Schubert practice - Knowledge

950: 227: 631: 803: 1075: 925:" ("popular consultation" in Italian), enjoyed democratic legitimacy, affirming their primacy in the face of a conflicting norm of domestic law. This conclusion was rejected by legal scholars, who held that the criterion of democratic legitimacy was equally applicable to laws adopted by referendum, since federal laws enacted by the Federal Assembly can also be submitted to the people for approval, if 50,000 signatures are collected within 100 days of publication of the law in the 3571: 708:, customary law, and general principles of law. Taking the formulation of Art. 190 Cst. as a basis, it is possible to assert that Schubert's practice also applies to customary law, as it is encompassed by the notion of "international law". However, Baumann argues that there is a difference between treaty law (which may be the subject of Schubert case law) and customary law. Customary law can only be changed by inter-state practice (" 874:. Indeed, if the ECtHR established a violation of the convention by Switzerland, the latter is obliged to comply with the ruling handed down by Strasbourg (seat of the ECHR) and to take measures to put an end to the violation. In addition, some authors accuse the Federal Court of deriving the primacy of international law from a text concerning human rights, and not from the (more general and internationally recognized) principle of 141: 298: 557: 374:(other things said) in the Frigerio ruling, the FC leaves the door open to the possibility of deviating from international law. It states that international treaties are in force in Switzerland, as long as the legislator does not clearly decide to enact a domestic norm that would be contrary to them; the way is thus paved for the adoption of the Schubert ruling. 595:"With regard to the acquisition, possession and alienation of real estate and property of all kinds, as well as the free disposal of such property and the payment of taxes and transfer duties on such real estate, the nationals of each of the contracting parties shall enjoy in the territory of the other the same rights as nationals" - art. 2 of the 1875 Treaty. 1143:, proposed the primacy of domestic law, along with a codification of the Schubert practice. In particular, he proposed that the Federal Court should systematically apply an international treaty only if it had been subject to a referendum. This parliamentary initiative was rejected by the National Council, which refused to act on it in 2014. 4038:"La relation entre droit international et droit interne : Rapport du Conseil fédéral du 5 mars 2010 en réponse au postulat 07.3764 de la Commission des affaires juridiques du Conseil des Etats du 16 octobre 2007 et au postulat 08.3765 de la Commission des institutions politiques du Conseil national du 20 novembre 2008", 1899:("Norms of international law, as soon as they have become legally binding for Switzerland, are an integral part of the domestic legal order and are to be observed and applied by all state organs ... A special act for the transformation of the rule of international law into national law is not required"). 1896:

Normen des Völkerrechts sind, sobald sie für die Schweiz rechtskräftig geworden sind, fester Bestandteil der innerstaatlichen Rechtsordnung und von allen Staatsorganen einzuhalten und anzuwenden ... Eines besonderen Aktes für die Transformation der völkerrechtlichen Regel in das Landesrecht bedarf es

1178:

At the time of the offence, Art. 237, para. 1 of the Swiss Criminal Code read as follows: "Anyone who intentionally prevents, disturbs or endangers public traffic, in particular traffic on public roads, by water or in the air, and thereby knowingly endangers the life or physical integrity of persons,

979:

In a second decision (handed down the following day by the Second Court of Public Law), the Federal Court (re)confirms the PKK ruling and extends the primacy of Swiss law to all international law containing fundamental rights. To justify this extension, the Federal Court refers to a 1996 ruling (i.e.

869:

Some authors criticize the lack of clarity in the PKK ruling, arguing that the Federal Court is hiding its true intentions. One possibility, according to Baumann and the Federal Administration, is that the Federal Court wanted to carry out a kind of preventive control in order to avoid a condemnation

860:

The Federal Court therefore considers that a federal law enacted after the entry into force of an international human rights instrument binding on Switzerland (such as the ECHR) cannot be applied if it violates human rights. This practice has been confirmed and reinforced by successive rulings of the

752:

One immediate consequence was evident in 1975: Austria tried to find a solution with the Swiss Confederation to remedy the situation but without success. As a result, Austria informed Switzerland in May that art. 2 of the 1875 Treaty (guaranteeing equal treatment) was no longer applied by Vienna, due

4121:

Traité entre la Confédération suisse et la Monarchie austro-hongroise, concernant l'établissement, l'exemption du service et des impôts militaires, l'égalité des ressortissants des deux Etats en matière d'impôts, leur traitement gratuit réciproque en cas de maladie et d'accidents et la communication

1049:

After recalling the Schubert and PKK rulings (which only concerned federal laws, not the Constitution), the Federal Court stated: "Consequently, a federal law which is contrary to international law remains in principle inapplicable". Some authors see this as a signal that the Schubert jurisprudence

583:

Schubert decided to challenge the decision before the higher authority in Ticino (the Cantonal Commission for Appeals on the Acquisition of Real Estate by Persons Resident Abroad), but this Commission upheld the decision, on the grounds that the appellant had not demonstrated a sufficient legitimate

389:

Switzerland has a monistic system of international law. This means that, in the eyes of Swiss judges, domestic (Swiss) law and international law form a unitary block; international law is an integral part of the law of the domestic legal order. In fact, the 1999 Federal Constitution states that "the

1119:

Reimann reiterated his motion in 2016, particularly in view of the ruling on the deportation of foreign criminals: he was told that the codification of the Schubert practice, which was too rigid, presented dangers for the implementation of international law. Here again, the National Council refused

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As early as 1989, the Federal Administration recognized that Switzerland's credibility on the international stage would be jeopardized if the Federal Court confined itself "to affirming the principle of the primacy of international law only when the latter does not pose any problem ". Moreover, in

285:

During its deliberations on the Lang judgment in 1950, the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Federal Supreme Court considered the compatibility of the 1919 Convention with Swiss domestic law. In its reasoning, the Court made no mention of the Steenworden ruling. Instead, it refers to a 1931 ruling

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However, in the same ruling, the First Court of Social Law identified certain human rights provisions in the AFMP (including the principle of non-discrimination laid down in art. 9, para. 3, of its Annex 3), and therefore qualified for an extension of the scope of the PKK ruling. This case law was

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took note of the decision while asserting that "it is not up to the judge to censure the legislator when the latter has accepted to assume the consequences of a deliberate violation of international law". The changeover to the 1999 Federal Constitution did nothing to alter this jurisprudence. In

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Office fédéral de la justice (OFJ), "Publication commune de l’Office fédéral de la justice et de la Direction du droit international public : Rapports entre le droit international et le droit interne au sein de l'ordre juridique suisse. Fondements juridiques et conséquences de la primauté du

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According to the Schubert judgment, a federal law has precedent if the legislature intends to consciously stray from a constitutional obligation, thereby accepting a violation of international law; ... The Court never formally overruled this so-called Schubert practice, despite the overwhelmingly

1086:

In its message on the total revision of the Federal Constitution in 1996, the Federal Council mentioned the Schubert jurisprudence: once in the context of art. 4 para. 1 of the draft (P-Cst.; now included in art. 5 para. 4 Cst. 1999) and a second time in the context of "maintaining the primacy of

881:

In terms of human rights in Switzerland, some authors criticize this ruling for creating two categories of human rights: one containing rights protected by the ECtHR and by the Federal Constitution (and therefore benefiting from the PKK ruling), the other containing rights only guaranteed by the

1115:

proposed creating a "constitutional basis for Schubert practice". In its response, the Federal Council emphasized that the authors of the 1999 Constitution had deliberately chosen not to take a position, so as to enshrine the principle of the primacy of international law, while leaving open the

852:

In its recitals, the First Court of Public Law addresses the conflict between Swiss domestic law and Article 6 ECHR. As a preliminary point, the Federal Court reaffirms that international law is binding on all state bodies, and that a domestic standard that violates international law cannot be

654:

intends to uphold the validity of an international treaty binding Switzerland, as long as the same legislator does not decide to enact, consciously and voluntarily, norms of domestic law contrary to international law. However, the Court recalls that domestic law must be interpreted in a manner

781:"The principle of the primacy of international law over domestic law derives from the very nature of the international law, which is hierarchically superior to any domestic law norm, so that the lex posterior argument is inapplicable." - ATF 122 II 485 of November 1st, 1996, consid. 3a p. 355. 152:

From 1875 (entry into force of the Federal Constitution of 1874 and institution of the Federal Supreme Court) to 1933, Switzerland's highest judicial body affirmed the principle of the primacy of international law over domestic law, and did so as a matter of course. This is illustrated by the

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The Federal Council considered the PKK ruling to be the "exception to the Schubert exception". On the other hand, it agreed with a number of legal scholars on the practical scope of the ruling. In fact, it considered that few rulings after 1997, invoking the PKK ruling, gave precedence to an

658:

While referring to the legislator as the "supreme source of domestic law", the Federal Court asserts that this possibility of conscious derogation on the part of the legislator allows two things: on the one hand, to remedy certain rigidities in the interpretation of the law; on the other, to

202:"If there were opposition between a federal law and an international convention regulating the same subject, the convention should not necessarily be preferred to the law Their opposition should be resolved as an opposition between two contradictory texts of law, by virtue of the maxim " 988:

request. However, the FC inserts the phrase "in principle" into the wording of this second ruling, which, according to some commentators, leaves the door open to new exceptions. This does not prevent some authors from asserting that this hesitation is to the detriment of legal certainty.

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At the end of 2019, the Federal Supreme Court refused to comment on the topicality of the Schubert jurisprudence. In 2020, in two rulings - the first in January, the second in July - the Federal Supreme Court mentioned this case law once again, but did not apply it to individual cases.

1045:

In an October 2012 ruling, it was confronted with the new constitutional article 121 al. 3-6 Cst. 1999, which is in contradiction with international law, constituting a new situation (as the Schubert jurisprudence only deals with the conflict between federal law and international law).

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applied. In other words, the administration and the courts must comply with international law and cannot refuse to apply it (a manifestation of monism). This non-application of domestic law (in favor of international law) is particularly appropriate if it serves the protection of

407:). Furthermore, "a party may not invoke the provisions of its domestic law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty" (art. 27 VCLT). This means that when Switzerland concludes a treaty with another country, or accedes to an international convention (such as the 1309:

Dies hat zur Folge, dass eine völkerrechtswidrige Norm des Landesrechts im Einzelfall nicht angewendet werden kann. Diese Konfliktregelung drängt sich umso mehr auf, wenn sich der Vorrang aus einer völkerrechtlichen Norm ableitet, die dem Schutz der Menschenrechte

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The Schubert ruling has been widely criticized in the academic literature, "almost as often criticized as cited". The judgment is described as "notoriously unclear", "questionable", not to say "unconvincing", endowed with "inconsistencies", "once again creating

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Confederation and the Cantons shall respect international law". In contrast, in a dualist system, domestic law and international law are two distinct blocks. According to a dualist system, international law must be translated or transposed into domestic law.

1053:

Part of the doctrine criticized the Federal Supreme Court for these developments in the 2010s, accusing it of being inconsistent in its practice and slow to take a clear position. Andreas Auer urged the doctrine to continue demanding an end to the practice.

580:). Under this decree, the purchase of real estate in Switzerland was subject to authorization by the cantonal authorities, if the purchaser was domiciled abroad. On the basis of this decree, the competent Ticino authority refused to authorize the purchase. 1027: 364:"Navigation and floating on the Rhine, from Neuhausen to below Basel, are permitted to everyone; they are subject only to restrictions required by tax and customs regulations, or by police necessities for the safety and regularity of communications." 679:", "leaving a bad feeling after reading". It is considered by some authors to be "the most controversial judgment on the question of the primacy of international law". Sassòli speaks in support of the practice, but describes it as confusing (" 88:). The treaty provided that each signatories' nationals shall enjoy the same rights in this regard on both signatories' territories. The court cited a 1961 federal decree which gave authorities the power to grant or withhold authorization of 1127:

also attempted to enshrine in the Constitution the idea that "when there is a contradiction between an old international treaty or other norm of international law and a new federal law, the Federal Tribunal must adhere to the latter". The

1216:. According to Hangartner 2013, p. 701, the function of an obiter dictum is to clarify an abstract point of jurisprudence (not necessarily related to the main dispute), especially when this point is the subject of dispute in the doctrine. 1235:

In french: Arrêt du 2 mars 1974 dans l'affaire Schubert contre Commission cantonale tessinoise de recours pour l'application de l'arrêté fédéral du 23 mars 1961 concernant l'acquisition de biens de la part de personnes résidentes à

1162:). The idea of "reviving Schubert" was raised in the Federal Assembly, which discussed a possible counter-proposal, but the project was once again rejected, not least to protect Switzerland's credibility on the international stage. 662:

Following an analysis of the debates in the Federal Chambers, the Mon-Repos judges concluded that the Swiss legislature was fully aware of a potential breach of its international obligations in adopting the Federal Decree of 1961.

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international treaties" and the conflict between federal law and international law (without commenting on the jurisprudence). During parliamentary debates on the P-Cst, the Federal Chambers addressed this issue several times.

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Ruling of March 2nd, 1974 in the case of Schubert v. the Commission cantonale tessinoise de recours for the application of the federal decree of March 23rd, 1961 concerning the acquisition of property from foreign residents.

425:

The Federal Supreme Court has no constitutional authority over federal legislation. In other words, the Federal Supreme Court cannot invalidate a federal law if it is contrary to the Federal Constitution (Cst.), unlike the

607:

The appellant claimed that there was a conflict between the 1875 Treaty and the 1961 Federal Decree. He argues that the Treaty is a special norm, while the 1961 Federal Decree is a general norm. According to the principle

3658:

Subject 16.3241: Reimann motion of March 18th, 2016. "Contradictions between norms of international law and norms of domestic law. Guaranteeing legal certainty by enshrining the Schubert practice in the Constitution"

3488:, consid. 7 p. 31 et s., which states: "The question of the general applicability of the 'Schubert jurisprudence ' in cases of conflict between domestic law and art. 6 par. 1 ECHR remains unresolved (consid. 7)." 1321:

In essence, this constitutional amendment provides for perpetrators of certain criminal offences to be automatically deprived of a residence permit, expelled from Swiss territory and/or banned from entering the

1225:

It should be noted here that Art. 5 para. 4 Cst. 1999 emerged from the revision of the Federal Constitution in the 1990s, i.e. after the Federal Court had issued the Schubert ruling which is the subject of this

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La possibilità d'una eventuale e consapevole deroga da parte del legislatore, fonte suprema del diritto interno, consente di mitigare certi rigori e di salvaguardare in pratica determinati imperiosi interessi

830: 3903: 4133: 4124: 157:) states that an international treaty "binds the contracting States by virtue of the universally accepted principles of the law of nations, and without regard to their respective national legislation". 4164: 3997:

Genève au confluent du droit interne et du droit international : Mélanges offerts par la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Genève à la Société suisse des juristes à l'occasion du congrès 2012

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belongs to the past, while others cannot affirm its abandonment with the 2012 ruling. Such an abandonment requires, in the view of some, "a formal reversal confirmed by other subsequent judgments".

885:

While recognizing its significance on paper, other authors still question the practical significance of the PKK ruling, as it is rarely invoked by Mon-Repos (the seat of the Federal Supreme Court).

165:

As early as 1923, with the Lepeschkin ruling, some authors noted that the principle of the primacy of international law over domestic law (and consequently federal laws) was beginning to weaken.

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The Federal Supreme Court has confirmed its practice in the Schubert case on several occasions. This was the case in 1986, 1991 and 1992, ignoring the doctrinal debate that began in 1973.

3923:

Astrid Epiney, "The relationship between international law and national law from the perspective of the Federal Supreme Court : comment on the BGE 2C_828/2011 of October 12th 2012",

1183: 4439:, Breach of trust, Unlawful appropriation, Fraud under Swiss law, Sexual harassment in the workplace under Swiss law), Miscellaneous (Criminal records in Switzerland, State of necessity) 1094:, conflicts between the popular will and obligations arising from international treaties and principles are possible; in this regard, the Schubert mechanism is often seen as a solution. 1066:

The Schubert case has had a certain impact on parliamentarians and politicians skeptical of the primacy of international law or the power of international tribunals such as the ECtHR.

666:

Reiterating the conclusions of the Frigerio ruling, the Federal Court applied the Federal Decree, to the detriment of the 1875 Treaty, on the basis of art. 113, paragraph 3 Cst. 1874.

523:

An exception to the primacy of international law exists if the legislature enacts a federal law to the contrary and if the legislature is aware of the conflict with international law.

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is not constitutive of the legal reasoning of a Federal Supreme Court judgment. In other words, the Federal Court could have reached the same conclusion in the judgment without the

599:

Despite its age and the break-up of Austria-Hungary, the Treaty of 1875 was still considered valid by virtue of a 1950 exchange of notes between the Swiss and Austrian governments.

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the application of international norms is affected. In this line of thought, the ruling in no way affects the primacy of international law in the eyes of international law itself.

572:

On March 22, 1972, Schubert acquired two additional plots from a Swiss woman living in the United States, one of which adjoined the land he already owned. Since 1961, however, a

259:). The two pilots saw this as an infringement of their right to fly in the area. To scare off the hunters, they made a series of low passes (up to ten meters above water level). 180: 690:

According to some authors, the Schubert ruling only addresses the question of the rank of international law in the Swiss legal order, not its validity or applicability, even if

188: 3967:

La démocratie directe et le droit international : Prise en compte des obligations internationales de la Confédération et participation populaire à la politique extérieure

697:

Some scholars consider the criteria laid down in the Schubert ruling to be restrictive, or to be applicable only in very rare cases (thereby diminishing its practical scope).

206:". In accordance with this maxim, the recent law paralyzes the application in Switzerland of the contrary provisions of an older treaty". - ATF 59 II 331, consid. 3 p. 337 s. 179:

records on a daily basis in his establishment. However, as the records were not made in Switzerland (although the ruling does not indicate their precise origin), the French

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and the ECHR, Mon-Repos attempted to overturn its decision based on the principle of the PKK ruling and apply the Schubert ruling once again to the field of human rights.

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seemed to want to confirm this jurisprudence in a 2018 ruling, while an appeal against the latter ruling was pending before the FC, which was still the case in July 2020.

99:

Switzerland, historically, has had a tradition of following the principle of primacy of international law, but its highest judicial body, the Supreme Court, does not have

4096: 1132:(CIP-N) responded that the flexibility of the jurisprudential solution was better suited to case-by-case solutions. In 2010, the National Council decided not to proceed. 4171: 2850:(OJ) of January 16th, 1943 (as of January 1st, 1998), ex RS 173.110 (this law is no longer in force); the provision of art. 100 OJ is replaced by art. 83 let. a of the 69: – based on a generalized hypothesis that a posterior act of the legislator whereby an existing act of international law has been contradicted was, in reality, a 111:). The emergence of the Schubert practice was thus an attempt to bring into line the will of the Swiss legislator and the obligations arising from international law. 3360:

Translation by Philippe Schneeberger, "X. contre le Département de la Justice et de la Sécurité du canton de Thurgovie; 12 octobre 2012; 2C_828/2011; ATF 139 I 16",

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This approach had its consequences for Switzerland. It entailed the risk of finding itself in violation of a provision of international law, which could lead to the

1102:

As the scope of case law has narrowed, several members of the Swiss parliament have sought to enshrine Schubert in law or the constitution. In 2008, for example,

903:

Abkommen zwischen der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft einerseits und der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und ihren Mitgliedstaaten andererseits über die Freizügigkeit

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Felix Schöbi, "The Schubert Practice of the Federal Supreme Court in the Light of the Parliamentary Discussion on the Agreement on the European Economic Area",

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UDSC) seized propaganda material from the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in Riehen, a municipality in the canton of Basel-Stadt on the border with Germany. The

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However, these two 2010 rulings are not mentioned in the Federal Council's report on the relationship between international and domestic law, published in the

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Exchange of notes of April 28/May 9, 1975 concerning suspension of application of art. 2 of the Treaty of Establishment of May 9th, 1975, RS 0.142.111.631.2..

214:("later law derogates from earlier law") in resolving conflicts between international and national law, sometimes even subsequently applying the principle of 3916:

Astrid Epiney, "Bundesgericht, I. öffentlichrechtliche Abteilung, 1.11.1996, p. c. Bundesamt für Polizeiwesen (1A.263/1996), Verwaltungsgerichtsbeschwerde",

4665: 3036: 4131:

Accord entre la Confédération suisse, d'une part, et la Communauté européenne et ses Etats membres, d'autre part, sur la libre circulation des personnes

1042:), the Federal Supreme Court was once again confronted with a conflict between national and international law (in this case, once again with the ECHR). 919:

Accord entre la Confédération suisse, d’une part, et la Communauté européenne et ses États membres, d’autre part, sur la libre circulation des personnes

911:

Accordo tra la Confederazione Svizzera, da una parte, e la Comunità europea ed i suoi Stati membri, dall’altra, sulla libera circolazione delle persone

122:. In the early 2010s, it seems to have been abandoned. In the realm of politics, there have been multiple initiatives to enshrine the doctrine in law. 84:

from acquiring Swiss land, in spite of him asserting entitlement to such acquisition under a 1875 treaty between Switzerland and Austria (then part of

1283:

The Federal Supreme Court shall apply the laws passed by the Federal Assembly It shall also comply with the treaties ratified by the Federal Assembly

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Marco Sassòli, "Völkerrecht und Landesrecht : Plädoyer eines Völkerrechtlers für Schubert", in François Bellanger and Jacques de Werra (dir.),

3177:

Giovanni Biaggini, "Die 'Immerhin liesse sich erwägen'-Erwägung im Urteil 2C_716/2014: über ein problematisches höchstrichterliches obiter dictum",

1245:

In Swiss law, the term "appelant" is used for a person lodging an appeal with the Federal Supreme Court, cf. ATF 139 III 120 of February 26th, 2013

4074: 4060: 4046: 4161: 2105: 4528: 3207: 2961:, consid. 3b p. 122, in connection with the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age; ATF 128 IV 201 of July 26, 2002 4066:"Message du 5 juillet 2017 relatif à l’initiative populaire «Le droit suisse au lieu de juges étrangers (initiative pour l’autodétermination)", 897:

In another ruling in 2007, the Federal Supreme Court claimed, again in obiter dictum, that the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (AFMP;

114:

The court doctrine has been much criticized by legal scholars, and has been refined and supplemented over time, particularly in relation to the

4052:"Rapport additionnel du 30 mars 2011 du Conseil fédéral au rapport du 5 mars 2010 sur la relation entre droit international et droit interne", 814: 845:). Having appealed against the proceedings, the claimants brought an action before the Federal Court alleging a violation of article 6 of the 4611: 1803:

Convention entre la Suisse et le Grand-Duché de Bade au sujet de la navigation sur le Rhin, de Neuhausen jusqu’en aval de Bâle du 10 mai 1879

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subsequently confirmed in 2015, in a ruling by the Second Court of Public Law, considered by some authors to be "highly controversial". The

2814: 1136: 777:, the primacy of international law over domestic law, without mentioning the Schubert ruling, notably in 1996, where it states as follows: 3733: 4607: 3523:

Giorgio Malinverni et Jean-François Perrin, "Les juges de Strasbourg sont-ils allés beaucoup trop loin avec la souveraineté des États?",

733:, asserting that federal laws are, in the eyes of the Federal Court, more equal than international treaties (echoing the famous passage " 833:

subsequently opened a criminal investigation for violation of Article 1 of the Federal Council Decree on Subversive Propaganda (German:

4326: 1000:

who populate the Federal Supreme Court as regards the role and expansive jurisprudence of the ECtHR, with the former calling for more "

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Supreme Court in April 1949, on the grounds, among others, that the 1919 Convention did not contain any penal provisions. The Thurgau

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shall be punished by imprisonment", and para. 2: "The penalty shall be imprisonment or a fine if the offender has acted negligently"

1393:

critical reception in academia. As a consequence of the Schubert judgment, art 2 of the Settlement Treaty was formally suspended ...

619: 394: 76:

It derives from the 1973 Schubert case ruling, in which the Supreme Court upheld the decision of a cantonal authority to forbid an

3528: 1355:

Biaggini, Giovanni (2020). "Constitutional adjudication in Switzerland (chapter 15)". In Bogdandy, Armin von; et al. (eds.).

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Subject 13.0458: Init. parl. Stamm of September 27th, 2013. "Relation between international law and domestic law. Clarification"

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2010, the Federal Council reiterated that Switzerland could be held liable if the Schubert ruling were applied in a future case.

434:. Furthermore, the Federal Constitution stipulates that the Federal Supreme Court must apply federal laws and international law. 383: 169: 17: 4162:

Arrêté fédéral instituant le régime de l'autorisation pour l'acquisition d'immeubles par des personnes domicilées à l'étranger

420: 4004: 3989: 3974: 3889: 3211: 1936: 1546: 1420: 1378: 716: 93: 861:

Swiss Federal Court, in 2002, 2010 and again in 2018, rendering the Schubert rule inoperative in the field of human rights.

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Swiss Criminal Procedure Code (Mandate under Swiss criminal law, Court of coercive measures, Penalty order under Swiss law)

3715:

Subject 09.0414: Init. parl. UDC Group of March 20th, 2009. "International law must not take precedence over national law"

737:"). Wildhaber sees the Federal Court as having a hot potato in its hands, looking to get rid of it as quickly as possible. 635: 615:

At the same time, he invoked other violations of federal administrative law, but these were rejected by the Federal Court.

587:

The Austrian citizen decided to appeal the decision to the Federal Supreme Court. In his defense, he invoked a treaty with

458: 46: 4114: 4024:

Luzius Wildhaber, "Remarks on the Schubert case concerning the relationship between international law and national law",

962: 846: 408: 115: 3779: 3716: 3660: 3613: 4624: 4560: 4413:

Companies (Public limited company, Limited liability company in Switzerland, Ordinary partnership, Commercial register)

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Case law remains an important key to understanding the relationship between Swiss and international law. In the Swiss

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and gave it primacy over the treaty. In response, Austria suspended the concerned article, citing non-fulfillment of

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April 13th, 1972: authorization refused by the court of first instance September 11th, 1972: appeal rejected by the

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In the same year, 2010, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court was uncertain as to the validity of the Schubert ruling.

659:

safeguard in practice interests particular to Switzerland which would be (in the eyes of Parliament) imperative.

118:(ECHR). After a 1999 ruling, the doctrine was relativized by virtue of being rendered inoperative in the area of 720:

2010, the Federal Council saw a certain parallel with American law and its relationship with international law.

4510: 4319: 3866:

Andreas Auer, "Ungereimtes im schweizerischen Verfassungsrecht - Incongruités constitutionnelles helvétiques",

3846: 1109: 1079: 954: 871: 651: 119: 100: 1686:

Arrêté du Conseil fédéral concernant la réglementation de la circulation aérienne en Suisse du 27 janvier 1920

397:(VCLT) states that "every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it, and must be performed by them in 103:

authority over federal legislation to be able to declare it unconstitutional if it comes in conflict with the

4615: 4541: 4294: 1124: 926: 279: 949: 4515: 3958:

Walter Kälin, "Schubert and the rule of law or: are federal laws more authoritative than state treaties?",

289:

With the Lang ruling, the Federal Court thus reaffirmed the primacy of international law over federal law.

286:(thus preceding Steenworden) to affirm that "international treaty law takes precedence over federal law". 4645: 4354: 3951:

Yvo Hangartner, "Bundesgerichtlicher Positionbezug zum Verhältnis von Bundesverfassung und Völkerrecht",

3545: 2594: 1685: 806: 789:, is identified as dissociating itself from the Schubert jurisprudence, "to the surprise of the reader". 701: 3900: 1296:

The Federal Supreme Court and other authorities are obliged to apply federal laws and international law.

4349: 4284: 4092:(JAAC), vol. 53, no 54, April 26, 1989, p. 1-32 (German), p. 32-79 (French) (ISSN 1420-2417, 226: 145: 104: 630: 247:. At the end of November 1947, a bird-hunting party was organized by boat between Triboltingen (today 4492: 4397: 4312: 4289: 3337: 704:. He considers that neither jurisprudence (in general), doctrine, or practice differentiates between 108: 3984:, Lausanne, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, coll. "Savoir suisse", 2017, 160 p. ( 3793: 3687: 1333:

Entsprechend bleibt eine dem Völkerrecht entgegenstehende Bundesgesetzgebung regelmässig unanwendbar

882:

Federal Constitution (not benefiting from the PKK ruling and subject to derogation by federal law).

3747: 3627: 3572:"Recherche pour l'objet 96.091 et le mot "Schubert" entre le 1 January 1998 et le 31 December 1998" 267: 3031:

Anne Peters et Isabella Pagotto, "Das Verhältnis von Völkerrecht und Landesrecht in der Schweiz",

4459: 1362: 1106: 1091: 4122:

gratuite réciproque d'extraits officiels des registres des naissances, des mariages et des décès

3612:

Subject 08.3249: Reimann motion of May 27th, 2008. "Constitutional basis for Schubert practice"

4655: 2589:"Message du Conseil fédéral du 20 novembre 1996 relatif à une nouvelle constitution fédérale", 993: 346: 184: 2965:, consid. 1.3 p. 205, again in connection with art. 205, again in connection with art. 6 ECHR. 650:

The Federal Court begins by referring to the Frigerio ruling. According to this judgment, the

168:

In 1933, the Federal Court made a paradigm shift with the Steenworden ruling, influenced by a

4546: 4469: 1406: 700:

According to Baumann, it is unclear to what extent the ruling and its jurisprudence apply to

252: 231: 4071: 4057: 4043: 3087: 3061: 73:. As an immediate consequence, when the doctrine is applied, international law is violated. 4650: 3969:(doctoral thesis), Berne, Stämpfli, coll. "Etudes de droit suisse" (no 810), 2015, 405 p. ( 3730:

Rapport sur l'Iv.pa. Group V. "Le droit international ne doit pas primer le droit national"

3598:

Les initiatives populaires et le droit international : Droit actuel et droit désirable

576:(FD) had been in force governing acquisitions by foreign residents (the predecessor of the 357: 3841: Lise Bailat, "Le spectre des "juges étrangers" n'effraie pas le Conseil des États", 1116:

possibility of a few exceptions. The motion was rejected by the National Council in 2010.

835:

Bundesratsbeschluss vom 29. Dezember 1948 betreffend staatsgefährliches Propagandamaterial

343:

Département fédéral de l'environnement, des transports, de l'énergie et des communications

313:

transport entrepreneur, was granted a concession to transport passengers between Tössegg (

8: 4427: 4273: 1814:

By the Federal Court's own admission in 2002, cf. (de) ATF 128 IV 201 of July 26th, 2002

1370: 930: 537: 403: 271: 191:, he appealed to the Swiss Federal Court. In its ruling, the Federal Court refers to the 3086:

In this case, the popular vote of May 21, 2000 on bilateral agreements I, FF 2000 3538

239:, where the incident between the two airmen Lang and Legler and the fighters took place. 4660: 4579: 4279: 2847: 1957:

Astrid Epiney, "Das Primat des Völkerrechts als Bestandteil des Rechtsstaatsprinzips",

892: 553:

national living in Vienna, owned two plots of land in the commune of Brissago, Ticino.

339:

Dipartimento federale dell'ambiente, dei trasporti, dell'energia e delle comunicazioni,

195:, of 1886, without mentioning which party is invoking it ("Vainement prétendrait-on"). 4120: 1802: 411:), it is obliged to respect and implement the provisions of the treaty or convention. 4385: 4268: 4000: 3985: 3970: 3895:

Lucius Caflisch, "La pratique suisse en matière de droit international public 2011",

3885: 1932: 1542: 1416: 1374: 1356: 802: 639: 533: 345:). The purpose of this request was to ascertain that river passenger traffic between 89: 54: 1252:, consid. C p. 120 (appeal in civil matters) or ATF 144 I 43 of November 22nd, 2017 4407: 4376: 4212: 4202: 4192: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1717: 1697: 1665: 1645: 1616: 1596: 1521: 1500: 1366: 906: 192: 4152: 4130: 3930:

André Grisel et Jean Monnier, "A propos de la hiérarchie des normes juridiques",

3688:"Procès-verbal de vote du Conseil national. Objet No. 16.3241 (ref. 15644)" 2851: 914: 898: 746: 676: 588: 431: 85: 4139: 4017:

Stefan Schürer, "Has the PKK jurisprudence relativized the Schubert practice?",

3794:"Procès-verbal de vote du Conseil national. Objet No. 13.458 (ref. 10827)" 3628:"Procès-verbal de vote du Conseil national. Objet No. 08.3249 (ref. 3601)" 972:

In a first ruling (by the Second Civil Law Court) concerning a provision of the

318: 4436: 3748:"Procès-verbal de vote du Conseil national. Objet No. 09.414 (ref. 4330)" 1412: 573: 244: 70: 53:

have practical primacy over otherwise binding, but conflicting, provisions of

4639: 4298: 3882:

Droit international public : Abrégé de cours et résumés de jurisprudence

1112: 786: 724: 370: 65: 59: 50: 1074: 4463: 2201:

Validité des traités entre la Suisse et l'Autriche, RO 1950 57, p. 82

1036:

Iniziativa popolare 'per l'espulsione degli stranieri che commettono reati'

1032:

Eidgenössische Volksinitiative 'für die Ausschaffung krimineller Ausländer'

854: 839:

DCF del 29 dicembre 1948 concernente il materiale di propaganda sovversiva

356:

He bases his reasoning on an agreement signed between Switzerland and the

335:

Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation

4167:(AF de 1961) of March 23, 1961 (status January 1, 1971), RS 211.412.41., 2106:

Loi fédérale sur l’acquisition d’immeubles par des personnes à l’étranger

985: 729: 263: 153:

Spengler ruling, in which Mon-Repos (the seat of the Federal Tribunal in

591:

signed in 1875, in particular article 2, which stipulates the following:

4497: 4177: 1103: 997: 973: 958: 857:, relativizing in the next sentence the principle set out in Schubert. 577: 398: 331:

Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications

325:

rivers) and Rüdlingen. The concession was later extended downstream to

314: 248: 176: 135: 1040:

Initiative populaire fédérale 'Pour le renvoi des étrangers criminals'

992:

One possible reason for this hesitation may be a conflict between the

4335: 1537:

in Alois Riklin (dir.), Hans Haug (dir.) and Raymond Probst (dir.),

550: 302: 210:

With this ruling, the Federal Supreme Court applies the principle of

175:

In fact, Henri Steenworden, a Geneva café-brasserie operator, played

42: 2817:

of December 29th, 1948, RS 127. (this decree is no longer in force).

893:

2007 ruling concerning the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons

4136:(ALCP) of June 21, 1999 (status January 1, 2019), RS 0.142.112.681. 684: 643: 612:, the Treaty must take precedence over the Federal Decree of 1961. 561: 329:. On October 31, 1967, Frigerio filed an application with the then 256: 236: 154: 140: 4147:

this constitution is no longer in force, replaced by the Cst. 1999

4145:(Cst. 1874) of May 29, 1874 (status February 7, 1999), ex RS 101 ( 3944:

Yvo Hangartner, "Das Verhältnis von Völkerrecht und Landesrecht",

1285:"; this provision is taken up and rewritten in art. 190 Cst. 1999. 944: 735:

All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others

297: 193:

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

3937:

Yvo Hangartner, "End or continuation of the Schubert practice?",

1140: 1004:" on the part of the Strasbourg judges compared with the latter. 326: 275: 262:

In October 1948, they were convicted of criminal offences by the

77: 4406:

Contract under Swiss law (Special contract law, Lease contract,

4117:(ECHR) of November 4, 1950 (status February 23, 2012), RS 0.101. 4032: 1884: 4185: 4158:(Cst. 1999) of April 18, 1999 (status January 1, 2020), RS 101. 4090:

Jurisprudence des autorités administratives de la Confédération

2854:(LTF) of June 17th, 2005 (as of January 1st, 2019), RS 173.110. 705: 578:

Federal Act on the Acquisition of Real Estate by Persons Abroad

565: 546: 81: 1405:

Fleiner, Thomas; Misic, Alexander; Töpperwien, Nicole (2005).

1023:, FF) a few months after the publication of the said rulings. 878:(these authors find the dogmatic justification unconvincing). 282:

appealed to the Federal Supreme Court against this acquittal.

4019:

Schweizerisches Zentralblatt für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht

3932:

Schweizerisches Zentralblatt für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht

3821:

Jan Flückiger, "Landesrecht soll Völkerrecht nicht brechen",

3179:

Schweizerisches Zentralblatt für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht

1959:

Schweizerisches Zentralblatt für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht

1931:, Fribourg, Schulthess, 2015, 4e éd. (1st ed. 2002), 694 p. ( 1160:

Initiative populaire fédérale suisse pour l'autodétermination

1097: 1028:

popular initiative "For the expulsion of criminal foreigners"

823:

Office fédéral de la douane et de la sécurité des frontières,

350: 322: 310: 125: 4304: 3884:, Fribourg, Stämpfli, 2019, 4th ed. (1st ed. 2013), 530 p. ( 3600:, Lausanne, IDHEAP, April 2010, 54 p. (read online ), p. 29. 1361:. Vol. III: Constitutional Adjudication: Institutions. 827:

Ufficio Federale della dogana e della sicurezza dei confini,

353:

was not in any way subject to the granting of a concession.

198:

Referring back to the 1923 ruling, the Federal Court states:

4127:

of December 7, 1875 (status May 9, 1975), RS 0.142.111.631.

556: 243:

Lang and Legler are two Swiss amateur pilots who flew over

3877:, vol. 16, no 8, 2010, p. 1009-1019 (ISSN 1660-3362). 3000:

Baumann 2010, no 16, p. 1013, quoting the ATF 136 III 168.

2757:

ATF 117 Ib 367 of November 15th, 1991 , consid. 2b p. 370.

1520:

ATF 49 I 188 (« Lepeschkin ») du 2 février 1923

268:

Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation

4021:, vol. 116, no 3, 2015, p. 115-132 (ISSN 1422-0709). 3364:(JdT), vol. 161, no 6, 2013, p. 167-180 (ISSN 1663-3199). 421:

Federal act (Switzerland) § Constitutionality review

4381:

Swiss Code of Civil Procedure (Superprovisional measure)

4251:

ATF 139 I 16 ("Removal initiative") of October 12, 2012

3955:, vol. 22, no 5, 2013, p. 698-707 (ISSN 1660-3362). 3909:

Thomas Cottier et Serge Pannatier, "Treaties of State",

3540:"Message relatif à une nouvelle constitution fédérale", 2978:, consid. 3.5.3 p. 131, in connection with Art. 14 ECHR. 1748:

ATF 57 I 19 ("Heini contre Pietsch") du 20 février 1931

181:

Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique

4014:, vol. 1, no 7, 1993, p. 887-893 (ISSN 1660-3362). 3962:, vol. 112, no 1, 1997, p. 73-77 (ISSN 0254-945X). 3941:, vol. 3, no 5, 1997, p. 634-635 (ISSN 1660-3362). 3934:(ZBl), vol. 88, 1987, p. 377-395 (ISSN 1422-0709). 843:

ACF du 29 décembre 1948 visant la propagande subversive

4176:

this decree is no longer in force, substituted by the

3873:

Robert Baumann, "The scope of the Schubert practice",

2886:, consid. 4c p. 425 quoting Publication OFJ/DDIP 1989. 1404: 4603:

Legal Commentary (bâlois, bernois, romand, zurichois)

3791: 3745: 3685: 3625: 1961:, vol. 95, 1994, p. 537-561 (ISSN 1422-0709), p. 541. 1921: 740: 270:, a Federal Council decree and art. 237 ch. 2 of the 266:

District Court. The conviction was based on the 1919

3332:

Katarina Fontana, "Zwischen Aktivismus und Abwehr",

3181:, vol. 117, no 4, 2016, p. 169-170 (ISSN 1422-0709). 136:

Federal Constitution of 1874 and the Spengler ruling

1130:

National Council's Political Institutions Committee

1069: 360:

on May 10, 1879. Article 1 of the agreement states:

4026:Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für internationales Recht 3948:, vol. 94, 1998, p. 201-208 (ISSN 0036-7613). 889:international treaty over a contrary federal law. 305:, at the heart of the dispute brought by Frigerio. 4081: 3870:, vol. I, 2013, p. 419-435 (ISSN 0084-540X). 3774: 3772: 3403:(PJA), 2014, p. 437-450 (ISSN 1660-3362), p. 445. 3399:Bardo Fassbender, "Völkerrecht und Landesrecht", 2748:ATF 112 II 1 of March 9th, 1986, consid. 8 p. 13. 773:However, the FC has mentioned and reaffirmed, in 4637: 3035:, vol. 2, no 2, 2004, p. 54-65 (ISSN 1660-3427, 1541:, Berne/Stuttgart/Vienne, Haupt, 1992, 1125 p. ( 1539:Neues Handbuch der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik 1146:The controversy culminated in the debate on the 4529:Genetically modified food in the European Union 4221:ATF 94 I 669 ("Frigerio") of November 22, 1968 4201:ATF 59 II 331 ("Steenworden") of July 17, 1933 4153:Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation 4140:Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation 3897:Revue suisse de droit international et européen 3837: 3835: 3654: 3652: 3608: 3606: 2815:Federal Council Decree on Subversive Propaganda 1927:Yves Le Roy et Marie-Bernadette Schœnenberger, 1358:The Max Planck Handbooks in European Public Law 1197:das Staatsvertragsrecht dem Bundesrecht vorgeht 945:Further relativization and possible abandonment 753:to a lack of reciprocity guarantees from Bern. 144:Poster commemorating the total revision of the 130: 3769: 2846:Art. 98 let. a and 100, para. 1 let. a of the 2593:, vol. I, no 1, January 14th, 1997, p. 1-653 ( 815:Federal Office for Customs and Border Security 622:proposed that Schubert's appeal be dismissed. 255:(German shore) and Reichenaustrasse (downtown 41:), is a partially abandoned legal doctrine in 4612:Systematic Compilation of Federal Legislation 4320: 4070:, no 32, August 15, 2017, p. 5027-5078 ( 4033:Messages and reports from the Federal Council 3982:Démocratie directe contre droit international 3336:, October 12th, 2013, p. 11 (ISSN 0376-6829, 3206:TAF ruling A-359/2018 of November 20th, 2018 71:conscious, albeit implicit, act of abrogation 4186:Decisions of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court 3832: 3649: 3603: 2108:(LFAIE) du 16 décembre 1983, RS 211.412.41.. 1468:Naissance et rôle du Tribunal fédéral suisse 1259:, consid. B and 2 p. 44 (public law appeal). 218:("special law derogates from general law"). 4666:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland judges 4608:Official Compilation of Federal Legislation 4231:ATF 99 Ib 39 ("Schubert") of March 2, 1973 4191:ATF 35 I 467 ("Spengler") of June 10, 1909 4056:, no 7, April 27, 2011, p. 3401-3448 ( 4042:, no 13, April 7, 2010, p. 2067-2144 ( 584:interest as required by art. 6 AF of 1961. 45:manifested in a series of decisions of the 4327: 4313: 4211:ATF 76 IV 43 ("Lang") of January 27, 1950 3510:TF ruling, 1C_379/2020 of July 27th, 2020 2779:Sassòli 2012, p. 187 and references cited. 1636:Baumann 2010, p. 1010 and cited reference. 1098:Parliamentary motions submitted by the SVP 849:(ECHR), namely the right to a fair trial. 393:On an international scale, Art. 26 of the 126:Status of international law in Switzerland 107:(Cst.) or international law (principle of 4028:, 1974, p. 195-201 (ISSN 0251-2947). 3920:, 1997, p. 350-353 (ISSN 1660-3362). 2363:, p. 42 and references cited in note 187. 712:"), not by the courts of a single state. 513:Uncertainty as to whether it is obsolete. 4576:International private law in Switzerland 4241:ATF 125 II 417 ("PKK") of July 26, 1999 3728:Commission des institutions politiques, 1354: 1073: 948: 801: 629: 620:Federal Department of Justice and Police 555: 395:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 382:For broader coverage of this topic, see 349:(where the Rhine Falls are located) and 296: 225: 139: 90:acquisition of land by foreign residents 3527:, November 26th, 2014 (ISSN 1423-3967, 3411: 3409: 3289: 3287: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3189: 3187: 2936: 2934: 2916: 2914: 2912: 1139:, an agrarian national councillor from 1061: 819:Bundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit, 384:Monism and dualism in international law 274:. They were acquitted on appeal to the 14: 4638: 3544:, no 1, January 14th, 1997, p. 1-653 ( 3247:ATF 136 III 168 of January 25th, 2010 2719: 2717: 2665: 2663: 2644:Kälin 1997, p. 75 and its footnote 15. 2627: 2625: 2623: 2605: 2603: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2505: 2503: 2455: 2453: 2387: 2385: 1826: 1824: 1148:popular initiative on "foreign judges" 4308: 3484:ATF 146 III 25 of November 6th, 2019 2371: 2369: 2336: 2334: 2213: 2211: 2177: 2175: 2125: 2123: 2050: 2048: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1929:Introduction générale au droit suisse 1907: 1905: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1805:(January 1st, 1880), RS 0.747.224.32. 1592: 1590: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 984:the PKK ruling) in connection with a 602: 160: 3999:, Zurich, Schulthess, 2012, 227 p. ( 3911:Schweizerische Juristische Kartothek 3845:, March 13th, 2018 (ISSN 1423-3967, 3792:Services du Parlement (2014-09-22). 3746:Services du Parlement (2010-09-14). 3686:Services du Parlement (2017-09-20). 3626:Services du Parlement (2010-03-03). 3406: 3284: 3217: 3184: 2931: 2909: 2848:Federal Law on Judicial Organization 1156:Iniziativa per l’autodeterminazione, 760: 459:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland 47:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland 4621:Swiss-based Center for human rights 4262: 4115:European Convention on Human Rights 3946:Revue Suisse de Jurisprudence (RSJ) 3497:ATF 146 V 87 of January 21st, 2020 3099:ATF 133 V 367, consid. 11.4 p. 389. 2714: 2660: 2620: 2600: 2559: 2500: 2450: 2382: 1821: 963:European Convention on Human Rights 847:European Convention on Human Rights 785:The 1996 decision, commented on by 655:consistent with international law. 610:lex specialis derogat legi generali 216:lex specialis derogat legi generali 116:European Convention on Human Rights 49:, according to which provisions of 24: 4625:Swiss Institute of Comparative Law 4556:Legal basis of official statistics 4394:Real rights (mortgage certificate) 3260:ATF 136 II 241 January 26th, 2010 3164:ATF 142 II 35 November 26th, 2015 2974:ATF 136 II 120 January 22nd, 2010 2788:ATF 122 II 485 November 1st, 1996 2766:ATF 118 Ib 277 of July 28th, 1992 2366: 2331: 2208: 2172: 2120: 2045: 1964: 1902: 1866: 1587: 1429: 1371:10.1093/oso/9780198726418.003.0015 741:Legal and diplomatic repercussions 488:Transcript of the case in Italian. 414: 292: 25: 4677: 4012:Pratique Juridique Actuelle (PJA) 3953:Pratique Juridique Actuelle (PJA) 3939:Pratique Juridique Actuelle (PJA) 3927:, March 18, 2013 (ISSN 1424-7410. 3918:Pratique Juridique Actuelle (PJA) 3875:Pratique Juridique Actuelle (PJA) 2957:ATF 128 IV 117 of April 22, 2002 921:), ratified by Switzerland in a " 301:Map of the region crossed by the 212:lex posterior derogat legi priori 3913:, Genève, no 385, November 1995. 3815: 3785: 3739: 3722: 3709: 3679: 3666: 3619: 3590: 3564: 3551: 3534: 3517: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3461: 3448: 3435: 3422: 3393: 3380: 3367: 3354: 3343: 3326: 3309: 3300: 3267: 3254: 3241: 3200: 3171: 3158: 3145: 3128: 3119: 3102: 3093: 3080: 3067: 3055: 3042: 3025: 3016: 3003: 2994: 2981: 2968: 2951: 2889: 2877: 2857: 2840: 2820: 2808: 2795: 2782: 2404:Grisel and Monnier 1987, p. 391. 1325: 1315: 1301: 1070:1996 constitutional draft debate 961:, responsible for enforcing the 618:The Cantonal Commission and the 437: 3855: 3531:, accessed on July 18th, 2020). 2773: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2729: 2701: 2689: 2680: 2647: 2638: 2583: 2546: 2533: 2520: 2483: 2466: 2437: 2424: 2407: 2398: 2354: 2311: 2291: 2271: 2251: 2231: 2195: 2163: 2143: 2111: 2099: 2090: 2070: 2061: 2036: 2023: 2010: 1994: 1985: 1951: 1942: 1890:ATF 127 II 177 du 1er mai 2001 1849: 1837: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1775: 1755: 1742: 1731: 1711: 1691: 1679: 1659: 1639: 1630: 1610: 1574: 1561: 1552: 1535:Die Schweiz und das Völkerrecht 1288: 1275: 1262: 1239: 1229: 1219: 1202: 1189: 1172: 765: 504:Commission cantonale de recours 187:. After being condemned by the 63: – even if the latter are 4507:Federal Law on Consumer Credit 4108: 4082:Other administrative documents 3009:Rapport Conseil fédéral 2011, 2987:ATF 144 I 126 March 2nd, 2018 2707:Rapport Conseil fédéral 2010, 2631:Rapport Conseil fédéral 2010, 1830:Rapport Conseil fédéral 2011, 1527: 1514: 1494: 1477: 1460: 1449: 1398: 1348: 1026:Following the adoption of the 955:European Court of Human Rights 864: 797: 723:Kälin draws a comparison with 683:"). Andreas Auer sees it as a 221: 120:international human rights law 13: 1: 4334: 4295:fr:Jurisprudence des semoules 1342: 792: 189:Geneva Court of Civil Justice 4584:Principle of Cassis de Dijon 4520:Right to vote in Switzerland 3849:, accessed July 18th, 2020). 3073:ATF 133 V 367 May 9th, 2007 3062:Message Conseil fédéral 2017 1781:Baumann 2010, no 8, p. 1010. 1567:Cottier and Pannatier 1995, 1152:Selbstbestimmungsinitiative, 939:Federal Administrative Court 715:The Federal Council and the 669: 204:lex posterior derogat priori 131:Primacy of international law 7: 4297:, similar jurisprudence in 4103: 3960:Revue de droit suisse (RDS) 3868:Revue de droit suisse (RDS) 3860: 3732:, August 20th, 2010, 2 p. ( 3401:Pratique Juridique Actuelle 1894:, consid. 2c p. 181 : 831:Federal Prosecutor's Office 702:customary international law 10: 4682: 4350:Swiss Federal Constitution 4285:Swiss Federal Constitution 4174:published in RO 1961 209 ( 1818:, consid. 1.3 p. 205. 205. 1092:system of direct democracy 418: 381: 57:as long as the former are 4596: 4569: 4503:Anti-Money Laundering Act 4485: 4446: 4420: 4400:(Illegitimate enrichment) 4398:Swiss Code of Obligations 4369: 4342: 4290:Federal act (Switzerland) 3125:Art. 141 al. 1 Cst. 1999. 2852:Federal Supreme Court Law 2724:Publication OFJ/DDIP 1989 2696:Publication OFJ/DDIP 1989 2361:OFJ/DDIP publication 1989 2042:Art. 188 al. 1 Cst. 1999. 2016:Grisel and Monnier 1987, 2001:Publication OFJ/DDIP 1989 1976:Publication OFJ/DDIP 1989 1912:Publication OFJ/DDIP 1989 1425:– via Google Books. 625: 532: 527: 522: 517: 509: 498: 493: 483: 475: 464: 454: 449: 442: 377: 309:In 1962, Max Frigerio, a 4388:, Adoption, Curatorship) 4169:original deutsch version 1948:Hangartner 1998, p. 204. 1413:Kluwer Law International 1408:Swiss constitutional law 1165: 432:American act of Congress 109:immunity of federal laws 3251:, consid. 3.3.4 p. 172. 2096:Federal Decree of 1961. 1991:Art. 5 al. 4 Cst. 1999. 1363:Oxford University Press 749:of the text concerned. 4435:Special criminal law ( 4088:droit international", 3803:(in German and French) 3757:(in German and French) 3697:(in German and French) 3637:(in German and French) 3578:(in German and French) 3501:, consid. 8.3.2 p. 93. 3264:, consid. 16.1 p. 255. 1474:, december 2013, p. 3. 1120:to follow up in 2017. 1083: 966: 923:consultazione popolare 810: 807:Kurdish Workers' Party 783: 717:Federal Administration 647: 597: 569: 366: 347:Neuhausen am Rheinfall 306: 240: 208: 185:copyright infringement 149: 35:Schubert jurisprudence 27:Mechanism in Swiss law 18:Schubert Jurisprudence 4470:Swiss nationality law 3557:Message P-Cst. 1996, 3362:Journal des Tribunaux 3022:Art. 46 al. 1-2 CEDH. 1254:[read online] 1247:[read online] 1181:[read online] 1077: 953:The courtroom of the 952: 805: 779: 636:Federal Supreme Court 633: 593: 559: 549:, Ernst Schubert, an 419:Further information: 368:In the context of an 362: 300: 229: 200: 183:(SACEM) sued him for 143: 3823:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 3334:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 3168:, consid. 3.2 p. 40. 2792:, consid. 3a p. 355. 1846:, consid. 6a p. 678. 1558:Lammers 2015, p. 78. 1533:Dietrich Schindler, 1365:. pp. 779–839. 1062:As a political issue 986:criminal extradition 560:The municipality of 401:" (the principle of 358:Grand Duchy of Baden 146:Federal Constitution 33:, also known as the 4561:Tobacco legislation 4524:Gender Equality Act 4428:Swiss Criminal Code 4274:pacta sunt servanda 4007:), p. 185-201. 3965:Guillaume Lammers, 2991:, consid. 3 p. 130. 2770:, consid. 3 p. 281. 2067:Art. 190 Cst. 1999. 1793:, consid. B p. 671. 1524:, consid. 3 p. 196. 1466:Tribunal fédéral, " 1110:national councillor 931:optional referendum 876:pacta sunt servanda 538:Pacta sunt servanda 404:pacta sunt servanda 272:Swiss Criminal Code 37:(less often called 4646:Law of Switzerland 4580:Schengen Agreement 4359:Hierarchy of norms 4280:Law of Switzerland 4271:and the principle 3825:, May 12th, 2016 ( 2117:Art. 1 FD of 1961. 1752:, consid. 1 p. 23. 1084: 967: 811: 652:federal legislator 648: 603:Parties' arguments 570: 307: 251:), the Konstanzer 241: 161:Steenworden ruling 150: 4633: 4632: 4588:Schubert practice 4570:International law 4537:Same-sex marriage 4386:Swiss association 4269:International law 4005:978-3-7255-6620-4 3990:978-2-88915-231-5 3975:978-3-7272-0348-0 3890:978-3-7272-1560-5 3880:Samantha Besson, 3373:Hangartner 2013, 2653:Hangartner 1998, 2489:Hangartner 1997, 2413:Hangartner 1997, 2029:Hangartner 2013, 1937:978-3-7255-8558-8 1547:978-3-258-04565-8 1422:978-90-411-2404-3 1380:978-0-19-872641-8 1257:[archive] 1250:[archive] 1184:[archive] 1030:in 2010 (German: 761:Judicial practice 685:sword of Damocles 677:legal uncertainty 543: 542: 534:International law 510:Subsequent action 280:public prosecutor 55:international law 39:Schubert doctrine 31:Schubert practice 16:(Redirected from 4673: 4511:Road Traffic Act 4472:(Naturalization) 4453:Spatial planning 4377:Swiss Civil Code 4329: 4322: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4263:Related articles 4068:Feuille fédérale 4054:Feuille fédérale 4040:Feuille fédérale 3980:Denis Masmejan, 3850: 3839: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3596:Yann Grandjean, 3594: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3542:Feuille fédérale 3538: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3215: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2598: 2591:Feuille fédérale 2587: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2459:Wildhaber 1974, 2457: 2448: 2446: 2443:Wildhaber 1974, 2441: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2006: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1973: 1962: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1909: 1900: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 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3740: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3672:Masmejan 2017, 3671: 3667: 3657: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3539: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306:ATF 122 II 485. 3305: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3218: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3134:ATF 133 V 367, 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2391:Masmejan 2017, 2390: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2169:Treaty of 1875. 2168: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2054:Masmejan 2017, 2053: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1867: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1465: 1461: 1456:ATF 125 II 417. 1454: 1450: 1443: 1441: 1430: 1423: 1403: 1399: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1263: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1100: 1072: 1064: 1017:Foglio federale 1009:Federal Gazette 947: 927:Federal Gazette 895: 867: 800: 795: 768: 763: 743: 672: 628: 605: 589:Austria-Hungary 479:March 3rd, 1973 445: 440: 423: 417: 415:Judicial review 387: 380: 295: 293:Frigerio ruling 224: 163: 138: 133: 128: 101:judicial review 86:Austria-Hungary 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4679: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4619: 4606:Compilations ( 4604: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4542:Insolvency law 4539: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4466:, Tax evasion) 4457: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4437:Duty to rescue 4433: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4391:Succession law 4389: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4362:Legal entities 4360: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4239: 4229: 4219: 4209: 4199: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4159: 4150: 4137: 4128: 4118: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4064: 4050: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 3993: 3978: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3899:, April 2013 ( 3893: 3878: 3871: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3831: 3814: 3784: 3768: 3738: 3721: 3708: 3678: 3665: 3648: 3618: 3602: 3589: 3563: 3561:521 and 542 s. 3550: 3533: 3516: 3503: 3490: 3477: 3460: 3454:Lammers 2015, 3447: 3441:Sassòli 2012, 3434: 3421: 3415:Lammers 2015, 3405: 3392: 3386:Schürer 2015, 3379: 3366: 3353: 3342: 3325: 3315:Baumann 2010, 3308: 3299: 3293:Lammers 2015, 3283: 3273:Baumann 2010, 3266: 3253: 3240: 3230:Baumann 2010, 3216: 3199: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3127: 3118: 3108:Baumann 2010, 3101: 3092: 3079: 3066: 3054: 3048:Schürer 2015, 3041: 3024: 3015: 3002: 2993: 2980: 2967: 2950: 2940:Baumann 2010, 2930: 2920:Baumann 2010, 2908: 2896:ATF 125 II 417 2888: 2884:ATF 125 II 417 2876: 2864:ATF 125 II 417 2856: 2839: 2827:ATF 125 II 417 2819: 2807: 2794: 2781: 2772: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2735:Sassòli 2012, 2728: 2713: 2700: 2688: 2679: 2669:Baumann 2010, 2659: 2646: 2637: 2619: 2609:Baumann 2010, 2599: 2582: 2572:Baumann 2010, 2558: 2545: 2539:Schürer 2015, 2532: 2519: 2509:Baumann 2010, 2499: 2482: 2465: 2449: 2436: 2423: 2406: 2397: 2381: 2365: 2353: 2330: 2310: 2290: 2270: 2250: 2230: 2207: 2194: 2171: 2162: 2142: 2119: 2110: 2098: 2089: 2069: 2060: 2044: 2035: 2022: 2009: 1993: 1984: 1963: 1950: 1941: 1920: 1901: 1883: 1877:Lammers 2015, 1865: 1855:Baumann 2010, 1848: 1836: 1820: 1807: 1795: 1783: 1774: 1754: 1741: 1730: 1710: 1690: 1678: 1658: 1638: 1629: 1609: 1586: 1580:Baumann 2010, 1573: 1560: 1551: 1526: 1513: 1493: 1483:Baumann 2010, 1476: 1459: 1448: 1442:Sassòli 2012, 1428: 1421: 1397: 1379: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1324: 1314: 1300: 1287: 1274: 1261: 1238: 1228: 1218: 1201: 1188: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1099: 1096: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1019:, FF; French: 1002:self-restraint 946: 943: 894: 891: 866: 863: 825:OFDF; Italian 799: 796: 794: 791: 767: 764: 762: 759: 742: 739: 671: 668: 640:Mon-Repos Park 627: 624: 604: 601: 574:federal decree 541: 540: 530: 529: 525: 524: 520: 519: 515: 514: 511: 507: 506: 500: 496: 495: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 477: 473: 472: 466: 465:Full case name 462: 461: 456: 452: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 416: 413: 379: 376: 294: 291: 245:Lake Constance 223: 220: 162: 159: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4678: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656:Jurisprudence 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597:Miscellaneous 4595: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533:Epidemics Act 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516:Copyright law 4514: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3554: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3514:, consid. 2.2 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3464: 3451: 3438: 3428:Besson 2019, 3425: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3350:ATF 139 I 16. 3346: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3312: 3303: 3290: 3288: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3193:Besson 2019, 3190: 3188: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3151:Epiney 2013, 3148: 3131: 3122: 3105: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3019: 3006: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2937: 2935: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2801:Epiney 1997, 2798: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2683: 2666: 2664: 2650: 2641: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2552:Epiney 2013, 2549: 2536: 2526:Besson 2019, 2523: 2506: 2504: 2486: 2469: 2456: 2454: 2440: 2430:Epiney 1997, 2427: 2410: 2401: 2388: 2386: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2357: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2319: 2314: 2299: 2294: 2279: 2274: 2259: 2254: 2239: 2234: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2198: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2151: 2146: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2093: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2051: 2049: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2002: 1997: 1988: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1945: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1734: 1719: 1714: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1667: 1662: 1647: 1642: 1633: 1618: 1617:ATF 59 II 331 1613: 1598: 1597:ATF 59 II 331 1593: 1591: 1577: 1564: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 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The Hague: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1394: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1347: 1334: 1328: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1297: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1271: 1268:In italian: " 1265: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1232: 1222: 1215: 1214:obiter dictum 1211: 1210:obiter dictum 1205: 1198: 1195:In german: " 1192: 1185: 1182: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1123:In 2009, the 1121: 1117: 1114: 1113:Lukas Reimann 1111: 1108: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1081: 1076: 1067: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 987: 983: 977: 975: 970: 964: 960: 956: 951: 942: 940: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 890: 886: 883: 879: 877: 873: 862: 858: 856: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 821:BAZG; French 820: 816: 813:In 1997, the 808: 804: 790: 788: 787:Astrid Epiney 782: 778: 776: 771: 758: 754: 750: 748: 738: 736: 732: 731: 726: 725:George Orwell 721: 718: 713: 711: 710:Staatenpraxis 707: 703: 698: 695: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 667: 664: 660: 656: 653: 645: 641: 637: 632: 623: 621: 616: 613: 611: 600: 596: 592: 590: 585: 581: 579: 575: 567: 563: 558: 554: 552: 548: 545:In 1972, the 539: 535: 531: 526: 521: 518:Case opinions 516: 512: 508: 505: 501: 499:Prior actions 497: 492: 489: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471: 467: 463: 460: 457: 453: 448: 438:Schubert case 435: 433: 429: 422: 412: 410: 406: 405: 400: 396: 391: 385: 375: 373: 372: 371:obiter dictum 365: 361: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 304: 299: 290: 287: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 238: 234: 233: 228: 219: 217: 213: 207: 205: 199: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 166: 158: 156: 147: 142: 123: 121: 117: 112: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 74: 72: 68: 67: 66:lex specialis 62: 61: 60:lex posterior 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 19: 4587: 4486:Federal laws 4464:Lump-sum tax 4456:Archival law 4421:Criminal law 4355:Human rights 4272: 4175: 4146: 4089: 4067: 4053: 4039: 4025: 4018: 4011: 3996: 3981: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3896: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3856:Bibliography 3842: 3822: 3817: 3805:. 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Retrieved 1357: 1350: 1332: 1331:In german: " 1327: 1317: 1308: 1307:In german: " 1303: 1295: 1290: 1282: 1277: 1269: 1264: 1241: 1231: 1221: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1174: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1134: 1122: 1118: 1101: 1089: 1085: 1065: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1001: 991: 981: 980:three years 978: 971: 968: 935: 922: 918: 910: 902: 896: 887: 884: 880: 875: 868: 859: 855:human rights 851: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 818: 812: 784: 780: 775:obiter dicta 774: 772: 769: 766:Continuation 755: 751: 747:denunciation 744: 734: 728: 722: 714: 709: 699: 696: 691: 689: 680: 673: 665: 661: 657: 649: 617: 614: 609: 606: 598: 594: 586: 582: 571: 544: 503: 494:Case history 468: 424: 402: 392: 388: 369: 367: 363: 355: 342: 338: 334: 308: 288: 284: 261: 242: 230: 215: 211: 209: 203: 201: 197: 174: 172:conception. 167: 164: 151: 113: 105:Constitution 98: 75: 64: 58: 51:domestic law 38: 34: 30: 29: 4651:Legal codes 4493:Alcohol Act 4253:read online 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4640:Categories 4498:Lex Koller 4475:Asylum law 4447:Public law 4408:Labour law 4384:Entities ( 4299:French law 4178:Lex Koller 3807:2020-07-19 3761:2020-07-19 3701:2020-07-19 3641:2020-07-19 3582:2020-11-04 3548:), p. 137. 3064:, p. 5043. 1939:), p. 110. 1549:), p. 114. 1343:References 1137:Luzi Stamm 1104:St. Gallen 1038:, French: 998:publicists 974:Civil Code 959:Strasbourg 841:, French: 793:PKK ruling 706:treaty law 681:verwirrend 484:Transcript 399:good faith 315:confluence 249:Ermatingen 235:, west of 177:gramophone 4661:Law books 4370:Civil law 4336:Swiss law 3925:Jusletter 3039:), p. 59. 2597:) p. 522. 1154:Italian: 1150:(German: 1135:In 2013, 1125:SVP group 1011:(German: 994:civilists 865:Reception 670:Reception 547:appellant 303:Haut-Rhin 257:Constance 237:Constance 80:man from 43:Swiss law 4460:Taxation 4343:Concepts 4104:Appendix 3861:Doctrine 3843:Le Temps 3525:Le Temps 3033:ius.full 2726:, p. 42. 2698:, p. 43. 1470:" , sur 1322:country. 1226:article. 1158:French: 1107:agrarian 1082:Chamber. 692:de facto 644:Lausanne 562:Brissago 551:Austrian 528:Keywords 450:Schubert 430:with an 341:French: 155:Lausanne 148:in 1874. 78:Austrian 4256:archive 4246:archive 4236:archive 4226:archive 4216:archive 4206:archive 4196:archive 4172:archive 4165:archive 4156:archive 4143:archive 4134:archive 4125:archive 4097:archive 4075:archive 4061:archive 4047:archive 3904:archive 3136:consid. 2900:consid. 2874:420 ss. 2868:consid. 2831:consid. 2345:consid. 2322:consid. 2302:consid. 2282:consid. 2262:consid. 2242:consid. 2222:consid. 2186:consid. 2154:consid. 2134:consid. 2081:consid. 1766:consid. 1722:consid. 1702:consid. 1670:consid. 1650:consid. 1621:consid. 1601:consid. 1505:consid. 1472:bger.ch 1141:Grisons 965:(ECHR). 907:Italian 870:by the 476:Decided 327:Eglisau 317:of the 276:Thurgau 170:dualist 4003: 3988: 3973: 3888: 2288:678 s. 1935: 1607:331 s. 1545: 1419: 1377: 982:before 915:French 899:German 626:Ruling 566:Ticino 443:Events 378:Monism 82:Vienna 3797:(PDF) 3751:(PDF) 3691:(PDF) 3631:(PDF) 3432:1430. 3323:1013. 3281:1013. 3238:1013. 3197:1432. 3138:11.2 3116:1013. 3013:3446. 2948:1012. 2928:1012. 2711:2112. 2677:1016. 2635:2113. 2617:1015. 2580:1009. 2530:1436. 2517:1009. 1897:nicht 1863:1011. 1834:3443. 1584:1010. 1491:1010. 1310:dient 1166:Notes 872:ECtHR 455:Court 351:Basel 323:Rhine 311:Rhine 4001:ISBN 3986:ISBN 3971:ISBN 3886:ISBN 3475:434. 3471:47, 3445:186. 3390:130. 3377:702. 3319:17, 3297:282. 3277:16, 3234:15, 3142:388. 3112:14, 3052:116. 2944:13, 2924:12, 2906:425. 2837:420. 2805:351. 2739:187. 2673:26, 2657:205. 2613:21, 2543:117. 2497:635. 2480:434. 2476:46, 2463:201. 2447:198. 2434:352. 2421:634. 2033:703. 2020:390. 1933:ISBN 1627:337. 1543:ISBN 1511:473. 1446:188. 1417:ISBN 1388:2023 1375:ISBN 1078:The 996:and 933:"). 409:ECHR 321:and 319:Töss 253:Ried 232:Ried 4551:Act 3676:28. 3458:87. 3419:83. 3210:or 3155:28. 2902:4c 2833:4a 2576:3, 2556:26. 2513:2, 2493:6, 2417:2, 2395:23. 2379:75. 2351:45. 2328:44. 2308:44. 2268:42. 2248:43. 2228:43. 2192:42. 2160:41. 2140:41. 2087:41. 2058:26. 2007:35. 1982:36. 1918:38. 1881:79. 1859:8, 1772:49. 1728:45. 1708:45. 1676:44. 1656:44. 1571:14. 1487:6, 1367:doi 1208:An 727:'s 564:in 4642:: 4614:, 4610:, 4547:CO 4181:). 4149:). 4099:). 4077:). 4063:). 4049:). 3992:). 3977:). 3906:). 3892:). 3834:^ 3829:). 3799:. 3771:^ 3753:. 3736:). 3693:. 3674:p. 3651:^ 3633:. 3605:^ 3574:. 3559:p. 3473:p. 3469:no 3456:p. 3443:p. 3430:no 3417:p. 3408:^ 3388:p. 3375:p. 3321:p. 3317:no 3295:p. 3286:^ 3279:p. 3275:no 3236:p. 3232:no 3219:^ 3195:no 3186:^ 3153:no 3140:p. 3114:p. 3110:no 3050:p. 3011:p. 2946:p. 2942:no 2933:^ 2926:p. 2922:no 2911:^ 2904:p. 2898:, 2872:p. 2870:4 2866:, 2835:p. 2829:, 2803:p. 2737:p. 2716:^ 2709:p. 2675:p. 2671:no 2662:^ 2655:p. 2633:p. 2622:^ 2615:p. 2611:no 2602:^ 2578:p. 2574:no 2561:^ 2554:no 2541:p. 2528:no 2515:p. 2511:no 2502:^ 2495:p. 2491:no 2478:p. 2474:no 2461:p. 2452:^ 2445:p. 2432:p. 2419:p. 2415:no 2393:p. 2384:^ 2377:p. 2368:^ 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