853:—or Gateway Earth Station (its full name)—is also referred to as a ground station, teleport or hub. The term is sometimes used to describe just the antenna dish portion, or it can refer to the complete system with all associated components. In short, the gateway receives radio wave signals from the satellite on the last leg of the return or upstream payload, carrying the request originating from the end-user's site. The satellite modem at the gateway location demodulates the incoming signal from the outdoor antenna into IP packets and sends the packets to the local network. Access server/gateways manage traffic transported to/from the Internet. Once the initial request has been processed by the gateway's servers, sent to and returned from the Internet, the requested information is sent back as a forward or downstream payload to the end-user via the satellite, which directs the signal to the subscriber terminal. Each Gateway provides the connection to the Internet backbone for the gateway beam(s) it serves.
805:-band (18.3–30 GHz) mode. These new purpose-built satellites are designed and optimized for broadband applications, employing many narrow spot beams, which target a much smaller area than the broad beams used by earlier communication satellites. This spot beam technology allows satellites to reuse assigned bandwidth multiple times which can enable them to achieve much higher overall capacity than conventional broad beam satellites. The spot beams can also increase performance and consequential capacity by focusing more power and increased receiver sensitivity into defined concentrated areas. Spot beams are designated as one of two types: subscriber spot beams, which transmit to and from the subscriber-side terminal, and gateway spot beams, which transmit to/from a service provider ground station. Note that moving off the tight footprint of a spotbeam can degrade performance significantly. Also, spotbeams can make the use of other significant new technologies impossible, including 'Carrier in
840:
enables this transmission and reception in the payload transponders is a repeater subsystem (RF (radio frequency) equipment) used to change frequencies, filter, separate, amplify and group signals before routing them to their destination address on Earth. The satellite's high-gain receiving antenna passes the transmitted data to the transponder which filters, translates and amplifies them, then redirects them to the transmitting antenna on board. The signal is then routed to a specific ground location through a channel known as a carrier. Beside the payload, the other main component of a communications satellite is called the bus, which comprises all equipment required to move the satellite into position, supply power, regulate equipment temperatures, provide health and tracking information, and perform numerous other operational tasks.
1017:(or geostationary Earth orbit/GEO) is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude), with a period equal to the Earth's rotational period and an orbital eccentricity of approximately zero (i.e. a "circular orbit"). An object in a geostationary orbit appears motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to ground observers. Launchers often place communications satellites and weather satellites in geostationary orbits, so that the satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move to track them, but can point permanently at the position in the sky where the satellites stay. Due to the constant 0° latitude and circularity of geostationary orbits, satellites in GEO differ in location by longitude only.
753:
1825:
1028:(about 300,000 km/s or 186,000 miles per second), this delay can appear significant. If all other signaling delays could be eliminated, it still takes a radio signal about 250 milliseconds (ms), or about a quarter of a second, to travel to the satellite and back to the ground. The absolute minimum total amount of delay varies, due to the satellite staying in one place in the sky, while ground-based users can be directly below (with a roundtrip latency of 239.6 ms), or far to the side of the planet near the horizon (with a roundtrip latency of 279.0 ms).
1794:
539:
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439:, a class of next-generation satellites providing improved capacity and bandwidth became operational. More recently, high throughput satellites such as ViaSat's ViaSat-1 satellite in 2011 and HughesNet's Jupiter in 2012 have achieved further improvements, elevating downstream data rates from 1 to 3 Mbit/s up to 12 to 15 Mbit/s and beyond. Internet access services tied to these satellites are targeted largely to rural residents as an alternative to Internet service via dial-up, ADSL or classic
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the satellite, and in general, the cost to launch a satellite into an orbit is directly proportional to its weight. (In addition, since satellite launch vehicles have specific payload size limits, making parts of the satellite larger may require either more complex folding mechanisms for parts of the satellite like solar panels and high-gain antennas, or upgrading to a more expensive launch vehicle that can handle a larger payload.)
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2310:(EDGE), costs are reduced for higher effective rates if the upload volume is very low, and also because this service is not per-time charged, but charged by volume uploaded. GPRS as return improves mobility when the service is provided by a satellite that transmits in the field of 100 to 200 kW. Using a 33 cm wide satellite dish, a notebook and a normal GPRS equipped
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positioned at the point of the bend. Simply put, the satellite's role in this network arrangement is to relay signals from the end user's terminal to the ISP's gateways, and back again without processing the signal at the satellite. The satellite receives, amplifies, and redirects a carrier on a specific radio frequency through a signal path called a transponder.
1400:
of the signal. As the radio frequency decreases, to below 900 MHz, penetration through vegetation increases, but most satellite communications operate above 2 GHz making them sensitive to even minor obstructions such as tree foliage. A dish installation in the winter must factor in plant foliage growth that will appear in the spring and summer.
1716:. Pricing for SES Broadband modems range from €299 to €350. These types of system are generally unsuitable for use on moving vehicles, although some dishes may be fitted to an automatic pan and tilt mechanism to continuously re-align the dish—but these are more expensive. The technology for SES Broadband was delivered by a Belgian company called Newtec.
1221:. The effects are less pronounced on the lower frequency 'L' and 'C' bands but can become quite severe on the higher frequency 'Ku' and 'Ka' band. For satellite Internet services in tropical areas with heavy rain, use of the C band (4/6 GHz) with a circular polarisation satellite is popular. Satellite communications on the K
909:(BUC) – This unit sits behind the feed horn and may be part of the same unit, but a larger (higher wattage) BUC could be a separate piece attached to the base of the antenna. Its job is to convert the signal from the modem to a higher frequency and amplify it before it is reflected off the dish and towards the satellite.
915:(LNB) – This is the receiving element of the terminal. The LNB's job is to amplify the received satellite radio signal bouncing off the dish and filter out the noise, which is any signal not carrying valid information. The LNB passes the amplified, filtered signal to the satellite modem at the user's location.
1119:, and so continuous widespread access requires a constellation of many satellites (low-Earth orbits needing more satellites than medium-Earth orbits) with complex constellation management to switch data transfer between satellites and keep the connection to a customer, and tracking by the ground stations.
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was launched. It covers the
European continent with 80 spot beams—focused signals that cover an area a few hundred kilometers across Europe and the Mediterranean. Spot beams allow for frequencies to be effectively reused in multiple regions without interference. The result is increased capacity. Each
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terminals with a 60–100 cm dish and output power of only a few watts intended for consumers and small business or larger systems that provide more bandwidth. Such systems are frequently marketed as "satellite broadband" and can cost two to three times as much per month as land-based systems such
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A radio signal takes about 120 milliseconds to reach a geostationary satellite and then 120 milliseconds to reach the ground station, so nearly 1/4 of a second overall. Typically, during perfect conditions, the physics involved in satellite communications account for approximately 550 milliseconds of
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In its report released in
February, 2013, the Federal Communications Commission noted significant advances in satellite Internet performance. The FCC's Measuring Broadband America report also ranked the major ISPs by how close they came to delivering on advertised speeds. In this category, satellite
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Each remote location may also be equipped with a telephone modem; the connections for this are as with a conventional dial-up ISP. Two-way satellite systems may sometimes use the modem channel in both directions for data where latency is more important than bandwidth, reserving the satellite channel
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Typically a completely clear line of sight between the dish and the satellite is required for the system to work optimally. In addition to the signal being susceptible to absorption and scattering by moisture, the signal is similarly impacted by the presence of trees and other vegetation in the path
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Modern consumer-grade dish antennas tend to be fairly small, which reduces the rain margin or increases the required satellite downlink power and cost. However, it is often more economical to build a more expensive satellite and smaller, less expensive consumer antennas than to increase the consumer
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which require the exchange of numerous pieces of data between web server and web client. Although these pieces of data are small, the multiple round trips involved in the handshake produce long delays compared to other forms of
Internet connectivity, as documented by Stephen T. Cobb in a 2011 report
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project envisaged an ultralight aircraft capable of station-keeping over a fixed area for a period of up to five years, and able to provide both continuous surveillance to ground assets as well as to service extremely low-latency communications networks. This project was cancelled in 2012 before it
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more diffuse or completely omnidirectional ground antennas capable of communicating with one or more satellites visible in the sky at the same time, but at significantly higher transmit power than fixed geostationary dish antennas (due to the lower gain), and with much poorer signal-to-noise ratios
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satellites orbit at 550 km altitude, with an average RTT latency of 45 ms. Another study in 2022 showed that the latency of the
Starlink network is 1.8 ms to 22.8 ms more than the latency of terrestrial networks according to a measurement study conducted in the Metro Vancouver area.
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For an
Internet packet, that delay is doubled before a reply is received. That is the theoretical minimum. Factoring in other normal delays from network sources gives a typical one-way connection latency of 500 to 700 ms from the user to the ISP, or about 1,000 to 1,400 ms latency for the
4510:
Hardman-Mountford, Nicholas J.; Moore, Gerald; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Watson, Andrew J.; Schuster, Ute; Barciela, Rosa; Hines, Adrian; Moncoiffé, Gwenaelle; Brown, Juan; Dye, Stephen; Blackford, Jerry; Somerfield, Paul J.; Holt, Jason; Hydes, David J.; Aiken, James (November 1, 2008). "Towards an
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The transmitting station has two components, consisting of a high-speed
Internet connection to serve many customers at once, and the satellite uplink to broadcast requested data to the customers. The ISP's routers connect to proxy servers which can enforce quality of service (QoS) bandwidth limits
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solar power, so there is no expense for the energy itself, but a more powerful satellite will require larger, more powerful solar panels and electronics, often including a larger transmitting antenna. The larger satellite components not only increase materials costs but also increase the weight of
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Onboard batteries would charge during daylight hours through solar panels covering the wings and would provide power to the plane during night. Ground-based satellite internet dishes would relay signals to and from the aircraft, resulting in a greatly reduced round-trip signal latency of only 0.25
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Feed – This assembly is part of the VSAT receive and transmit chain, which consists of several components with different functions, including the feed horn at the front of the unit, which resembles a funnel and has the task of focusing the satellite microwave signals across the surface of the dish
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The satellite has its own set of antennas to receive communication signals from Earth and to transmit signals to their target location. These antennas and transponders are part of the satellite's "payload", which is designed to receive and transmit signals to and from various places on Earth. What
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These usually come in the shape of a self-contained flat rectangular box that needs to be pointed in the general direction of the satellite—unlike VSAT the alignment need not be very precise and the modems have built in signal strength meters to help the user align the device properly. The modems
1665:(teleport), which then relays data via the terrestrial Internet. The satellite dish at each location must be precisely pointed to avoid interference with other satellites. At each VSAT site the uplink frequency, bit rate and power must be accurately set, under control of the service provider hub.
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so as to gather more of the satellite signal on the downlink and also to provide a stronger signal on the uplink. In other words, increasing antenna gain through the use of a larger parabolic reflector is one way of increasing the overall channel gain and, consequently, the signal-to-noise (S/N)
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Even if there is a direct line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antenna, reflections from objects near the path of the signal can decrease apparent signal power through phase cancellations. Whether and how much signal is lost from a reflection is determined by the location of the
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satellite was launched on
February 23, 2008. The WINDS satellite is used to provide broadband Internet services to Japan and locations across the Asia-Pacific region. The satellite to provides a maximum speed of 155 Mbit/s down and 6 Mbit/s up to residences with a 45 cm aperture
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At $ 5 to $ 7 per megabyte on average, portable satellite internet is typically more expensive than other modes of
Internet access, with modems usually costing between $ 1,000 and $ 5,000. Due to this, it is most often used on vehicles without access to other modes of Internet access, such as
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Home users tend to use shared satellite capacity to reduce the cost, while still allowing high peak bit rates when congestion is absent. There are usually restrictive time-based bandwidth allowances so that each user gets their fair share, according to their payment. When a user exceeds their
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Modulated carriers can be dynamically altered in response to rain problems or other link impairments using a process called adaptive coding and modulation, or "ACM". ACM allows the bit rates to be increased substantially during normal clear sky conditions, increasing the number of bits per Hz
1259:
Large commercial dishes of 3.7 m to 13 m diameter can be used to achieve increased rain margins and also to reduce the cost per bit by allowing for more efficient modulation codes. Alternately, larger aperture antennae can require less power from the satellite to achieve acceptable
816:
architecture has traditionally been employed in the network in which the satellite functions as a bridge in space, connecting two communication points on the ground. The term "bent-pipe" is used to describe the shape of the data path between sending and receiving antennas, with the satellite
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Most one-way broadcast applications require custom programming at the remote sites. The software at the remote site must filter, store, present a selection interface to and display the data. The software at the transmitting station must provide access control, priority queuing, sending, and
1164:
MEO satellite constellation to demonstrate that MEO satellites could be used to provide high-speed mobile internet to remote regions of
Kazakhstan for reliable video calling, conferencing and streaming, and web browsing, with a latency five times lower than on the existing platform based on
353:
and launched on August 19, 1963. Succeeding generations of communications satellites featuring larger capacities and improved performance characteristics were adopted for use in television delivery, military applications and telecommunications purposes. Following the invention of the
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satellites will deliver 10 terabits of capacity globally through 30,000 spot beams for broadband internet services. The first two O3b mPOWER satellites launched in
December 2022, with nine more scheduled for deployment in 2023-2024 and the initial service start expected in Q3 2023.
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The broadcast mechanism may include compression and error correction to help ensure the one-way broadcast is properly received. The data may also be rebroadcast periodically, so that receivers that did not previously succeed will have additional chances to try downloading again.
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and Iridium are planning to launch new satellites offering always-on data services at higher rates. With Thuraya phones the 9.6 kbit/s dial-up connection is also possible, the 60 kbit/s service is always-on and the user is billed for data transferred (about $ 5 per
1047:
features that shorten the apparent round trip time (RTT) per packet by splitting ("spoofing") the feedback loop between the sender and the receiver. Certain acceleration features are often present in recent technology developments embedded in satellite Internet equipment.
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The longer latency is the primary difference between a standard terrestrial-based network and a geostationary satellite-based network. The round-trip latency of a geostationary satellite communications network can be more than 12 times that of a terrestrial based network.
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Normal VSAT dishes (1.2 to 2.4 m diameter) are widely used for VoIP phone services. A voice call is sent by means of packets via the satellite and Internet. Using coding and compression techniques the bit rate needed per call is only 10.8 kbit/s each way.
1032:
total round-trip time (RTT) back to the user. This is more than most dial-up users experience at typically 150–200 ms total latency, and much higher than the typical 15 to 40 ms latency experienced by users of other high-speed Internet services, such as
1395:
Two objects are said to be within line of sight if a straight line between the objects can be connected without any interference, such as a mountain. An object beyond the horizon is below the line of sight and, therefore, can be difficult to communicate with.
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As the continental United States is north of the equator, all gateway and subscriber dish antenna must have an unobstructed view of the southern sky. Because of the satellite's geostationary orbit, the gateway antenna can stay pointed at a fixed position.
856:
The system of gateways comprising the satellite ground system provides all network services for satellite and corresponding terrestrial connectivity. Each gateway provides a multiservice access network for subscriber terminal connections to the Internet.
2448:
Many IP-over-satellite implementations use paired proxy servers at both endpoints so that certain communications between clients and servers need not to accept the latency inherent in a satellite connection. For similar reasons, there exist special
848:
Along with dramatic advances in satellite technology over the past decade, ground equipment has similarly evolved, benefiting from higher levels of integration and increasing processing power, expanding both capacity and performance boundaries. The
975:(commonly referred to as "ping time") is the delay between requesting data and the receipt of a response, or in the case of one-way communication, between the actual moment of a signal's broadcast and the time it is received at its destination.
420:-band frequency, providing inexpensive Internet access with download speeds of up to 720 Mbit/s. However, the project was abandoned in 2003. Teledesic's failure, coupled with the bankruptcy filings of the satellite communications providers
1216:
Satellite communications are affected by moisture and various forms of precipitation (such as rain or snow) in the signal path between end users or ground stations and the satellite being utilized. This interference with the signal is known as
898:-band only); these steps must all be taken prior to the actual activation of service. Transmit and receive components are typically mounted at the focal point of the antenna which receives/sends data from/to the satellite. The main parts are:
894:. The combination of these settings gives the outdoor unit a L-O-S to the chosen satellite and makes data transmission possible. These parameters are generally set at the time the equipment is installed, along with a beam assignment (K
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satellites have delays of less than 40 ms round trip, but their throughput is less than broadband at 64 kbit/s per channel. The Globalstar constellation orbits 1,420 km above the Earth and Iridium orbits at 670 km
792:
topology where all network communication passes through the network's hub processor, which is at the centre of the star. With this configuration, the number of ground stations that can be connected to the hub is virtually limitless.
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which aimed to develop an end-to-end scientific test bed for the distribution of new broadband interactive TV-centric services delivered over low-cost two-way satellite to actual end-users in the home. The UNIC architecture employs
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MEO satellites require higher power transmissions than LEO to achieve the same signal strength at the ground station but their higher altitude also provides less orbital overcrowding, and their slower orbit speed reduces both
2589:(FCC) license is required only for the uplink station, not for its users. Note that most Internet protocols will not work correctly over one-way access, since they require a return channel. However, Internet content such as
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can still be distributed over a one-way system by "pushing" them out to local storage at end user sites, though full interactivity is not possible. This is much like TV or radio content which offers little user interface.
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and asymmetry problems of the satellite connection. As with one-way receive systems, data sent over the satellite link is generally also encrypted, as otherwise it would be accessible to anyone with a satellite receiver.
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The data may also be encrypted so that while anyone can receive the data, only certain destinations are able to actually decode and use the broadcast data. Authorized users only need to have possession of either a short
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Much of the slowdown associated with satellite Internet is that for each request, many roundtrips must be completed before any useful data can be received by the requester. Special IP stacks and proxies can also reduce
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serves as an interface between the outdoor unit and customer-provided equipment (i.e. PC, router) and controls satellite transmission and reception. From the sending device (computer, router, etc.) it receives an input
877:
At the far end of the outdoor unit is typically a small (2–3-foot, 60 to 90 cm diameter), reflective dish-type radio antenna. The VSAT antenna must also have an unobstructed view of the sky to allow for proper
1243:
are the extra communication link requirements needed to account for signal degradations due to moisture and precipitation, and are of acute importance on all systems operating at frequencies over 10 GHz.
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all planned to launch more than 1000 satellites each. OneWeb alone raised $ 1.7 billion by February 2017 for the project, and SpaceX raised over one billion in the first half of 2019 for their service called
454:
to provide internet access to the "other three billion" people without stable internet access at that time. Over the next six years, 16 further satellites joined the constellation, now owned and operated by
941:
Coaxial cable (COAX) connectivity to the satellite antenna. The cable carrying electromagnetic satellite signals between the modem and the antenna generally is limited to be no more than 150 feet in length.
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Ma, Sami; Chou, Yi Ching; Zhao, Haoyuan; Chen, Long; Ma, Xiaoqiang; Liu, Jiangchuan (2022-12-27). "Network Characteristics of LEO Satellite Constellations: A Starlink-Based Measurement from End Users".
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allowance, the company may slow down their access, deprioritise their traffic or charge for the excess bandwidth used. For consumer satellite Internet, the allowance can typically range from 200
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equipment for high-throughput optical inter-satellite links. The interconnected satellites allow for direct routing of user data from satellite to satellite and effectively create a space-based
801:
Marketed as the centre of the new broadband satellite networks are a new generation of high-powered GEO satellites positioned 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) above the equator, operating in K
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Latency is still high, although lower than full two-way geostationary satellite Internet, since only half of the data path is via satellite, the other half being via the terrestrial channel.
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Upload speeds are limited by the user's dial-up modem, while download speeds can be very fast compared to dial-up, using the modem only as the control channel for packet acknowledgement.
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transmitted, and thus reducing overall cost per bit. Adaptive coding requires some sort of a return or feedback channel which can be via any available means, satellite or terrestrial.
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Hammond, James O. S.; England, Richard; Rawlinson, Nick; Curtis, Andrew; Sigloch, Karin; Harmon, Nick; Baptie, Brian (April 2, 2019). "What next for broadband passive seismology?".
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constellation orbits at 8,062 km, with RTT latency of approximately 125 ms. The network is also designed for much higher throughput with links well in excess of 1
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required for this service are often proprietary, but some are compatible with several different providers. They are also expensive, costing in the range of US$ 600 to $ 2000.
4447:"SSL Delivers High Performance Broadband Satellite To Launch Base, Demonstrates Leadership in Satellites For Fast Internet With Satellite For Australia's Broadband Network"
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milliseconds. The planes could potentially run for long periods without refueling. Several such schemes involving various types of aircraft have been proposed in the past.
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aircraft, which would fly along a circular path above a fixed ground location, operating under autonomous computer control at a height of approximately 20,000 meters.
487:. They expected more than $ 30 billion in revenue by 2025 from its satellite constellation. Starlink, as of February 2024, has 5,402 operational satellites in orbit.
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3513:
869:
For the customer-provided equipment (i.e. PC and router) to access the broadband satellite network, the customer must have additional physical components installed:
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Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations do not have such long delays, as the satellites are closer to the ground. For example:
1942:
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Unlike geostationary satellites, LEO and MEO satellites do not stay in a fixed position in the sky and from a lower altitude they can "see" a smaller area of the
882:(L-O-S) to the satellite. There are four physical characteristic settings used to ensure that the antenna is configured correctly at the satellite, which are:
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that ended up costing more than $ 9 billion. Teledesic's idea was to create a satellite Internet constellation of hundreds of low-orbiting satellites in the K
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Satellite latency can be detrimental to especially time-sensitive applications such as on-line gaming (although it only seriously affects the likes of
428:, dampened marketplace enthusiasm for satellite Internet development. The first Internet-ready satellite for consumers was launched in September 2003.
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ratio, which allows for greater signal loss due to rain fade without the S/N ratio dropping below its minimum threshold for successful communication.
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data sent via satellite at a higher rate. In the U.S., an FCC license is required for the uplink station only; no license is required for the users.
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See Comparative Latency of Internet Connections in Satellite Internet Connection for Rural Broadband, page 7 (RuMBA White Paper, Stephen Cobb, 2011)
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satellite was launched July 5, 2012 by Arianespace and was placed in its permanent geosynchronous orbital slot of 107.1° West longitude, servicing
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1743:(TDMA), which involves transmitting occasional short packet bursts in between other users (similar to how a cellular phone shares a cell tower).
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Compared to ground-based communication, all geostationary satellite communications experience higher latency due to the signal having to travel
525:
have been introducing satellite internet as a means of combating limited bandwidth on airplanes and offering passengers usable internet speeds.
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published by the Rural Mobile and Broadband Alliance. This annoyance extends to entering and editing data using some Software as a Service or
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For geostationary satellites, there is no way to eliminate latency, but the problem can be somewhat mitigated in Internet communications with
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Consumer satellite Internet customers range from individual home users with one PC to large remote business sites with several hundred PCs.
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interface. Due to the low bandwidths involved it is extremely slow to browse the web with such a connection, but useful for sending email,
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through lessening the number of roundtrips, or simplifying and reducing the length of protocol headers. Optimization technologies include
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1957:
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antennas that can steer the beam electronically, together with software that can predict the path of each satellite in the constellation.
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MEO) – a number of ground stations known as gateways that relay Internet data to and from the satellite via radio waves (
3605:"Elon Musk is about to launch the first of 11,925 proposed SpaceX internet satellites — more than all spacecraft that orbit Earth today"
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standard (SCPS), developed by NASA and adopted widely by commercial and military equipment and software providers in the market space.
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2453:(VPN) implementations designed for use over satellite links because standard VPN software cannot handle the long packet travel times.
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antenna and a 1.2 Gbit/s connection to businesses with a 5-meter antenna. It has reached the end of its design life expectancy.
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reflector. The feed horn both receives signals reflected off the dish's surface and transmits outbound signals back to the satellite.
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Note that the exact measurement results can differ as the deployment of Starlink infrastructure varies across time and locations.
699:
120:
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Wood, Lloyd; Lou, Yuxuan; Olusola, Opeoluwa (2014). "Revisiting elliptical satellite orbits to enhance the O3b constellation".
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per month. A shared download carrier may have a bit rate of 1 to 40 Mbit/s and be shared by up to 100 to 4,000 end users.
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of the spot beams has an overall capacity of 900 Mbit/s and the entire satellite will has a capacity of 70 Gbit/s.
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transceiver and double as a satellite phone. The modems also tend to have their own batteries so they can be connected to a
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324:—one that could orbit the Earth above the equator and remain fixed by following the Earth's rotation—was first proposed by
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was launched Oct. 19, 2011 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, offering 140 Gbit/s of total throughput capacity, through the
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and have near-symmetric connection speeds of around 350 to 500 kbit/s. Smaller modems exist like those offered by
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and the World Wide Web, geostationary satellites attracted interest as a potential means of providing Internet access.
17:
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constellation shares the same orbit and delivers from 50 Mbit/s to multiple gigabits per second to a single user.
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1067:, can be affected by the high latency. Many TCP protocols were not designed to work in high-latency environments.
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Home or consumer grade two-way satellite Internet service involves both sending and receiving data from a remote
3731:"Data Communications Protocol Performance on Geo-stationary Satellite Links (Hans Kruse, Ohio University, 1996)"
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and converts or modulates it into radio waves, reversing that order for incoming transmissions, which is called
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Satellite Internet generally relies on three primary components: a satellite – historically in
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Fresnel zone. D is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, r is the radius of the Fresnel zone.
788:(NOC) for monitoring the entire system. Working in concert with a broadband gateway, the satellite operates a
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Internet topped the list, with 90% of subscribers seeing speeds at 140% or better than what was advertised.
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The effects of this delay may be mitigated using data compression, TCP-acceleration, and HTTP pre-fetching.
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connectivity to the computer, carrying the customer's data packets to and from the Internet content servers.
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satellites, respectively. Providing internet and TV access to remote locations in its country of origin.
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3448:"OBSERVER: Copernicus gets sibling— IRIS², the new EU Secure Communication Constellation | Copernicus"
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at an altitude of 8,063 km) claims an end-to-end round-trip latency of 238 ms for data services.
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3357:"Starlink satellites: Everything you need to know about the controversial internet megaconstellation"
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for squawk box applications. An Internet connection is not required, but many applications include a
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261:. Modern consumer grade satellite Internet service is typically provided to individual users through
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3299:"Exclusive Peek at SpaceX Data Shows Loss in 2015, Heavy Expectations for Nascent Internet Service"
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2008:
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no alignment is required as long as there is a line of sight between the phone and the satellite.
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As of 2024, companies providing home internet service in the United States via satellite included
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3278:"Elon Musk's SpaceX raises over $ 1 billion this year as internet satellite production ramps up"
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Similar to one-way terrestrial return, satellite Internet access may include interfaces to the
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handsets. Globalstar also provides Internet access at 9.6 kbit/s; like Iridium and ACeS a
329:
6377:
4580:
4257:"JAXA - Wideband InterNetworking engineering test and Demonstration Satellite "KIZUNA"(WINDS)"
1002:
operation (one-way transmission) and latency is not a critical factor for video transmission.
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3514:"Amazon Steps up Challenge to Elon Musk's Starlink in India? Eyes Licence for Project Kuiper"
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The amount of time during which service is lost can be reduced by increasing the size of the
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An operational monitoring system to provide indicators of CO2-related variables in the ocean
4020:
3631:"Q: What is the difference between terrestrial (land based) Internet and satellite Internet"
3424:"Satellite broadband takes off, attracts users beyond rural areas – Denver Business Journal"
1138:
motorized antenna mounts with high-gain, narrow beam antennas tracking individual satellites
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to provide internet to regional Australians and residents of External Territories, such as
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device that uses its own highly accurate independent timing mechanism to decrypt the data.
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385:-band satellite applications, attracting applications from 15 companies. Among those were
8:
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254:
3879:"Starlink is better than its satellite competition but not as fast as landline internet"
3842:
3025: – Satellite operator providing fixed and mobile communications including internet.
1807:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
552:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
192:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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terminal dish has a transmitter and single-polarity receive LNB, both operating in the
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at the user end which links the user's network with the transceiver, and a centralized
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Tracking of the moving satellites is usually undertaken in one of three ways, using:
906:
619:
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361:
A significant enabler of satellite-delivered Internet has been the opening up of the
5236:
3995:"Kcell and SES Successfully Demonstrate Cellular Network connectivity in Kazakhstan"
462:
Since 2014, a rising number of companies announced working on internet access using
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data and using other low-bandwidth protocols. Since satellite phones tend to have
776:), and further ground stations to serve each subscriber, with a small antenna and
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Roundtrip latency numbers are from RFC 2488, Section 2: Satellite Characteristics
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One-way terrestrial return satellite Internet systems are used with conventional
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4489:"Starlink reaches 250,000 subscribers as it targets aviation and other markets"
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3332:"SpaceX hopes satellite Internet business will pad thin rocket launch margins"
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for download data where bandwidth is more important than latency, such as for
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3164:"Extra-Terrestrial Relays—Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?"
3101:
3033:
3022:
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1748:
1705:
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1641:
1204:
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1157:
642:. And is as of 2023, entertaining licenses for Starlink and Project Kuiper.
502:
456:
286:
3857:"Boeing to Build Four Additional 702X Satellites for SES's O3b mPOWER Fleet"
2161:). The phones can be connected to a laptop or other computer using a USB or
2124:
have been able to connect to the Internet. Bandwidth varies from about 2400
265:
that can offer relatively high data speeds, with newer satellites using the
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Latency also impacts the initiation of secure Internet connections such as
1024:
to a satellite in geostationary orbit and back to Earth again. Even at the
934:
806:
789:
408:
Among prominent aspirants in the early-stage satellite Internet sector was
394:
341:
in 1945. The first satellite to successfully reach geostationary orbit was
302:
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1668:
There are several types of two-way satellite Internet services, including
1649:, with coaxial connections for both incoming and outgoing signals, and an
6757:
6732:
6342:
6276:
5626:
5276:
5186:
5171:
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3486:"Reliance Jio demonstrates its satellite-based gigabit internet in India"
3017:
2982:
1833:
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that will enable seamless network management and continuity of service.
618:
As of 2023, China is in the process of developing its own, state-owned,
6307:
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5338:
5036:
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4901:
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can use this service since 2015. The service has also been expanded to
2825:
2211: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2153:
1149:
1100:
1080:
991:
680: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
506:
425:
306:
3780:"RuMBA White Paper: Satellite Internet Connection for Rural Broadband"
3217:"With new satellite tech, rural dwellers get access to true broadband"
1063:
Functions, like live interactive access to a distant computer—such as
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6261:
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4896:
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telecommunication standard to communicate with the assigned gateway.
930:
879:
773:
413:
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for satellites. In December 1993, Hughes Aircraft Co. filed with the
314:
309:
satellite in 1958. The first commercial communications satellite was
298:
3569:
http://www.dbsinstall.com/PDF/WildBlue/Wildblue_Satellite_Basics.pdf
3472:"G60 Starlink: China plans second megaconstellation to rival SpaceX"
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2472:
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1997:
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5166:
3907:
3531:
Large LEO satellite constellations: Will it be different this time?
3126:"Satellite Internet: 15 Mbps, no matter where you live in the U.S."
3039:
2950:
2843:
2647:
2590:
2585:-based data, audio and video distribution. In the United States, a
2158:
1858:
1842:
1733:
1729:
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can operate well over satellite Internet), but IPTV is typically a
944:
821:
623:
591:
583:
505:
announced the next generation of O3b satellites and service, named
484:
471:
402:
398:
386:
378:
355:
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was launched in mid-November 2010, providing North America, while
607:
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6367:
6352:
6271:
6251:
6220:
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5606:
5591:
4809:
3923:
LEO and MEO broadband constellations mega source of consternation
2916:
2912:
2889:-band satellite has over 100 Gbit/s of throughput capacity.
2149:
2145:
1870:
1768:
1709:
1209:
883:
825:
362:
342:
310:
266:
6548:
2949:
As of March 2022, around 2300 satellites have been launched for
1873:
but only connect at 444 kbit/s in a limited coverage area.
1828:
Portable Satellite Internet Modem and Antenna deployed with the
1177:
A proposed alternative to relay satellites is a special-purpose
1172:
6776:
6713:
6423:
6372:
6266:
6215:
6200:
6123:
6113:
5964:
5835:
5810:
5636:
5596:
4918:
4342:"ViaSat's Exede Business Talks Up Sky-High Broadband Contracts"
3547:. Federal Communications Commission. 2009-01-25. Archived from
3074:
3062: – Internet provider for U.S. Army soldiers in Afghanistan
3053:
2871:
2836:
2162:
1854:
1764:
1225:
band (19/29 GHz) can use special techniques such as large
1021:
952:
635:
575:
412:, an ambitious and ultimately failed project funded in part by
227:
4659:
ViaSat/TIA Satellite Equipment Systems Standardization Efforts
4365:"ViaSat Gears Up for Loral Trial, Reports Slower Exede Growth"
3404:"More airlines are offering free Wi-Fi for messaging services"
3100:
TCP is bound by the low latency of a three-way handshake. See
3068: – Satellite communication system with small dish antenna
2152:
connection is required and is billed per minute, however both
494:
for inter-satellite links to effectively create a space-based
6781:
6752:
6747:
6707:
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6683:
6408:
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5999:
5994:
5939:
5923:
5900:
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4578:
4517:. Vol. 65. Oxford University Press. pp. 1498–1503.
4316:"JetBlue adds free Wi-Fi, says it can handle streaming video"
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2818:
2292:
2125:
1857:
without draining its battery. The most common such system is
1387:
1153:
1116:
956:
925:
781:
579:
3981:
Kcell, SES demo O3b satellite-enabled remote mobile services
951:
Consumer grade satellite modems typically employ either the
812:
In conjunction with the satellite's spot-beam technology, a
780:. Other components of a satellite Internet system include a
6671:
5830:
5563:
3282:
3059:
2133:
1862:
1739:
The uplink direction for shared user customers is normally
1682:
1677:
1127:
and the size and complexity of the constellation required.
1057:
350:
4067:
Satellite Communications: System and Its Design Technology
3534:
McKinsey & Company, 4 May 2020, Accessed 25 April 2021
2577:
One-way broadcast satellite Internet systems are used for
3713:(Version R2/06.2010). Satellite Internet Modem factsheet
2965:
Satellite communications are used for data transmission,
2892:
In 2015 and 2016, the Australian Government launched two
1161:
1092:
447:
2957:. SpaceX reported 250,000 users of its Starlink system.
3661:"Latency- why is it a big deal for Satellite Internet?"
3252:"OneWeb weighing 2,000 more satellites - SpaceNews.com"
3070:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2770:
2013 FCC report cites big jump in satellite performance
2302:
Another type of one-way satellite Internet system uses
1526:
1060:
applications as well as in other forms of online work.
3392:
SpaceNews. 16 December 2022. Accessed 27 December 2022
4238:. Federal Communications Commission. 5 February 2013
4161:"Universal satellite home connection | UNIC Project"
3378:
Space News 11 September 2017. Accessed 25 April 2021
3375:
SES building a 10-terabit O3b "mPOWER" constellation
3049:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2306:(GPRS) for the back-channel. Using standard GPRS or
1960:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
4019:(Press release). September 15, 2010. Archived from
3389:
SpaceX launches first pair of O3b mPower satellites
2643:Emerging commercial services in this area include:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4511:operational ocean-carbon observation capability".
4106:"WildBlue: High Speed Satellite Internet Provider"
305:in October 1957, the US successfully launched the
4396:"ViaSat Lands Another Airline For Inflight Wi-Fi"
4087:
3940:Via Satellite. March 2019, Accessed 25 April 2021
3691:"How much latency is too much for Online Gaming?"
3578:
3576:
2960:
2832:was launched in November 2010, targeting Europe.
273:to achieve downstream data speeds up to 506
6859:
6782:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service
4286:"European broadband-Internet satellite launched"
3926:SpaceNews, 13 March 2018, Accessed 25 April 2021
3008:(satellite Internet access in the United States)
4283:
4136:"Exede: High Speed Satellite Internet Provider"
3984:Comms Update. 26 May 2022. Accessed 30 May 2022
3169:. Arthur C. Clark. October 1945. Archived from
1880:
4128:
3899:
3818:
3573:
3296:
1778:
1070:
6534:
6450:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
6028:
5771:
4679:
4236:"Measuring Broadband America – February 2013"
4224:ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2488.txt
3821:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
3784:RuMBA – Rural Mobile & Broadband Alliance
3056: – Satellite broadband Internet provider
2778:
2629:
2613:
1173:Ultralight atmospheric aircraft as satellites
962:
820:Some satellite constellations in LEO such as
297:Following the launch of the first satellite,
238:on the side of a house for receiving Internet
6816:Multichannel multipoint distribution service
6549:Wireless video and data distribution methods
6042:
3297:Winkler, Rolfe; Pasztor, Andy (2017-01-13).
2802:Space Communications Protocol Specifications
2433:and guarantees for each customer's traffic.
2314:, users can get mobile satellite broadband.
5694:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3693:. Accessed 23 January 2009. Internet Forum
3147:End-to-End Efficiency for Trunking Networks
2693:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2501:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2356:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2026:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1919:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1783:
1565:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1442:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1311:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1256:antenna size to reduce the satellite cost.
381:. In 1995, the FCC issued a call for more K
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6541:
6527:
6035:
6021:
5778:
5764:
5730:
4686:
4672:
4362:
3786:. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29
3395:
2907:In 2006 and 2015, the Argentinian company
2626:(FTP) server to queue data for broadcast.
446:In 2013, the first four satellites of the
6476:List of communication satellite companies
4582:The future of passive seismic acquisition
4339:
4017:"DARPA's Vulture Program Enters Phase II"
3906:
3832:
3195:"First Internet Ready Satellite Launched"
2757:Learn how and when to remove this message
2565:Learn how and when to remove this message
2420:Learn how and when to remove this message
2271:Learn how and when to remove this message
2108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2090:Learn how and when to remove this message
1980:Learn how and when to remove this message
1865:—these terminals are about the size of a
1629:Learn how and when to remove this message
1506:Learn how and when to remove this message
1375:Learn how and when to remove this message
1186:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
937:. It provides two types of connectivity:
864:
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
401:and KaStar Satellite, which later became
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
4475:"Lanzaron el satélite argentino Arsat-2"
4279:
4277:
4098:
3777:
3584:"How broadband satellite Internet works"
3214:
2973:measurements from the sea surface (e.g.
1823:
1691:
1640:
1386:
1203:
751:
226:
6471:List of communications satellite firsts
4393:
4167:. EU Publications Office. April 9, 2008
3628:
3329:
2654:
1841:have commonly used connectors such as
1008:
634:India’s main offerings in the space is
528:
14:
6860:
6689:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
6353:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology
4693:
3859:(Press release). Boeing. 7 August 2020
3545:"Ka-band Permitted Space Station List"
3525:
3523:
3354:
2812:
2807:
1941:contains content that is written like
1676:(SCPC). Two-way systems can be simple
1260:performance. Satellites typically use
6810:Local multipoint distribution service
6522:
6016:
5759:
4667:
4363:de Selding, Peter B. (Feb 12, 2014).
4284:Martyn Williams (December 27, 2010).
4274:
3036:(satellite Internet access in Europe)
2922:
2308:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
2291:) data traveling through a telephone
872:
6788:Multipoint Video Distribution System
6501:
5740:
4585:. Vol. 60. pp. 2.37–2.42.
4463:. argentina.gob.ar. 29 October 2020.
4340:Galbraith, Craig (August 15, 2016).
3401:
2691:adding citations to reliable sources
2658:
2650:– Satellite constellation technology
2499:adding citations to reliable sources
2466:
2462:
2354:adding citations to reliable sources
2321:
2317:
2209:adding citations to reliable sources
2180:
2024:adding citations to reliable sources
1991:
1925:
1884:
1849:(USB). Some also have an integrated
1787:
1563:adding citations to reliable sources
1530:
1527:Two-way satellite-only communication
1440:adding citations to reliable sources
1407:
1309:adding citations to reliable sources
1276:
1156:, and satellite owner and operator,
919:
678:adding citations to reliable sources
649:
532:
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
5785:
4394:Freeman, Mike (September 9, 2016).
3711:"TP210 Sat3Play Broadband Terminal"
3520:
3355:Howell, Elizabeth (14 April 2022).
2894:Sky Muster geostationary satellites
2800:caching among many others. See the
2441:
490:Many planned constellations employ
373:for a license to launch the first K
24:
4616:from the original on March 6, 2020
3957:. October 29, 2013. Archived from
3629:Golding, Joshua (August 9, 2011).
3081:Wireless Internet Service Provider
2938:
2176:
1079:The current LEO constellations of
25:
6884:
6134:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish
4652:
4423:. 17 January 2011. Archived from
3997:(Press release). SES. 25 May 2022
2835:On December 26, 2010, Eutelsat's
2620:public switched telephone network
2587:Federal Communications Commission
1900:This section has multiple issues.
967:
764:(or GEO) but now increasingly in
601:
450:constellation were launched into
371:Federal Communications Commission
279:satellite internet constellations
45:This article has multiple issues.
6733:Mobile broadband wireless access
6500:
6489:
6488:
5739:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5708:
5329:Free-space optical communication
4477:. infobae.com. 30 November 2017.
4094:HughesNet Fair Access Policy FAQ
3951:"Satellites: LEO, MEO & GEO"
2945:Satellite internet constellation
2663:
2471:
2326:
2185:
1996:
1930:
1889:
1792:
1535:
1412:
1281:
1272:
1106:A study in 2021 showed that the
654:
620:satellite internet constellation
569:
537:
177:
75:
34:
4572:
4503:
4481:
4467:
4453:
4439:
4413:
4387:
4356:
4333:
4308:
4249:
4228:
4217:
4200:
4179:
4153:
4059:
4034:
4009:
3987:
3973:
3943:
3929:
3915:
3893:
3871:
3849:
3812:
3771:
3760:
3751:
3723:
3703:
3683:
3653:
3622:
3597:
3562:
3537:
3506:
3478:
3464:
3440:
3416:
3381:
3367:
3348:
3323:
3094:
2196:needs additional citations for
2136:based phones to 15 kbit/s
1908:or discuss these issues on the
1704:The two-way "iLNB" used on the
1696:The two-way "iLNB" used on the
1403:
1199:
1184:For example, the United States
1179:high altitude platform stations
1022:35,786 km (22,236 mi)
665:needs additional citations for
328:in 1928 and popularised by the
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
3290:
3270:
3244:
3230:
3215:Fitchard, Kevin (2012-10-01).
3208:
3187:
3156:
3140:
3118:
2961:In oceanography and seismology
2955:OneWeb satellite constellation
1661:(VSAT) via satellite to a hub
13:
1:
6771:Educational Broadband Service
3635:Network Innovation Associates
3111:
3102:Transmission Control Protocol
2969:, for physical satellite and
2967:remote instrument diagnostics
1741:time-division multiple access
1670:time-division multiple access
1231:adaptive uplink power control
913:Low-noise block downconverter
756:How satellite internet works.
606:The EU plans to commence the
517:As of 2017, airlines such as
6455:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio
6179:Very-small-aperture terminal
5715:Telecommunication portal
5496:Telecommunications equipment
4165:CORDIS | European Commission
3128:Ars Technica. 7 January 2013
3066:Very small aperture terminal
2304:General Packet Radio Service
1881:Internet via satellite phone
1719:
1659:very-small-aperture terminal
1249:satellite communication dish
796:
431:In 2004, with the launch of
289:internet access from space.
7:
6231:Digital audio radio service
6139:Motor-driven Satellite dish
5232:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
4400:The San Diego Union-Tribune
4046:Link Communications Systems
4042:"C Band Ku Band Comparison"
3937:The Gravity of Space Debris
3241:SES. Accessed 25 April 2021
2992:
2929:O3b satellite constellation
2850:service. Passengers aboard
2706:"Satellite Internet access"
2638:
2635:encapsulating of the data.
2514:"Satellite Internet access"
2369:"Satellite Internet access"
2220:"Satellite Internet access"
2039:"Satellite Internet access"
1779:Portable satellite Internet
1578:"Satellite Internet access"
1455:"Satellite Internet access"
1324:"Satellite Internet access"
1071:Medium and low Earth orbits
843:
689:"Satellite Internet access"
645:
422:Iridium Communications Inc.
317:and launched in July 1962.
110:"Satellite Internet access"
27:Satellite-provided Internet
10:
6889:
6765:Advanced Wireless Services
6697:Digital Video Broadcasting
4936:Telecommunications history
2942:
2779:Reducing satellite latency
2630:System software components
2614:System hardware components
2130:Iridium network satellites
1767:standard for downlink and
1674:single channel per carrier
963:Challenges and limitations
828:constellation will employ
509:. The constellation of 11
292:
6868:Satellite Internet access
6825:
6802:
6664:
6646:Satellite Internet access
6633:
6585:
6554:
6484:
6463:
6442:
6391:
6286:Relay satellite companies
6285:
6239:
6187:
6106:
6083:High-throughput satellite
6068:Satellite Internet access
6050:
5932:
5914:
5886:
5793:
5703:
5645:
5582:
5544:Public Switched Telephone
5504:
5468:
5425:
5366:
5356:telecommunication circuit
5317:Fiber-optic communication
5300:
5062:Francis Blake (telephone)
5009:
4857:Optical telecommunication
4701:
3804:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3197:. Space Daily. 2003-09-29
3047: – satellite company
1801:This section needs to be
1152:mobile network operator,
979:latency round-trip time.
786:network operations centre
546:This section needs to be
437:high-throughput satellite
243:Satellite Internet access
186:This article needs to be
6044:Satellite communications
5455:Orbital angular-momentum
4892:Satellite communications
4731:Communications satellite
3717:17 November 2010 at the
3402:A.W. (17 October 2017).
3087:
2440:are used to address the
2171:omnidirectional antennas
1784:Portable satellite modem
1135:for receiving the signal
1065:virtual private networks
629:
613:
464:satellite constellations
452:medium Earth orbit (MEO)
322:geosynchronous satellite
263:geostationary satellites
251:communication satellites
6392:Satellite manufacturers
5334:Molecular communication
5157:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4986:Undersea telegraph line
4721:Cable protection system
4591:10.1093/astrogeo/atz102
4461:"El Arsat-1, Argentina"
3428:Denver Business Journal
2975:sea surface temperature
2451:Virtual private network
2285:dial-up Internet access
1663:telecommunications port
1212:satellite Internet dish
281:are being developed in
6608:Terrestrial television
5476:Communication protocol
5262:Charles Sumner Tainter
5077:Walter Houser Brattain
5022:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4830:Information revolution
4523:10.1093/icesjms/fsn110
4211:April 9, 2008, at the
3709:Newtec Productions NV
3330:Etherington, Darrell.
2624:File Transfer Protocol
1837:
1701:
1654:
1392:
1237:during precipitation.
1213:
1099:. The next generation
865:Antenna dish and modem
757:
610:project in the 2020s.
330:science fiction author
239:
6625:Visual sensor network
5450:Polarization-division
5182:Narinder Singh Kapany
5147:Erna Schneider Hoover
5067:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5047:Alexander Graham Bell
4778:online video platform
2864:Scandinavian Airlines
1962:neutral point of view
1827:
1771:standard for uplink.
1695:
1644:
1390:
1207:
988:first-person shooters
755:
586:, through subsidiary
230:
6620:Satellite television
6058:Satellite television
5292:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5252:Almon Brown Strowger
5222:Charles Grafton Page
4877:Prepaid mobile phone
4805:Electrical telegraph
3697:19 July 2011 at the
3474:. 30 September 2023.
3029:NetHope#NetReliefKit
2687:improve this section
2655:Efficiency increases
2495:improve this section
2350:improve this section
2205:improve this article
2020:improve this section
1847:Universal Serial Bus
1653:port for connection
1645:The back panel of a
1559:improve this section
1436:improve this section
1305:improve this section
1192:became operational.
1009:Geostationary orbits
834:optical mesh network
674:improve this article
529:Companies and market
253:; if it can sustain
95:improve this article
6678:Long Term Evolution
6656:Wireless local loop
6598:Internet television
6443:Trade organizations
6434:Thales Alenia Space
6247:Astra Digital Radio
6240:Broadcast companies
6169:Satellite data unit
5933:Long range wireless
5242:Johann Philipp Reis
5001:Wireless revolution
4963:The Telephone Cases
4820:Hydraulic telegraph
4069:, IOS Press, 2000,
3843:2014JBIS...67..110W
3303:Wall Street Journal
3014:(formerly DIRECWAY)
2813:Geostationary orbit
2808:Satellites launched
2436:Often, nonstandard
2140:and 60 kbit/s
1954:promotional content
1877:seafaring vessels.
1756:European Commission
1732:per day to 25
1167:geostationary orbit
1015:geostationary orbit
830:laser communication
762:geostationary orbit
501:In September 2017,
492:laser communication
277:. In addition, new
259:satellite broadband
6651:Wireless broadband
6593:Amateur television
6572:Radio broadcasting
6262:Sirius XM Holdings
6153:Parabolic antennas
5440:Frequency-division
5417:Telephone exchange
5287:Charles Wheatstone
5217:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5192:Innocenzo Manzetti
5127:Reginald Fessenden
4862:Optical telegraphy
4695:Telecommunications
4427:on 17 January 2011
4344:. Channel Partners
4116:on August 18, 2009
3491:The Indian Express
3258:. 24 February 2017
3151:Newtec IP Trunking
2979:sea surface height
2933:Medium Earth Orbit
2923:Medium Earth orbit
1956:and inappropriate
1838:
1702:
1655:
1393:
1214:
873:Outdoor unit (ODU)
770:Medium Earth orbit
758:
240:
18:Satellite internet
6855:
6854:
6603:Mobile television
6516:
6515:
6073:Amateur satellite
6010:
6009:
5753:
5752:
5491:Store and forward
5486:Data transmission
5400:Network switching
5351:Transmission line
5197:Guglielmo Marconi
5162:Internet pioneers
5027:Mohamed M. Atalla
4996:Whistled language
4140:Official web site
4110:Official web site
4083:978-4-274-90379-3
3494:. 27 October 2023
3452:www.copernicus.eu
3077:(Excede Internet)
2999:Back-channel and
2860:American Airlines
2796:pre-fetching and
2767:
2766:
2759:
2741:
2579:Internet Protocol
2575:
2574:
2567:
2549:
2463:One-way broadcast
2430:
2429:
2422:
2404:
2318:System components
2287:, with outbound (
2281:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2074:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1923:
1822:
1821:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1613:
1523:of the antennas.
1516:
1515:
1508:
1490:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1359:
1235:reduced bit rates
992:racing simulators
920:Indoor unit (IDU)
907:Block upconverter
824:and the proposed
750:
749:
742:
724:
567:
566:
496:internet backbone
377:-band satellite,
249:provided through
225:
224:
217:
207:
206:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
6880:
6641:Mobile broadband
6543:
6536:
6529:
6520:
6519:
6504:
6503:
6492:
6491:
6419:Northrop Grumman
6098:Carriage dispute
6037:
6030:
6023:
6014:
6013:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5757:
5756:
5743:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5584:Notable networks
5574:Wireless network
5514:Cellular network
5506:Types of network
5481:Computer network
5368:Network topology
5282:Thomas A. Watson
5137:Oliver Heaviside
5122:Philo Farnsworth
5097:Daniel Davis Jr.
5072:Charles Bourseul
5032:John Logie Baird
4741:Data compression
4736:Computer network
4688:
4681:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4371:. Archived from
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4296:on March 8, 2012
4292:. Archived from
4281:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4232:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4112:. Archived from
4102:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3947:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3775:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3707:
3701:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3667:. Archived from
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3637:. Archived from
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3609:Business Insider
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3122:
3105:
3098:
3071:
3050:
2953:and 400 for the
2927:Since 2013, the
2902:Christmas Island
2790:TCP acceleration
2762:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2699:
2667:
2659:
2606:or an automatic
2570:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2507:
2475:
2467:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2362:
2330:
2322:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2213:
2189:
2181:
2122:satellite phones
2113:
2106:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2032:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1943:an advertisement
1934:
1933:
1926:
1915:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1571:
1539:
1531:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1448:
1416:
1408:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1317:
1285:
1277:
1045:TCP acceleration
745:
738:
734:
731:
725:
723:
682:
658:
650:
562:
559:
553:
541:
540:
533:
333:Arthur C. Clarke
220:
213:
202:
199:
193:
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6841:
6821:
6798:
6660:
6629:
6581:
6577:Satellite radio
6550:
6547:
6517:
6512:
6480:
6459:
6438:
6414:Lockheed Martin
6387:
6293:AST SpaceMobile
6281:
6235:
6189:Satellite radio
6183:
6164:Satellite modem
6159:Satellite phone
6144:Multi-satellite
6102:
6088:Relay satellite
6063:Satellite radio
6046:
6041:
6011:
6006:
5928:
5910:
5882:
5789:
5787:Internet access
5784:
5754:
5749:
5709:
5707:
5699:
5641:
5578:
5500:
5464:
5421:
5370:
5362:
5303:
5296:
5202:Robert Metcalfe
5057:Tim Berners-Lee
5005:
4825:Information Age
4697:
4692:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4577:
4573:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4491:. 21 March 2022
4487:
4486:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4282:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4218:
4213:Wayback Machine
4205:
4201:
4192:
4190:
4187:"Inmarsat BGAN"
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4088:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3916:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3881:. 5 August 2021
3877:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3817:
3813:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3719:Wayback Machine
3708:
3704:
3699:Wayback Machine
3689:Tom’s Hardware
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3368:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3338:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3295:
3291:
3286:. May 24, 2019.
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3069:
3048:
2995:
2963:
2947:
2941:
2939:Low Earth orbit
2925:
2888:
2856:United Airlines
2852:JetBlue Airways
2815:
2810:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2700:
2698:
2684:
2668:
2657:
2641:
2632:
2616:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2508:
2506:
2492:
2476:
2465:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2363:
2361:
2347:
2331:
2320:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2190:
2179:
2177:One-way receive
2120:For many years
2114:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2033:
2031:
2017:
2001:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1722:
1713:
1647:satellite modem
1635:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1540:
1529:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1449:
1447:
1433:
1417:
1406:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1318:
1316:
1302:
1286:
1275:
1224:
1202:
1175:
1073:
1011:
970:
965:
922:
897:
875:
867:
846:
804:
799:
766:Low Earth orbit
746:
735:
729:
726:
683:
681:
671:
659:
648:
632:
616:
604:
572:
563:
557:
554:
551:
542:
538:
531:
468:low Earth orbit
419:
391:Lockheed Martin
384:
376:
366:
347:Hughes Aircraft
326:Herman Potočnik
295:
283:low-earth orbit
270:
257:, it is termed
247:Internet access
221:
210:
209:
208:
203:
197:
194:
191:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6886:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6813:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6735:
6730:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6686:
6681:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6567:Internet radio
6564:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6523:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6498:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6149:Satellite dish
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6078:Ground station
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6017:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5727:
5717:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5435:Space-division
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5272:Camille Tissot
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5247:Claude Shannon
5244:
5239:
5237:Tivadar Puskás
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5207:Antonio Meucci
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5177:Charles K. Kao
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Harold Hopkins
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5052:Emile Berliner
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:Videotelephony
4988:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4887:Radiotelephone
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Internet video
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4653:External links
4651:
4648:
4647:
4638:|journal=
4571:
4562:|journal=
4502:
4480:
4466:
4452:
4438:
4412:
4386:
4375:on May 4, 2014
4355:
4332:
4307:
4273:
4248:
4227:
4216:
4199:
4178:
4152:
4127:
4097:
4086:
4058:
4033:
4008:
3986:
3972:
3942:
3928:
3914:
3892:
3870:
3848:
3811:
3778:Stephen Cobb.
3770:
3759:
3750:
3722:
3702:
3682:
3652:
3621:
3596:
3586:. VSAT Systems
3572:
3561:
3536:
3519:
3505:
3477:
3463:
3439:
3415:
3394:
3380:
3366:
3347:
3322:
3289:
3269:
3243:
3229:
3207:
3186:
3155:
3139:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3001:return channel
2996:
2994:
2991:
2962:
2959:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2921:
2898:Norfolk Island
2886:
2868:Virgin America
2848:Exede Internet
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2615:
2612:
2604:decryption key
2573:
2572:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2428:
2427:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2279:
2278:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2116:
2115:
2098:
2097:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1958:external links
1938:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1758:sponsored the
1749:file transfers
1721:
1718:
1711:
1637:
1636:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:object in the
1514:
1513:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1383:
1382:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1222:
1201:
1198:
1174:
1171:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1089:
1072:
1069:
1026:speed of light
1010:
1007:
969:
968:Signal latency
966:
964:
961:
949:
948:
942:
924:The satellite
921:
918:
917:
916:
910:
904:
895:
874:
871:
866:
863:
845:
842:
809:' modulation.
802:
798:
795:
748:
747:
662:
660:
653:
647:
644:
631:
628:
615:
612:
603:
602:European Union
600:
596:Project Kuiper
578:, through its
571:
568:
565:
564:
545:
543:
536:
530:
527:
417:
382:
374:
364:
338:Wireless World
335:in a paper in
320:The idea of a
294:
291:
268:
236:satellite dish
223:
222:
205:
204:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6885:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6738:IEEE 802.15.3
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6562:Digital radio
6560:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6544:
6539:
6537:
6532:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6509:
6508:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6119:Monoblock LNB
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:Main articles
6049:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5746:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5726:
5718:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5695:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5460:Code-division
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5445:Time-division
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:and switching
5369:
5365:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5322:optical fiber
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Coaxial cable
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Radia Perlman
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
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5190:
5188:
5185:
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5180:
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5175:
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5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Lee de Forest
5115:
5113:
5112:Thomas Edison
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Donald Davies
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Claude Chappe
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
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5018:
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5008:
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4967:
4965:
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4960:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Smoke signals
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:Semiconductor
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
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4880:
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4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:Digital media
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
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4709:
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4689:
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4682:
4677:
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4524:
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4516:
4515:
4506:
4490:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4449:. sslmda.com.
4448:
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4401:
4397:
4390:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4343:
4336:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4290:Network World
4287:
4280:
4278:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4188:
4182:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:4-274-90379-6
4072:
4068:
4065:Takashi Iida
4062:
4047:
4044:. Technical.
4043:
4037:
4023:on 2012-10-17
4022:
4018:
4012:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3961:on 2014-10-03
3960:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3880:
3874:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3754:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3671:on 2014-10-21
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3641:on 2013-06-30
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3551:on 2012-04-21
3550:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3409:The Economist
3405:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3257:
3256:SpaceNews.com
3253:
3247:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3218:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3176:on 2006-07-15
3172:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:SES Broadband
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:Lamit Company
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2987:seismological
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:oceanographic
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:launched the
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:EchoStar XVII
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2776:
2761:
2758:
2750:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708: –
2707:
2703:
2702:Find sources:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2672:This section
2670:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2569:
2566:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516: –
2515:
2511:
2510:Find sources:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2480:This section
2478:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371: –
2370:
2366:
2365:Find sources:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:This section
2333:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222: –
2221:
2217:
2216:Find sources:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2194:This section
2192:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2094:
2091:
2083:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041: –
2040:
2036:
2035:Find sources:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2005:This section
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1939:This section
1937:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1804:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1754:In 2006, the
1752:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1706:SES Broadband
1699:
1698:SES Broadband
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580: –
1579:
1575:
1574:Find sources:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1544:This section
1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457: –
1456:
1452:
1451:Find sources:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1421:This section
1419:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326: –
1325:
1321:
1320:Find sources:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:This section
1288:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:Line of sight
1270:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:In May 2022,
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Doppler shift
1120:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
974:
960:
958:
954:
946:
943:
940:
939:
938:
936:
932:
927:
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
899:
893:
889:
886:, elevation,
885:
881:
880:line-of-sight
870:
862:
858:
854:
852:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
815:
810:
808:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
754:
744:
741:
733:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691: –
690:
686:
685:Find sources:
679:
675:
669:
668:
663:This section
661:
657:
652:
651:
643:
641:
640:JioSpaceFiber
637:
627:
625:
621:
611:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:United States
561:
549:
544:
535:
534:
526:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
372:
368:
359:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
237:
234:
229:
219:
216:
201:
189:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6833:Broadcasting
6803:Technologies
6794:Wireless USB
6728:Mobile WiMAX
6684:5G New Radio
6645:
6506:
6494:
6333:Intersputnik
6257:Dish Network
6067:
5984:
5916:Wireless LAN
5906:Wireless USB
5888:Wireless PAN
5427:Multiplexing
5302:Transmission
5267:Nikola Tesla
5257:Henry Sutton
5212:Samuel Morse
5142:Robert Hooke
5107:Amos Dolbear
5042:John Bardeen
4961:
4941:Telautograph
4845:Mobile phone
4800:Edholm's law
4783:social media
4716:Broadcasting
4618:. Retrieved
4581:
4574:
4542:. Retrieved
4513:
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4483:
4469:
4455:
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4425:the original
4415:
4405:September 1,
4403:. Retrieved
4399:
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4373:the original
4368:
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4319:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4294:the original
4289:
4264:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4240:. Retrieved
4230:
4219:
4202:
4191:. Retrieved
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4164:
4155:
4145:December 11,
4143:. Retrieved
4139:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4114:the original
4109:
4100:
4089:
4061:
4050:. Retrieved
4048:. 2004-07-30
4045:
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:the original
4011:
3999:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:the original
3954:
3945:
3936:
3931:
3922:
3917:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3851:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3788:. Retrieved
3783:
3773:
3762:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:
3725:
3705:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3669:the original
3665:VSAT Systems
3664:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3639:the original
3634:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3608:
3599:
3588:. Retrieved
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3539:
3530:
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3489:
3480:
3466:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:
3442:
3431:. Retrieved
3427:
3418:
3407:
3397:
3388:
3383:
3374:
3369:
3360:
3350:
3339:. Retrieved
3335:
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3302:
3292:
3281:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3255:
3246:
3237:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3210:
3199:. Retrieved
3189:
3178:. Retrieved
3171:the original
3158:
3150:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3120:
3096:
2964:
2948:
2926:
2906:
2891:
2876:
2842:
2834:
2824:
2816:
2782:
2773:
2753:
2744:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2701:
2685:Please help
2673:
2642:
2633:
2617:
2608:rolling code
2600:
2596:
2576:
2561:
2552:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2509:
2493:Please help
2481:
2458:
2455:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2416:
2407:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2364:
2348:Please help
2336:
2301:
2282:
2267:
2258:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2215:
2203:Please help
2198:verification
2195:
2167:Secure Shell
2119:
2104:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2034:
2018:Please help
2006:
1976:
1967:
1952:by removing
1948:Please help
1940:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1902:Please help
1899:
1875:
1839:
1810:
1802:
1773:
1760:UNIC Project
1753:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1703:
1667:
1656:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1557:Please help
1545:
1521:Fresnel zone
1517:
1502:
1493:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1450:
1434:Please help
1422:
1404:Fresnel zone
1398:
1394:
1371:
1362:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1319:
1303:Please help
1291:
1267:
1262:photovoltaic
1258:
1254:
1246:
1241:Rain margins
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1227:rain margins
1226:
1218:
1215:
1200:Interference
1194:
1183:
1176:
1169:satellites.
1147:
1142:phased array
1129:
1121:
1114:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1042:
1030:
1019:
1012:
1004:
985:
981:
977:
971:
950:
935:demodulation
923:
888:polarization
876:
868:
859:
855:
847:
838:
819:
811:
800:
790:Star network
759:
736:
727:
717:
710:
703:
696:
684:
672:Please help
667:verification
664:
633:
617:
605:
573:
555:
547:
516:
500:
489:
461:
445:
435:, the first
430:
407:
360:
336:
319:
303:Soviet Union
296:
258:
242:
241:
211:
195:
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
6702:Terrestrial
6343:SED Systems
6277:1worldspace
6093:Transponder
5627:NPL network
5339:Radio waves
5277:Alfred Vail
5187:Hedy Lamarr
5172:Dawon Kahng
5132:Elisha Gray
5092:Yogen Dalal
5017:Nasir Ahmed
4951:Teleprinter
4815:Heliographs
4320:pcworld.com
3132:5 September
3075:Viasat Inc.
3018:IP over DVB
2983:ocean floor
1834:South Sudan
1672:(TDMA) and
1208:A foldable
1160:used SES's
1150:Kazakhstani
994:while many
778:transceiver
395:GE-Americom
345:, built by
313:, built by
287:low-latency
255:high speeds
6862:Categories
6308:Globalstar
5980:Muni Wi-Fi
5871:Power-line
5673:Antarctica
5632:Toasternet
5554:Television
5037:Paul Baran
4969:Television
4953:(teletype)
4946:Telegraphy
4924:transistor
4902:Phryctoria
4872:Photophone
4850:Smartphone
4840:Mass media
4607:1101953759
4348:October 3,
4242:2013-08-29
4193:2013-08-29
4052:2018-02-10
4027:2021-08-06
3955:Atlanta RF
3908:2212.13697
3590:2013-08-29
3555:2013-08-29
3457:2023-11-03
3433:2016-01-18
3341:2018-02-09
3336:TechCrunch
3316:2018-02-09
3223:2013-08-29
3201:2013-08-29
3180:2009-03-04
3112:References
2989:analyses.
2985:, and for
2943:See also:
2826:SkyTerra-1
2747:April 2024
2717:newspapers
2555:April 2024
2525:newspapers
2410:April 2024
2380:newspapers
2297:downstream
2261:April 2024
2231:newspapers
2154:Globalstar
2142:downstream
2080:April 2024
2050:newspapers
1970:April 2024
1950:improve it
1905:improve it
1813:April 2024
1619:April 2024
1589:newspapers
1496:April 2024
1466:newspapers
1365:April 2024
1335:newspapers
1101:O3b mPOWER
1081:Globalstar
730:April 2024
700:newspapers
558:April 2024
507:O3b mPOWER
426:Globalstar
307:Explorer 1
285:to enable
198:April 2024
151:April 2024
121:newspapers
50:improve it
6873:Broadband
6847:Microwave
6714:Satellite
6665:Standards
6114:SAT>IP
5985:Satellite
5896:Bluetooth
5876:Broadband
5851:IEEE 1901
5657:Americas
5646:Locations
5617:Internet2
5378:Bandwidth
5082:Vint Cerf
4979:streaming
4957:Telephone
4897:Semaphore
4788:streaming
4640:ignored (
4630:cite book
4599:1366-8781
4564:ignored (
4554:cite book
4539:703246903
4531:1054-3139
4369:SpaceNews
3965:August 6,
3834:1407.2521
3738:ohiou.edu
3675:August 6,
3645:August 6,
3361:Space.com
3311:0099-9660
3045:Teledesic
3012:HughesNet
2981:) to the
2883:HughesNet
2674:does not
2591:web pages
2583:broadcast
2482:does not
2438:IP stacks
2337:does not
2312:GSM phone
2007:does not
1911:talk page
1867:briefcase
1851:Bluetooth
1830:Red Cross
1720:Bandwidth
1546:does not
1423:does not
1292:does not
1219:rain fade
1088:altitude.
931:bitstream
814:bent-pipe
797:Satellite
774:microwave
768:(LEO) or
622:, run by
588:HughesNet
414:Microsoft
410:Teledesic
315:Bell Labs
311:Telstar 1
301:, by the
299:Sputnik 1
56:talk page
6722:IEEE 802
6716:(DVB-S2)
6708:Handheld
6495:Category
6363:Starlink
6358:Star One
6328:Intelsat
6323:Inmarsat
6313:Hispasat
6303:Eutelsat
6298:EchoStar
6174:Spacebus
6107:Hardware
5990:UMTS-TDD
5841:HomePlug
5821:Ethernet
5725:Category
5612:Internet
5602:CYCLADES
5519:Ethernet
5469:Concepts
5393:terminal
5344:wireless
5167:Bob Kahn
5010:Pioneers
4835:Internet
4726:Cable TV
4620:July 15,
4611:Archived
4544:July 15,
4495:22 March
4431:28 March
4325:28 March
4300:July 17,
4266:28 March
4209:Archived
4171:June 20,
4120:July 17,
3885:26 March
3863:25 April
3800:cite web
3790:22 March
3743:28 March
3715:Archived
3695:Archived
3614:15 April
3498:14 March
3262:15 April
3219:. Gigaom
3040:StarBand
2993:See also
2951:Starlink
2885:. This K
2844:ViaSat-1
2648:Outernet
2639:Services
2289:upstream
2159:megabyte
2138:upstream
1859:INMARSAT
1843:Ethernet
1836:in 2014.
1651:Ethernet
1108:Starlink
945:Ethernet
844:Gateways
822:Starlink
646:Function
624:Chinasat
592:Starlink
584:EchoStar
523:American
485:Starlink
403:WildBlue
399:Motorola
387:EchoStar
379:Spaceway
356:Internet
233:WildBlue
6826:Related
6784:(MVDDS)
6724:family
6710:(DVB-H)
6704:(DVB-T)
6674:family
6613:Digital
6507:Commons
6378:Turksat
6368:Telesat
6338:Iridium
6272:Allente
6252:DirecTV
6226:ISDB-S3
6221:DVB-S2X
6211:DVB-RCS
5846:HomePNA
5806:Dial-up
5745:Commons
5735:Outline
5688:Oceania
5607:FidoNet
5592:ARPANET
5405:circuit
4974:digital
4703:History
4261:jaxa.jp
4189:. GMPCS
3839:Bibcode
3827:: 110.
3238:O3b MEO
3006:DishNET
2917:ARSAT-2
2913:ARSAT-1
2830:Hylas-1
2786:latency
2731:scholar
2695:removed
2680:sources
2539:scholar
2503:removed
2488:sources
2442:latency
2394:scholar
2358:removed
2343:sources
2245:scholar
2150:dial-up
2146:Thuraya
2064:scholar
2028:removed
2013:sources
1871:Thuraya
1803:updated
1769:DVB-RCS
1603:scholar
1567:removed
1552:sources
1480:scholar
1444:removed
1429:sources
1349:scholar
1313:removed
1298:sources
1210:Bigpond
1189:Vulture
1085:Iridium
1000:simplex
973:Latency
884:azimuth
851:Gateway
826:Telesat
807:Carrier
714:scholar
582:brand,
548:updated
433:Anik F2
343:Syncom3
293:History
188:updated
135:scholar
6818:(MMDS)
6812:(LMDS)
6790:(MVDS)
6777:HomeRF
6691:(MBMS)
6424:SpaceX
6404:Boeing
6399:Airbus
6383:Viasat
6373:Tooway
6318:Hughes
6267:Sky UK
6216:DVB-S2
6201:DVB-SH
6124:DiSEqC
5965:iBurst
5836:Nessum
5811:DOCSIS
5683:Europe
5653:Africa
5637:Usenet
5597:BITNET
5534:Mobile
5410:packet
4919:MOSFET
4914:device
4711:Beacon
4605:
4597:
4537:
4529:
4421:"Home"
4081:
4073:
4001:30 May
3309:
3153:, 2013
3054:Tooway
2872:Qantas
2837:KA-SAT
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2295:, but
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2163:RS-232
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2037:
1855:laptop
1765:DVB-S2
1687:modems
1685:. The
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1097:Gbit/s
953:DOCSIS
890:, and
716:
709:
702:
695:
687:
636:Oneweb
594:, and
576:ViaSat
480:Amazon
476:OneWeb
472:SpaceX
275:Mbit/s
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
6773:(EBS)
6767:(AWS)
6753:WiMAX
6748:Wi-Fi
6680:(LTE)
6586:Video
6555:Radio
6464:Lists
6409:INVAP
6206:S-DMB
6129:USALS
6000:WiBro
5995:WiMAX
5940:5G NR
5924:Wi-Fi
5901:Li-Fi
5801:Cable
5794:Wired
5666:South
5661:North
5622:JANET
5559:Telex
5549:Radio
5388:Nodes
5383:Links
5304:media
4882:Radio
4867:Pager
4795:Drums
4761:video
4756:image
4746:audio
4614:(PDF)
4379:4 May
3903:arXiv
3829:arXiv
3734:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
3088:Notes
2909:ARSAT
2819:WINDS
2738:JSTOR
2724:books
2581:(IP)
2546:JSTOR
2532:books
2401:JSTOR
2387:books
2293:modem
2252:JSTOR
2238:books
2126:bit/s
2071:JSTOR
2057:books
1610:JSTOR
1596:books
1487:JSTOR
1473:books
1356:JSTOR
1342:books
1154:Kcell
1117:Earth
1034:cable
996:MMOGs
957:WiMAX
926:modem
782:modem
721:JSTOR
707:books
630:India
614:China
608:IRIS²
580:Exede
519:Delta
441:FSSes
142:JSTOR
128:books
6842:band
6758:WRAN
6672:3GPP
6634:Data
5975:MMDS
5960:HSPA
5955:GPRS
5950:EVDO
5945:DECT
5861:MoCA
5856:ISDN
5831:G.hn
5826:FTTx
5678:Asia
5564:UUCP
5524:ISDN
4642:help
4622:2021
4603:OCLC
4595:ISSN
4566:help
4546:2021
4535:OCLC
4527:ISSN
4497:2022
4433:2018
4407:2017
4381:2014
4350:2016
4327:2018
4302:2011
4268:2018
4173:2020
4147:2012
4122:2011
4079:ISBN
4071:ISBN
4003:2022
3967:2021
3887:2022
3865:2021
3806:link
3792:2019
3745:2018
3677:2021
3647:2021
3616:2018
3500:2024
3307:ISSN
3283:CNBC
3264:2018
3134:2013
3060:TS 2
2977:and
2931:(in
2915:and
2900:and
2877:The
2870:and
2817:The
2794:HTTP
2710:news
2678:any
2676:cite
2518:news
2486:any
2484:cite
2373:news
2341:any
2339:cite
2224:news
2144:for
2134:ACeS
2132:and
2128:for
2043:news
2011:any
2009:cite
1863:BGAN
1714:band
1683:ADSL
1678:VSAT
1582:news
1550:any
1548:cite
1459:news
1427:any
1425:cite
1328:news
1296:any
1294:cite
1233:and
1091:The
1083:and
1058:SaaS
1038:VDSL
892:skew
693:news
638:and
521:and
478:and
424:and
367:band
351:NASA
349:for
271:band
114:news
6742:UWB
6429:SSL
6348:SES
5970:LTE
5866:PON
5816:DSL
5569:WAN
5539:NGN
5529:LAN
4810:Fax
4751:DCT
4587:doi
4519:doi
2798:DNS
2689:by
2497:by
2352:by
2207:by
2022:by
1861:'s
1845:or
1832:in
1681:as
1561:by
1438:by
1307:by
1162:O3b
1158:SES
1093:O3b
1053:SSL
1036:or
990:or
955:or
676:by
511:MEO
503:SES
466:in
457:SES
448:O3b
245:is
97:by
6864::
6193:TV
6191:/
4634::
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4628:{{
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2866:,
2862:,
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2792:,
1914:.
1751:.
1734:GB
1730:MB
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1040:.
1013:A
626:.
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