54:
416:. In the Gigantobilharziinae the ventral sucker is absent and the female genital pore is medial near the anterior end of the body. In the Bilharziellinae the ventral pore in the female is always posterior to the ventral sucker. Both the Bilharziellinae and the Gigantobilharziinae are found exclusively in birds while the
315:
Colonization of the venous system by schistosomes required precise egg placement because their eggs are released against the blood flow. Eggs are then sequestered within the portal system (or perivesicular plexus in some species) of homeotherms which restricts egg dispersal but limits the resulting
359:
An outline of the evolution of the schistosoma is now possible. The ancestral species infected freshwater turtles and the life cycle included gastropod hosts. Some of these species in their turn infected the marine turtles. At some point members of species infecting marine turtles developed the
741:
Lockyer, A. E.; Olson, P. D.; Ăstergaard, P.; Rollinson, D.; Johnston, D. A.; Attwood, S. W.; Southgate, V. R.; Horak, P.; Snyder, S. D. (March 2003). "The phylogeny of the
Schistosomatidae based on three genes with emphasis on the interrelationships of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858".
249:
In 1898 all the then known species were placed in a subfamily by Stiles and Hassel. This was then elevated to family status by Looss in 1899. Poche in 1907 corrected a grammatical error in the family name. The life cycle was determined by da Silva in 1908.
360:
ability to infect birds â most likely waterfowl. This probably occurred somewhere in the Asian continent presumably at or near the coast. The bird species eventually developed the ability to infect mammals. This last development seems to have occurred in
687:
form a separate clade indicating that adaption to mammalian hosts has occurred at least twice. The species in these genera are found in North
American mammals suggesting that transmission occurred via birds with subsequent transmission to mammals.
311:
in these hosts resulting in a quantitatively reduced pathogenesis. Hosts that did succumb to the infection would most likely die in water where eggs could be released by predation, scavengers, or decomposition and develop successfully.
217:
in May and August 1851 describing his findings. von
Siebold wrote a paper (published in 1852) summarizing Bilharz's findings. Bilhart's wrote a paper in 1856 describing the worms more fully and he named them
701:
preferentially inhabits the arterial system rather than the venous. This genus was originally grouped with the schistosoma on the basis of the existence of two sexes and other morphological features.
316:
pathology to less sensitive organs. A significant number of eggs may escape into the external environment before a heavily infected host is incapacitated by, or dies from, the infection.
31:
258:
There are a number of different families of blood fluke including the
Schistosomatidae. The others include the spirorchiids (turtle parasites) and the sanguinicolids (fish parasites).
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which infects reptiles has been shown to be a member of the spirorchiid family whose other members infect freshwater turtles. Like the spirorchiids and unlike the schistomes
438:
432:
303:
The arterial-dwelling spirorchiids release eggs in the direction of blood flow, resulting in a wide dissemination of eggs within the host. The lower body temperature of
1019:
Beltran S., Desdevises Y., Portela J. & Boissier J. (2010). "Mating system drives negative associations between morphological features in
Schistosomatidae".
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421:
409:
417:
401:
426:
405:
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353:
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The first hosts of the schistosome were birds. Based on their current geographical spread the most likely place of origin of this family is
905:
Beer, SA; Voronin, MV; Zazornova, OP; Khrisanfova, GG; Semenova, SK (April 2010). "Phylogenetic relationships among schistosomatidae".
862:
Snyder, Scott D. (November 2004). "Phylogeny and paraphyly among tetrapod blood flukes (Digenea: Schistosomatidae and
Spirorchiidae)".
1196:
1235:
1240:
261:
The
Schistosomatidae are considered venous system specialists and their sister group are vascular system generalists - the
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that infect freshwater turtles. It has also shown that the spirorchiids are the closest relations of the schistosoma.
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on the basis of morphology and molecular studies. The genus name should now be regarded as a junior synonym of
214:
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the increased immunopathology associated with the high, constant body temperature of homeothermic vertebrates.
1248:
185:
Schistosomatids are dioecious (individuals are of separate sexes) which is exceptional with regards to their
53:
457:. There are about 100 known species in this family. The largest genus within the family Schistosomatidae is
193:, in which most species are hermaphroditic (individuals possess both male and female reproductive systems).
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both suckers are absent and the caecum has numerous branches. In this latter family there is one genus (
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1021:
947:"Can Specialized Pathogens Colonize Distantly Related Hosts? Schistosome Evolution as a Case Study"
805:"Can Specialized Pathogens Colonize Distantly Related Hosts? Schistosome Evolution as a Case Study"
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hosts. They have compensated for the reduction in potential reproductive partners by
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was officially adopted by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
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222:. Their unusual morphology meant that they could not be comfortably included in
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Dutt & Srivastava, 1955 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae), a junior synonym of
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650:. The four species in this genus have recently (2012) been moved to the genus
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Schistosomatidae differ from other blood flukes in having separate sexes and
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Information portal for NSF funded research on avian schistosome diversity
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Weinland, 1858. Syst
Parasitol 82(2):81-8. doi: 10.1007/s11230-012-9349-8
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the formation of permanent pairs mimicking the hermaphroditic condition
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The family was created in 1926 by Stiles and Hassel for the
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There are 12 genera in this family. Of these, seven infect
352:
rather than being a basal schistosome is a relation of the
320:
238:: 'split body') after the male worms' morphology. Despite
602:
279:
the reduced egg hatching time in the external environment
296:
the evolutionary radiation into terrestrial vertebrates
292:
Colonization of the venous system was made possible by
178:
which are infective to non-human vertebrates can cause
201:
The eggs of these parasites were first described by
907:
400:. It has since been divided into four subfamilies:
209:in 1851 who found the eggs during the course of an
276:an increased overdispersion in the vertebrate host
226:so in 1856 Meckel von Helmsback created the genus
334:Only one species is known to infect crocodiles -
1330:
340:. This species infects the freshwater crocodile
712:is a genus that is no longer considered valid.
285:the increased longevity in the definitive host
346:. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus
230:for them. In 1858 Weinland proposed the name
213:. He wrote two letters to his former teacher
420:are found in both mammals and birds. In the
174:, infect and cause disease in humans. Other
307:is accompanied by a seasonal nature of the
944:
921:
802:
29:
980:
962:
838:
820:
763:
677:are the closest relations of this clade.
945:Brant, Sara V.; Loker, Eric S. (2005).
803:Brant, Sara V.; Loker, Eric S. (2005).
1331:
864:International Journal for Parasitology
861:
1044:
1043:
1293:FB0587E0-982E-D875-F6FC-85C9FD601A37
1189:ece5f9d2-d543-40b5-9abc-8402af392036
152:. Immature developmental stages of
13:
1013:
205:, a German pathologist working in
14:
1360:
1001:
927:Aldhoun JA, Littlewood DT (2012)
242:having precedence the genus name
52:
938:
898:
855:
796:
734:
510:Subfamily Gigantobilharziinae
215:Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold
164:. The best studied group, the
1:
727:
669:form a clade in this family.
150:complex parasitic life cycles
964:10.1371/journal.ppat.0010038
876:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.08.006
822:10.1371/journal.ppat.0010038
488:Subfamily Denrobilharziinae
253:
7:
715:
529:Subfamily Schistosomatinae
439:Dendrobilharzina asicaticus
433:Dendrobilharzina purvulenta
381:
10:
1365:
633:- birds (mainly waterfowl)
625:- mammals including humans
551:- birds (mainly waterfowl)
468:Subfamily Bilharziellinae
323:with subsequent spread to
196:
130:Stiles & Hassall, 1898
1052:
756:10.1017/S0031182002002792
722:List of parasites (human)
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
1034:10.1186/1471-2148-10-245
1022:BMC Evolutionary Biology
376: million years ago
369: million years ago
646:only in the number of
521:Spinus tristis tristis
480:Setophaga pensylvanica
461:with over 40 species.
337:Griphobilharzia amoena
1184:Fauna Europaea (new)
449:: the others infect
430:) with two species (
343:Crocodylus johnstoni
288:increased fecundity.
160:and adults occur in
146:digenetic trematodes
1344:Waterborne diseases
414:Gigantobilharziinae
220:Distoma haematobium
41:Schistosoma mansoni
1339:Trematode families
663:Bivitellobilharzia
556:Bivitellobilharzia
1326:
1325:
1275:Open Tree of Life
1046:Taxon identifiers
870:(12): 1385â1392.
494:Dendritobilharzia
422:Denrobilharziinae
410:Denrobilharziinae
135:
134:
131:
116:Schistosomatoidea
24:Schistosomatidae
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1098:Schistosomatidae
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1084:Schistosomatidae
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1054:Schistosomatidae
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675:Ornithobilharzia
640:Orientobilharzia
594:Ornithobilharzia
515:Gigantobilharzia
464:The genera are:
418:Schistosomatinae
402:Schistosomatinae
377:
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138:Schistosomatidae
129:
126:Schistosomatidae
57:
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16:Family of flukes
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1014:Further reading
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699:Griphobilharzia
694:Griphobilharzia
681:Heterobilharzia
671:Austrobilharzia
630:Trichobilharzia
586:Larus canescens
568:Heterobilharzia
548:Austrobilharzia
459:Trichobilharzia
427:Denrdobilharina
406:Bilharziellinae
394:Sanguinicolidae
384:
372:
365:
349:Griphobilharzia
309:immune response
256:
203:Theodor Bilharz
199:
191:Platyhelminthes
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86:Platyhelminthes
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1002:External links
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263:Spirorchiidae
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168:of the genus
167:
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159:
156:are found in
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112:Superfamily:
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1349:Diplostomida
1053:
1025:
1020:
957:(3): 167â9.
954:
950:
940:
932:
928:
923:
909:(2): 53â59.
906:
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815:(3): 167â9.
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744:Parasitology
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474:Bilharziella
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354:spirorchiids
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270:homeothermic
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184:
169:
166:blood flukes
154:schistosomes
153:
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125:
106:Diplostomida
39:
18:
1210:iNaturalist
1078:Wikispecies
933:Schistosoma
667:Schistosoma
661:The genera
656:Schistosoma
652:Schistosoma
644:Schistosoma
622:Schistosoma
613:- mammals (
597:- mammals (
571:- mammals (
559:- mammals (
389:Schistosoma
244:Schistosoma
232:Schistosoma
182:in humans.
180:mild rashes
171:Schistosoma
162:vertebrates
1333:Categories
765:10126/3492
728:References
691:The genus
453:including
973:1553-7366
884:0020-7519
831:1553-7366
774:1469-8161
583:- birds (
561:elephants
537:- birds (
518:- birds (
497:- birds (
477:- birds (
254:Evolution
240:Bilharzia
228:Bilharzia
96:Trematoda
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1069:Q2095142
1063:Wikidata
991:16322771
915:20608188
892:15542099
849:16322771
790:22828468
782:12666879
716:See also
573:raccoons
483:, ducks)
396:and the
382:Taxonomy
364:between
362:Gondwana
158:molluscs
122:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1303:5607906
1028:: 245.
982:1291355
840:1291355
615:rodents
451:mammals
224:Distoma
211:autopsy
197:History
102:Order:
92:Class:
38:Egg of
1316:108478
1300:uBio:
1280:289111
1228:111830
1215:339193
1163:1SCHSF
989:
979:
971:
913:
890:
882:
847:
837:
829:
788:
780:
772:
648:testes
599:cattle
491:Genus
471:Genus
455:humans
392:, the
329:Africa
187:phylum
176:genera
142:family
1311:WoRMS
1288:Plazi
1267:31245
1241:55312
1223:IRMNG
1176:16345
1137:7NKXY
1124:29038
786:S2CID
705:Notes
673:and
503:swans
499:ducks
447:birds
325:India
236:Greek
207:Egypt
148:with
140:is a
1262:NCBI
1236:ITIS
1202:6387
1197:GBIF
1158:EPPO
1150:3072
1119:BOLD
987:PMID
969:ISSN
911:PMID
888:PMID
880:ISSN
845:PMID
827:ISSN
778:PMID
770:ISSN
683:and
665:and
603:cats
436:and
412:and
371:and
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