Sawfly - Knowledge

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the underside of foliage. Upon removing larvae and/or the affected leaves from plants, they may be dispatched by squishing, or, alternatively, the cut leaves with larvae still attached may be fed to birds; if larger animals do not prey upon them, other insects will. However, this is not practical or useful for some, thus the larvae can be quickly dispatched by simply dropping foliage into a vessel of plain or saltwater, diluted hydrogen peroxide or isopropyl alcohol, insecticidal soap, or other garden chemical. In large-scale, industrial settings, where beneficial insect predators can also be used to eliminate larvae, as well as parasites, which have both been previously used in control programs. Small trees can be sprayed with a number of chemicals, including

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stages that sawflies go through, lasting 2 – 4 months, but this also depends on the species. When fully grown, the larvae emerge from the trees en masse and burrow themselves into the soil to pupate. During their time outside, the larvae may link up to form a large colony if many other individuals are present. They gather in large groups during the day which gives them protection from potential enemies, and during the night they disperse to feed. The emergence of adults takes awhile, with some emerging anywhere between a couple months to 2 years. Some will reach the ground to form pupal chambers, but others may spin a cocoon attached to a leaf. Larvae that feed on wood will pupate in the tunnels they have constructed. In one species, the

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larvae have four to six eyes on each side of the head. Sawfly larvae behave like lepidopteran larvae, walking about and eating foliage. Some groups have larvae that are eyeless and almost legless; these larvae make tunnels in plant tissues including wood. Many species of sawfly larvae are strikingly coloured, exhibiting colour combinations such as black and white while others are black and yellow. This is a

4801: 2045:) are specially adapted for the task of drilling through bark. Once the incision has been made, the female will lay as many as 30 to 90 eggs. Females avoid the shade when laying their eggs because the larvae develop much slower and may not even survive, and they may not also survive if they are laid on immature and glaucous leaves. Hence, female sawflies search for young adult leaves to lay their eggs on. 739: 2149: 1928:. Braconid wasps attack sawflies in many regions throughout the world, in which they are ectoparasitoids, meaning that the larvae live and feed outside of the hosts body; braconids have more of an impact on sawfly populations in the New World than they do in the Old World, possibly because there are no ichneumonid parasitoids in North America. Some braconid wasps that attack sawflies include 1952:. Female braconids locate sawfly larvae through the vibrations they produce when feeding, followed by inserting the ovipostior and paralysing the larva before laying eggs inside the host. These eggs hatch inside the larva within a few days, where they feed on the host. The entire host's body may be consumed by the braconid larvae, except for the head capsule and 1053: 2065:

within the circle; this silk hammock never touches the lower cuticle. Once inside, the upper-cuticle's disc separates and descends towards the surface with the larvae attaching themselves to the hammock. Once they reach the round, the larvae work their way into a sheltered area by jerking their discs

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Sawflies are hosts to many parasitoids, most of which are parasitic Hymenoptera; more than 40 species are known to attack them. However, information regarding these species is minimal, and fewer than 10 of these species actually cause a significant impact on sawfly populations. Many of these species

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Alternative measures to control sawflies can be taken. Small-scale, mechanical methods include visually confirming larval presence on a plant and subsequently removing them, either by pruning damaged leaves or removing the larvae from the leaves they are on. Larvae typically try to remain hidden on

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Cummins, S.; O'Halloran, J. (2002). "An assessment of the diet of nestling Stonechats using compositional analysis: Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (sawflies, ichneumon flies, bees, wasps and ants), terrestrial larvae (moth, sawfly and beetle) and Arachnida (spiders and harvestmen) accounted for

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These eggs hatch in two to eight weeks, but such duration varies by species and also by temperature. Until the eggs have hatched, some species such as the small brown sawfly will remain with them and protects the eggs by buzzing loudly and beating her wings to deter predators. There are six larval

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regurgitate a distasteful irritating liquid, which makes predators such as ants avoid the larvae. In some species, the larvae cluster together, reducing their chances of being killed, and in some cases form together with their heads pointing outwards or tap their abdomens up and down. Some adults

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Sawflies are widely distributed throughout the world. The largest family, the Tenthredinidae, with some 5,000 species, are found on all continents except Antarctica, though they are most abundant and diverse in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere; they are absent from New Zealand and

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Many species of sawfly have retained their ancestral attributes throughout time, specifically their plant-eating habits, wing veins and the unmodified abdomen, where the first two segments appear like the succeeding segments. The absence of the narrow wasp waist distinguishes sawflies from other

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have been studied; the two species are internal larval parasitoids and have only been found in the northern hemisphere. Parasitism of sawflies by eulophids in grass exceeds 50%, but only 5% in wheat. It is unknown as to why the attack rate in wheat is low. Furthermore, some fungal and bacterial

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are present on lepidopteran larvae, whereas on sawfly larvae they are not; the prolegs of both larvae gradually disappear by the time they burrow into the ground, therefore making it difficult to distinguish the two; and sawfly larvae only have a single pair of minute eyes, whereas lepidopteran

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Heads of sawflies vary in size, shape and sturdiness, as well as the positions of the eyes and antennae. They are characterised in four head types: open head, maxapontal head, closed head and genapontal head. The open head is simplistic, whereas all the other heads are derived. The head is also

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with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult. The female uses her ovipositor to drill into plant material (or, in the case of Orussoidea, other insects) and then lays eggs in groups called rafts or pods. After hatching, larvae feed on plants, often in groups. As they approach

2037:). The lifespan of an individual sawfly is two months to two years, though the adult life stage is often very short (approximately 7 – 9 days), only long enough for the females to lay their eggs. The female uses its ovipositor to drill into plant material to lay her eggs (though the family 424:

females, which do not need to mate to produce fertilised eggs, are common in the suborder, though many species have males. The adults feed on pollen, nectar, honeydew, sap, other insects, including hemolymph of the larvae hosts; they have mouth pieces adapted to these types of feeding.

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wings. The fore and hind wings are locked together with hooks. Parallel development in sawfly wings is most frequent in the anal veins. In all sawflies, 2A and 3A tend to fuse with the first anal vein. This occurs in several families including Argidae, Diprionidae and Cimbicidae.

1588:(a sclerite that makes up an insects "face") is not divided into a pre- and postclypeus, but rather separated from the front. The antennal sclerites are fused with the surrounding head capsule, but these are sometimes separated by a suture. The number of segments in the 1752:, feeding on plants that have a high concentration of chemical defences. These insects are either resistant to the chemical substances, or they avoid areas of the plant that have high concentrations of chemicals. The larvae primarily feed in groups; they are 1576:

hypognathous, meaning that the lower mouthparts are directed downwards. When in use, the mouthparts may be directed forwards, but this is only caused when the sawfly swings its entire head forward in a pendulum motion. Unlike most primitive insects, the

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trees can regenerate quickly from damage inflicted by the larvae; however, they can be substantially damaged from outbreaks, especially if they are young. The trees can be defoliated completely and may cause "dieback", stunting or even death.

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million years ago, a lineage of sawflies evolved a parasitoid lifestyle, with carnivorous larvae that ate the eggs or larvae of other insects. Sawflies are distributed globally, though they are more diverse in the northernmost hemispheres.

592:. The three groupings have been distinguished by the true sawflies' ventral serrated or saw-like ovipositor for sawing holes in vegetation to deposit eggs, while the woodwasp ovipositor penetrates wood and the Orussidae behave as external 583:

feature. Together, the Symphyta make up less than 10% of hymenopteran species. While the terms sawfly and Symphyta have been used synonymously, the Symphyta have also been divided into three groups, true sawflies (phyllophaga),

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There are approximately 8,000 species of sawfly in more than 800 genera, although new species continue to be discovered. However, earlier studies indicated that 10,000 species grouped into about 1,000 genera were known. Early

499:-like ovipositor that is used for egg-laying, in which a female makes a slit in either a stem or plant leaf to deposit the eggs. The first known use of this name was in 1773. Sawflies are also known as "wood-wasps". 2000:

have been extensively investigated, showing that 31 species of hymenopterous and dipterous parasites attack it. These parasites have been used in successful biological control against pest sawflies, including

449:. Outbreaks of sawfly larvae can defoliate trees and may cause dieback, stunting or death. Sawflies can be controlled through the use of insecticides, natural predators and parasitoids, or mechanical methods. 2217:

can remove all the leaves late in the growing season, leaving the trees too weak to survive the winter. Little damage to trees only occurs when the tree is large or when there is minimal presence of larvae.

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which did not reflect the historical superfamilies. Such classifications were replaced by those using molecular methods, starting with Dowton and Austin (1994). As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine

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Aguiar, A.P.; Deans, A.R.; Engel, M.S.; Forshage, M.; Huber, J.T.; Jennings, J.T.; Johnson, N.F.; Lelej, A.S.; Longino, J.T.; Lohrmann, V.; Mikó, I.; Ohl, M.; Rasmussen, C.; Taeger, A.; Yu, D.S.K. (2013).

2057:) forms a cocoon which can act like a parachute. The larvae live in sycamore trees and do not damage the upper or lower cuticles of leaves that they feed on. When fully developed, they cut small 2041:

lay their eggs in other insects). Plant-eating sawflies most commonly are associated with leafy material but some specialize on wood, and the ovipositors of these species (such as the family

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Ten species of wasps in the family Ichneumonidae attack sawfly populations, although these species are usually rare. The most important parasitoids in this family are species in the genus

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Sharkey, M.J.; Carpenter, J.M.; Vilhelmsen, L.; Heraty, J.; Liljeblad, J.; Dowling, A.P.G.; Schulmeister, S.; Murray, D.; Deans, A.R.; Ronquist, F.; Krogmann, L.; Wheeler, W.C. (2012).

3837: 564:, compared to the Symphyta. Consequently, there are only eight dorsal half segments in the Apocrita, against nine in the Symphyta. The larvae are distinguished in a similar way. 508: 2069:

The majority of sawfly species produce a single generation per year, but others may only have one generation every two years. Most sawflies are also female, making males rare.

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larvae (caterpillars). However, several morphological differences can distinguish the two: while both larvae share three pairs of thoracic legs and an apical pair of abdominal

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are improving the understanding of relationships between the superfamilies, resulting in revisions at the level of superfamily and family. The Symphyta are the most primitive (

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The primary distinction between sawflies and the Apocrita – the ants, bees, and wasps – is that the adults lack a "wasp waist", and instead have a broad connection between the

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such as regurgitating irritating liquid and clustering together for safety in numbers. Sawflies are hosts to many parasitoids, most of which are Hymenoptera, the rest being

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larvae defoliated 500,000 hectares (1,200,000 acres) in the largest outbreak in Finland, between 1998 and 2001. Up to 75% of the trees may die after such outbreaks, as

1086:(one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which 495:, meaning 'grown together', referring to the group's distinctive lack of a wasp waist between prostomium and peristomium. Its common name, "sawfly", derives from the 4414:"Phylogeography of two parthenogenetic sawfly species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): relationship of population genetic differentiation to host plant distribution" 4186: 2532:

Handbuch der zoologie: bd. Arthropoden, bearb. von A. Gerstaecker. Raderthiere, würmer, echinodermen, coelenteraten und protozoen, bearb. von J. Victor Carus. 1863

1659:, lepidopteran caterpillars have four pairs of prolegs on abdominal segments 3–6 while sawfly larvae have five pairs of prolegs located on abdominal segments 2–6; 4721: 1530: 4446: 1514:

similar to wasps and bees, and the ovipositor can be mistaken for a stinger. Most sawflies are stubby and soft-bodied, and fly weakly. Sawflies vary in length:

6553: 1619:, as well as the exoskeletal plates that connect with these segments. The legs have spurs on their fourth segments, the tibiae. Sawflies have two pairs of 1721:

are mainly Holarctic with some tropical species. The parasitic Orussidae are found worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The wood-boring

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were plentiful during these time periods, in which Tertiary faunas were dominated by the tribe Xyelini; these are indicative of a humid and warm climate.

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within the Hymenoptera (some going back 250 million years), and one of the taxa within the Symphyta gave rise to the monophyletic suborder Apocrita (

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Wang, M.; Gao, T.; Shih, C.; Rasinitsyn, A.P.; Ren, D. (2016). "The diversity and phylogeny of Mesozoic Symphyta (Hymenoptera) from Northeastern China".

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Cayford, J.T. (1990). "Distribution and habitat preferences of Black Grouse in commercial forests in Wales: conservation and management implications".

2033:, meaning that females do not need fertilization to create viable eggs. Unfertilized eggs develop as male, while fertilized eggs develop into females ( 1965: 1942: 1737: 5584: 5404: 5347: 420:

Adult sawflies are short-lived, with a life expectancy of 7–9 days, though the larval stage can last from months to years, depending on the species.

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Müller, Caroline; Brakefield, P.M. (2003). "Analysis of a chemical defense in sawfly larvae: easy bleeding targets predatory wasps in late summer".

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Taeger, A.; Blank, S.M. (1996). "Kommentare zur Taxonomie der Symphyta (Hymenoptera): Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Pflanzenwespen, Teil 1".

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in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. Symphyta is

5702: 5664: 5579: 5424: 4586: 1963:. Unlike braconids, the larvae are endoparasitoids, meaning that the larvae live and feed inside the hosts body. One well known ichneumonid is 1930: 1756:, eating plants and fruits on native trees and shrubs, though some are parasitic. However, this is not always the case; Monterey pine sawfly ( 5924: 5684: 5649: 5539: 3442: 2888:

Wang, M.; Rasinitsyn, A.P.; Ren, Dong (2014). "Two new fossil sawflies (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae, Xyelinae) from the Middle Jurassic of China".

1681:, with some 800 species, is also worldwide, but is most common in the tropics, especially in Africa, where they feed on woody and herbaceous 6162: 5707: 1758: 3848: 6548: 6543: 6538: 690: 560:. In his description, Gerstaecker distinguished the two groups by the transfer of the first abdominal segment to the thorax in the 6459: 4823: 1973:. Recorded parasitism rates in Europe are between 20–76%, and as many as eight eggs can be found in a single larva, but only one 433:

adulthood, the larvae seek a protected spot to pupate, typically in bark or the soil. Large populations of species such as the

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individual will emerge from its host. The larva may remain inside of their host until spring, where it emerges and pupates.

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million years of age, making it among the oldest of all sawfly fossils. More Xyelid fossils have been discovered from the

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Mao, M.; Gibson, T.; Dowton, M. (2015). "Higher-level phylogeny of the Hymenoptera inferred from mitochondrial genomes".

2166: 6510: 4190: 4727: 3661: 4450: 2358:: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" 313:, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. The name is associated especially with the 6425: 3738: 2230:. Different species prefer different host plants, often being specific to a family or genus of hosts. For example, 1784:

Sawflies are eaten by a wide variety of predators. While many birds find the larvae distasteful, some such as the

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Several species in the family Eulophidae attack sawflies, although their impact is low. Two species in the genus

1800:) eat both adults and larvae. The larvae are an important food source for the chicks of several birds, including 3384:

gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China"

3133:"Terrestrial arthropods of Steel Creek, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. II. Sawflies (Insecta: Hymenoptera: " 523: 511: 211: 1996:, have led scientists to investigate and possibly collect their natural enemies to control them. Parasites of 1733: 6472: 1620: 2108: 6558: 4025:"The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European Pine Sawfly" 2096: 4024: 1837: 1597: 1585: 1905: 1518:, which can be mistaken as a wasp due to its black-and-yellow striped body, can grow up to 20 mm ( 3019:"Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis" 1916:

attack their hosts in the grass or in other parasitoids. Well known and important parasitoids include

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The Symphyta have therefore traditionally been considered, alongside the Apocrita, to form one of two

6487: 4878: 4805: 1878: 1821: 144: 4605: 2714: 2326: 1773: 1660: 410: 391: 17: 3459: 2017: 1894: 1852:) predate heavily on sawfly cocoons. Insects such as ants and certain species of predatory wasps ( 947: 623: 341: 3339: 329:

groups within the order Hymenoptera, each one rooted inside the previous group, ending with the

318: 6500: 6337: 4388: 2709: 2265:, has a long ovipositor, which with its black and yellow colouration make it a good mimic of a 1845: 4538: 4348:

Morris, K.R.S.; Cameron, E.; Jepson, W.F. (1937). "The insect parasites of the spruce sawfly (

2563: 6495: 4264: 3880:(Report). Peterborough, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Report. no 227. p. 27. 3683:

Bandeili, B.; Müller, C. (2009). "Folivory versus florivory—adaptiveness of flower feeding".

2269:. Despite the alarming appearance, the insect cannot sting. The eggs are laid in the wood of 1820:) chicks show a strong preference for sawfly larvae. Sawfly larvae formed 43% of the diet of 1083: 627: 326: 309:, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the 4380: 3205:

Rasnitsyn, A.P. (1988). "An outline of evolution of hymenopterous insects (order Vespida)".

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Engel, M.S. (2005). "A new sawfly from the Triassic of Queensland (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae)".

2461: 6407: 6384: 4871: 4141: 4074: 3976: 3931: 3692: 3395: 3245: 2983: 2940: 2897: 2769: 2758:"Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes in basal hymenopterans" 2662: 1668:

because some larvae can secrete irritating fluids from glands located on their undersides.

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Müller, C.; Barker, A.; Boevé, J.-L.; De Jong, P.W.; De Vos, H.; Brakefield, P.M. (2004).

4282:(Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an important native parasite of the wheat stem sawfly, 3444:

Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects: VI Hymenoptera 2 Symphyta Section (b)

2120: 1874:) occasionally consume laid eggs, and several species of beetle larvae prey on the pupae. 280: 8: 4086: 2201: 1061: 4145: 4078: 3980: 3935: 3873:

Campbell, L.H.; Avery, M.I.; Donald, P.; Evans, A.D.; Green, R.E.; Wilson, J.D. (1997).

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Nearctic Sawflies III. Heterarthrinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

3332: 2430: 2132: 611:. Despite these limitations, the terms have utility and are common in the literature. 386: in). The larvae are caterpillar-like, but can be distinguished by the number of 6533: 5767: 5599: 5282: 4767: 4747: 4678: 4657: 4617: 4595: 4571: 4430: 4413: 4392: 4381: 4258: 4216: 4167: 4098: 4090: 3881: 3739:"Foraging behaviour and nestling diet of Chestnut-Backed chickadees in monterey pine" 3708: 3638: 3568: 3451: 3423: 3343: 3273: 3268: 3233: 3168: 3113: 3093: 3035: 3018: 2917: 2849: 2826: 2818: 2795: 2727: 2723: 2678: 2576: 2544: 2509: 2379: 2075: 1589: 1511: 4842: 4695:

Nearctic Sawflies I. Blennocampinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

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Predators include birds, insects and small animals. The larvae of some species have

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Nearctic Sawflies II. Selandriinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

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of Hymenoptera. Symphyta are the more primitive group, with comparatively complete

345: 2327:"Ueber die Gattung Oxybelus Latr. und die bei Berlin vorkommenden Arten derselben" 572: 30:

This article is about the hymenopteran suborder Symphyta. For the moth genus, see

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Nearctic Sawflies IV. Allantinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

4707: 4693: 4672: 4651: 4565: 3408: 3338:. Vol. 16 (3rd ed.). Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 2530: 2030: 1882: 1777: 1686: 1491: 1334: 1306: 792: 761: 674: 654: 421: 314: 260: 31: 6477: 4494: 4472: 3055: 2674: 2399:"Mouthpart evolution in adults of the basal, 'symphytan', hymenopteran lineages" 848: 6433: 6420: 6177: 5929: 5802: 5717: 5679: 5569: 5559: 5554: 5490: 5429: 5360: 5319: 5299: 5259: 5230: 5025: 4863: 4854: 4570:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. 3889: 3238:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2634: 2374: 2353: 2261: 2182: 1690: 1466: 1386: 1173: 1087: 240: 4365: 3989: 3960: 3944: 3915: 3793: 3704: 3234:"Molecular phylogeny of the insect order Hymenoptera: apocritan relationships" 3109: 2995: 2029:

with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult. Many species are

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Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2006). "Ontology of evolution and methodology of taxonomy".

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vary from six in the Accorduleceridae to 30 or more in the Pamphiliidae. The

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Looney, C.; Smith, D.R; Collman, S.J.; Langor, D.W.; Peterson, M.A. (2016).

3258: 2952: 2909: 876: 6320: 6281: 6182: 6144: 6127: 5893: 5856: 5848: 5742: 5732: 5722: 5634: 5604: 5500: 5472: 5452: 5434: 5272: 5115: 5107: 5065: 4938: 4171: 4125: 4102: 3712: 3427: 3172: 2830: 2799: 2731: 2697: 2682: 2580: 2548: 2540: 2383: 2302: 2236: 2227: 2195: 2154: 1829: 1813: 1805: 1722: 1644: 1411: 1260: 1111: 1056: 647: 615: 604: 446: 434: 227: 3277: 1769: 6446: 6399: 6369: 6167: 6149: 6054: 6033: 6007: 5919: 5906: 5838: 5830: 5820: 5812: 5654: 5644: 5624: 5574: 5564: 5524: 5467: 5444: 5419: 5409: 5375: 5324: 5086: 5009: 4895: 4619:

A Generic Classification of the Nearctic Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)

2274: 2246: 2231: 2174: 2170: 2058: 2034: 1702: 1698: 1665: 1652: 1635: 1475: 1362: 1120: 1070: 716: 618:, as is Hymenoptera, the Symphyta has long been seen to be paraphyletic. 597: 593: 519: 442: 306: 196: 55: 3618: 3601: 3153: 1528: in) in length, but among the largest sawflies ever discovered was 122: 6289: 6273: 6265: 6254: 6246: 6225: 6172: 6049: 6041: 5999: 5973: 5901: 5781: 5747: 5659: 5619: 5609: 5594: 5457: 5339: 5314: 5238: 5202: 5078: 5001: 4516: 4299: 4162: 4043: 3765: 3602:"Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) newly recorded from Washington State" 2822: 2294: 2038: 1921: 1917: 1901: 1898: 1863: 1749: 1725:

are worldwide, but most species live in the subtropical parts of Asia.

1706: 1694: 1682: 1631: 1612: 1608: 1348: 1276: 1198: 902: 843: 678: 600: 482: 403: 399: 310: 255: 245: 100: 65: 4635: 4387:(7th ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2781: 1881:. While adults are unable to sting, the larvae of species such as the 1052: 6451: 6242: 6238: 6192: 6157: 6083: 6075: 6062: 6012: 5986: 5944: 5914: 5794: 5789: 5762: 5727: 5712: 5614: 5589: 5544: 5516: 5462: 5414: 5370: 5365: 5352: 5157: 5149: 5128: 4926: 4914: 4849:

ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

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in the upper cuticle to form a circle. After this, they weave a silk

1982: 1953: 1859: 1801: 1785: 1753: 1718: 1714: 1616: 1601: 1423: 1290: 1212: 1150: 1136: 815: 729: 619: 589: 585: 576: 568: 490: 457: 395: 322: 270: 232: 176: 156: 105: 6331: 4829: 4215:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. p. 96. 3757: 1580:(rigid joints between two or more hard elements on an organism) and 911: 820: 6354: 6187: 5960: 5870: 5689: 5529: 5178: 5136: 5094: 5044: 5038: 5017: 4949: 4932: 4788: 2298: 2190: 2159: 2042: 1956:. The larvae complete their development within two or three weeks. 1793: 1710: 1581: 1495: 1432: 1376: 930: 906: 765: 733: 686: 682: 662: 561: 538:. However, four years later in 1867, he described just two groups, 453: 438: 330: 299: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 4006:

Proceedings of the International Union Game of Biologists Congress

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Skvarla, M.J.; Smith, D.R.; Fisher, D.M.; Dowling, A.P.G. (2016).

1562: in). The smaller species only reach lengths of 2.5 mm ( 1458: 6117: 5963:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets) 4985: 4855:

Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Sawflies, ‘Symphyta’

3920:

in southern England examined by compositional analysis of faeces"

2270: 2062: 1867: 1766:

trees inside a silken web. The adults feed on pollen and nectar.

1678: 1677:

there are few of them in Australia. The next largest family, the

1627: 1320: 1157: 556:. Consequently, the name Symphyta is given to Gerstaecker as the 473: 414: 352:. Sawflies vary in length, most measuring 2.5 to 20 millimetres ( 349: 337: 110: 85: 4726:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. Archived from 3378:

Gao, T.; Shih, C.; Rasnitsyn, A.P.; Ren, D.; Laudet, V. (2013).

3075: 3073: 2695: 1987:

diseases are known to infect eggs and pupa in warm wet weather.

1812:), with sawfly larvae being eaten more frequently on cool days. 1804:. Sawfly and moth larvae form one third of the diet of nestling 6233: 5549: 4920: 4908: 4800: 3635:

Herbivores: Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites

2698:"Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera" 2305:, etc., if removing larvae from trees is not effective enough. 2285:. The larvae eat tunnels in the wood, causing economic damage. 2278: 2266: 1656: 1078: 738: 507: 387: 186: 166: 6412: 2148: 1858:) eat adult sawflies and the larvae, as do lizards and frogs. 1041:

Symphyta (red bar) are paraphyletic as Apocrita are excluded.

5392: 4588:

Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification guide to families

4314: 3450:. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. p. 51. 3070: 2282: 2234:

larvae, emerging in summer, can quickly defoliate species of

1639: 646:). In cladistic analyses the Orussoidea are consistently the 631: 348:

of wasps and bees, and the ovipositor can be mistaken for a

6125: 4331: 4329: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 3361: 3359: 2592: 2590: 2244:

and other freshwater species. Similarly the rose sawflies,

2206: 2025:

Like all other hymenopteran insects, sawflies go through a

1239: 942: 635: 542: 295: 3296: 3284: 452:

Sawflies first appeared 250 million years ago in the

6209: 6104: 6096: 3130: 2193:. Species in the Diprionidae, such as the pine sawflies, 938: 934: 643: 639: 496: 489:

The suborder name "Symphyta" derives from the Greek word

478: 372: in); the largest known sawfly measured 55 mm ( 4411: 4326: 4229: 3872: 3599: 3356: 2587: 2350: 4263:. Vol. 2. Alberta: University of Alberta. p. 3875:

A Review of the Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Birds

3637:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science. p. 190. 2756:

Song, S.-N.; Tang, P.; Wei, S.-J.; Chen, X.-X. (2016).

2535:(in German). Leipzig, Germany: Engelmann. p. 189. 1596:

are large with a number of facets, and there are three

681:, but the family was less diverse then than during the 653:

The oldest unambiguous sawfly fossils date back to the

4126:"Anti-predator defence mechanisms in sawfly larvae of 3562: 1600:

between the dorsal portions of the compound eyes. The

4213:

Ecological Experiments: Purpose, Design and Execution

3778: 3563:

Adams, C.; Early, M.; Brook, J.; Bamford, K. (2014).

3532: 3498: 3496: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 2930: 2848:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Elsevier Science. p. 85. 1584:(hardened body parts) are obsolescent or absent. The 1534:

from the Mesozoic, with a body length of 55 mm (

1077:, based on morphology and behaviour, identified nine 394:

in sawfly larvae. The great majority of sawflies are

1439: 1393: 1369: 1355: 1341: 1327: 1313: 1297: 1283: 1267: 1253: 1235: 1219: 1205: 1183: 1170: 1161: 1143: 1127: 1098: 237: 4347: 4286:Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), in Western Canada". 4256: 3958: 3377: 2346: 2344: 4674:Hymenoptera, Unterordnung Symphyta: Pflanzenwespen 4649: 3632: 3581: 3544: 3520: 3508: 3493: 3469: 3331: 3308: 2751: 2749: 2497: 2320: 2318: 477:Sawfly laying eggs in a plant, using the serrated 4755:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. 4715:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. 4701:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. 4541:. Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project 4447:"The common pine sawfly – a troublesome relative" 4378: 4123: 3736: 3481: 3091: 2887: 2817:. Frankfurt: Waldemar Kramer. pp. 291, 359. 2648: 2646: 2644: 2508:(2nd ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 1344. 2459: 2331:Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 1886:bear black and yellow markings that mimic wasps. 665:, are the oldest of all Hymenoptera. One fossil, 6525: 4893: 4379:Hartman, J.R.; Pirone, T.P.; Sall, M.A. (2000). 4278:Nelson, W.A.; Farstad, C.W. (2012). "Biology of 4124:Petre, C.-A.; Detrain, C.; Boevé, J.-L. (2007). 4064: 3016: 2528: 2396: 2341: 1762:) larvae are solitary web-spinners that feed on 1604:comprises the whole inner skeleton of the head. 4830:Symphyta" - Sawflies, Horntails, and Wood Wasps 4763:Sawfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants 3847:. Government of South Australia. Archived from 2755: 2746: 2652: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2315: 1651:The larvae of sawflies are easily mistaken for 1090:is by far the largest with some 5,500 species. 4653:Recent Sawfly Research Synthesis and Prospects 3845:Department of Primary Industries and Resources 3682: 2641: 2012: 4879: 4650:Blank, S.M.; Schmidt, S.; Taeger, A. (2006). 4444: 4277: 3913: 3567:. New York, New York: Routledge. p. 18. 2616:"Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera" 2503: 1990:Outbreaks of certain sawfly species, such as 1780:larvae grouped together for safety in numbers 1104: 696:The cladogram is based on Schulmeister 2003. 6554:Taxa named by Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker 4622:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois. 3732: 3730: 3329: 3231: 3092:Taeger, A.; Blank, S.M.; Liston, A. (2010). 2602: 2575:. London, UK: John van Voorst. p. 307. 4759: 4584: 3365: 3302: 3290: 3185: 2596: 2572:The Zoological Record: Insecta, Volumes 3-4 2324: 2143: 4886: 4872: 3952: 3831: 1506:members of hymenoptera, although some are 669:from Queensland is between 205.6 and 221.5 614:While most hymenopteran superfamilies are 121: 4766:. San Diego, California: Academic Press. 4429: 4418:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4161: 3988: 3965:in the Pennine hills of northern England" 3943: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3727: 3633:Rosenthal, G.A.; Berenbaum, M.R. (1991). 3617: 3417: 3407: 3267: 3257: 3204: 3162: 3152: 3094:"World catalog of symphyta (Hymenoptera)" 3034: 3023:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2973: 2789: 2713: 2529:Carus, J.V.; Gerstaecker, C.E.A. (1863). 2414: 2403:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2373: 1828:). Small carnivorous mammals such as the 661:Triassic. These fossils, from the family 460:, has existed into the presents. Over 200 437:can cause substantial damage to economic 4563: 4335: 4320: 4244: 4210: 4184: 3835: 3737:Kleintjes, P.K.; Dahlsten, D.L. (1994). 3079: 3049: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2165: 2147: 2021:Adult male newly emerged from its cocoon 2016: 1893: 1768: 1732: 1728: 1626: 1548: in) and a wingspan of 92 mm ( 1051: 506: 472: 398:, though the members of the superfamily 279: 4594:. Ottawa, Ontario: Agriculture Canada. 4022: 4003: 2843: 2613: 2397:Jervis, Mark; Vilhelmsen, Lars (2000). 1607:Three segments make up the thorax: the 14: 6526: 4670: 4656:. Keltern, Germany: Goecke und Evers. 3914:Brickle, N.W.; Harper, D.G.C. (1999). 3808: 3656: 3654: 3440: 2812: 2561: 6336: 6335: 4867: 4745: 4719: 4705: 4691: 4178: 2868: 2655:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2460:Australian Museum (20 October 2009). 2448: 2189:Sawflies are major economic pests of 6488:6c243daf-afed-4e3b-a3d2-9d4392b7a3b6 6439:f5f33ffb-015a-49ef-9d3d-fcf24b84a31f 4615: 3587: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3487: 3475: 1969:, which is a dominant parasitoid of 4851:– Digital Entomological Information 4824:Sawflies: a close relative of wasps 4260:Guide to Crop Protection in Alberta 4185:Phillips, Charlma (December 1992). 3961:"The habitat use and diet of Black 3651: 3565:Principles of Horticulture: Level 2 3334:International Wildlife Encyclopedia 2485:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2005:throughout the 1930s and 1950s and 24: 4760:Wagner, M.R.; Raffa, K.F. (1993). 4643: 4354:Bulletin of Entomological Research 4187:"Spitfires - Defoliating Sawflies" 4087:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000008012.73092.01 3838:"Spitfires – Defoliating Sawflies" 2815:Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten 2504:Gordh, G.; Headrick, D.H. (2011). 2416:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb00204.x 25: 6570: 6549:Extant Triassic first appearances 6544:Insect pests of temperate forests 6539:Insect pests of ornamental plants 4819:Symphyta: Encyclopædia Britannica 4781: 4445:Krokene, Paal (6 December 2014). 3780:81% of Stonechat nestling diet". 3232:Dowton, M.; Austin, A.D. (1994). 603:. The woodwasps themselves are a 514:established the suborder Symphyta 4799: 4787: 4585:Goulet, H.; Huber, J.T. (1993). 4449:. Science Nordic. Archived from 4431:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00383.x 3959:Starling-Westerberg, A. (2001). 3916:"Diet of nestling Corn Buntings 3036:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x 2871:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 2724:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x 2259:The giant woodwasp or horntail, 2209:in regions such as Scandinavia. 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 1483: 1457: 1093:Extinct taxa are indicated by a 946: 910: 875: 847: 819: 791: 764: 737: 579:, and without a "wasp-waist", a 526:divided them into three groups, 143: 53: 6065:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps) 4557: 4531: 4509: 4487: 4465: 4438: 4405: 4372: 4341: 4271: 4250: 4204: 4117: 4058: 4016: 3997: 3907: 3866: 3772: 3676: 3626: 3606:Journal of Hymenoptera Research 3593: 3556: 3434: 3371: 3330:Burton, M.; Burton, R. (2002). 3225: 3198: 3179: 3124: 3085: 3043: 3010: 2967: 2924: 2881: 2862: 2837: 2806: 2689: 1911:) emerging from a sawfly cocoon 1671: 518:In his original description of 4154:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.04.007 3219:10.1080/00305316.1988.11835485 2555: 2522: 2475: 2423: 2390: 2226:Sawflies are serious pests in 1498:with a sting, not a Symphytan. 1448: 588:or xylophaga (Siricidae), and 456:. The oldest superfamily, the 298:-like insects that are in the 13: 1: 6284:(mason bees, leafcutter bees) 4836: 4497:. Royal Horticultural Society 4475:. Royal Horticultural Society 2308: 1685:. Of the other families, the 1392:(400 genera, 5,500 spp.) and 4257:Alberta Agriculture (1988). 4134:Journal of Insect Physiology 3662:"Sawflies (Tenthredinoidae)" 3409:10.1371/journal.pone.0062420 2325:Gerstaecker, C.E.A. (1867). 1889: 702:Symphyta within Hymenoptera 502: 491: 485:for which the group is named 468: 7: 4858:Biodiversity Data Journal 2 4067:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2675:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.12.009 2013:Life cycle and reproduction 1838:northern short-tailed shrew 1047: 707: 441:, while others such as the 10: 6575: 4812: 4671:Schedl, Wolfgang. (2016). 4567:Encyclopedia of Entomology 2844:Hermann, Henry R. (1979). 2635:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25 2506:A Dictionary of Entomology 2462:"Animal Species: Sawflies" 2375:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 2205:, cause serious damage to 1822:chestnut-backed chickadees 1368:(11 genera, 136 spp.) and 1354:(16 genera, 182 spp.) and 1326:(58 genera, 897 spp.) and 1296:(11 genera, 111 spp.) and 1266:(10 genera, 291 spp.) and 1105:Superfamilies and families 846:(horntails or wood wasps) 575:, larvae that are largely 522:in 1863, German zoologist 29: 6344: 6315: 6208: 6116: 6095: 6074: 6032: 5998: 5972: 5943: 5892: 5869: 5847: 5829: 5811: 5780: 5499: 5481: 5443: 5384: 5338: 5290: 5281: 5258: 5229: 5200: 5177: 5148: 5127: 5106: 5077: 5051: 5037: 4976: 4972: 4947: 4903: 4753:(Technical Bulletin 1595) 4731:(Technical Bulletin 1420) 4713:(Technical Bulletin 1398) 4699:(Technical Bulletin 1397) 4383:Pirone's Tree Maintenance 4366:10.1017/S0007485300038840 4288:The Canadian Entomologist 4032:The Canadian Entomologist 3990:10.1080/00063650109461205 3945:10.1080/00063659909461145 3794:10.1080/00063650209461258 3705:10.1007/s00114-009-0615-9 3141:Biodiversity Data Journal 3110:10.11646/zootaxa.2580.1.1 3017:Schulmeister, S. (2003). 2996:10.1134/S003103010612001X 2256:, defoliate rose bushes. 2073:Life cycle of the sawfly 1879:anti-predator adaptations 1218:(16 genera, 82 spp.) and 928: 900: 893: 869: 862: 841: 834: 813: 806: 786: 779: 759: 752: 727: 720: 411:anti-predator adaptations 224: 219: 140:Scientific classification 138: 129: 120: 44: 3188:Beiträge zur Entomologie 2144:Relationship with humans 2009:in the 1930s and 1940s. 1877:The larvae have several 1774:Anti-predator adaptation 1438:(5 genera, 63 spp.) and 1340:(2 genera, 12 spp.) and 1252:(1 genera, 42 spp.) and 333:which are not sawflies. 325:, consisting of several 5068:(web-spinning sawflies) 4843:Taxonomy of Hymenoptera 4628:10.5962/bhl.title.50339 4564:Capinera, J.L. (2008). 4211:Hairston, N.G. (1989). 4189:. PIRSA. Archived from 4130:(Hymenoptera, Argidae)" 3366:Goulet & Huber 1993 3303:Goulet & Huber 1993 3291:Goulet & Huber 1993 3259:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9911 2976:Paleontological Journal 2953:10.1111/1755-6724.12662 2910:10.1111/1755-6724.12269 2597:Goulet & Huber 1993 2079:, the bristly rose slug 1907:Dahlbominus fuscipennis 667:Archexyela ipswichensis 624:molecular phylogenetics 286:Nematus septentrionalis 6195:(thread-waisted wasps) 6023:(sierolomorphid wasps) 5955:(rhopalosomatid wasps) 5160:(parasitic wood wasps) 4023:Holling, C.S. (1959). 2614:Sharkey, M.J. (2007). 2541:10.5962/bhl.title.1399 2186: 2163: 2027:complete metamorphosis 2022: 1912: 1850:Peromyscus maniculatus 1781: 1745: 1744:) larva in a rose stem 1648: 1065: 536:Hymenoptera phytophaga 515: 486: 430:complete metamorphosis 428:Sawflies go through a 288: 6496:Paleobiology Database 4677:. Walter de Gruyter. 3836:Phillips, C. (1992). 3465:on 24 September 2015. 3441:Benson, R.B. (1952). 3382:Hoplitolyda duolunica 3082:, pp. 3250–3252. 2933:Acta Geologica Sinica 2890:Acta Geologica Sinica 2562:Dallas, W.S. (1867). 2169: 2158:is a serious pest of 2151: 2020: 1897: 1772: 1736: 1729:Behaviour and ecology 1630: 1531:Hoplitolyda duolunica 1417:(28 genera, 146 spp.) 1382:(60 genera, 442 spp.) 1055: 510: 476: 317:, by far the largest 283: 6434:Fauna Europaea (new) 4808:at Wikimedia Commons 4746:Smith, D.R. (1979). 4720:Smith, D.R. (1971). 4706:Smith, D.R. (1969). 4692:Smith, D.R. (1969). 4352:, Htg.) in Europe". 4323:, p. 1827–1828. 3963:Grouse Tetrao tetrix 2181:, showing damage to 1748:Sawflies are mostly 1742:Hartigia trimaculata 1478:. It does not sting. 558:zoological authority 532:Hymenoptera apocrita 528:Hymenoptera aculeata 344:. Some sawflies are 6559:Paraphyletic groups 5004:(cimbicid sawflies) 4616:Ross, H.H. (1937). 4495:"Large rose sawfly" 4453:on 29 November 2016 4146:2007JInsP..53..668P 4079:2003JCEco..29.2683M 3981:2001BirdS..48...76S 3936:1999BirdS..46..319B 3895:on 22 December 2015 3697:2010NW.....97...79B 3685:Naturwissenschaften 3619:10.3897/JHR.49.7104 3400:2013PLoSO...862420G 3250:1994PNAS...91.9911D 3154:10.3897/BDJ.4.e8830 2988:2006PalJ...40S.679R 2945:2016AcGlS..90..376W 2902:2014AcGlS..88.1027W 2813:Hennig, W. (1969). 2774:2016NatSR...620972S 2667:2015MolPE..84...34M 2570:: Günther, A.C.L.G 2354:"Order Hymenoptera 2202:Neodiprion sertifer 2051:jumping-disc sawfly 1666:warning colouration 1062:Syntexis libocedrii 445:are major pests in 390:and the absence of 27:Suborder of insects 5089:(cedar wood wasps) 5012:(conifer sawflies) 4733:on 21 October 2020 4517:"Great Wood Wasps" 4300:10.4039/Ent85103-3 4193:on 6 November 2009 4044:10.4039/Ent91293-5 2762:Scientific Reports 2187: 2164: 2114:Pupa, ventral view 2023: 1913: 1842:Blarina brevicauda 1782: 1746: 1649: 1494:is a wasp-waisted 1075:Alexandr Rasnitsyn 1066: 516: 487: 289: 132:Tenthredo mesomela 6521: 6520: 6338:Taxon identifiers 6329: 6328: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6262: 6229: 6219: 6204: 6203: 6196: 6153: 6152:(cockroach wasps) 6138: 6108: 6087: 6066: 6058: 6045: 6024: 6021:Sierolomorphidae 6016: 5990: 5964: 5956: 5953:Rhopalosomatidae 5910: 5865: 5864: 5798: 5776: 5775: 5768:Trichogrammatidae 5693: 5630:Eutrichosomatidae 5600:Epichrysomallidae 5520: 5510: 5398: 5356: 5283:Proctotrupomorpha 5250: 5249:(ichneumon wasps) 5242: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5140: 5119: 5098: 5090: 5069: 5029: 5028:(common sawflies) 5021: 5020:(pergid sawflies) 5013: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4804:Media related to 4773:978-0-12-730030-6 4684:978-3-11-085790-0 4663:978-3-937783-19-2 4601:978-0-660-14933-2 4577:978-1-4020-6242-1 4398:978-0-19-802817-8 4350:Diprion polytomum 4222:978-0-521-34692-4 4073:(12): 2683–2694. 3918:Miliaria calandra 3644:978-0-323-13940-3 3574:978-1-317-93777-7 3541:, pp. 22–29. 3349:978-0-7614-7282-7 3244:(21): 9911–9915. 3050:Schulmeister, S. 2982:(S6): S679–S737. 2855:978-0-323-14979-2 2782:10.1038/srep20972 2515:978-1-84593-542-9 2102:Pupa, dorsal view 2076:Cladius difformis 2055:Phyllotoma aceris 1993:Diprion polytomum 1949:Heteropilus cephi 1826:Poecile rufescens 1810:Emberiza calandra 1390:(Latreille, 1803) 1310:(Latreille, 1803) 1242:Megalodontoidea) 1190:(Rasnitsyn, 1963) 1177:(Rasnitsyn, 1963) 1045: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1024: 1023: 1014: 1013: 1005: 1004: 996: 995: 987: 986: 978: 977: 969: 968: 960: 959: 650:to the Apocrita. 305:within the order 278: 277: 215: 16:(Redirected from 6566: 6514: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6491: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6478:NBNSYS0100005650 6468: 6467: 6455: 6454: 6442: 6441: 6429: 6428: 6416: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6333: 6332: 6283: 6275: 6268:(plasterer bees) 6267: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6151: 6137: 6136: 6135:(sphecoid wasps) 6132: 6123: 6122: 6106: 6085: 6064: 6056: 6043: 6022: 6014: 5988: 5962: 5954: 5908: 5890: 5889: 5796: 5753:Tanaostigmatidae 5691: 5675:Melanosomellidae 5518: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5397: 5396: 5388: 5354: 5310:Neuroscelionidae 5288: 5287: 5248: 5240: 5227: 5226: 5198: 5197: 5159: 5138: 5117: 5096: 5088: 5067: 5061:Megalodontesidae 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4994:Blasticotomidae 4988:(argid sawflies) 4987: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4803: 4792:Data related to 4791: 4777: 4756: 4754: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4716: 4714: 4702: 4700: 4688: 4667: 4639: 4612: 4611:on 5 March 2016. 4610: 4604:. Archived from 4593: 4581: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4539:"Giant Woodwasp" 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4227: 4226: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3888:. Archived from 3879: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3842: 3833: 3806: 3805: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3458:. Archived from 3449: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3411: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3337: 3327: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3271: 3261: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3207:Oriental Insects 3202: 3196: 3195: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3156: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3054:. Archived from 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2896:(4): 1027–1033. 2885: 2879: 2878: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2717: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2620: 2611: 2600: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2322: 2173:-like larvae of 2152:The pine sawfly 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2087: 1966:Collyria coxator 1855:Vespula vulgaris 1738:Rose stem sawfly 1697:; the Xyelidae, 1571: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1487: 1464:Giant horntail, 1461: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1416: 1407: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1353: 1352:(W. Kirby, 1837) 1343: 1339: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1311: 1299: 1295: 1294:(Billberg, 1820) 1285: 1281: 1280:(Billberg, 1820) 1269: 1265: 1255: 1251: 1247:Megalodontesidae 1237: 1233: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1203: 1191: 1185: 1178: 1172: 1163: 1156:(21 genera, 160 1155: 1145: 1141: 1129: 1126:(1 species) and 1125: 1124:(Martynov, 1925) 1116: 1115:(Martynov, 1925) 1100: 1073:such as that of 950: 914: 896: 895: 879: 865: 864: 851: 837: 836: 823: 818:(stem sawflies) 809: 808: 795: 782: 781: 768: 755: 754: 741: 723: 722: 713: 712: 708: 699: 698: 689:. The subfamily 672: 581:symplesiomorphic 524:Carl Gerstaecker 512:Carl Gerstaecker 494: 463: 385: 384: 380: 377: 371: 370: 366: 361: 360: 356: 239: 210: 148: 147: 125: 115: 52: 51:Triassic–Present 48:Temporal range: 42: 41: 21: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6494: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6450: 6445: 6437: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6406: 6398: 6396: 6388: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6340: 6330: 6325: 6299: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6200: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6112: 6091: 6086:(scoliid wasps) 6070: 6028: 5994: 5989:(tiphiid wasps) 5982:Bradynobaenidae 5968: 5939: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5861: 5843: 5825: 5807: 5772: 5585:Cynipencyrtidae 5507:(chalcid wasps) 5506: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5483:Mymarommatoidea 5477: 5439: 5405:Proctorenyxidae 5390: 5389: 5386:Proctotrupoidea 5380: 5348:Austrocynipidae 5334: 5292:Platygastroidea 5277: 5254: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5165: 5144: 5139:(stem sawflies) 5123: 5102: 5073: 5047: 5033: 5026:Tenthredinidae 4996:(fern sawflies) 4978:Tenthredinoidea 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4899: 4892: 4839: 4815: 4784: 4774: 4752: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4712: 4698: 4685: 4664: 4646: 4644:Further reading 4608: 4602: 4591: 4578: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4443: 4439: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4377: 4373: 4346: 4342: 4338:, p. 1828. 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4276: 4272: 4255: 4251: 4247:, p. 1827. 4243: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4194: 4183: 4179: 4122: 4118: 4063: 4059: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4002: 3998: 3957: 3953: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3854:on 6 April 2015 3851: 3840: 3834: 3809: 3777: 3773: 3758:10.2307/1369468 3741: 3735: 3728: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3631: 3627: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3328: 3309: 3305:, pp. 5–6. 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3230: 3226: 3203: 3199: 3184: 3180: 3129: 3125: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3058:on 21 June 2010 3048: 3044: 3015: 3011: 2972: 2968: 2929: 2925: 2886: 2882: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2842: 2838: 2811: 2807: 2754: 2747: 2715:10.1.1.721.8852 2694: 2690: 2651: 2642: 2618: 2612: 2603: 2595: 2588: 2560: 2556: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2435:Merriam-Webster 2429: 2428: 2424: 2395: 2391: 2349: 2342: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2146: 2139: 2136: 2127: 2124: 2115: 2112: 2103: 2100: 2091: 2088: 2031:parthenogenetic 2015: 1892: 1883:spitfire sawfly 1778:spitfire sawfly 1731: 1687:Blasticotomidae 1674: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1508:Batesian mimics 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1492:European hornet 1488: 1480: 1479: 1462: 1451: 1435: 1426: 1414: 1405: 1389: 1379: 1365: 1351: 1338:(Thomson, 1871) 1337: 1335:Blasticotomidae 1323: 1309: 1307:Tenthredinoidea 1293: 1279: 1264:(Cameron, 1890) 1263: 1249: 1232:(Cameron, 1890) 1231: 1215: 1201: 1189: 1176: 1153: 1139: 1123: 1114: 1107: 1050: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1015: 1006: 997: 988: 979: 970: 961: 925:wasp waist 762:Tenthredinoidea 675:Middle Jurassic 670: 505: 471: 461: 422:Parthenogenetic 382: 378: 375: 373: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 353: 346:Batesian mimics 315:Tenthredinoidea 261:Tenthredinoidea 209: 142: 116: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 50: 49: 46: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6572: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6492: 6482: 6469: 6456: 6443: 6430: 6421:Fauna Europaea 6417: 6404: 6394: 6381: 6366: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6279: 6271: 6263: 6259:stingless bees 6251:carpenter bees 6231: 6222: 6220: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6178:Pemphredonidae 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6080: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6060: 6057:(spider wasps) 6052: 6047: 6038: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6018: 6015:(flower wasps) 6010: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5958: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5930:Sclerogibbidae 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5909:(cuckoo wasps) 5904: 5898: 5896: 5887: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5803:Gasteruptiidae 5800: 5797:(ensign wasps) 5792: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5718:Pelecinellidae 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5680:Metapelmatidae 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5640:Hetreulophidae 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5570:Chrysolampidae 5567: 5562: 5560:Chalcedectidae 5557: 5555:Cerocephalidae 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5491:Mymarommatidae 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5430:Proctotrupidae 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5361:Diplolepididae 5358: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:Platygastridae 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5300:Geoscelionidae 5296: 5294: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5260:Ceraphronoidea 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247:Ichneumonidae 5244: 5235: 5233: 5231:Ichneumonoidea 5224: 5195: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5154: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4991: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4852: 4846: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4797: 4796:at Wikispecies 4783: 4782:External links 4780: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4757: 4743: 4717: 4703: 4689: 4683: 4668: 4662: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4613: 4600: 4582: 4576: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4530: 4508: 4486: 4464: 4437: 4424:(2): 219–227. 4404: 4397: 4371: 4360:(3): 341–393. 4340: 4325: 4313: 4294:(3): 103–107. 4284:Cephus cinctus 4270: 4249: 4228: 4221: 4203: 4177: 4140:(7): 668–675. 4116: 4057: 4038:(5): 293–320. 4015: 3996: 3951: 3930:(3): 319–329. 3906: 3865: 3807: 3788:(2): 139–145. 3771: 3752:(3): 647–653. 3726: 3675: 3650: 3643: 3625: 3592: 3580: 3573: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3433: 3370: 3355: 3348: 3307: 3295: 3293:, p. 104. 3283: 3224: 3197: 3178: 3123: 3084: 3069: 3042: 3029:(2): 245–275. 3009: 2966: 2939:(1): 376–377. 2923: 2880: 2861: 2854: 2846:Social Insects 2836: 2805: 2745: 2688: 2640: 2601: 2586: 2554: 2521: 2514: 2496: 2474: 2447: 2422: 2389: 2340: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2262:Urocerus gigas 2240:including the 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2014: 2011: 2003:Cephus cinctus 1902:eulophid wasps 1891: 1888: 1834:Sorex cinereus 1730: 1727: 1691:Megalodontidae 1673: 1670: 1632:Aposematically 1516:Urocerus gigas 1489: 1482: 1481: 1472:Batesian mimic 1467:Urocerus gigas 1463: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1436:(Newman, 1834) 1427:(Newman, 1834) 1420: 1419: 1418: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1387:Tenthredinidae 1383: 1380:(Rohwer, 1911) 1373: 1366:(Rohwer, 1910) 1359: 1345: 1331: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1257: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1216:(Newman, 1834) 1202:(Newman, 1834) 1195: 1194: 1193: 1174:Karatavitoidea 1167: 1166: 1165: 1154:(Newman, 1834) 1140:(Newman, 1834) 1133: 1132: 1131: 1106: 1103: 1088:Tenthredinidae 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 994: 993: 990: 989: 985: 984: 981: 980: 976: 975: 972: 971: 967: 966: 963: 962: 958: 957: 953: 952: 927: 921: 920: 917: 916: 899: 894: 892: 886: 885: 882: 881: 868: 863: 861: 858: 857: 854: 853: 840: 835: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 812: 807: 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 785: 780: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 758: 753: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 726: 721: 719: 711: 704: 703: 504: 501: 470: 467: 276: 275: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 241:Karatavitoidea 235: 230: 222: 221: 220:Superfamilies 217: 216: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 136: 135: 127: 126: 118: 117: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6571: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6296: 6295:Stenotritidae 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6282:Megachilidae 6280: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6044:(velvet ants) 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5935:Scolebythidae 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5868: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5849:Trigonaloidea 5846: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5758:Tetracampidae 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738:Signiphoridae 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Neanastatidae 5696: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:Megastigmidae 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5535:Baeomorphidae 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5330:Sparasionidae 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305:Janzenellidae 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Ceraphronidae 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5176: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5116:Xiphydriidae 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5108:Xiphydrioidea 5105: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5066:Pamphiliidae 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5053:Pamphilioidea 5050: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4845:– Chrysis.net 4844: 4841: 4840: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4540: 4534: 4518: 4512: 4496: 4490: 4474: 4473:"Iris sawfly" 4468: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4336:Capinera 2008 4332: 4330: 4322: 4321:Capinera 2008 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4246: 4245:Capinera 2008 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3590:, p. 29. 3589: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3553:, p. 27. 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3529:, p. 13. 3528: 3523: 3517:, p. 21. 3516: 3511: 3505:, p. 10. 3504: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3478:, p. 11. 3477: 3472: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394:(5): e62420. 3393: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3194:(2): 251–275. 3193: 3190:(in German). 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3080:Capinera 2008 3076: 3074: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2708:(1): 80–112. 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2484: 2478: 2463: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2333:(in German). 2332: 2328: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1937:B. lisogaster 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926:Ichneumonidae 1923: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Tetrao tetrix 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:corn buntings 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1764:Monterey pine 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:compound eyes 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1533: 1532: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1477: 1474:of a hornet, 1473: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1415:(Leach, 1819) 1413: 1409: 1408: 1406:(Leach, 1819) 1404: 1403:Xiphydrioidea 1400: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1332: 1324:(Konow, 1890) 1322: 1318: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1278: 1274: 1262: 1258: 1250:(Konow, 1897) 1248: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1238:1 families) ( 1230: 1229:Pamphilioidea 1226: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1187:Karatavitidae 1181: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1159: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1134: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1084:superfamilies 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1040: 1039: 1027: 1019: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 983: 982: 974: 973: 965: 964: 955: 954: 951: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 913: 908: 904: 898: 897: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 878: 874:(wood wasps) 873: 872:Xiphydrioidea 867: 866: 860: 859: 856: 855: 852: 850: 845: 839: 838: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 822: 817: 811: 810: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 794: 790: 789:Pamphilioidea 784: 783: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 767: 763: 757: 756: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 740: 735: 731: 725: 724: 718: 715: 714: 710: 709: 706: 705: 701: 700: 697: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 513: 509: 500: 498: 493: 484: 480: 475: 466: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 426: 423: 418: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 293: 287: 282: 272: 269: 267: 266:Xiphydrioidea 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Pamphilioidea 249: 247: 244: 242: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 223: 218: 213: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 146: 141: 137: 134: 133: 128: 124: 119: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 43: 40: 36: 34: 19: 6345: 6321:Unicalcarida 6276:(sweat bees) 6228:(mason bees) 6183:Philanthidae 6150:Ampulicidae 6145:Ammoplanidae 6128:Spheciformes 6126: 5907:Chrysididae 5894:Chrysidoidea 5857:Trigonalidae 5831:Megalyroidea 5813:Stephanoidea 5743:Spalangiidae 5733:Pteromalidae 5723:Perilampidae 5703:Neodiparidae 5692:(fairyflies) 5665:Macromesidae 5635:Herbertiidae 5605:Eucharitidae 5580:Coelocybidae 5501:Chalcidoidea 5473:Monomachidae 5453:Austroniidae 5435:Vanhorniidae 5425:Peradeniidae 5355:(gall wasps) 5273:Megaspilidae 5201: 5118:(wood wasps) 5087:Anaxyelidae 5010:Diprionidae 4948: 4939:Holometabola 4937:Superorder: 4931:Infraclass: 4896:Hymenopteran 4857: 4762: 4748: 4735:. Retrieved 4728:the original 4722: 4708: 4694: 4673: 4652: 4618: 4606:the original 4587: 4566: 4558:Bibliography 4543:. Retrieved 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4489: 4477:. Retrieved 4467: 4455:. Retrieved 4451:the original 4440: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4382: 4374: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4316: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4280:Bracon cephi 4279: 4273: 4259: 4252: 4212: 4206: 4195:. Retrieved 4191:the original 4180: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4119: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4035: 4031: 4018: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3975:(1): 76–89. 3972: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3897:. Retrieved 3890:the original 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3849:the original 3844: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3749: 3745: 3691:(1): 79–88. 3688: 3684: 3678: 3666:. Retrieved 3634: 3628: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3583: 3564: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3490:, p. 9. 3483: 3471: 3460:the original 3443: 3436: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3373: 3368:, p. 6. 3333: 3298: 3286: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3147:(4): e8830. 3144: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3060:. Retrieved 3056:the original 3045: 3026: 3022: 3012: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2845: 2839: 2814: 2808: 2765: 2761: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2658: 2654: 2626: 2622: 2599:, p. 5. 2571: 2567: 2564: 2557: 2531: 2524: 2505: 2499: 2487:. Retrieved 2477: 2465:. Retrieved 2438:. Retrieved 2434: 2425: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2368:(1): 51–62. 2365: 2361: 2355: 2334: 2330: 2303:imidacloprid 2287: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2235: 2228:horticulture 2225: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2196:Diprion pini 2194: 2188: 2155:Diprion pini 2153: 2074: 2068: 2059:perforations 2054: 2047: 2024: 2006: 2002: 1998:D. polytomum 1997: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1947: 1943:B. terabeila 1941: 1935: 1931:Bracon cephi 1929: 1914: 1906: 1899:Parasitoidal 1876: 1871: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1833: 1830:masked shrew 1825: 1817: 1814:Black grouse 1809: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1757: 1747: 1741: 1723:Xiphydriidae 1717:, while the 1675: 1672:Distribution 1653:lepidopteran 1650: 1645:Abia sericea 1643: 1606: 1574: 1529: 1515: 1504: 1465: 1422:Superfamily 1412:Xiphydriidae 1401:Superfamily 1316:2 families) 1305:Superfamily 1286:5 families) 1275:Superfamily 1261:Pamphiliidae 1227:Superfamily 1197:Superfamily 1169:Superfamily 1135:Superfamily 1112:Anaxyeloidea 1110:Superfamily 1092: 1067: 1060: 1057:Anaxyeloidea 929: 924: 909:wood wasps) 901: 889: 870: 842: 814: 787: 760: 728: 695: 666: 652: 648:sister group 622:methods and 616:monophyletic 613: 605:paraphyletic 577:phytophagous 566: 553: 549: 545: 539: 535: 531: 527: 517: 488: 451: 447:horticulture 427: 419: 408: 396:plant-eating 335: 323:paraphyletic 302: 291: 290: 285: 228:Anaxyeloidea 206: 130: 39: 32: 6447:iNaturalist 6370:Wikispecies 6274:Halictidae 6266:Colletidae 6255:orchid bees 6247:cuckoo bees 6226:Andrenidae 6168:Crabronidae 6105:Formicidae 6097:Formicoidea 6055:Pompilidae 6042:Mutillidae 6034:Pompiloidea 6008:Chyphotidae 5925:Plumariidae 5920:Embolemidae 5839:Megalyridae 5821:Stephanidae 5685:Moranilidae 5655:Leucospidae 5650:Idioporidae 5645:Heydeniidae 5625:Eurytomidae 5575:Cleonymidae 5565:Chalcididae 5540:Boucekiidae 5525:Aphelinidae 5519:(fig wasps) 5468:Maamingidae 5445:Diaprioidea 5420:Pelecinidae 5410:Roproniidae 5376:Liopteridae 5325:Scelionidae 5241:(braconids) 5239:Braconidae 5097:(horntails) 5002:Cimbicidae 4832:at BugGuide 4737:29 December 4545:28 November 4523:28 November 4519:. UK Safari 4501:28 November 4479:28 November 4457:28 November 4163:2268/151323 3664:. BBC. 2014 3612:: 129–159. 3213:: 115–145. 3062:28 November 2629:: 521–548. 2489:29 November 2409:: 121–146. 2337:(7): 1–144. 2275:Douglas fir 2253:A. ochropus 2247:Arge pagana 2242:yellow flag 2232:Iris sawfly 2179:yellow flag 2175:Iris sawfly 2171:Caterpillar 2035:arrhenotoky 2007:C. pygmaeus 1971:C. pygmaeus 1864:honeyeaters 1703:Diprionidae 1699:Pamphilidae 1683:angiosperms 1636:caterpillar 1621:translucent 1572: in). 1476:ovipositing 1449:Description 1363:Diprionidae 1179:(1 family) 1121:Anaxyelidae 1071:phylogenies 717:Hymenoptera 598:wood-boring 594:parasitoids 550:H. symphyta 540:H. apocrita 520:Hymenoptera 443:iris sawfly 435:pine sawfly 319:superfamily 307:Hymenoptera 212:Gerstaecker 197:Hymenoptera 6528:Categories 6319:See also: 6290:Melittidae 6243:bumblebees 6239:honey bees 6210:Anthophila 6193:Sphecidae 6173:Mellinidae 6163:Bembicidae 6084:Scoliidae 6076:Scolioidea 6063:Sapygidae 6050:Myrmosidae 6013:Thynnidae 6000:Thynnoidea 5987:Tiphiidae 5974:Tiphioidea 5902:Bethylidae 5795:Evaniidae 5782:Evanioidea 5748:Systasidae 5690:Mymaridae 5660:Lyciscidae 5620:Eupelmidae 5610:Eulophidae 5595:Encyrtidae 5517:Agaonidae 5458:Diapriidae 5353:Cynipidae 5340:Cynipoidea 5315:Nixoniidae 5158:Orussidae 5150:Orussoidea 5095:Siricidae 5079:Siricoidea 4925:Subclass: 4915:Arthropoda 4636:2142/27324 4197:2010-04-10 4012:: 435–447. 3969:Bird Study 3924:Bird Study 3782:Bird Study 3746:The Condor 3104:: 1–1064. 3052:"Symphyta" 2823:B0000BRK5P 2702:Cladistics 2440:2 December 2431:"Symphyta" 2309:References 2295:dimethoate 2220:Eucalyptus 2039:Orussoidea 1922:Eulophidae 1918:Braconidae 1860:Pardalotes 1846:deer mouse 1844:) and the 1802:partridges 1794:stonechats 1750:herbivores 1707:Cimbicidae 1695:Palearctic 1613:metathorax 1609:mesothorax 1512:coloration 1349:Cimbicidae 1277:Siricoidea 1208:1 family) 1199:Orussoidea 1192:(7 genera) 1146:1 family) 903:Orussoidea 890:parasitism 844:Siricoidea 736:–present) 679:Cretaceous 607:ancestral 554:phytophaga 483:ovipositor 400:Orussoidea 311:ovipositor 284:Larvae of 256:Siricoidea 246:Orussoidea 203:Suborder: 177:Arthropoda 6158:Astatidae 5961:Vespidae 5945:Vespoidea 5915:Dryinidae 5790:Aulacidae 5763:Torymidae 5728:Pirenidae 5713:Ormyridae 5708:Ooderidae 5615:Eunotidae 5590:Diparidae 5545:Calesidae 5463:Ismaridae 5415:Heloridae 5371:Ibaliidae 5366:Figitidae 5137:Cephidae 5129:Cephoidea 5039:Xyeloidea 5018:Pergidae 4927:Pterygota 4907:Kingdom: 4095:1573-1561 3899:11 August 3886:0963-8091 3858:11 August 3668:11 August 3588:Ross 1937 3551:Ross 1937 3539:Ross 1937 3527:Ross 1937 3515:Ross 1937 3503:Ross 1937 3488:Ross 1937 3476:Ross 1937 3456:429798429 3118:1175-5334 2918:129371522 2877:(2): 558. 2768:: 20972. 2710:CiteSeerX 2661:: 34–43. 2467:11 August 2043:Siricidae 1983:Pediobius 1954:epidermis 1890:Parasites 1872:Rhipidura 1786:currawong 1759:Itycorsia 1754:folivores 1719:Siricidae 1715:Holarctic 1634:coloured 1617:prothorax 1602:tentorium 1582:sclerites 1496:Apocritan 1442:47 genera 1424:Xyeloidea 1396:14 genera 1291:Siricidae 1213:Orussidae 1137:Cephoidea 1130:12 genera 907:parasitic 816:Cephoidea 730:Xyeloidea 620:Cladistic 590:Orussidae 586:woodwasps 569:suborders 503:Phylogeny 492:symphyton 469:Etymology 458:Xyeloidea 404:parasitic 271:Xyeloidea 233:Cephoidea 163:Kingdom: 157:Eukaryota 6534:Sawflies 6511:symphyta 6397:BioLib: 6390:Symphyta 6376:Symphyta 6355:Wikidata 6346:Symphyta 6188:Psenidae 5530:Azotidae 5045:Xyelidae 4986:Argidae 4933:Neoptera 4913:Phylum: 4909:Animalia 4898:families 4837:Taxonomy 4826:at CSIRO 4806:Symphyta 4794:Symphyta 4308:85132364 4172:17540402 4111:23689052 4103:14969355 4052:53474917 3802:86569805 3721:25877174 3713:19826770 3428:23671596 3388:PLOS ONE 3173:27222635 3135:Symphyta 3004:15668901 2961:87932664 2800:26879745 2740:33628659 2732:34861753 2683:25542648 2483:"Sawfly" 2384:26146682 2299:carbaryl 2291:maldison 2277:, pine, 2273:such as 2271:conifers 2191:forestry 2160:forestry 2063:hammocks 1975:Collyria 1961:Collyria 1868:fantails 1798:Saxicola 1790:Strepera 1711:Cephidae 1661:crochets 1590:antennae 1433:Xyelidae 1377:Pergidae 1372:2 genera 1358:6 genera 1300:9 genera 1270:3 genera 1222:3 genera 1164:3 genera 1151:Cephidae 1048:Taxonomy 1030:Symphyta 931:Apocrita 734:Triassic 691:Xyelinae 687:Tertiary 683:Mesozoic 677:and the 663:Xyelidae 573:venation 562:Apocrita 454:Triassic 439:forestry 392:crochets 340:and the 331:Apocrita 303:Symphyta 300:suborder 292:Sawflies 207:Symphyta 173:Phylum: 167:Animalia 153:Domain: 33:Symphyta 18:Sawflies 6361:Q615290 6118:Apoidea 4921:Insecta 4919:Class: 4894:Extant 4860:: e1168 4813:General 4142:Bibcode 4075:Bibcode 3977:Bibcode 3932:Bibcode 3766:1369468 3693:Bibcode 3419:3643952 3396:Bibcode 3342:–2241. 3278:7937916 3246:Bibcode 3164:4867044 3098:Zootaxa 2984:Bibcode 2941:Bibcode 2898:Bibcode 2831:1612960 2791:4754708 2770:Bibcode 2663:Bibcode 2623:Zootaxa 2581:6344527 2566:Insecta 2549:2962429 2362:Zootaxa 2215:D. pini 2211:D. pini 2066:along. 1836:), the 1679:Argidae 1657:prolegs 1586:clypeus 1578:sutures 1567:⁄ 1557:⁄ 1543:⁄ 1523:⁄ 1431:Family 1410:Family 1385:Family 1375:Family 1361:Family 1347:Family 1344:1 genus 1333:Family 1330:1 genus 1321:Argidae 1319:Family 1312:(6 and 1289:Family 1282:(2 and 1259:Family 1256:1 genus 1245:Family 1234:(2 and 1211:Family 1204:(1 and 1182:Family 1149:Family 1142:(1 and 1119:Family 1020:250mya 956:200mya 601:beetles 546:genuina 415:Diptera 388:prolegs 381:⁄ 367:⁄ 357:⁄ 350:stinger 338:abdomen 193:Order: 187:Insecta 183:Class: 6485:NZOR: 6465:152742 6234:Apidae 6216:(bees) 6107:(ants) 5550:Ceidae 5393:s.str. 4770: 4681: 4660: 4598: 4574: 4395: 4306: 4219: 4170: 4109: 4101: 4093: 4050: 3884: 3800: 3764: 3719: 3711: 3641: 3571: 3454: 3426: 3416: 3346: 3276: 3266: 3171: 3161: 3116: 3002: 2959: 2916: 2852: 2829: 2821: 2798: 2788: 2738: 2730: 2712: 2681: 2579: 2547: 2512: 2382: 2281:, and 2279:spruce 2267:hornet 2126:Female 1792:) and 1709:, and 1638:-like 1598:ocelli 1095:dagger 1079:clades 671: 655:Middle 642:, and 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