1996:
1980:
2012:
3958:
174:
2635:
544:
2044:
43:
2028:
2663:
the female will leave the male for another male. The exact reason is not understood, although it is thought that females will leave their partners to mate with more genetically distant males. Such a biological mechanism would serve to decrease inbreeding, and may be a factor behind the unusually high genetic diversity of schistosomes.
2063:
Geographical areas associated with schistosomiasis by the World Health
Organization as of January 2017 include in alphabetical order: Africa, Brazil, Cambodia, the Caribbean, China, Corsica, Indonesia, Laos, the Middle East, the Philippines, Suriname, and Venezuela. There had been no cases in Europe
2662:
for the entire adult lives of the worms. As the male feeds on the host's blood, he passes some of it to the female. The male also passes on chemicals which complete the female's development, whereupon they will reproduce sexually. Although rare, sometimes mated schistosomes will "divorce", wherein
1225:
in Mali had been built. The Diama dam prevented ocean water to enter and allowed new forms of agriculture. Human migration, increasing number of livestock and sites where human and cattle both contaminate the water facilitated mixing between the different schistosomes in
1145:. Orientobilharzia differs from Schistosoma morphologically only on the basis of the number of testes. A review of the morphological and molecular data has shown that the differences between these genera are too small to justify their separation. The four species are
3433:
Kane RA, Southgate VR, Rollinson D, Littlewood DT, Lockyer AE, Pagès JR, Tchuem
Tchuentè LA, Jourdane J (August 2003). "A phylogeny based on three mitochondrial genes supports the division of Schistosoma intercalatum into two separate species".
3672:
Attwood SW, Panasoponkul C, Upatham ES, Meng XH, Southgate VR (January 2002). "Schistosoma ovuncatum n. sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from northwest
Thailand and the historical biogeography of Southeast Asian Schistosoma Weinland, 1858".
3571:
Attwood SW, Fatih FA, Mondal MM, Alim MA, Fadjar S, Rajapakse RP, Rollinson D (December 2007). "A DNA sequence-based study of the
Schistosoma indicum (Trematoda: Digenea) group: population phylogeny, taxonomy and historical biogeography".
3615:
Agatsuma T, Iwagami M, Liu CX, Rajapakse RP, Mondal MM, Kitikoon V, Ambu S, Agatsuma Y, Blair D, Higuchi T (March 2002). "Affinities between Asian non-human
Schistosoma species, the S. indicum group, and the African human schistosomes".
3729:
Tchuem
Tchuenté LA, Southgate VR, Njiokou F, Njiné T, Kouemeni LE, Jourdane J (1997). "The evolution of schistosomiasis at Loum, Cameroon: replacement of Schistosoma intercalatum by S. haematobium through introgressive hybridization".
1128:
appears to be basal in this genus. It may be more closely related to the
African-Indian species than to the Southeast Asian group. This species uses pulmonate snails as hosts. Examination of the mitochondria suggests that
3057:
Wang CR, Li L, Ni HB, Zhai YQ, Chen AH, Chen J, Zhu XQ (February 2009). "Orientobilharzia turkestanicum is a member of
Schistosoma genus based on phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal DNA sequences".
4511:
da Silva P (December 1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da
SchistosomĂase na Bahia. Dezesseis observações" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia. Sixteen observations.].
3363:
Kaukas A, Dias Neto E, Simpson AJ, Southgate VR, Rollinson D (April 1994). "A phylogenetic analysis of
Schistosoma haematobium group species based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA".
3092:
Wang Y, Wang CR, Zhao GH, Gao JF, Li MW, Zhu XQ (December 2011). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Orientobilharzia turkestanicum supports its affinity with African Schistosoma spp".
713:
appear to have shared a common ancestor between 107.5 and 147.6 thousand years ago. This period overlaps with the earliest archaeological evidence for fishing in Africa. It appears that
3326:"A foreign invader or a reclusive native? DNA bar coding reveals a distinct European lineage of the zoonotic parasite Schistosoma turkestanicum (syn. Orientobilharzia turkestanicum ())"
153:
660:
3477:
Pagès JR, Durand P, Southgate VR, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Jourdane J (January 2001). "Molecular arguments for splitting of Schistosoma intercalatum, into two distinct species".
4524:
da Silva P (1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da SchistosomĂase. Vinte observações" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia. Twenty observations.].
4677:
4408:"Bilharz beschrieb zuerst in v. Siebold u. Kölliker's Zeitschr. f. Zoologie 1852. einen neuen Eingeweidewurm des Menschen, sehr den Distomen ähnlich und deshalb von ihm
3130:
Aldhoun JA, Littlewood DT (June 2012). "Orientobilharzia Dutt & Srivastava, 1955 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae), a junior synonym of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858".
3398:
Webster BL, Southgate VR, Littlewood DT (July 2006). "A revision of the interrelationships of Schistosoma including the recently described Schistosoma guineensis".
3973:"An approach to revealing blood fluke life cycles, taxonomy, and diversity: provision of key reference data including DNA sequence from single life cycle stages"
3765:
Morgan JA, DeJong RJ, Lwambo NJ, Mungai BN, Mkoji GM, Loker ES (April 2003). "First report of a natural hybrid between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini".
717:
originated in East Africa and experienced a decline in effective population size 20-90 thousand years ago before dispersing across the continent during the
2774:
2296:
are an important intermediate host for this trematode. Among final hosts humans are most important. Other final hosts are baboons, rodents and raccoons.
245:
3173:
Crellen T, Allan F, David S, Durrant C, Huckvale T, Holroyd N, Emery AM, Rollinson D, Aanensen DM, Berriman M, Webster JP, Cotton JA (February 2016).
2985:"DNA-sequence variation among Schistosoma mekongi populations and related taxa; phylogeography and the current distribution of Asian schistosomiasis"
3275:"Comparative Phylogenetic Studies on Schistosoma japonicum and Its Snail Intermediate Host Oncomelania hupensis: Origins, Dispersal and Coevolution"
2167:
are an important intermediate host for this parasite. Among final hosts humans are most important. Other final hosts are rarely baboons and monkeys.
515:. Thousands of eggs are released and reach either the bladder or the intestine (according to the infecting species), and these are then excreted in
5012:
2322:
5929:
2795:
3230:
Attwood SW, Upatham ES, Meng XH, Qiu DC, Southgate VR (August 2002). "The phylogeography of Asian Schistosoma (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae)".
5955:
4498:
da Silva P (August 1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da SchistosomĂase" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia].
2726:
in May and August 1851 describing his findings. Von Siebold published a paper in 1852 summarizing Bilharz's findings and naming the worms
4412:
genannt. Der Art-Name ist sehr bezeichnend, der Gattungs-Name darf nicht fĂĽglich Distoma bleiben, ist durch Bilharzia zu ersetzen."
5903:
3866:
5942:
4719:
4422:. The species name is very characteristic; the genus name may not justifiably remain Distoma; is to be replaced by Bilharzia.)
6024:
499:
of the bladder, depending on the infecting species. They are unique among trematodes and any other flatworms in that they are
4062:
535:
before the next larval stage of the parasite emerges that can infect a new mammalian host by directly penetrating the skin.
5947:
107:
3175:"Whole genome resequencing of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni reveals population history and effects of selection"
1995:
842:
Thirteen species are found in Africa. Twelve of these are divided into two groups—those with a lateral spine on the egg (
1141:
As of 2012, four additional species have been transferred to this genus., previously classified as species in the genus
79:
1979:
4692:
4471:
4454:
4555:
4399:
126:
4105:
4078:
5991:
86:
2842:
were decoded opening the way for new targeted treatments. In particular, the study discovered that the genome of
5960:
5895:
4538:
2743:
2658:, and the male is considerably larger than the female. The male surrounds the female and encloses her within his
2011:
3778:
2943:
Morgan JA, DeJong RJ, Kazibwe F, Mkoji GM, Loker ES (August 2003). "A newly-identified lineage of Schistosoma".
4363:"Distomum haematobium und sein Verhältnis zu gewissen pathologischen Veränderungen der menschlichen Harnorgane"
2723:
1274:
664:
appears to be related to the African schistosomes. This latter species has since been transferred to the genus
64:
4284:"A systematically improved high quality genome and transcriptome of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni"
2225:
4365:[Distomum haematobium and its relation to certain pathological changes of the human urinary organs].
4282:
Protasio AV, Tsai IJ, Babbage A, Nichol S, Hunt M, Aslett MA, et al. (January 2012). Hoffmann KF (ed.).
3520:
Liu L, Mondal MM, Idris MA, Lokman HS, Rajapakse PJ, Satrija F, Diaz JL, Upatham ES, Attwood SW (July 2010).
2642:. The narrow female can be seen emerging from the thicker male's gynecophoral canal below his ventral sucker.
1230:, for example. The same hybrid was identified during the 2015 investigation of a schistosomiasis outbreak on
93:
2581:
5178:
2210:
Final hosts are humans and other mammals including cats, dogs, goats, horses, pigs, rats and water buffalo.
60:
5838:
5515:
5164:
5071:
4712:
1107:
and is found in northern Thailand. The definitive host is unknown and the intermediate host is the snail
17:
5843:
173:
75:
3865:
Boissier J, Grech-Angelini S, Webster BL, Allienne JF, Huyse T, Mas-Coma S, et al. (August 2016).
2043:
5996:
4604:
5970:
5755:
5678:
5649:
4418:
of 1852 a new intestinal worm of humans, very similar to the Distoma and therefore was named by him
1726:
477:
428:
3957:
5761:
4856:
4800:
2754:
2172:
2050:
1780:
1523:
1386:
948:
930:
380:
344:
262:
4629:"Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: prospects and challenges for the 21st century"
4334:
6019:
5698:
5493:
5482:
5066:
5006:
4992:
4815:
4794:
4362:
4106:
Schistosoma japonicum Genome Sequencing Functional Analysis Consortium; et al. (July 2009).
2899:
2714:
2554:
2548:
2144:
2002:
1759:
1497:
936:
924:
870:
356:
326:
320:
314:
302:
53:
2761:(Greek: "split body") because the worms were not hermaphroditic but had separate sexes. Despite
2320:) and longer prepatent period in the mammalian host. Final hosts are humans and dogs. The snail
5791:
5596:
5391:
5244:
4934:
4929:
4920:
4896:
4705:
2215:
2120:
1853:
1700:
1124:
1063:
918:
368:
332:
308:
5934:
4385:
4166:
Berriman M, Haas BJ, LoVerde PT, Wilson RA, Dillon GP, Cerqueira GC, et al. (July 2009).
6029:
5829:
5477:
5020:
4901:
4782:
4433:
3811:
Huyse T, Webster BL, Geldof S, Stothard JR, Diaw OT, Polman K, Rollinson D (September 2009).
2838:
2818:
2791:
2568:
2562:
2183:
2027:
1986:
1929:
1912:
1879:
1369:
1103:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1057:
912:
876:
416:
398:
350:
290:
5983:
4697:
5864:
5729:
5556:
5396:
5370:
5352:
5122:
4179:
4119:
3867:"Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study"
3186:
2875:
2735:
2588:
2530:
2244:(see Attwood et al. 2005 Journal of Molluscan Studies Volume 71, Issue 4 pp. 379–391).
1665:
1563:
1462:
1014:
954:
888:
422:
410:
386:
278:
3813:"Bidirectional introgressive hybridization between a cattle and human schistosome species"
559:
remain unclear. For many years it was believed that this genus had an African origin, but
8:
5768:
5743:
5670:
5337:
5286:
4861:
4842:
4788:
4777:
3917:"No limit in interspecific hybridization in schistosomes: observation from a case report"
2786:
2681:
2536:
2518:
2301:
2249:
2034:
2018:
1836:
1648:
1580:
1445:
1069:
1002:
942:
882:
392:
374:
362:
338:
100:
4183:
4123:
3190:
2580:
Adult schistosomes share all the fundamental features of the digenea. They have a basic
1250:
5629:
5615:
5521:
5501:
5471:
5331:
5306:
5206:
5156:
5047:
4978:
4881:
4310:
4283:
4264:
4200:
4167:
4140:
4107:
4019:
3997:
3972:
3941:
3916:
3897:
3839:
3812:
3790:
3698:
3651:
3597:
3548:
3521:
3502:
3459:
3301:
3274:
3255:
3207:
3174:
3155:
3011:
2984:
2524:
2279:
1606:
1008:
635:
404:
168:
3885:
3743:
2956:
2826:
5978:
5851:
4876:
4821:
4728:
4658:
4653:
4628:
4395:
4315:
4256:
4205:
4145:
4058:
4051:
4002:
3946:
3889:
3844:
3782:
3747:
3690:
3643:
3589:
3553:
3494:
3451:
3415:
3380:
3376:
3345:
3306:
3247:
3212:
3147:
3109:
3074:
3039:
3016:
2960:
2655:
2498:
2355:
2316:
2161:
basin, was introduced into India during World War II. Freshwater snails of the genus
2158:
2135:
1412:
1270:
1266:
906:
504:
296:
284:
4627:
Ross AG, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Davis GM, Williams GM, Jiang Z, et al. (April 2001).
4268:
3702:
3655:
3601:
3506:
3463:
3259:
3159:
2607:; the area between the tegument and alimentary canal filled with a loose network of
5856:
5662:
5655:
5535:
5149:
5117:
4648:
4640:
4305:
4295:
4246:
4236:
4195:
4187:
4135:
4127:
3992:
3984:
3936:
3928:
3901:
3881:
3834:
3824:
3774:
3739:
3682:
3633:
3625:
3581:
3543:
3533:
3486:
3443:
3407:
3372:
3337:
3296:
3286:
3239:
3202:
3194:
3139:
3101:
3066:
3006:
2996:
2952:
1114:
1109:
1026:
is widely distributed in Asia, but is also found in Africa. They occur in Asia and
235:
4644:
3971:
Brant SV, Morgan JA, Mkoji GM, Snyder SD, Rajapakse RP, Loker ES (February 2006).
3794:
3070:
5489:
5403:
5141:
5091:
5086:
4984:
4969:
4908:
4807:
4682:
4300:
3829:
3411:
3341:
3291:
3105:
3001:
2698:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2073:
812:, so revisions are likely. Over twenty species are recognised within this genus.
472:
31:
4579:
2921:
2646:
Unlike other trematodes and basically all other flatworms, the schistosomes are
2220:
This species appears to be a rare infection in humans and is considered to be a
5890:
5814:
5621:
5584:
5529:
5344:
5323:
5292:
5250:
5129:
5078:
5057:
5026:
4998:
4941:
4868:
3932:
3522:"The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia"
2799:
2781:
to describe infection with these parasites is still in use in medical circles.
2611:
2504:
2453:
2178:
The usual final hosts are humans. Other animals can be infected experimentally.
1184:
1018:. This group appears to have evolved during the Pleistocene. All use pulmonate
581:) could be basal. Since hippos were present in both Africa and Asia during the
560:
532:
4108:"The Schistosoma japonicum genome reveals features of host-parasite interplay"
3686:
3585:
3447:
3243:
3143:
1183:
could establish itself only after deforestation of the tropical rainforest in
6013:
5608:
5589:
5363:
5358:
5109:
5097:
4848:
4732:
2639:
2477:
2197:
1222:
1214:
1117:
597:
589:
of hippos. The original hosts for the South East Asian species were probably
4223:
Young ND, Jex AR, Li B, Liu S, Yang L, Xiong Z, et al. (January 2012).
5748:
5704:
5600:
5507:
5382:
4953:
4678:
British Department for International Development Control of Schistosomiasis
4662:
4319:
4260:
4209:
4149:
4006:
3950:
3893:
3848:
3786:
3719:(Platyhelminthes: Digenea: Schistosomatidae). Int J Parasitol 42(3):313-321
3694:
3647:
3593:
3557:
3538:
3498:
3455:
3419:
3349:
3310:
3251:
3216:
3151:
3113:
3078:
3043:
3034:
Beer SA, Voronin MV, Zazornova OP, Khrisanfova GG, Semenova SK (2010). "".
3020:
2964:
2880:
2810:
2634:
2466:
2446:
2292:
809:
622:
577:
225:
3751:
3490:
3384:
2329:
5916:
5823:
5735:
5720:
5576:
5457:
5438:
5429:
5417:
5271:
5235:
5217:
5184:
5170:
4962:
4888:
4833:
4693:
Schistosoma parasites overview, biology, life cycle image at MetaPathogen
2485:
2433:
2418:
2405:
2361:
2275:
2202:
2126:
1043:
The indicum group appears to be the sister clade to the African species.
721:. This species was later transmitted to the Americas by the slave trade.
700:
524:
492:
4191:
4131:
2618:. Adult worms tend to be 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long and use
543:
5908:
5640:
5562:
5547:
5317:
5276:
4251:
3325:
2694:
2623:
2615:
586:
456:
5921:
4687:
3988:
3638:
3629:
3198:
152:
5877:
5262:
5105:
4758:
4753:
4337:[A contribution to the literature on helminths humans ...].
3864:
2806:
2705:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2481:
2429:
2263:
2193:
2154:
1262:
1246:
1218:
839:. The affinities of the remaining species are still being clarified.
796:. The date of divergence appears to be 270,000 years before present.
613:
463:
448:
215:
185:
5785:
4241:
4224:
3728:
3715:
Webster BL, Littlewood DT (2012) Mitochondrial gene order change in
2314:
differs in that it has smaller eggs, a different intermediate host (
606:
42:
5882:
5808:
5689:
5570:
5462:
5411:
5226:
4740:
3476:
2654:, the sexes are separate. The two sexes display a strong degree of
2608:
2541:
2271:
2267:
2221:
1227:
1037:
744:
718:
630:
601:
582:
551:
parasite worm. The bar (bottom left) represents a length of 500 ÎĽm.
459:
205:
4611:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 28 October 2020.
3732:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
5300:
5042:
4394:] (in German). Berlin, (Germany): Georg Reimer. p. 114.
3914:
2855:
2814:
2719:
2702:
2394:
2374:
2163:
1231:
785:
564:
485:
481:
4438:
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Metcalfe and Company. p. 87.
3915:
Depaquit J, Akhoundi M, Haouchine D, Mantelet S, Izri A (2019).
3432:
1277:(COI) genes shows phylogenic relations of species in the genus
731:
are more closely related to the African species rather than the
4556:"Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil"
3362:
3033:
2851:
2647:
2619:
2473:
2401:
2381:
2259:
2255:
2111:
643:
590:
512:
500:
496:
195:
5869:
4387:
Mikrogeologie: Ueber die Concremente im thierischen Organismus
3671:
480:
to be the second-most socioeconomically devastating parasitic
4727:
2766:
2747:
2709:
2604:
2596:
2425:
2310:
and affects both the superior and inferior mesenteric veins.
2130:
1203:
1098:
1086:
1027:
1019:
789:
770:/South East Asian schistosoma and ~2.5 million years ago for
647:
600:
of the host snails it seems likely that the genus evolved in
556:
528:
520:
516:
467:
444:
3273:
Attwood SW, Ibaraki M, Saitoh Y, Nihei N, Janies DA (2015).
2809:
by Stiles and Hassel. This was elevated to family status by
1213:
hybrids were described in northern Senegalese children. The
788:. These strains appear to have diverged from those found in
3779:
10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0416:FROANH]2.0.CO;2
3614:
2847:
2731:
2107:
2090:
known also as bilharziasis. An anti-schistosome drug is a
1235:
988:
may actually be a species complex of at least two species.
793:
754:
655:
651:
508:
491:
Adult flatworms parasitize blood capillaries of either the
3810:
3397:
4281:
4165:
3272:
2863:
2106:
appears to have evolved at least three occasions in both
30:
This article is about the organism. For the disease, see
3764:
3172:
2942:
4414:(Bilharz first described in von Siebold and Kölliker's
3970:
3570:
2858:, enabling the parasite to bore through tissue. Also,
2326:
can also be experimentally infected with this species.
1217:
Basin had changed very much since the 1980s after the
4683:
The World Health Organisation page on Schistosomiasis
4435:
Human Cestoides: An Essay on the Tapeworms of Man ...
3229:
2738:
meant that they could not be comfortably included in
2614:, and an excretory or osmoregulatory system based on
4392:
Microgeology: On the concretions in animal organisms
4383:
3908:
3519:
4168:"The genome of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni"
3036:
Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia I Parazitarnye Bolezni
2982:
2775:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2064:since 1965, until an outbreak occurred on Corsica.
1245:hybrid was described in a 14-year-old patient with
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4332:
4225:"Whole-genome sequence of Schistosoma haematobium"
4050:
2512:
4626:
3129:
2805:In 1898, all then known species were placed in a
2584:, oral and ventral suckers, a body covering of a
488:), with hundreds of millions infected worldwide.
6011:
2866:, so it must rely on its host to produce these.
1206:, As of 2009, it had not been found in humans.
1191:; hybridization led to competitive exclusion of
4161:
4159:
4048:
3667:
3665:
3091:
2983:Attwood SW, Fatih FA, Upatham ES (March 2008).
2825:was determined by the Brazilian parasitologist
2730:. Bilharz wrote a paper in 1856 describing the
4688:University of Cambridge Schistosome Laboratory
815:The genus has been divided into four groups:
462:responsible for a highly significant group of
4713:
4335:"Ein Beitrag zur Helminthographia humana ..."
4222:
4101:
4099:
3323:
3125:
3123:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2722:. He wrote two letters to his former teacher
2232:). The snail hosts are Robertsiella species (
1113:. This species is known to use snails of the
531:must then pass through an intermediate snail
4275:
4156:
3662:
3223:
3056:
2924:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2125:, a recently described species, is found in
2058:
4079:"Even Blood Flukes Get Divorced - The Loom"
3709:
3564:
3391:
3266:
2097:
2086:cause a group of chronic infections called
5216:
4720:
4706:
4609:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4339:Zeitschrift fĂĽr wissenschaftliche Zoologie
4096:
3356:
3317:
3120:
2971:
2936:
151:
4652:
4309:
4299:
4250:
4240:
4216:
4199:
4139:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3996:
3940:
3860:
3858:
3838:
3828:
3637:
3547:
3537:
3470:
3300:
3290:
3206:
3166:
3010:
3000:
2638:Unlike other flatworms, schistosomes are
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4560:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4553:
4536:
4523:
4510:
4497:
4476:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4459:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4431:
3806:
3804:
3426:
2862:does not have an enzyme to make certain
2633:
848:group) and those with a terminal spine (
585:era, the genus might have originated as
542:
4360:
3513:
3085:
3050:
3027:
2206:are an important intermediate host for
2200:region. Freshwater snails of the genus
14:
6012:
4469:
4452:
4049:Manson-Bahr PE, Bell DR, eds. (1987).
4033:
3855:
3400:International Journal for Parasitology
3365:International Journal for Parasitology
2945:International Journal for Parasitology
2790:, but this species was redescribed by
1202:hybrid was found in snails in western
5790:
5789:
4701:
4455:"New or little known African Entozoa"
3801:
1971:
547:Electron micrograph of an adult male
5971:5b4fc14b-7d54-4aff-92e5-2e1159fa446d
5896:7d876ddc-0804-4ad4-aaeb-060c4c3437e0
4541:[Schistosomiasis in Bahia].
4384:von Hemsbach JH, Billroth T (1856).
4030:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2007
895:
743:appears to have radiated during the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
3324:Lawton SP, Majoros G (March 2013).
2813:in 1899. Poche in 1907 corrected a
2742:. So in 1856 Meckel von Helmsback (
760:Estimated speciation dates for the
753:appears to have invaded South East
685:appear to be closely related as do
24:
4619:
4333:Bilharz T, von Siebold CT (1852).
2796:London School of Tropical Medicine
2626:for their own circulatory system.
2153:, originally found in Africa, the
2067:
1179:was observed in Cameroon in 1996.
1046:
766:group: ~3.8 million years ago for
25:
6041:
4671:
4580:"Killer parasites' genes decoded"
4367:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
3330:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
3094:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
2290:. Freshwater snails of the genus
2224:. The natural vertebrate host is
4472:"Remarks on Schistosoma mansoni"
4288:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3956:
3279:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2989:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2876:Schistosomiasis § Treatment
2042:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1978:
991:
857:
172:
41:
4597:
4572:
4488:
4470:Sambon LW (16 September 1907).
4443:
4425:
4377:
4354:
4326:
4071:
4024:
4013:
3964:
3874:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
3758:
3722:
3608:
2798:who named it after his teacher
2629:
2513:Species infecting other animals
1085:and these species are found in
784:is found infecting red deer in
52:needs additional citations for
4347:See: "2. Distomum Haematobium
2914:
2892:
2850:, including many that produce
2817:error in the family name. The
2773:was officially adopted by the
2712:in 1851 who found the eggs of
2188:, whose common name is simply
2149:, commonly referred to as the
1275:cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
1136:
661:Orientobilharzia turkestanicum
13:
1:
6025:Parasitic helminths of humans
4645:10.1128/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001
4633:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4605:"Parasites - Schistosomiasis"
4057:. London: Bailliere Tindall.
3886:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00175-4
3744:10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90513-7
3071:10.1016/j.exppara.2008.10.012
2957:10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00132-2
2885:
2575:
976:is the sister species to the
703:0.43–0.30 million years ago.
476:, which is considered by the
5179:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
4301:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001455
3830:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000571
3412:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.03.005
3377:10.1016/0020-7519(94)90040-x
3342:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.013
3292:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003935
3106:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.030
3002:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000200
2900:"Schistosomiasis Fact Sheet"
2869:
2558:are parasites of the hippo.
1256:
538:
7:
5516:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
5165:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
3977:The Journal of Parasitology
3767:The Journal of Parasitology
2902:. World Health Organization
2133:intermediate hosts include
2082:The parasitic flatworms of
799:
699:appears to have evolved in
10:
6046:
4539:"La schistosomose Ă Bahia"
4453:Sambon LW (1 April 1907).
4053:Manson's Tropical Diseases
2873:
2734:more fully. Their unusual
2699:Theodor Maximilian Bilharz
2688:
2572:are parasites of rodents.
2071:
1177:S. haematobium-S.guineenis
1170:
1133:may be a species complex.
633:-infecting schistosomes —
29:
5798:
5756:Capillaria philippinensis
5719:
5688:
5679:Halicephalobus gingivalis
5650:Strongyloides stercoralis
5639:
5546:
5456:
5428:
5381:
5270:
5261:
5234:
5225:
5203:
5140:
5056:
5041:
4952:
4919:
4832:
4767:
4752:
4739:
4543:Archives de Parasitologie
3586:10.1017/S0031182007003411
3448:10.1017/s0031182003003421
3244:10.1017/s0031182002001981
3144:10.1007/s11230-012-9349-8
3059:Experimental Parasitology
2666:
2059:Geographical distribution
1926:
1909:
1902:
1876:
1850:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1773:
1756:
1749:
1727:Schistosoma turkestanicum
1723:
1697:
1662:
1645:
1638:
1603:
1577:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1520:
1494:
1459:
1442:
1435:
1409:
1383:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1243:S. haematobium–S. mansoni
1165:Schistosoma turkestanicum
1000:group has three species:
782:Schistosoma turkestanicum
575:) that infect the hippo (
478:World Health Organization
429:Schistosoma turkestanicum
275:
270:
169:Scientific classification
167:
159:
150:
143:
5762:Intestinal capillariasis
4857:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
3933:10.1051/parasite/2019010
3618:Journal of Helminthology
3038:(in Russian) (2): 53–9.
2832:In 2009, the genomes of
2755:David Friedrich Weinland
2369:Schistosoma intercalatum
2341:First Intermediate Host
2226:MĂĽller's giant Sunda rat
2102:Parasitism of humans by
2098:Species infecting humans
2051:Schistosoma intercalatum
1781:Ceratophallus natalensis
1524:Schistosoma margrebowiei
1387:Schistosoma intercalatum
1055:group has five species:
972:is basal in this group.
808:as currently defined is
757:in the mid-Pleistocene.
381:Schistosoma margrebowiei
345:Schistosoma intercalatum
5749:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
5699:Enterobius vermicularis
5494:Cutaneous larva migrans
5067:Echinococcus granulosus
5007:Heterophyes heterophyes
4993:Gastrodiscoides hominis
4816:Trichobilharzia regenti
3687:10.1023/a:1012988516995
3675:Systematic Parasitology
3526:Parasites & Vectors
3132:Systematic Parasitology
2784:Bilharz also described
2765:having precedence, the
2718:during the course of a
2715:Schistosoma haematobium
2673:Schistosoma haematobium
2555:Schistosoma hippopotami
2549:Schistosoma edwardiense
2389:Schistosoma haematobium
2003:Schistosoma haematobium
1760:Schistosoma edwardiense
1498:Schistosoma haematobium
1211:S. haematobium–S. bovis
1160:Schistosoma harinasutai
616: million years ago
609: million years ago
357:Schistosoma kisumuensis
327:Schistosoma hippopotami
321:Schistosoma harinasutai
315:Schistosoma haematobium
303:Schistosoma edwardiense
5597:Visceral larva migrans
5392:Gnathostoma spinigerum
5245:Dracunculus medinensis
5151:Diphyllobothrium latum
4930:Paragonimus westermani
4897:Opisthorchis viverrini
3539:10.1186/1756-3305-3-57
2643:
2441:Schistosoma malayensis
2350:Schistosoma guineensis
2282:. It is also known as
1854:Schistosoma malayensis
1701:Schistosoma incognitum
1200:S. mansoni-S. rodhaini
1131:Schistosoma incognitum
1036:is found in India and
968:appear to be related.
578:Hippopotamus amphibius
552:
369:Schistosoma malayensis
333:Schistosoma incognitum
309:Schistosoma guineensis
5478:Ancylostoma duodenale
5021:Metagonimus yokogawai
3491:10.1007/s004360000301
3479:Parasitology Research
2839:Schistosoma japonicum
2829:(1873-1961) in 1908.
2792:Louis Westenra Sambon
2637:
2569:Schistosoma sinensium
2563:Schistosoma ovuncatum
2540:are all parasites of
2413:Schistosoma japonicum
2196:and the southwestern
1987:Schistosoma japonicum
1930:Schistosoma ovuncatum
1913:Schistosoma sinensium
1880:Schistosoma japonicum
1370:Schistosoma curassoni
546:
417:Schistosoma sinensium
399:Schistosoma ovuncatum
351:Schistosoma japonicum
291:Schistosoma curassoni
5891:Fauna Europaea (new)
5730:Trichinella spiralis
5557:Ascaris lumbricoides
5371:Lymphatic filariasis
5353:Wuchereria bancrofti
4432:Weinland DF (1858).
4420:Distomum haematobium
4416:Journal for Zoology
4410:Distomum haematobium
2685:have been reported.
2531:Schistosoma spindale
2284:Manson's blood fluke
1666:Schistosoma rodhaini
1564:Schistosoma spindale
1463:Schistosoma mattheei
1187:next to the endemic
1150:Schistosoma bomfordi
1089:and Southeast Asia.
555:The origins of this
451:, commonly known as
423:Schistosoma spindale
411:Schistosoma rodhaini
387:Schistosoma mattheei
279:Schistosoma bomfordi
61:improve this article
5744:Trichuris trichiura
5671:Trichostrongyliasis
5287:Onchocerca volvulus
4843:Clonorchis sinensis
4778:Schistosoma mansoni
4759:Trematode infection
4554:da Silva P (1909).
4537:da Silva P (1908).
4192:10.1038/nature08160
4184:2009Natur.460..352B
4132:10.1038/nature08140
4124:2009Natur.460..345Z
3191:2016NatSR...620954C
2834:Schistosoma mansoni
2823:Schistosoma mansoni
2787:Schistosoma mansoni
2728:Distoma haematobium
2697:were first seen by
2537:Schistosoma leiperi
2519:Schistosoma indicum
2493:Schistosoma mekongi
2461:Schistosoma mansoni
2334:
2192:, is widespread in
2035:Schistosoma mekongi
2019:Schistosoma mansoni
1837:Schistosoma mekongi
1649:Schistosoma mansoni
1581:Schistosoma indicum
1446:Schistosoma leiperi
1221:in Senegal and the
904:group species are:
868:group species are:
393:Schistosoma mekongi
375:Schistosoma mansoni
363:Schistosoma leiperi
339:Schistosoma indicum
161:Schistosoma mansoni
5630:Parascaris equorum
5616:Dioctophyme renale
5522:Angiostrongyliasis
5502:Necator americanus
5472:Hookworm infection
5332:Dirofilaria repens
5157:Diphyllobothriasis
5048:Tapeworm infection
4979:Fasciolopsis buski
4361:Bilharz T (1856).
3580:(Pt.14): 2009–20.
3179:Scientific Reports
2854:for breaking down
2757:proposed the name
2753:for them. In 1858
2693:The eggs of these
2660:gynacophoric canal
2644:
2622:from their hosts'
2582:bilateral symmetry
2525:Schistosoma nasale
2332:Human Schistosomes
2330:
2280:Dominican Republic
1972:Comparison of eggs
1607:Schistosoma nasale
636:Bivitellobilharzia
563:suggests that the
553:
405:Schistosoma nasale
6007:
6006:
5979:Open Tree of Life
5792:Taxon identifiers
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5715:
5714:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5073:E. multilocularis
5037:
5036:
4877:Fasciola hepatica
4729:Parasitic disease
4528:(in Portuguese).
4515:(in Portuguese).
4502:(in Portuguese).
4064:978-0-7020-1187-0
3989:10.1645/GE-3515.1
3630:10.1079/joh200191
3199:10.1038/srep20954
2922:"Schistosomiasis"
2846:contained 11,809
2656:sexual dimorphism
2591:, a blind-ending
2510:
2509:
2499:Neotricula aperta
2356:Bulinus forskalii
2317:Neotricula aperta
2230:Sundamys muelleri
2136:Bulinus forskalii
1968:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1891:
1890:
1865:
1864:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1738:
1737:
1712:
1711:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1592:
1591:
1535:
1534:
1509:
1508:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1424:
1423:
1413:Schistosoma bovis
1398:
1397:
1271:28S ribosomal RNA
1267:18S ribosomal RNA
1155:Schistosoma datta
896:Haematobium group
505:sexual dimorphism
436:
435:
297:Schistosoma datta
285:Schistosoma bovis
266:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6037:
6000:
5999:
5987:
5986:
5974:
5973:
5964:
5963:
5951:
5950:
5938:
5937:
5925:
5924:
5912:
5911:
5899:
5898:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5872:
5860:
5859:
5847:
5846:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5787:
5786:
5664:Trichostrongylus
5656:Strongyloidiasis
5536:Metastrongylosis
5268:
5267:
5232:
5231:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5118:Hymenolepis nana
5054:
5053:
4954:Intestinal fluke
4765:
4764:
4750:
4749:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4666:
4656:
4613:
4612:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4550:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4466:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4429:
4423:
4405:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4254:
4244:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4118:(7253): 345–51.
4103:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4056:
4046:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3944:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3641:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3541:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3238:(Pt 2): 99–112.
3227:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2980:
2969:
2968:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2593:digestive system
2338:Scientific Name
2335:
2046:
2030:
2014:
1998:
1982:
1905:
1904:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1752:
1751:
1641:
1640:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1438:
1437:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1234:, traced to the
1143:Orientobilharzia
1110:Tricula bollingi
617:
610:
261:
246:Schistosomatinae
236:Schistosomatidae
177:
176:
155:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5995:
5990:
5982:
5977:
5969:
5967:
5959:
5954:
5946:
5941:
5933:
5928:
5920:
5915:
5907:
5902:
5894:
5889:
5881:
5876:
5868:
5863:
5855:
5850:
5842:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5794:
5784:
5775:
5711:
5684:
5635:
5542:
5490:Ancylostomiasis
5460:
5444:
5424:
5404:Gnathostomiasis
5377:
5274:
5257:
5208:
5205:
5191:
5142:Pseudophyllidea
5136:
5087:Taenia saginata
5045:
5033:
4985:Fasciolopsiasis
4970:Echinostomiasis
4948:
4915:
4909:Opisthorchiasis
4828:
4808:Schistosomiasis
4802:S. intercalatum
4756:
4754:Fluke/trematode
4745:
4742:
4735:
4726:
4674:
4669:
4622:
4620:Further reading
4617:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4586:. July 16, 2009
4578:
4577:
4573:
4493:
4489:
4448:
4444:
4440:See footnote †.
4430:
4426:
4402:
4382:
4378:
4373:: 49–52, 65–68.
4359:
4355:
4331:
4327:
4280:
4276:
4242:10.1038/ng.1065
4229:Nature Genetics
4221:
4217:
4178:(7253): 352–8.
4164:
4157:
4104:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4047:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4014:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3913:
3909:
3869:
3863:
3856:
3823:(9): e1000571.
3809:
3802:
3763:
3759:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3670:
3663:
3613:
3609:
3569:
3565:
3518:
3514:
3475:
3471:
3442:(Pt 2): 131–7.
3431:
3427:
3396:
3392:
3361:
3357:
3322:
3318:
3285:(7): e0003935.
3271:
3267:
3228:
3224:
3171:
3167:
3128:
3121:
3090:
3086:
3055:
3051:
3032:
3028:
2981:
2972:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2872:
2827:Pirajá da Silva
2794:in 1907 at the
2691:
2671:The genomes of
2669:
2632:
2603:and bifurcated
2578:
2515:
2173:S. intercalatum
2100:
2092:schistosomicide
2088:schistosomiasis
2080:
2078:schistosomicide
2074:schistosomiasis
2072:Main articles:
2070:
2068:Schistosomiasis
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1892:
1866:
1802:
1793:
1739:
1713:
1687:
1678:
1628:
1619:
1593:
1536:
1510:
1484:
1475:
1425:
1399:
1259:
1173:
1139:
1049:
1047:Japonicum group
994:
986:S. intercalatum
970:S. margrebowiei
949:S. margrebowiei
931:S. intercalatum
898:
860:
802:
612:
605:
541:
473:schistosomiasis
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
260:
206:Platyhelminthes
171:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:Schistosomiasis
28:
27:Genus of flukes
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6043:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6020:Digenea genera
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5988:
5975:
5965:
5952:
5939:
5926:
5913:
5900:
5887:
5874:
5861:
5848:
5835:
5820:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5752:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5645:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5622:Dioctophymosis
5612:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5585:Toxocara canis
5581:
5580:
5579:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5530:Metastrongylus
5526:
5525:
5524:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5484:A. braziliense
5474:
5468:
5466:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5434:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:Dirofilariasis
5335:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5324:Mansonelliasis
5314:
5313:
5312:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5293:Onchocerciasis
5282:
5280:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5251:Dracunculiasis
5240:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:Hymenolepiasis
5114:
5113:
5112:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5079:Echinococcosis
5062:
5060:
5058:Cyclophyllidea
5051:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5027:Metagonimiasis
5017:
5016:
5015:
5013:Heterophyiasis
5003:
5002:
5001:
4999:Amphistomiasis
4989:
4988:
4987:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4942:Paragonimiasis
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4869:Dicrocoeliasis
4853:
4852:
4851:
4838:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4822:Swimmer's itch
4812:
4811:
4810:
4796:S. haematobium
4773:
4771:
4762:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4672:External links
4670:
4668:
4667:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4596:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4551:
4534:
4521:
4508:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4467:
4442:
4424:
4406:From p. 114:
4400:
4376:
4353:
4325:
4274:
4215:
4155:
4095:
4070:
4063:
4032:
4023:
4012:
3963:
3907:
3854:
3817:PLOS Pathogens
3800:
3757:
3721:
3708:
3661:
3607:
3563:
3512:
3469:
3425:
3390:
3355:
3316:
3265:
3222:
3165:
3119:
3100:(8): 1964–70.
3084:
3049:
3026:
2970:
2935:
2913:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2871:
2868:
2800:Patrick Manson
2746:) created the
2690:
2687:
2668:
2665:
2631:
2628:
2595:consisting of
2577:
2574:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:Southeast Asia
2502:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:Southeast Asia
2451:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2323:Tricula aperta
2306:is related to
2297:
2245:
2211:
2179:
2168:
2145:S. haematobium
2140:
2099:
2096:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
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1705:
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1671:
1670:
1661:
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1654:
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1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
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1611:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1273:, and partial
1258:
1255:
1181:S. haematobium
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1138:
1135:
1048:
1045:
993:
990:
937:S. kisumuensis
925:S. haematobium
897:
894:
871:S. edwardiense
859:
856:
801:
798:
629:is a genus of
573:S. hippopotami
569:S. edwardiense
561:DNA sequencing
540:
537:
503:with distinct
434:
433:
273:
272:
268:
267:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
165:
164:
157:
156:
148:
147:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6042:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5609:Baylisascaris
5606:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:Brugia malayi
5355:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5202:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5110:Cysticercosis
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:P. kellicotti
4932:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:Clonorchiasis
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4743:platyhelminth
4738:
4734:
4733:helminthiases
4730:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:(2): 270–95.
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4545:(in French).
4544:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4526:Brazil-Medico
4522:
4518:
4514:
4513:Brazil-Medico
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:Brazil-Medico
4496:
4495:
4491:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4401:9783112028636
4397:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4369:(in German).
4368:
4364:
4357:
4351:", pp. 59–62.
4350:
4344:
4341:(in German).
4340:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4021:
4020:WHO factsheet
4016:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:(8): 947–55.
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:(2): 285–90.
3370:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:(9): 977–85.
2950:
2946:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2640:gonochoristic
2636:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:South America
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:Endemic Area
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:, the lesser
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:R. kaporensis
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:S. malayensis
2212:
2209:
2208:S. japonicum.
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2159:Mediterranean
2156:
2152:
2151:bladder fluke
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:S. guineensis
2117:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1251:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:Manantali Dam
1220:
1216:
1215:Senegal River
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1193:S. guineensis
1190:
1189:S. guineensis
1186:
1182:
1178:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:S. incognitum
1121:
1119:
1118:Pomatiopsidae
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:S. malayensis
1060:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
992:Indicum group
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:S. guineensis
971:
967:
963:
959:
957:
956:
951:
950:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:
919:S. guineensis
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
893:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
878:
873:
872:
867:
866:
858:Mansoni group
855:
853:
852:
847:
846:
840:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
819:
813:
811:
807:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
777:
773:
772:S. malayensis
769:
765:
764:
758:
756:
752:
748:
746:
742:
738:
736:
735:
730:
726:
725:S. incognitum
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
669:
667:
663:
662:
657:
654:and cashmere
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
608:
603:
599:
598:phylogenetics
596:Based on the
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
545:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:
432:
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
394:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
298:
293:
292:
287:
286:
281:
280:
274:
269:
264:
259:
258:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
146:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
76:"Schistosoma"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6030:Diplostomida
5799:
5769:
5754:
5742:
5728:
5705:Enterobiasis
5697:
5677:
5663:
5648:
5628:
5614:
5607:
5601:Toxocariasis
5590:
5583:
5569:
5555:
5528:
5514:
5508:Necatoriasis
5500:
5483:
5476:
5437:
5410:
5397:
5390:
5383:Thelazioidea
5364:
5357:
5351:
5338:
5330:
5316:
5307:
5299:
5285:
5243:
5177:
5163:
5150:
5123:
5116:
5098:
5092:
5085:
5072:
5065:
5019:
5005:
4991:
4977:
4968:
4961:
4935:
4928:
4902:
4895:
4883:F. gigantica
4882:
4875:
4862:
4855:
4841:
4814:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4784:S. japonicum
4783:
4776:
4768:
4636:
4632:
4608:
4599:
4588:. Retrieved
4583:
4574:
4563:
4559:
4546:
4542:
4529:
4525:
4516:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4479:
4475:
4462:
4458:
4445:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4391:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4294:(1): e1455.
4291:
4287:
4277:
4235:(2): 221–5.
4232:
4228:
4218:
4175:
4171:
4115:
4111:
4087:. Retrieved
4085:. 2008-10-08
4082:
4073:
4052:
4026:
4015:
3983:(1): 77–88.
3980:
3976:
3966:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3880:(8): 971–9.
3877:
3873:
3820:
3816:
3773:(2): 416–8.
3770:
3766:
3760:
3738:(6): 664–5.
3735:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3678:
3674:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3577:
3574:Parasitology
3573:
3566:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3485:(1): 57–62.
3482:
3478:
3472:
3439:
3436:Parasitology
3435:
3428:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3235:
3232:Parasitology
3231:
3225:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3135:
3131:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3065:(2): 193–7.
3062:
3058:
3052:
3035:
3029:
2992:
2988:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2894:
2881:Praziquantel
2879:
2859:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2804:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2739:
2727:
2713:
2692:
2680:
2677:S. japonicum
2676:
2672:
2670:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2630:Reproduction
2579:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2497:
2492:
2467:Biomphalaria
2465:
2460:
2447:Robertsiella
2445:
2440:
2417:
2412:
2393:
2388:
2373:
2368:
2354:
2349:
2331:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2308:S. japonicum
2307:
2300:
2299:
2293:Biomphalaria
2291:
2287:
2283:
2248:
2247:
2242:R. silvicola
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2189:
2184:S. japonicum
2182:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2119:
2118:
2103:
2101:
2083:
2081:
2062:
2049:
2033:
2017:
2001:
1985:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1910:
1878:
1877:
1852:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1758:
1757:
1725:
1724:
1699:
1698:
1664:
1663:
1647:
1646:
1605:
1604:
1579:
1578:
1562:
1561:
1522:
1521:
1496:
1495:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1443:
1411:
1410:
1385:
1384:
1368:
1367:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1240:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1108:
1104:S. sinensium
1102:
1094:S. ovuncatum
1092:
1091:
1082:S. sinensium
1080:
1076:S. ovuncatum
1074:
1068:
1062:
1058:S. japonicum
1056:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1013:
1007:
1001:
997:
995:
985:
982:S. curassoni
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
913:S. curassoni
911:
905:
901:
899:
887:
881:
877:S. hippotami
875:
869:
864:
863:
861:
850:
849:
844:
843:
841:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
816:
814:
810:paraphyletic
805:
803:
781:
780:
775:
771:
768:S. japonicum
767:
762:
761:
759:
750:
749:
741:S. sinensium
740:
739:
733:
732:
728:
724:
723:
714:
710:
706:
705:
696:
695:
690:
686:
683:S. curassoni
682:
678:
673:
672:
670:
665:
659:
641:
634:
626:
623:sister group
620:
595:
576:
572:
568:
554:
548:
490:
471:
453:blood flukes
452:
439:
438:
437:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
276:
256:
255:
226:Diplostomida
160:
144:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5917:iNaturalist
5830:Schistosoma
5824:Wikispecies
5800:Schistosoma
5770:C. hepatica
5736:Trichinosis
5721:Adenophorea
5577:Anisakiasis
5458:Strongylida
5439:Gongylonema
5430:Spiruroidea
5418:Thelaziasis
5398:G. hispidum
5272:Filarioidea
5236:Camallanida
5218:Secernentea
5185:Sparganosis
5171:Sparganosis
5124:H. diminuta
5093:T. asiatica
4963:Echinostoma
4903:O. felineus
4889:Fasciolosis
4834:Liver fluke
4769:Blood fluke
4252:10072/45821
3717:Schistosoma
3681:(1): 1–19.
3624:(1): 7–19.
3138:(2): 81–8.
2995:(3): e200.
2815:grammatical
2777:. The term
2771:Schistosoma
2759:Schistosoma
2724:von Siebold
2720:post mortem
2708:working in
2706:pathologist
2616:flame cells
2486:Middle East
2434:Philippines
2419:Oncomelania
2406:Middle East
2362:West Africa
2288:swamp fever
2276:Puerto Rico
2254:, found in
2234:R. gismanni
2203:Oncomelania
2190:blood fluke
2127:West Africa
2104:Schistosoma
2084:Schistosoma
1776:Schistosoma
1279:Schistosoma
1241:In 2019, a
1198:In 2003, a
1175:The hybrid
1137:New species
1024:S. spindale
1022:as hosts.
1015:S. spindale
955:S. mattheei
902:haematobium
889:S. rodhaini
851:haematobium
830:haematobium
806:Schistosoma
711:S. rodhaini
701:East Africa
691:S. mattheei
674:haematobium
671:Within the
666:Schistosoma
627:Schistosoma
549:Schistosoma
525:fresh water
493:mesenteries
455:. They are
440:Schistosoma
257:Schistosoma
242:Subfamily:
145:Schistosoma
18:Blood fluke
6014:Categories
5641:Rhabditida
5563:Ascariasis
5548:Ascaridida
5339:D. immitis
5318:Mansonella
5310:filariasis
5277:Filariasis
5204:Roundworm/
4921:Lung fluke
4790:S. mekongi
4731:caused by
4590:2009-07-16
4566:: 159–164.
4549:: 283–302.
4532:: 451–454.
4519:: 441–444.
4506:: 281–282.
4482:: 303–304.
4089:2016-05-24
3639:10126/3484
3336:: 186–93.
2886:References
2874:See also:
2860:S. mansoni
2844:S. mansoni
2819:life cycle
2736:morphology
2682:S. mansoni
2624:hemoglobin
2576:Morphology
2312:S. mekongi
2302:S. mekongi
2278:, and the
2250:S. mansoni
2157:, and the
1120:as hosts.
1070:S. mekongi
1034:S. indicum
1003:S. indicum
984:grouping.
966:S. matthei
962:S. leiperi
943:S. leiperi
883:S. mansoni
804:The genus
776:S. mekongi
751:S. mekongi
715:S. mansoni
707:S. mansoni
697:S. mansoni
687:S. leiperi
464:infections
449:trematodes
87:newspapers
5365:B. timori
5263:Spirurida
5209:infection
5106:Taeniasis
5099:T. solium
4863:D. hospes
4746:infection
4741:Flatworm/
3185:: 20954.
2928:10 August
2906:10 August
2870:Treatment
2807:subfamily
2779:Bilharzia
2763:Bilharzia
2751:Bilharzia
2695:parasites
2648:dioecious
2601:esophagus
2586:syncytial
2542:ruminants
2482:Caribbean
2430:East Asia
2264:Venezuela
2194:East Asia
2155:Near East
1778:sp. from
1265:based on
1263:cladogram
1257:Cladogram
1247:hematuria
1219:Diama Dam
1209:In 2009,
1053:japonicum
1009:S. nasale
900:The nine
862:The four
824:japonicum
763:japonicum
734:japonicum
729:S. nasale
658:parasite
587:parasites
539:Evolution
501:dioecious
460:flatworms
457:parasitic
216:Trematoda
192:Kingdom:
186:Eukaryota
117:July 2016
5815:Q1457418
5809:Wikidata
5690:Oxyurida
5571:Anisakis
5463:hookworm
5412:Thelazia
5227:Spiruria
5207:Nematode
4663:11292639
4584:BBC News
4345:: 53–76.
4320:22253936
4269:13309839
4261:22246508
4210:19606141
4150:19606140
4083:The Loom
4007:16629320
3951:30821247
3921:Parasite
3894:27197551
3849:19730700
3787:12760671
3703:21696073
3695:11721191
3656:25582541
3648:12018199
3602:22737354
3594:17822572
3558:20602771
3507:11121161
3499:11199850
3464:23973239
3456:12954014
3420:16730013
3350:23220360
3311:26230619
3260:40281441
3252:12211613
3217:26879532
3160:18890027
3152:22581244
3114:21930247
3079:19014940
3044:20608188
3021:18350111
2965:12906881
2856:proteins
2609:mesoderm
2589:tegument
2272:Antilles
2268:Suriname
2222:zoonosis
2129:. Known
1097:forms a
1038:Thailand
978:S. bovis
907:S. bovis
854:group).
800:Taxonomy
745:Pliocene
719:Holocene
679:S. bovis
631:elephant
604:between
602:Gondwana
583:Cenozoic
507:between
271:Species
263:Weinland
232:Family:
202:Phylum:
196:Animalia
182:Domain:
5997:1359742
5935:1328669
5909:5967488
5591:T. cati
5308:Loa loa
5301:Loa loa
5043:Cestoda
4311:3254664
4201:2756445
4180:Bibcode
4141:3747554
4120:Bibcode
3998:2519025
3942:6396650
3902:3725312
3840:2731855
3752:9509173
3549:2914737
3385:8026909
3302:4521948
3208:4754680
3187:Bibcode
3012:2265426
2852:enzymes
2740:Distoma
2689:History
2620:globins
2395:Bulinus
2375:Bulinus
2198:Pacific
2164:Bulinus
1238:river.
1232:Corsica
1171:Hybrids
998:indicum
865:mansoni
845:mansoni
836:mansoni
818:indicum
786:Hungary
737:group.
591:rodents
565:species
486:malaria
484:(after
482:disease
470:termed
252:Genus:
222:Order:
212:Class:
101:scholar
5984:191485
5968:NZOR:
5922:417416
5883:1SCHSG
5101:(pork)
4661:
4651:
4465:: 117.
4398:
4318:
4308:
4267:
4259:
4208:
4198:
4172:Nature
4148:
4138:
4112:Nature
4061:
4005:
3995:
3949:
3939:
3927:: 10.
3900:
3892:
3847:
3837:
3795:948644
3793:
3785:
3750:
3701:
3693:
3654:
3646:
3600:
3592:
3556:
3546:
3532:: 57.
3505:
3497:
3462:
3454:
3418:
3383:
3348:
3309:
3299:
3258:
3250:
3215:
3205:
3158:
3150:
3112:
3077:
3042:
3019:
3009:
2963:
2703:German
2667:Genome
2474:Africa
2402:Africa
2382:Africa
2260:Brazil
2256:Africa
2112:Africa
1115:family
1020:snails
677:group
644:cattle
529:Larvae
513:female
497:plexus
468:humans
265:, 1858
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5992:WoRMS
5948:55319
5930:IRMNG
5870:62807
5857:7PYYQ
5844:29039
4654:88974
4494:See:
4449:See:
4390:[
4349:Bilh.
4265:S2CID
3898:S2CID
3870:(PDF)
3791:S2CID
3699:S2CID
3652:S2CID
3598:S2CID
3503:S2CID
3460:S2CID
3256:S2CID
3156:S2CID
2848:genes
2811:Looss
2769:name
2767:genus
2748:genus
2732:worms
2710:Egypt
2612:cells
2605:caeca
2597:mouth
2470:spp.
2450:spp.
2426:China
2422:spp.
2398:spp.
2131:snail
1249:from
1228:N'Der
1204:Kenya
1101:with
1099:clade
1087:China
1028:India
790:China
648:sheep
557:genus
521:feces
517:urine
445:genus
443:is a
108:JSTOR
94:books
5961:6181
5956:NCBI
5943:ITIS
5904:GBIF
5878:EPPO
5839:BOLD
5666:spp.
4659:PMID
4396:ISBN
4316:PMID
4257:PMID
4206:PMID
4146:PMID
4059:ISBN
4003:PMID
3947:PMID
3890:PMID
3845:PMID
3783:PMID
3748:PMID
3691:PMID
3644:PMID
3590:PMID
3554:PMID
3495:PMID
3452:PMID
3416:PMID
3381:PMID
3346:PMID
3307:PMID
3248:PMID
3213:PMID
3148:PMID
3110:PMID
3075:PMID
3040:PMID
3017:PMID
2961:PMID
2930:2011
2908:2011
2864:fats
2836:and
2821:of
2701:, a
2679:and
2652:i.e.
2566:and
2552:and
2378:spp
2240:and
2110:and
2108:Asia
2076:and
1236:Cavu
1185:Loum
1079:and
1067:and
1051:The
1012:and
996:The
980:and
964:and
952:and
886:and
833:and
794:Iran
792:and
755:Asia
727:and
709:and
689:and
681:and
656:goat
652:goat
642:The
621:The
611:and
571:and
533:host
511:and
509:male
163:egg
80:news
5865:EoL
5852:CoL
4649:PMC
4641:doi
4306:PMC
4296:doi
4247:hdl
4237:doi
4196:PMC
4188:doi
4176:460
4136:PMC
4128:doi
4116:460
3993:PMC
3985:doi
3937:PMC
3929:doi
3882:doi
3835:PMC
3825:doi
3775:doi
3740:doi
3683:doi
3634:hdl
3626:doi
3582:doi
3578:134
3544:PMC
3534:doi
3487:doi
3444:doi
3440:127
3408:doi
3373:doi
3338:doi
3297:PMC
3287:doi
3240:doi
3236:125
3203:PMC
3195:doi
3140:doi
3102:doi
3067:doi
3063:121
3007:PMC
2997:doi
2953:doi
2286:or
916:,
625:to
614:120
523:to
519:or
495:or
466:in
447:of
63:by
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