology
2945:Post-literate society
2905:Children's literature
2784:Information and media
2506:Functional illiteracy
1342:"Scientific Literacy"
981:10.1128/jmbe.00212-22
133:and understanding of
3656:Women in engineering
3502:Financial technology
3482:Digital anthropology
3251:Criticism of science
3164:Actor–network theory
3126:Religion and science
3018:Economics of science
2289:(Reprint ed.).
1983:"Estuarine Literacy"
1844:Hobson, Art (2003).
1606:Libarkin et al. 2011
751:Hurd, P. D. (1958).
386:in the U.S. poorly.
151:aggregate statistics
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
3497:Engineering studies
3467:Cyborg anthropology
3256:Demarcation problem
3141:Social epistemology
2910:Composition studies
2626:Ruth Johnson Colvin
2491:Adolescent literacy
2350:1998SciEd..82..407H
2261:2011SciEd..95..168F
2221:2000JRScT..37..582D
1904:2011GSAT...21h..26L
1865:2003PhyEd..38..109H
1692:"Action Bioscience"
1640:2006PRPER...2a0101A
1358:1998Sci...281..917M
1031:2021PNAS..11812436H
1025:(15): e1912436117.
725:2011SciEd..95..168F
558:Sense about Science
526:concept inventories
441:energy conservation
433:ecological literacy
377:Pew Research Center
242:of the conclusions.
191:scientific literacy
83:Scientific literacy
3777:History of science
3694:Funding of science
3564:Skunkworks project
3261:Double hermeneutic
3046:History of science
2073:. Washington, DC:
1965:on 31 January 2012
1754:"Climate Literacy"
251:Pose and evaluate
3837:Science education
3819:
3818:
3746:Technology policy
3477:Dematerialization
3286:black swan events
2968:
2967:
2930:Media consumption
2496:Emergent literacy
2437:978-0-415-94842-5
2407:978-0-309-44756-0
2338:Science Education
2300:978-0-307-45458-4
2270:10.1002/sce.20414
2249:Science Education
2192:978-0-435-07134-9
2057:978-0-19-506771-2
1853:Physics Education
1836:978-0-309-10183-7
1728:978-0-679-30211-7
1679:978-0-19-508986-8
1584:Science News 2010
1326:978-0-309-05326-6
1311:. NAP.edu. 1996.
1260:Adams et al. 2006
1176:Bloom et al. 1969
929:978-0-309-05326-6
734:10.1002/sce.20414
713:Science Education
487:Teachers can use
287:Sputnik satellite
283:science education
229:natural phenomena
149:observations and
123:scientific method
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
3849:
3792:
3791:
3767:
3719:Right to science
3699:Horizon scanning
3674:Academic freedom
3574:Technical change
3435:Women in science
3430:Unity of science
3211:Strong programme
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2390:
2361:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2314:
2304:
2279:Hazen, Robert M.
2274:
2272:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2206:
2196:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2152:. Archived from
2140:
2130:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2061:
2045:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2025:on 21 April 2021
2021:. Archived from
2013:
2011:
2009:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:. Archived from
1946:
1930:
1928:
1915:
1912:10.1130/G110GW.1
1884:
1850:
1840:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1791:
1789:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1732:
1711:Krathwohl, D. R.
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1667:
1653:
1651:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1042:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
983:
974:(1): e00212–22.
959:
953:
952:
940:
934:
933:
905:
899:
894:
888:
883:
877:
876:
837:
831:
830:
818:
808:
802:
801:
783:
774:
768:
767:
757:
748:
739:
738:
736:
704:
693:
688:
682:
677:
671:
666:
653:
648:
637:
632:
621:
615:
609:
604:
598:
597:
595:
593:
587:
579:
553:Science outreach
465:affective filter
461:education theory
295:science literacy
289:in 1957 and the
87:science literacy
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3755:
3714:Research ethics
3660:
3559:Reverse salient
3453:
3446:
3222:
3215:
3206:Sociotechnology
3150:
3062:
3027:
3004:
2999:
2969:
2964:
2940:Oral literature
2883:
2799:Multiliteracies
2655:
2609:
2578:
2525:
2501:Family literacy
2479:
2474:
2444:
2438:
2412:
2408:
2326:
2324:
2312:
2301:
2233:
2231:
2204:
2193:
2172:
2170:Further reading
2159:
2157:
2156:on 15 June 2010
2091:
2089:
2058:
2028:
2026:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1989:
1968:
1966:
1848:
1837:
1801:
1799:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1740:
1729:
1696:
1694:
1680:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1505:
1501:
1458:
1454:
1393:
1389:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1078:
1074:
1011:
1007:
960:
956:
941:
937:
930:
906:
902:
895:
891:
884:
880:
839:
838:
834:
827:
816:
810:
809:
805:
781:
775:
771:
766:(1): 13–16, 52.
755:
749:
742:
705:
696:
691:Rutherford 1997
689:
685:
678:
674:
667:
656:
649:
640:
633:
624:
616:
612:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:
576:
572:
538:Health literacy
534:
497:
457:
445:ozone depletion
392:
279:
183:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3724:Science policy
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Digital divide
3676:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:Technological
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Design studies
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3408:Scientometrics
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3281:Paradigm shift
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Postpositivism
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Antipositivism
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:and technology
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:Writing system
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Asemic writing
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Griffith Jones
2638:
2636:James Paul Gee
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2521:Whole language
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2419:
2406:
2391:
2373:(3): 203–223.
2362:
2344:(3): 407–416.
2333:
2305:
2299:
2275:
2255:(1): 168–185.
2240:
2215:(6): 582–601.
2197:
2191:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2141:
2113:(3): 189–196.
2098:
2079:
2062:
2056:
2035:
2014:
1998:
1975:
1947:
1931:
1916:
1885:
1859:(2): 109–114.
1841:
1835:
1827:10.17226/11691
1808:
1792:
1765:
1749:
1733:
1727:
1719:Addison-Wesley
1703:
1684:
1678:
1654:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1565:
1554:
1499:
1472:(2): 383–404.
1452:
1407:(2): 361–380.
1387:
1332:
1325:
1298:
1274:
1263:
1252:
1206:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1072:
1005:
954:
935:
928:
900:
889:
878:
832:
825:
803:
792:(3): 338–351.
769:
740:
719:(1): 168–185.
694:
683:
672:
654:
638:
622:
610:
599:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
561:
555:
550:
545:
540:
533:
530:
496:
493:
456:
453:
449:global warming
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
391:
388:
384:STEM education
369:disinformation
365:misinformation
330:, and so on.
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
264:
257:
256:
249:
246:
243:
232:
225:
222:
206:
205:
202:
199:
182:
179:
137:in particular
117:. Scientific
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3854:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:Technoscience
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Media studies
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Early adopter
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Co-production
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:communication
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Pseudoscience
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Boundary-work
3239:
3237:
3236:Bibliometrics
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3146:Transhumanism
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Literacy test
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Dick and Jane
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Transliteracy
2867:
2865:
2864:Technological
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Psychological
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
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3413:Team science
3403:Scientocracy
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3326:Neo-colonial
3076:Anthropocene
2848:
2747:Geo-literacy
2672:Agricultural
2651:Brian Street
2631:Paulo Freire
2583:Institutions
2558:New Zealand
2425:
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2150:Science News
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2023:the original
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1992:20 September
1990:. Retrieved
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1963:the original
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3629:and society
3625:Technology
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3609:determinism
3604:convergence
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3361:controversy
3347:Scientific
3331:post-normal
3276:Metascience
3246:Consilience
3231:Antiscience
3096:Neo-Luddism
3091:Fuzzy logic
2859:Statistical
2774:Information
2660:Other types
2323:: 13–16, 52
1926:1012.4501v1
1143:Hobson 2003
1132:Wright 2005
564:STEM fields
397:Great Lakes
335:human right
281:Reforms in
175:computation
143:qualitative
127:measurement
107:methodology
3826:Categories
3782:Technology
3734:science of
3729:history of
3614:revolution
3522:disruptive
3512:Innovation
3507:Hype cycle
3452:Technology
3423:ecological
3396:skepticism
3386:misconduct
3371:enterprise
3189:scientific
3116:Positivism
3086:Empiricism
3068:Philosophy
2849:Scientific
2722:Ecological
2621:Marie Clay
1941:(Report).
1614:References
1292:2021-04-15
1200:2021-04-15
1099:OSGCP 2010
826:0854032576
592:15 October
472:literacy.
405:atmosphere
215:experiment
181:Definition
135:statistics
131:empiricism
60:April 2024
3689:Factor 10
3517:diffusion
3356:consensus
3351:community
3316:education
3156:Sociology
3131:Scientism
3010:Economics
2895:Aliteracy
2844:Religious
2742:Financial
2732:Emotional
2727:Electracy
2530:Locations
2387:145145348
2183:Heinemann
2160:9 January
1891:GSA Today
1881:250742800
1573:NCES 2011
1562:AIBS 2011
1549:256269585
1541:1573-1901
1494:238138693
1486:0926-7220
1429:1573-1901
1382:220094894
1374:0036-8075
1287:narst.org
1247:2324-8068
1121:UCAR 2007
1110:NOAA 2008
1049:0027-8424
873:220874596
865:0162-2439
651:ESLI 2009
620:, page 22
401:estuaries
307:chemistry
253:arguments
159:chemistry
95:numerical
48:talk page
3832:Literacy
3809:Scholars
3804:Journals
3794:Category
3768:Portals
3649:transfer
3639:dynamics
3589:feminist
3391:priority
3376:literacy
3336:rhetoric
3302:Science
3266:Logology
2920:Dyslexia
2829:Physical
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635:OLN 2011
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607:NAS 1996
532:See also
240:validity
119:literacy
115:theories
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3306:citizen
3223:studies
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2935:Orality
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2804:Musical
2712:Digital
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2569:Romania
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2257:Bibcode
2217:Bibcode
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1636:Bibcode
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1409:Bibcode
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1027:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
476:use of
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311:physics
303:biology
277:History
171:geology
167:ecology
163:biology
155:physics
145:versus
103:science
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3599:change
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