Satellite Internet access

853:—or Gateway Earth Station (its full name)—is also referred to as a ground station, teleport or hub. The term is sometimes used to describe just the antenna dish portion, or it can refer to the complete system with all associated components. In short, the gateway receives radio wave signals from the satellite on the last leg of the return or upstream payload, carrying the request originating from the end-user's site. The satellite modem at the gateway location demodulates the incoming signal from the outdoor antenna into IP packets and sends the packets to the local network. Access server/gateways manage traffic transported to/from the Internet. Once the initial request has been processed by the gateway's servers, sent to and returned from the Internet, the requested information is sent back as a forward or downstream payload to the end-user via the satellite, which directs the signal to the subscriber terminal. Each Gateway provides the connection to the Internet backbone for the gateway beam(s) it serves. 805:-band (18.3–30 GHz) mode. These new purpose-built satellites are designed and optimized for broadband applications, employing many narrow spot beams, which target a much smaller area than the broad beams used by earlier communication satellites. This spot beam technology allows satellites to reuse assigned bandwidth multiple times which can enable them to achieve much higher overall capacity than conventional broad beam satellites. The spot beams can also increase performance and consequential capacity by focusing more power and increased receiver sensitivity into defined concentrated areas. Spot beams are designated as one of two types: subscriber spot beams, which transmit to and from the subscriber-side terminal, and gateway spot beams, which transmit to/from a service provider ground station. Note that moving off the tight footprint of a spotbeam can degrade performance significantly. Also, spotbeams can make the use of other significant new technologies impossible, including 'Carrier in 840:

enables this transmission and reception in the payload transponders is a repeater subsystem (RF (radio frequency) equipment) used to change frequencies, filter, separate, amplify and group signals before routing them to their destination address on Earth. The satellite's high-gain receiving antenna passes the transmitted data to the transponder which filters, translates and amplifies them, then redirects them to the transmitting antenna on board. The signal is then routed to a specific ground location through a channel known as a carrier. Beside the payload, the other main component of a communications satellite is called the bus, which comprises all equipment required to move the satellite into position, supply power, regulate equipment temperatures, provide health and tracking information, and perform numerous other operational tasks.

1017:(or geostationary Earth orbit/GEO) is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude), with a period equal to the Earth's rotational period and an orbital eccentricity of approximately zero (i.e. a "circular orbit"). An object in a geostationary orbit appears motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to ground observers. Launchers often place communications satellites and weather satellites in geostationary orbits, so that the satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move to track them, but can point permanently at the position in the sky where the satellites stay. Due to the constant 0° latitude and circularity of geostationary orbits, satellites in GEO differ in location by longitude only. 753: 1825: 1028:(about 300,000 km/s or 186,000 miles per second), this delay can appear significant. If all other signaling delays could be eliminated, it still takes a radio signal about 250 milliseconds (ms), or about a quarter of a second, to travel to the satellite and back to the ground. The absolute minimum total amount of delay varies, due to the satellite staying in one place in the sky, while ground-based users can be directly below (with a roundtrip latency of 239.6 ms), or far to the side of the planet near the horizon (with a roundtrip latency of 279.0 ms). 439:, a class of next-generation satellites providing improved capacity and bandwidth became operational. More recently, high throughput satellites such as ViaSat's ViaSat-1 satellite in 2011 and HughesNet's Jupiter in 2012 have achieved further improvements, elevating downstream data rates from 1 to 3 Mbit/s up to 12 to 15 Mbit/s and beyond. Internet access services tied to these satellites are targeted largely to rural residents as an alternative to Internet service via dial-up, ADSL or classic 1794: 539: 179: 1205: 1642: 6490: 5721: 1693: 2665: 2473: 2328: 2187: 1998: 1537: 1414: 1283: 656: 77: 5731: 1265:

the satellite, and in general, the cost to launch a satellite into an orbit is directly proportional to its weight. (In addition, since satellite launch vehicles have specific payload size limits, making parts of the satellite larger may require either more complex folding mechanisms for parts of the satellite like solar panels and high-gain antennas, or upgrading to a more expensive launch vehicle that can handle a larger payload.)

1932: 1891: 36: 5710: 6502: 5741: 1388: 228: 2310:(EDGE), costs are reduced for higher effective rates if the upload volume is very low, and also because this service is not per-time charged, but charged by volume uploaded. GPRS as return improves mobility when the service is provided by a satellite that transmits in the field of 100 to 200 kW. Using a 33 cm wide satellite dish, a notebook and a normal GPRS equipped 817:

positioned at the point of the bend. Simply put, the satellite's role in this network arrangement is to relay signals from the end user's terminal to the ISP's gateways, and back again without processing the signal at the satellite. The satellite receives, amplifies, and redirects a carrier on a specific radio frequency through a signal path called a transponder.

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of the signal. As the radio frequency decreases, to below 900 MHz, penetration through vegetation increases, but most satellite communications operate above 2 GHz making them sensitive to even minor obstructions such as tree foliage. A dish installation in the winter must factor in plant foliage growth that will appear in the spring and summer.

1716:. Pricing for SES Broadband modems range from €299 to €350. These types of system are generally unsuitable for use on moving vehicles, although some dishes may be fitted to an automatic pan and tilt mechanism to continuously re-align the dish—but these are more expensive. The technology for SES Broadband was delivered by a Belgian company called Newtec. 1221:. The effects are less pronounced on the lower frequency 'L' and 'C' bands but can become quite severe on the higher frequency 'Ku' and 'Ka' band. For satellite Internet services in tropical areas with heavy rain, use of the C band (4/6 GHz) with a circular polarisation satellite is popular. Satellite communications on the K 909:(BUC) – This unit sits behind the feed horn and may be part of the same unit, but a larger (higher wattage) BUC could be a separate piece attached to the base of the antenna. Its job is to convert the signal from the modem to a higher frequency and amplify it before it is reflected off the dish and towards the satellite. 915:(LNB) – This is the receiving element of the terminal. The LNB's job is to amplify the received satellite radio signal bouncing off the dish and filter out the noise, which is any signal not carrying valid information. The LNB passes the amplified, filtered signal to the satellite modem at the user's location. 1119:, and so continuous widespread access requires a constellation of many satellites (low-Earth orbits needing more satellites than medium-Earth orbits) with complex constellation management to switch data transfer between satellites and keep the connection to a customer, and tracking by the ground stations. 2839:

was launched. It covers the European continent with 80 spot beams—focused signals that cover an area a few hundred kilometers across Europe and the Mediterranean. Spot beams allow for frequencies to be effectively reused in multiple regions without interference. The result is increased capacity. Each

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terminals with a 60–100 cm dish and output power of only a few watts intended for consumers and small business or larger systems that provide more bandwidth. Such systems are frequently marketed as "satellite broadband" and can cost two to three times as much per month as land-based systems such

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A radio signal takes about 120 milliseconds to reach a geostationary satellite and then 120 milliseconds to reach the ground station, so nearly 1/4 of a second overall. Typically, during perfect conditions, the physics involved in satellite communications account for approximately 550 milliseconds of

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In its report released in February, 2013, the Federal Communications Commission noted significant advances in satellite Internet performance. The FCC's Measuring Broadband America report also ranked the major ISPs by how close they came to delivering on advertised speeds. In this category, satellite

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Each remote location may also be equipped with a telephone modem; the connections for this are as with a conventional dial-up ISP. Two-way satellite systems may sometimes use the modem channel in both directions for data where latency is more important than bandwidth, reserving the satellite channel

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Typically a completely clear line of sight between the dish and the satellite is required for the system to work optimally. In addition to the signal being susceptible to absorption and scattering by moisture, the signal is similarly impacted by the presence of trees and other vegetation in the path

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Modern consumer-grade dish antennas tend to be fairly small, which reduces the rain margin or increases the required satellite downlink power and cost. However, it is often more economical to build a more expensive satellite and smaller, less expensive consumer antennas than to increase the consumer

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which require the exchange of numerous pieces of data between web server and web client. Although these pieces of data are small, the multiple round trips involved in the handshake produce long delays compared to other forms of Internet connectivity, as documented by Stephen T. Cobb in a 2011 report

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project envisaged an ultralight aircraft capable of station-keeping over a fixed area for a period of up to five years, and able to provide both continuous surveillance to ground assets as well as to service extremely low-latency communications networks. This project was cancelled in 2012 before it

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more diffuse or completely omnidirectional ground antennas capable of communicating with one or more satellites visible in the sky at the same time, but at significantly higher transmit power than fixed geostationary dish antennas (due to the lower gain), and with much poorer signal-to-noise ratios

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satellites orbit at 550 km altitude, with an average RTT latency of 45 ms. Another study in 2022 showed that the latency of the Starlink network is 1.8 ms to 22.8 ms more than the latency of terrestrial networks according to a measurement study conducted in the Metro Vancouver area.

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For an Internet packet, that delay is doubled before a reply is received. That is the theoretical minimum. Factoring in other normal delays from network sources gives a typical one-way connection latency of 500 to 700 ms from the user to the ISP, or about 1,000 to 1,400 ms latency for the

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Hardman-Mountford, Nicholas J.; Moore, Gerald; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Watson, Andrew J.; Schuster, Ute; Barciela, Rosa; Hines, Adrian; Moncoiffé, Gwenaelle; Brown, Juan; Dye, Stephen; Blackford, Jerry; Somerfield, Paul J.; Holt, Jason; Hydes, David J.; Aiken, James (November 1, 2008). "Towards an

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The transmitting station has two components, consisting of a high-speed Internet connection to serve many customers at once, and the satellite uplink to broadcast requested data to the customers. The ISP's routers connect to proxy servers which can enforce quality of service (QoS) bandwidth limits

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solar power, so there is no expense for the energy itself, but a more powerful satellite will require larger, more powerful solar panels and electronics, often including a larger transmitting antenna. The larger satellite components not only increase materials costs but also increase the weight of

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Onboard batteries would charge during daylight hours through solar panels covering the wings and would provide power to the plane during night. Ground-based satellite internet dishes would relay signals to and from the aircraft, resulting in a greatly reduced round-trip signal latency of only 0.25

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Feed – This assembly is part of the VSAT receive and transmit chain, which consists of several components with different functions, including the feed horn at the front of the unit, which resembles a funnel and has the task of focusing the satellite microwave signals across the surface of the dish

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The satellite has its own set of antennas to receive communication signals from Earth and to transmit signals to their target location. These antennas and transponders are part of the satellite's "payload", which is designed to receive and transmit signals to and from various places on Earth. What

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These usually come in the shape of a self-contained flat rectangular box that needs to be pointed in the general direction of the satellite—unlike VSAT the alignment need not be very precise and the modems have built in signal strength meters to help the user align the device properly. The modems

1665:(teleport), which then relays data via the terrestrial Internet. The satellite dish at each location must be precisely pointed to avoid interference with other satellites. At each VSAT site the uplink frequency, bit rate and power must be accurately set, under control of the service provider hub. 1251:

so as to gather more of the satellite signal on the downlink and also to provide a stronger signal on the uplink. In other words, increasing antenna gain through the use of a larger parabolic reflector is one way of increasing the overall channel gain and, consequently, the signal-to-noise (S/N)

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Even if there is a direct line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antenna, reflections from objects near the path of the signal can decrease apparent signal power through phase cancellations. Whether and how much signal is lost from a reflection is determined by the location of the

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satellite was launched on February 23, 2008. The WINDS satellite is used to provide broadband Internet services to Japan and locations across the Asia-Pacific region. The satellite to provides a maximum speed of 155 Mbit/s down and 6 Mbit/s up to residences with a 45 cm aperture

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At $ 5 to $ 7 per megabyte on average, portable satellite internet is typically more expensive than other modes of Internet access, with modems usually costing between $ 1,000 and $ 5,000. Due to this, it is most often used on vehicles without access to other modes of Internet access, such as

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Home users tend to use shared satellite capacity to reduce the cost, while still allowing high peak bit rates when congestion is absent. There are usually restrictive time-based bandwidth allowances so that each user gets their fair share, according to their payment. When a user exceeds their

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Modulated carriers can be dynamically altered in response to rain problems or other link impairments using a process called adaptive coding and modulation, or "ACM". ACM allows the bit rates to be increased substantially during normal clear sky conditions, increasing the number of bits per Hz

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Large commercial dishes of 3.7 m to 13 m diameter can be used to achieve increased rain margins and also to reduce the cost per bit by allowing for more efficient modulation codes. Alternately, larger aperture antennae can require less power from the satellite to achieve acceptable

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architecture has traditionally been employed in the network in which the satellite functions as a bridge in space, connecting two communication points on the ground. The term "bent-pipe" is used to describe the shape of the data path between sending and receiving antennas, with the satellite

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Most one-way broadcast applications require custom programming at the remote sites. The software at the remote site must filter, store, present a selection interface to and display the data. The software at the transmitting station must provide access control, priority queuing, sending, and

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MEO satellite constellation to demonstrate that MEO satellites could be used to provide high-speed mobile internet to remote regions of Kazakhstan for reliable video calling, conferencing and streaming, and web browsing, with a latency five times lower than on the existing platform based on

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and launched on August 19, 1963. Succeeding generations of communications satellites featuring larger capacities and improved performance characteristics were adopted for use in television delivery, military applications and telecommunications purposes. Following the invention of the

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satellites will deliver 10 terabits of capacity globally through 30,000 spot beams for broadband internet services. The first two O3b mPOWER satellites launched in December 2022, with nine more scheduled for deployment in 2023-2024 and the initial service start expected in Q3 2023.

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The broadcast mechanism may include compression and error correction to help ensure the one-way broadcast is properly received. The data may also be rebroadcast periodically, so that receivers that did not previously succeed will have additional chances to try downloading again.

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and Iridium are planning to launch new satellites offering always-on data services at higher rates. With Thuraya phones the 9.6 kbit/s dial-up connection is also possible, the 60 kbit/s service is always-on and the user is billed for data transferred (about $ 5 per

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features that shorten the apparent round trip time (RTT) per packet by splitting ("spoofing") the feedback loop between the sender and the receiver. Certain acceleration features are often present in recent technology developments embedded in satellite Internet equipment.

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The longer latency is the primary difference between a standard terrestrial-based network and a geostationary satellite-based network. The round-trip latency of a geostationary satellite communications network can be more than 12 times that of a terrestrial based network.

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Normal VSAT dishes (1.2 to 2.4 m diameter) are widely used for VoIP phone services. A voice call is sent by means of packets via the satellite and Internet. Using coding and compression techniques the bit rate needed per call is only 10.8 kbit/s each way.

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total round-trip time (RTT) back to the user. This is more than most dial-up users experience at typically 150–200 ms total latency, and much higher than the typical 15 to 40 ms latency experienced by users of other high-speed Internet services, such as

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Two objects are said to be within line of sight if a straight line between the objects can be connected without any interference, such as a mountain. An object beyond the horizon is below the line of sight and, therefore, can be difficult to communicate with.

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As the continental United States is north of the equator, all gateway and subscriber dish antenna must have an unobstructed view of the southern sky. Because of the satellite's geostationary orbit, the gateway antenna can stay pointed at a fixed position.

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The system of gateways comprising the satellite ground system provides all network services for satellite and corresponding terrestrial connectivity. Each gateway provides a multiservice access network for subscriber terminal connections to the Internet.

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Many IP-over-satellite implementations use paired proxy servers at both endpoints so that certain communications between clients and servers need not to accept the latency inherent in a satellite connection. For similar reasons, there exist special

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Along with dramatic advances in satellite technology over the past decade, ground equipment has similarly evolved, benefiting from higher levels of integration and increasing processing power, expanding both capacity and performance boundaries. The

975:(commonly referred to as "ping time") is the delay between requesting data and the receipt of a response, or in the case of one-way communication, between the actual moment of a signal's broadcast and the time it is received at its destination. 420:-band frequency, providing inexpensive Internet access with download speeds of up to 720 Mbit/s. However, the project was abandoned in 2003. Teledesic's failure, coupled with the bankruptcy filings of the satellite communications providers 1216:

Satellite communications are affected by moisture and various forms of precipitation (such as rain or snow) in the signal path between end users or ground stations and the satellite being utilized. This interference with the signal is known as

898:-band only); these steps must all be taken prior to the actual activation of service. Transmit and receive components are typically mounted at the focal point of the antenna which receives/sends data from/to the satellite. The main parts are: 894:. The combination of these settings gives the outdoor unit a L-O-S to the chosen satellite and makes data transmission possible. These parameters are generally set at the time the equipment is installed, along with a beam assignment (K 1087:

satellites have delays of less than 40 ms round trip, but their throughput is less than broadband at 64 kbit/s per channel. The Globalstar constellation orbits 1,420 km above the Earth and Iridium orbits at 670 km

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topology where all network communication passes through the network's hub processor, which is at the centre of the star. With this configuration, the number of ground stations that can be connected to the hub is virtually limitless.

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which aimed to develop an end-to-end scientific test bed for the distribution of new broadband interactive TV-centric services delivered over low-cost two-way satellite to actual end-users in the home. The UNIC architecture employs

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MEO satellites require higher power transmissions than LEO to achieve the same signal strength at the ground station but their higher altitude also provides less orbital overcrowding, and their slower orbit speed reduces both

2589:(FCC) license is required only for the uplink station, not for its users. Note that most Internet protocols will not work correctly over one-way access, since they require a return channel. However, Internet content such as 2593:

can still be distributed over a one-way system by "pushing" them out to local storage at end user sites, though full interactivity is not possible. This is much like TV or radio content which offers little user interface.

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and asymmetry problems of the satellite connection. As with one-way receive systems, data sent over the satellite link is generally also encrypted, as otherwise it would be accessible to anyone with a satellite receiver.

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The data may also be encrypted so that while anyone can receive the data, only certain destinations are able to actually decode and use the broadcast data. Authorized users only need to have possession of either a short

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Much of the slowdown associated with satellite Internet is that for each request, many roundtrips must be completed before any useful data can be received by the requester. Special IP stacks and proxies can also reduce

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serves as an interface between the outdoor unit and customer-provided equipment (i.e. PC, router) and controls satellite transmission and reception. From the sending device (computer, router, etc.) it receives an input

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At the far end of the outdoor unit is typically a small (2–3-foot, 60 to 90 cm diameter), reflective dish-type radio antenna. The VSAT antenna must also have an unobstructed view of the sky to allow for proper

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are the extra communication link requirements needed to account for signal degradations due to moisture and precipitation, and are of acute importance on all systems operating at frequencies over 10 GHz.

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all planned to launch more than 1000 satellites each. OneWeb alone raised $ 1.7 billion by February 2017 for the project, and SpaceX raised over one billion in the first half of 2019 for their service called

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to provide internet access to the "other three billion" people without stable internet access at that time. Over the next six years, 16 further satellites joined the constellation, now owned and operated by

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Coaxial cable (COAX) connectivity to the satellite antenna. The cable carrying electromagnetic satellite signals between the modem and the antenna generally is limited to be no more than 150 feet in length.

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Ma, Sami; Chou, Yi Ching; Zhao, Haoyuan; Chen, Long; Ma, Xiaoqiang; Liu, Jiangchuan (2022-12-27). "Network Characteristics of LEO Satellite Constellations: A Starlink-Based Measurement from End Users".

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allowance, the company may slow down their access, deprioritise their traffic or charge for the excess bandwidth used. For consumer satellite Internet, the allowance can typically range from 200

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equipment for high-throughput optical inter-satellite links. The interconnected satellites allow for direct routing of user data from satellite to satellite and effectively create a space-based

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Marketed as the centre of the new broadband satellite networks are a new generation of high-powered GEO satellites positioned 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) above the equator, operating in K

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Latency is still high, although lower than full two-way geostationary satellite Internet, since only half of the data path is via satellite, the other half being via the terrestrial channel.

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Upload speeds are limited by the user's dial-up modem, while download speeds can be very fast compared to dial-up, using the modem only as the control channel for packet acknowledgement.

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transmitted, and thus reducing overall cost per bit. Adaptive coding requires some sort of a return or feedback channel which can be via any available means, satellite or terrestrial.

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Hammond, James O. S.; England, Richard; Rawlinson, Nick; Curtis, Andrew; Sigloch, Karin; Harmon, Nick; Baptie, Brian (April 2, 2019). "What next for broadband passive seismology?".

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constellation orbits at 8,062 km, with RTT latency of approximately 125 ms. The network is also designed for much higher throughput with links well in excess of 1

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required for this service are often proprietary, but some are compatible with several different providers. They are also expensive, costing in the range of US$ 600 to $ 2000.

4447:"SSL Delivers High Performance Broadband Satellite To Launch Base, Demonstrates Leadership in Satellites For Fast Internet With Satellite For Australia's Broadband Network" 1196:

milliseconds. The planes could potentially run for long periods without refueling. Several such schemes involving various types of aircraft have been proposed in the past.

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aircraft, which would fly along a circular path above a fixed ground location, operating under autonomous computer control at a height of approximately 20,000 meters.

487:. They expected more than $ 30 billion in revenue by 2025 from its satellite constellation. Starlink, as of February 2024, has 5,402 operational satellites in orbit. 4285: 3513: 869:

For the customer-provided equipment (i.e. PC and router) to access the broadband satellite network, the customer must have additional physical components installed:

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Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations do not have such long delays, as the satellites are closer to the ground. For example:

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Unlike geostationary satellites, LEO and MEO satellites do not stay in a fixed position in the sky and from a lower altitude they can "see" a smaller area of the

882:(L-O-S) to the satellite. There are four physical characteristic settings used to ensure that the antenna is configured correctly at the satellite, which are: 4395: 416:

that ended up costing more than $ 9 billion. Teledesic's idea was to create a satellite Internet constellation of hundreds of low-orbiting satellites in the K

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Satellite latency can be detrimental to especially time-sensitive applications such as on-line gaming (although it only seriously affects the likes of

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ratio, which allows for greater signal loss due to rain fade without the S/N ratio dropping below its minimum threshold for successful communication.

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data sent via satellite at a higher rate. In the U.S., an FCC license is required for the uplink station only; no license is required for the users.

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See Comparative Latency of Internet Connections in Satellite Internet Connection for Rural Broadband, page 7 (RuMBA White Paper, Stephen Cobb, 2011)

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satellite was launched July 5, 2012 by Arianespace and was placed in its permanent geosynchronous orbital slot of 107.1° West longitude, servicing

4372: 3544: 3331: 3163: 1743:(TDMA), which involves transmitting occasional short packet bursts in between other users (similar to how a cellular phone shares a cell tower). 3485: 1020:

Compared to ground-based communication, all geostationary satellite communications experience higher latency due to the signal having to travel

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have been introducing satellite internet as a means of combating limited bandwidth on airplanes and offering passengers usable internet speeds.

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published by the Rural Mobile and Broadband Alliance. This annoyance extends to entering and editing data using some Software as a Service or

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For geostationary satellites, there is no way to eliminate latency, but the problem can be somewhat mitigated in Internet communications with

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Consumer satellite Internet customers range from individual home users with one PC to large remote business sites with several hundred PCs.

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interface. Due to the low bandwidths involved it is extremely slow to browse the web with such a connection, but useful for sending email,

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through lessening the number of roundtrips, or simplifying and reducing the length of protocol headers. Optimization technologies include

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antennas that can steer the beam electronically, together with software that can predict the path of each satellite in the constellation.

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MEO) – a number of ground stations known as gateways that relay Internet data to and from the satellite via radio waves (

3605:"Elon Musk is about to launch the first of 11,925 proposed SpaceX internet satellites — more than all spacecraft that orbit Earth today" 2737: 2545: 2400: 2251: 2070: 1609: 1486: 1355: 720: 141: 2804:

standard (SCPS), developed by NASA and adopted widely by commercial and military equipment and software providers in the market space.

2686: 2494: 2349: 2204: 2019: 1904: 1558: 1435: 1304: 1037: 673: 94: 49: 4488: 4093: 4016: 3694: 3604: 2709: 2517: 2453:(VPN) implementations designed for use over satellite links because standard VPN software cannot handle the long packet travel times. 2372: 2223: 2042: 1581: 1458: 1327: 692: 113: 6505: 6475: 5777: 2829: 2822:

antenna and a 1.2 Gbit/s connection to businesses with a 5-meter antenna. It has reached the end of its design life expectancy.

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reflector. The feed horn both receives signals reflected off the dish's surface and transmits outbound signals back to the satellite.

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Note that the exact measurement results can differ as the deployment of Starlink infrastructure varies across time and locations.

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Wood, Lloyd; Lou, Yuxuan; Olusola, Opeoluwa (2014). "Revisiting elliptical satellite orbits to enhance the O3b constellation".

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per month. A shared download carrier may have a bit rate of 1 to 40 Mbit/s and be shared by up to 100 to 4,000 end users.

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of the spot beams has an overall capacity of 900 Mbit/s and the entire satellite will has a capacity of 70 Gbit/s.

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transceiver and double as a satellite phone. The modems also tend to have their own batteries so they can be connected to a

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was launched Oct. 19, 2011 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, offering 140 Gbit/s of total throughput capacity, through the

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and have near-symmetric connection speeds of around 350 to 500 kbit/s. Smaller modems exist like those offered by

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and the World Wide Web, geostationary satellites attracted interest as a potential means of providing Internet access.

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constellation shares the same orbit and delivers from 50 Mbit/s to multiple gigabits per second to a single user.

688: 109: 6133: 6034: 5543: 4074: 2756: 2619: 2586: 2564: 2419: 2270: 2107: 2089: 1979: 1918: 1628: 1505: 1374: 995: 739: 370: 214: 160: 63: 4474: 3935: 2694: 2502: 2357: 2027: 1566: 1443: 1312: 5328: 4876: 4678: 2944: 278: 4105: 1067:, can be affected by the high latency. Many TCP protocols were not designed to work in high-latency environments. 5439: 1961: 1657:

Home or consumer grade two-way satellite Internet service involves both sending and receiving data from a remote

3731:"Data Communications Protocol Performance on Geo-stationary Satellite Links (Hans Kruse, Ohio University, 1996)" 933:

and converts or modulates it into radio waves, reversing that order for incoming transmissions, which is called

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Satellite Internet generally relies on three primary components: a satellite – historically in

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Fresnel zone. D is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, r is the radius of the Fresnel zone.

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Internet topped the list, with 90% of subscribers seeing speeds at 140% or better than what was advertised.

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The effects of this delay may be mitigated using data compression, TCP-acceleration, and HTTP pre-fetching.

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connectivity to the computer, carrying the customer's data packets to and from the Internet content servers.

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satellites, respectively. Providing internet and TV access to remote locations in its country of origin.

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at an altitude of 8,063 km) claims an end-to-end round-trip latency of 238 ms for data services.

6382: 6082: 5355: 5316: 5161: 5061: 4990: 4923: 4750: 4223: 3357:"Starlink satellites: Everything you need to know about the controversial internet megaconstellation" 2622:

for squawk box applications. An Internet connection is not required, but many applications include a

1662: 785: 436: 261:. Modern consumer grade satellite Internet service is typically provided to individual users through 232: 4641: 4565: 1096: 274: 6398: 6087: 6043: 5959: 5949: 5870: 5763: 5714: 4956: 4891: 4844: 4804: 3583: 3299:"Exclusive Peek at SpaceX Data Shows Loss in 2015, Heavy Expectations for Nascent Internet Service" 2675: 2483: 2338: 2008: 1949: 1547: 1424: 1293: 321: 262: 250: 2173:

no alignment is required as long as there is a line of sight between the phone and the satellite.

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As of 2024, companies providing home internet service in the United States via satellite included

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Similar to one-way terrestrial return, satellite Internet access may include interfaces to the

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handsets. Globalstar also provides Internet access at 9.6 kbit/s; like Iridium and ACeS a

329: 6377: 4580: 4257:"JAXA - Wideband InterNetworking engineering test and Demonstration Satellite "KIZUNA"(WINDS)" 1002:

operation (one-way transmission) and latency is not a critical factor for video transmission.

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The amount of time during which service is lost can be reduced by increasing the size of the

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An operational monitoring system to provide indicators of CO2-related variables in the ocean

4020: 3631:"Q: What is the difference between terrestrial (land based) Internet and satellite Internet" 3424:"Satellite broadband takes off, attracts users beyond rural areas – Denver Business Journal" 1138:

motorized antenna mounts with high-gain, narrow beam antennas tracking individual satellites

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to provide internet to regional Australians and residents of External Territories, such as

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device that uses its own highly accurate independent timing mechanism to decrypt the data.

1846: 1052: 987: 833: 432: 3194: 385:-band satellite applications, attracting applications from 15 companies. Among those were 8: 6677: 6655: 6433: 6246: 6168: 5301: 5241: 5000: 4962: 4760: 4745: 3730: 1755: 1166: 1014: 761: 254: 3879:"Starlink is better than its satellite competition but not as fast as landline internet" 3842: 3025: – Satellite operator providing fixed and mobile communications including internet. 1807:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

192:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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terminal dish has a transmitter and single-polarity receive LNB, both operating in the

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at the user end which links the user's network with the transceiver, and a centralized

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Tracking of the moving satellites is usually undertaken in one of three ways, using:

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A significant enabler of satellite-delivered Internet has been the opening up of the

5236: 3995:"Kcell and SES Successfully Demonstrate Cellular Network connectivity in Kazakhstan" 462:

Since 2014, a rising number of companies announced working on internet access using

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data and using other low-bandwidth protocols. Since satellite phones tend to have

776:), and further ground stations to serve each subscriber, with a small antenna and 6576: 6292: 6188: 6163: 6158: 6062: 5786: 5201: 5056: 4824: 4799: 4787: 4212: 4135: 4066: 4041: 3757:

Roundtrip latency numbers are from RFC 2488, Section 2: Satellite Characteristics

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One-way terrestrial return satellite Internet systems are used with conventional

2121: 1686: 1646: 887: 765: 467: 390: 346: 282: 246: 6741: 6566: 6148: 6077: 5825: 5399: 5271: 5246: 5206: 5176: 5051: 4886: 4839: 4814: 4772: 4489:"Starlink reaches 250,000 subscribers as it targets aviation and other markets" 3000: 2897: 2867: 2847: 1953: 1248: 1124: 1025: 891: 639: 595: 518: 479: 337: 235: 4606: 4590: 3766: 3332:"SpaceX hopes satellite Internet business will pad thin rocket launch margins" 3028: 1747:

for download data where bandwidth is more important than latency, such as for

6861: 6737: 6561: 6428: 6347: 6118: 5548: 5321: 5311: 5226: 5116: 5111: 5101: 5086: 4908: 4767: 4598: 4538: 4530: 4522: 4160: 3408: 3310: 3164:"Extra-Terrestrial Relays—Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" 3101: 3033: 3022: 2878: 1748: 1705: 1697: 1641: 1204: 1188: 1157: 642:. And is as of 2023, entertaining licenses for Starlink and Project Kuiper. 502: 456: 286: 3857:"Boeing to Build Four Additional 702X Satellites for SES's O3b mPOWER Fleet" 2161:). The phones can be connected to a laptop or other computer using a USB or 2124:

have been able to connect to the Internet. Bandwidth varies from about 2400

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that can offer relatively high data speeds, with newer satellites using the

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Latency also impacts the initiation of secure Internet connections such as

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to a satellite in geostationary orbit and back to Earth again. Even at the

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Among prominent aspirants in the early-stage satellite Internet sector was

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in 1945. The first satellite to successfully reach geostationary orbit was

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There are several types of two-way satellite Internet services, including

1649:, with coaxial connections for both incoming and outgoing signals, and an 6757: 6732: 6342: 6276: 5626: 5276: 5186: 5171: 5131: 5091: 4950: 3486:"Reliance Jio demonstrates its satellite-based gigabit internet in India" 3017: 2982: 1833: 777: 836:

that will enable seamless network management and continuity of service.

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As of 2023, China is in the process of developing its own, state-owned,

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can use this service since 2015. The service has also been expanded to

2825: 2211: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2153: 1149: 1100: 1080: 991: 680: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 506: 425: 306: 3780:"RuMBA White Paper: Satellite Internet Connection for Rural Broadband" 3217:"With new satellite tech, rural dwellers get access to true broadband" 1063:

Functions, like live interactive access to a distant computer—such as

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telecommunication standard to communicate with the assigned gateway.

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for satellites. In December 1993, Hughes Aircraft Co. filed with the

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satellite in 1958. The first commercial communications satellite was

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http://www.dbsinstall.com/PDF/WildBlue/Wildblue_Satellite_Basics.pdf

3472:"G60 Starlink: China plans second megaconstellation to rival SpaceX" 2664: 2472: 2327: 2186: 1997: 1692: 1536: 1413: 1282: 655: 76: 6721: 6362: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6302: 6297: 6225: 6173: 5989: 5840: 5820: 5611: 5601: 5518: 5343: 5166: 3907: 3531:

Large LEO satellite constellations: Will it be different this time?

3126:"Satellite Internet: 15 Mbps, no matter where you live in the U.S." 3039: 2950: 2843: 2647: 2590: 2585:-based data, audio and video distribution. In the United States, a 2158: 1858: 1842: 1733: 1729: 1650: 1107: 998:

can operate well over satellite Internet), but IPTV is typically a

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announced the next generation of O3b satellites and service, named

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was launched in mid-November 2010, providing North America, while

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LEO and MEO broadband constellations mega source of consternation

2916: 2912: 2889:-band satellite has over 100 Gbit/s of throughput capacity. 2149: 2145: 1870: 1768: 1709: 1209: 883: 825: 362: 342: 310: 266: 6548: 2949:

As of March 2022, around 2300 satellites have been launched for

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but only connect at 444 kbit/s in a limited coverage area.

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Portable Satellite Internet Modem and Antenna deployed with the

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A proposed alternative to relay satellites is a special-purpose

1172: 6776: 6713: 6423: 6372: 6266: 6215: 6200: 6123: 6113: 5964: 5835: 5810: 5636: 5596: 4918: 4342:"ViaSat's Exede Business Talks Up Sky-High Broadband Contracts" 3547:. Federal Communications Commission. 2009-01-25. Archived from 3074: 3062: – Internet provider for U.S. Army soldiers in Afghanistan 3053: 2871: 2836: 2162: 1854: 1764: 1225:

band (19/29 GHz) can use special techniques such as large

1021: 952: 635: 575: 412:, an ambitious and ultimately failed project funded in part by 227: 4659:

ViaSat/TIA Satellite Equipment Systems Standardization Efforts

4365:"ViaSat Gears Up for Loral Trial, Reports Slower Exede Growth" 3404:"More airlines are offering free Wi-Fi for messaging services" 3100:

TCP is bound by the low latency of a three-way handshake. See

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connection is required and is billed per minute, however both

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for inter-satellite links to effectively create a space-based

6781: 6752: 6747: 6707: 6701: 6683: 6408: 6205: 5999: 5994: 5939: 5923: 5900: 5621: 5558: 4866: 4578: 4517:. Vol. 65. Oxford University Press. pp. 1498–1503. 4316:"JetBlue adds free Wi-Fi, says it can handle streaming video" 2908: 2818: 2292: 2125: 1857:

without draining its battery. The most common such system is

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Kcell, SES demo O3b satellite-enabled remote mobile services

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Consumer grade satellite modems typically employ either the

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In conjunction with the satellite's spot-beam technology, a

780:. Other components of a satellite Internet system include a 6671: 5830: 5563: 3282: 3059: 2133: 1862: 1739:

The uplink direction for shared user customers is normally

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and the size and complexity of the constellation required.

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Satellite Communications: System and Its Design Technology

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McKinsey & Company, 4 May 2020, Accessed 25 April 2021

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One-way broadcast satellite Internet systems are used for

3713:(Version R2/06.2010). Satellite Internet Modem factsheet 2965:

Satellite communications are used for data transmission,

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In 2015 and 2016, the Australian Government launched two

1161: 1092: 447: 2957:. SpaceX reported 250,000 users of its Starlink system. 3661:"Latency- why is it a big deal for Satellite Internet?" 3252:"OneWeb weighing 2,000 more satellites - SpaceNews.com" 3070:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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2013 FCC report cites big jump in satellite performance

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Another type of one-way satellite Internet system uses

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applications as well as in other forms of online work.

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SpaceNews. 16 December 2022. Accessed 27 December 2022

4238:. Federal Communications Commission. 5 February 2013 4161:"Universal satellite home connection | UNIC Project" 3378:

Space News 11 September 2017. Accessed 25 April 2021

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SES building a 10-terabit O3b "mPOWER" constellation

3049:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2306:(GPRS) for the back-channel. Using standard GPRS or 1960:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 4019:(Press release). September 15, 2010. Archived from 3389:

SpaceX launches first pair of O3b mPower satellites

2643:Emerging commercial services in this area include: 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4511:operational ocean-carbon observation capability". 4106:"WildBlue: High Speed Satellite Internet Provider" 305:in October 1957, the US successfully launched the 4396:"ViaSat Lands Another Airline For Inflight Wi-Fi" 4087: 3940:Via Satellite. March 2019, Accessed 25 April 2021 3691:"How much latency is too much for Online Gaming?" 3578: 3576: 2960: 2832:was launched in November 2010, targeting Europe. 273:to achieve downstream data speeds up to 506 6859: 6782:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service 4286:"European broadband-Internet satellite launched" 3926:SpaceNews, 13 March 2018, Accessed 25 April 2021 3008:(satellite Internet access in the United States) 4283: 4136:"Exede: High Speed Satellite Internet Provider" 3984:Comms Update. 26 May 2022. Accessed 30 May 2022 3169:. Arthur C. Clark. October 1945. Archived from 1880: 4128: 3899: 3818: 3573: 3296: 1778: 1070: 6534: 6450:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems 6028: 5771: 4679: 4236:"Measuring Broadband America – February 2013" 4224:ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2488.txt 3821:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 3784:RuMBA – Rural Mobile & Broadband Alliance 3056: – Satellite broadband Internet provider 2778: 2629: 2613: 1173:Ultralight atmospheric aircraft as satellites 962: 820:Some satellite constellations in LEO such as 297:Following the launch of the first satellite, 238:on the side of a house for receiving Internet 6816:Multichannel multipoint distribution service 6549:Wireless video and data distribution methods 6042: 3297:Winkler, Rolfe; Pasztor, Andy (2017-01-13). 2802:Space Communications Protocol Specifications 2433:and guarantees for each customer's traffic. 2314:, users can get mobile satellite broadband. 5694:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3693:. Accessed 23 January 2009. Internet Forum 3147:End-to-End Efficiency for Trunking Networks 2693:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2501:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2356:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2026:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1919:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1783: 1565:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1442:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1311:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1256:antenna size to reduce the satellite cost. 381:. In 1995, the FCC issued a call for more K 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6541: 6527: 6035: 6021: 5778: 5764: 5730: 4686: 4672: 4362: 3786:. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29 3395: 2907:In 2006 and 2015, the Argentinian company 2626:(FTP) server to queue data for broadcast. 446:In 2013, the first four satellites of the 6476:List of communication satellite companies 4582:The future of passive seismic acquisition 4339: 4017:"DARPA's Vulture Program Enters Phase II" 3906: 3832: 3195:"First Internet Ready Satellite Launched" 2757:Learn how and when to remove this message 2565:Learn how and when to remove this message 2420:Learn how and when to remove this message 2271:Learn how and when to remove this message 2108:Learn how and when to remove this message 2090:Learn how and when to remove this message 1980:Learn how and when to remove this message 1865:—these terminals are about the size of a 1629:Learn how and when to remove this message 1506:Learn how and when to remove this message 1375:Learn how and when to remove this message 1186:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 937:. It provides two types of connectivity: 864: 740:Learn how and when to remove this message 401:and KaStar Satellite, which later became 215:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 4475:"Lanzaron el satélite argentino Arsat-2" 4279: 4277: 4098: 3777: 3584:"How broadband satellite Internet works" 3214: 2973:measurements from the sea surface (e.g. 1823: 1691: 1640: 1386: 1203: 751: 226: 6471:List of communications satellite firsts 4393: 4167:. EU Publications Office. April 9, 2008 3628: 3329: 2654: 1841:have commonly used connectors such as 1008: 634:India’s main offerings in the space is 528: 14: 6860: 6689:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 6353:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology 4693: 3859:(Press release). Boeing. 7 August 2020 3545:"Ka-band Permitted Space Station List" 3525: 3523: 3354: 2812: 2807: 1941:contains content that is written like 1676:(SCPC). Two-way systems can be simple 1260:performance. Satellites typically use 6810:Local multipoint distribution service 6522: 6016: 5759: 4667: 4363:de Selding, Peter B. (Feb 12, 2014). 4284:Martyn Williams (December 27, 2010). 4274: 3036:(satellite Internet access in Europe) 2922: 2308:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution 2291:) data traveling through a telephone 872: 6788:Multipoint Video Distribution System 6501: 5740: 4585:. Vol. 60. pp. 2.37–2.42. 4463:. argentina.gob.ar. 29 October 2020. 4340:Galbraith, Craig (August 15, 2016). 3401: 2691:adding citations to reliable sources 2658: 2650:– Satellite constellation technology 2499:adding citations to reliable sources 2466: 2462: 2354:adding citations to reliable sources 2321: 2317: 2209:adding citations to reliable sources 2180: 2024:adding citations to reliable sources 1991: 1925: 1884: 1849:(USB). Some also have an integrated 1787: 1563:adding citations to reliable sources 1530: 1527:Two-way satellite-only communication 1440:adding citations to reliable sources 1407: 1309:adding citations to reliable sources 1276: 1156:, and satellite owner and operator, 919: 678:adding citations to reliable sources 649: 532: 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 5785: 4394:Freeman, Mike (September 9, 2016). 3711:"TP210 Sat3Play Broadband Terminal" 3520: 3355:Howell, Elizabeth (14 April 2022). 2894:Sky Muster geostationary satellites 2800:caching among many others. See the 2441: 490:Many planned constellations employ 373:for a license to launch the first K 24: 4616:from the original on March 6, 2020 3957:. October 29, 2013. Archived from 3629:Golding, Joshua (August 9, 2011). 3081:Wireless Internet Service Provider 2938: 2176: 1079:The current LEO constellations of 25: 6884: 6134:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish 4652: 4423:. 17 January 2011. Archived from 3997:(Press release). SES. 25 May 2022 2835:On December 26, 2010, Eutelsat's 2620:public switched telephone network 2587:Federal Communications Commission 1900:This section has multiple issues. 967: 764:(or GEO) but now increasingly in 601: 450:constellation were launched into 371:Federal Communications Commission 279:satellite internet constellations 45:This article has multiple issues. 6733:Mobile broadband wireless access 6500: 6489: 6488: 5739: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5708: 5329:Free-space optical communication 4477:. infobae.com. 30 November 2017. 4094:HughesNet Fair Access Policy FAQ 3951:"Satellites: LEO, MEO & GEO" 2945:Satellite internet constellation 2663: 2471: 2326: 2185: 1996: 1930: 1889: 1792: 1535: 1412: 1281: 1272: 1106:A study in 2021 showed that the 654: 620:satellite internet constellation 569: 537: 177: 75: 34: 4572: 4503: 4481: 4467: 4453: 4439: 4413: 4387: 4356: 4333: 4308: 4249: 4228: 4217: 4200: 4179: 4153: 4059: 4034: 4009: 3987: 3973: 3943: 3929: 3915: 3893: 3871: 3849: 3812: 3771: 3760: 3751: 3723: 3703: 3683: 3653: 3622: 3597: 3562: 3537: 3506: 3478: 3464: 3440: 3416: 3381: 3367: 3348: 3323: 3094: 2196:needs additional citations for 2136:based phones to 15 kbit/s 1908:or discuss these issues on the 1704:The two-way "iLNB" used on the 1696:The two-way "iLNB" used on the 1403: 1199: 1184:For example, the United States 1179:high altitude platform stations 1022:35,786 km (22,236 mi) 665:needs additional citations for 328:in 1928 and popularised by the 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 3290: 3270: 3244: 3230: 3215:Fitchard, Kevin (2012-10-01). 3208: 3187: 3156: 3140: 3118: 2961:In oceanography and seismology 2955:OneWeb satellite constellation 1661:(VSAT) via satellite to a hub 13: 1: 6771:Educational Broadband Service 3635:Network Innovation Associates 3111: 3102:Transmission Control Protocol 2969:, for physical satellite and 2967:remote instrument diagnostics 1741:time-division multiple access 1670:time-division multiple access 1231:adaptive uplink power control 913:Low-noise block downconverter 756:How satellite internet works. 606:The EU plans to commence the 517:As of 2017, airlines such as 6455:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio 6179:Very-small-aperture terminal 5715:Telecommunication portal 5496:Telecommunications equipment 4165:CORDIS | European Commission 3128:Ars Technica. 7 January 2013 3066:Very small aperture terminal 2304:General Packet Radio Service 1881:Internet via satellite phone 1719: 1659:very-small-aperture terminal 1249:satellite communication dish 796: 431:In 2004, with the launch of 289:internet access from space. 7: 6231:Digital audio radio service 6139:Motor-driven Satellite dish 5232:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4400:The San Diego Union-Tribune 4046:Link Communications Systems 4042:"C Band Ku Band Comparison" 3937:The Gravity of Space Debris 3241:SES. Accessed 25 April 2021 2992: 2929:O3b satellite constellation 2850:service. Passengers aboard 2706:"Satellite Internet access" 2638: 2635:encapsulating of the data. 2514:"Satellite Internet access" 2369:"Satellite Internet access" 2220:"Satellite Internet access" 2039:"Satellite Internet access" 1779:Portable satellite Internet 1578:"Satellite Internet access" 1455:"Satellite Internet access" 1324:"Satellite Internet access" 1071:Medium and low Earth orbits 843: 689:"Satellite Internet access" 645: 422:Iridium Communications Inc. 317:and launched in July 1962. 110:"Satellite Internet access" 27:Satellite-provided Internet 10: 6889: 6765:Advanced Wireless Services 6697:Digital Video Broadcasting 4936:Telecommunications history 2942: 2779:Reducing satellite latency 2630:System software components 2614:System hardware components 2130:Iridium network satellites 1767:standard for downlink and 1674:single channel per carrier 963:Challenges and limitations 828:constellation will employ 509:. The constellation of 11 292: 6868:Satellite Internet access 6825: 6802: 6664: 6646:Satellite Internet access 6633: 6585: 6554: 6484: 6463: 6442: 6391: 6286:Relay satellite companies 6285: 6239: 6187: 6106: 6083:High-throughput satellite 6068:Satellite Internet access 6050: 5932: 5914: 5886: 5793: 5703: 5645: 5582: 5544:Public Switched Telephone 5504: 5468: 5425: 5366: 5356:telecommunication circuit 5317:Fiber-optic communication 5300: 5062:Francis Blake (telephone) 5009: 4857:Optical telecommunication 4701: 3804:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3197:. Space Daily. 2003-09-29 3047: – satellite company 1801:This section needs to be 1152:mobile network operator, 979:latency round-trip time. 786:network operations centre 546:This section needs to be 437:high-throughput satellite 243:Satellite Internet access 186:This article needs to be 6044:Satellite communications 5455:Orbital angular-momentum 4892:Satellite communications 4731:Communications satellite 3717:17 November 2010 at the 3402:A.W. (17 October 2017). 3087: 2440:are used to address the 2171:omnidirectional antennas 1784:Portable satellite modem 1135:for receiving the signal 1065:virtual private networks 629: 613: 464:satellite constellations 452:medium Earth orbit (MEO) 322:geosynchronous satellite 263:geostationary satellites 251:communication satellites 6392:Satellite manufacturers 5334:Molecular communication 5157:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 4986:Undersea telegraph line 4721:Cable protection system 4591:10.1093/astrogeo/atz102 4461:"El Arsat-1, Argentina" 3428:Denver Business Journal 2975:sea surface temperature 2451:Virtual private network 2285:dial-up Internet access 1663:telecommunications port 1212:satellite Internet dish 281:are being developed in 6608:Terrestrial television 5476:Communication protocol 5262:Charles Sumner Tainter 5077:Walter Houser Brattain 5022:Edwin Howard Armstrong 4830:Information revolution 4523:10.1093/icesjms/fsn110 4211:April 9, 2008, at the 3709:Newtec Productions NV 3330:Etherington, Darrell. 2624:File Transfer Protocol 1837: 1701: 1654: 1392: 1237:during precipitation. 1213: 1099:. The next generation 865:Antenna dish and modem 757: 610:project in the 2020s. 330:science fiction author 239: 6625:Visual sensor network 5450:Polarization-division 5182:Narinder Singh Kapany 5147:Erna Schneider Hoover 5067:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5047:Alexander Graham Bell 4778:online video platform 2864:Scandinavian Airlines 1962:neutral point of view 1827: 1771:standard for uplink. 1695: 1644: 1390: 1207: 988:first-person shooters 755: 586:, through subsidiary 230: 6620:Satellite television 6058:Satellite television 5292:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5252:Almon Brown Strowger 5222:Charles Grafton Page 4877:Prepaid mobile phone 4805:Electrical telegraph 3697:19 July 2011 at the 3474:. 30 September 2023. 3029:NetHope#NetReliefKit 2687:improve this section 2655:Efficiency increases 2495:improve this section 2350:improve this section 2205:improve this article 2020:improve this section 1847:Universal Serial Bus 1653:port for connection 1645:The back panel of a 1559:improve this section 1436:improve this section 1305:improve this section 1192:became operational. 1009:Geostationary orbits 834:optical mesh network 674:improve this article 529:Companies and market 253:; if it can sustain 95:improve this article 6678:Long Term Evolution 6656:Wireless local loop 6598:Internet television 6443:Trade organizations 6434:Thales Alenia Space 6247:Astra Digital Radio 6240:Broadcast companies 6169:Satellite data unit 5933:Long range wireless 5242:Johann Philipp Reis 5001:Wireless revolution 4963:The Telephone Cases 4820:Hydraulic telegraph 4069:, IOS Press, 2000, 3843:2014JBIS...67..110W 3303:Wall Street Journal 3014:(formerly DIRECWAY) 2813:Geostationary orbit 2808:Satellites launched 2436:Often, nonstandard 2140:and 60 kbit/s 1954:promotional content 1877:seafaring vessels. 1756:European Commission 1732:per day to 25 1167:geostationary orbit 1015:geostationary orbit 830:laser communication 762:geostationary orbit 501:In September 2017, 492:laser communication 277:. In addition, new 259:satellite broadband 18:Satellite broadband 6651:Wireless broadband 6593:Amateur television 6572:Radio broadcasting 6262:Sirius XM Holdings 6153:Parabolic antennas 5440:Frequency-division 5417:Telephone exchange 5287:Charles Wheatstone 5217:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5192:Innocenzo Manzetti 5127:Reginald Fessenden 4862:Optical telegraphy 4695:Telecommunications 4427:on 17 January 2011 4344:. Channel Partners 4116:on August 18, 2009 3491:The Indian Express 3258:. 24 February 2017 3151:Newtec IP Trunking 2979:sea surface height 2933:Medium Earth Orbit 2923:Medium Earth orbit 1956:and inappropriate 1838: 1702: 1655: 1393: 1214: 873:Outdoor unit (ODU) 770:Medium Earth orbit 758: 240: 6855: 6854: 6603:Mobile television 6516: 6515: 6073:Amateur satellite 6010: 6009: 5753: 5752: 5491:Store and forward 5486:Data transmission 5400:Network switching 5351:Transmission line 5197:Guglielmo Marconi 5162:Internet pioneers 5027:Mohamed M. Atalla 4996:Whistled language 4140:Official web site 4110:Official web site 4083:978-4-274-90379-3 3494:. 27 October 2023 3452:www.copernicus.eu 3077:(Excede Internet) 2999:Back-channel and 2860:American Airlines 2796:pre-fetching and 2767: 2766: 2759: 2741: 2579:Internet Protocol 2575: 2574: 2567: 2549: 2463:One-way broadcast 2430: 2429: 2422: 2404: 2318:System components 2287:, with outbound ( 2281: 2280: 2273: 2255: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2074: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1923: 1822: 1821: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1613: 1523:of the antennas. 1516: 1515: 1508: 1490: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1359: 1235:reduced bit rates 992:racing simulators 920:Indoor unit (IDU) 907:Block upconverter 824:and the proposed 750: 749: 742: 724: 567: 566: 496:internet backbone 377:-band satellite, 249:provided through 225: 224: 217: 207: 206: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 6880: 6641:Mobile broadband 6543: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6504: 6503: 6492: 6491: 6419:Northrop Grumman 6098:Carriage dispute 6037: 6030: 6023: 6014: 6013: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5584:Notable networks 5574:Wireless network 5514:Cellular network 5506:Types of network 5481:Computer network 5368:Network topology 5282:Thomas A. Watson 5137:Oliver Heaviside 5122:Philo Farnsworth 5097:Daniel Davis Jr. 5072:Charles Bourseul 5032:John Logie Baird 4741:Data compression 4736:Computer network 4688: 4681: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4646: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4615: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4371:. Archived from 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4296:on March 8, 2012 4292:. Archived from 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4112:. Archived from 4102: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3991: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3947: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3836: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3775: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3727: 3721: 3707: 3701: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3667:. Archived from 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3637:. Archived from 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3609:Business Insider 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3580: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3154: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3105: 3098: 3071: 3050: 2953:and 400 for the 2927:Since 2013, the 2902:Christmas Island 2790:TCP acceleration 2762: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2699: 2667: 2659: 2606:or an automatic 2570: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2507: 2475: 2467: 2425: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2362: 2330: 2322: 2276: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2213: 2189: 2181: 2122:satellite phones 2113: 2106: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2032: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1943:an advertisement 1934: 1933: 1926: 1915: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1571: 1539: 1531: 1511: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1448: 1416: 1408: 1380: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1317: 1285: 1277: 1045:TCP acceleration 745: 738: 734: 731: 725: 723: 682: 658: 650: 562: 559: 553: 541: 540: 533: 333:Arthur C. Clarke 220: 213: 202: 199: 193: 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6841: 6821: 6798: 6660: 6629: 6581: 6577:Satellite radio 6550: 6547: 6517: 6512: 6480: 6459: 6438: 6414:Lockheed Martin 6387: 6293:AST SpaceMobile 6281: 6235: 6189:Satellite radio 6183: 6164:Satellite modem 6159:Satellite phone 6144:Multi-satellite 6102: 6088:Relay satellite 6063:Satellite radio 6046: 6041: 6011: 6006: 5928: 5910: 5882: 5789: 5787:Internet access 5784: 5754: 5749: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5641: 5578: 5500: 5464: 5421: 5370: 5362: 5303: 5296: 5202:Robert Metcalfe 5057:Tim Berners-Lee 5005: 4825:Information Age 4697: 4692: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4637: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4577: 4573: 4561: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4541: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4491:. 21 March 2022 4487: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4218: 4213:Wayback Machine 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4187:"Inmarsat BGAN" 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3916: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3881:. 5 August 2021 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3817: 3813: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3719:Wayback Machine 3708: 3704: 3699:Wayback Machine 3689:Tom’s Hardware 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3368: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3295: 3291: 3286:. May 24, 2019. 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3069: 3048: 2995: 2963: 2947: 2941: 2939:Low Earth orbit 2925: 2888: 2856:United Airlines 2852:JetBlue Airways 2815: 2810: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2700: 2698: 2684: 2668: 2657: 2641: 2632: 2616: 2571: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2508: 2506: 2492: 2476: 2465: 2426: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2363: 2361: 2347: 2331: 2320: 2277: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2214: 2212: 2202: 2190: 2179: 2177:One-way receive 2120:For many years 2114: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2033: 2031: 2017: 2001: 1986: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1947: 1935: 1931: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1722: 1713: 1647:satellite modem 1635: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1572: 1570: 1556: 1540: 1529: 1512: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1449: 1447: 1433: 1417: 1406: 1381: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1318: 1316: 1302: 1286: 1275: 1224: 1202: 1175: 1073: 1011: 970: 965: 922: 897: 875: 867: 846: 804: 799: 766:Low Earth orbit 746: 735: 729: 726: 683: 681: 671: 659: 648: 632: 616: 604: 572: 563: 557: 554: 551: 542: 538: 531: 468:low Earth orbit 419: 391:Lockheed Martin 384: 376: 366: 347:Hughes Aircraft 326:Herman Potočnik 295: 283:low-earth orbit 270: 257:, it is termed 247:Internet access 221: 210: 209: 208: 203: 197: 194: 191: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6735: 6730: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6686: 6681: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6567:Internet radio 6564: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6498: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6149:Satellite dish 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6078:Ground station 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5737: 5727: 5717: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435:Space-division 5431: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5272:Camille Tissot 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5247:Claude Shannon 5244: 5239: 5237:Tivadar Puskás 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5207:Antonio Meucci 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177:Charles K. Kao 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5152:Harold Hopkins 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5052:Emile Berliner 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4991:Videotelephony 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4889: 4887:Radiotelephone 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773:Internet video 4765: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4653:External links 4651: 4648: 4647: 4638:|journal= 4571: 4562:|journal= 4502: 4480: 4466: 4452: 4438: 4412: 4386: 4375:on May 4, 2014 4355: 4332: 4307: 4273: 4248: 4227: 4216: 4199: 4178: 4152: 4127: 4097: 4086: 4058: 4033: 4008: 3986: 3972: 3942: 3928: 3914: 3892: 3870: 3848: 3811: 3778:Stephen Cobb. 3770: 3759: 3750: 3722: 3702: 3682: 3652: 3621: 3596: 3586:. VSAT Systems 3572: 3561: 3536: 3519: 3505: 3477: 3463: 3439: 3415: 3394: 3380: 3366: 3347: 3322: 3289: 3269: 3243: 3229: 3207: 3186: 3155: 3139: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3003: 3001:return channel 2996: 2994: 2991: 2962: 2959: 2940: 2937: 2924: 2921: 2898:Norfolk Island 2886: 2868:Virgin America 2848:Exede Internet 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2671: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2615: 2612: 2604:decryption key 2573: 2572: 2479: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2428: 2427: 2334: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2279: 2278: 2193: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2116: 2115: 2098: 2097: 2004: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1958:external links 1938: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1820: 1819: 1800: 1798: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1758:sponsored the 1749:file transfers 1721: 1718: 1711: 1637: 1636: 1543: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519:object in the 1514: 1513: 1420: 1418: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1383: 1382: 1289: 1287: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1222: 1201: 1198: 1174: 1171: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1089: 1072: 1069: 1026:speed of light 1010: 1007: 969: 968:Signal latency 966: 964: 961: 949: 948: 942: 924:The satellite 921: 918: 917: 916: 910: 904: 895: 874: 871: 866: 863: 845: 842: 809:' modulation. 802: 798: 795: 748: 747: 662: 660: 653: 647: 644: 631: 628: 615: 612: 603: 602:European Union 600: 596:Project Kuiper 578:, through its 571: 568: 565: 564: 545: 543: 536: 530: 527: 417: 382: 374: 364: 338:Wireless World 335:in a paper in 320:The idea of a 294: 291: 268: 236:satellite dish 223: 222: 205: 204: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6885: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6738:IEEE 802.15.3 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562:Digital radio 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6544: 6539: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6509: 6508: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:Monoblock LNB 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051:Main articles 6049: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 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5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371:and switching 5369: 5365: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5322:optical fiber 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312:Coaxial cable 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227:Radia Perlman 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117:Lee de Forest 5115: 5113: 5112:Thomas Edison 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102:Donald Davies 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5087:Claude Chappe 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 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4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4506: 4490: 4484: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4449:. sslmda.com. 4448: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4336: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4290:Network World 4287: 4280: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075:4-274-90379-6 4072: 4068: 4065:Takashi Iida 4062: 4047: 4044:. Technical. 4043: 4037: 4023:on 2012-10-17 4022: 4018: 4012: 3996: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3961:on 2014-10-03 3960: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3909: 3904: 3896: 3880: 3874: 3858: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3768: 3763: 3754: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3671:on 2014-10-21 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3641:on 2013-06-30 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3551:on 2012-04-21 3550: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3409:The Economist 3405: 3398: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3257: 3256:SpaceNews.com 3253: 3247: 3240: 3239: 3233: 3218: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3176:on 2006-07-15 3172: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034:SES Broadband 3032: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3023:Lamit Company 3021: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2987:seismological 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971:oceanographic 2968: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2911:launched the 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2879:EchoStar XVII 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2776: 2761: 2758: 2750: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: – 2707: 2703: 2702:Find sources: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2672:This section 2670: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2566: 2558: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: – 2515: 2511: 2510:Find sources: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2480:This section 2478: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2421: 2413: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: – 2370: 2366: 2365:Find sources: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2335:This section 2333: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2275: 2272: 2264: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2222: – 2221: 2217: 2216:Find sources: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2194:This section 2192: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2109: 2094: 2091: 2083: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: – 2040: 2036: 2035:Find sources: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2005:This section 2003: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1984: 1981: 1973: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1939:This section 1937: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1816: 1804: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1754:In 2006, the 1752: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1706:SES Broadband 1699: 1698:SES Broadband 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1630: 1622: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1580: – 1579: 1575: 1574:Find sources: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1544:This section 1542: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1510: 1507: 1499: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: – 1456: 1452: 1451:Find sources: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1421:This section 1419: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1379: 1376: 1368: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1326: – 1325: 1321: 1320:Find sources: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1290:This section 1288: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1273:Line of sight 1270: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1211: 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Retrieved 4581: 4574: 4542:. Retrieved 4513: 4505: 4493:. Retrieved 4483: 4469: 4455: 4441: 4429:. Retrieved 4425:the original 4415: 4405:September 1, 4403:. Retrieved 4399: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4373:the original 4368: 4358: 4346:. Retrieved 4335: 4323:. Retrieved 4319: 4310: 4298:. Retrieved 4294:the original 4289: 4264:. Retrieved 4260: 4251: 4240:. Retrieved 4230: 4219: 4202: 4191:. Retrieved 4181: 4169:. Retrieved 4164: 4155: 4145:December 11, 4143:. Retrieved 4139: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4114:the original 4109: 4100: 4089: 4061: 4050:. Retrieved 4048:. 2004-07-30 4045: 4036: 4025:. Retrieved 4021:the original 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3989: 3980: 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3959:the original 3954: 3945: 3936: 3931: 3922: 3917: 3895: 3883:. Retrieved 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3851: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3788:. Retrieved 3783: 3773: 3762: 3753: 3741:. Retrieved 3737: 3725: 3705: 3685: 3673:. Retrieved 3669:the original 3665:VSAT Systems 3664: 3655: 3643:. 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Retrieved 3120: 3096: 2964: 2948: 2926: 2906: 2891: 2876: 2842: 2834: 2824: 2816: 2782: 2773: 2753: 2744: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2701: 2685:Please help 2673: 2642: 2633: 2617: 2608:rolling code 2600: 2596: 2576: 2561: 2552: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2509: 2493:Please help 2481: 2458: 2455: 2447: 2435: 2431: 2416: 2407: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2364: 2348:Please help 2336: 2301: 2282: 2267: 2258: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2215: 2203:Please help 2198:verification 2195: 2167:Secure Shell 2119: 2104: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2034: 2018:Please help 2006: 1976: 1967: 1952:by removing 1948:Please help 1940: 1916: 1909: 1903: 1902:Please help 1899: 1875: 1839: 1810: 1802: 1773: 1760:UNIC Project 1753: 1745: 1738: 1726: 1723: 1703: 1667: 1656: 1625: 1616: 1606: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1573: 1557:Please help 1545: 1521:Fresnel zone 1517: 1502: 1493: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1450: 1434:Please help 1422: 1404:Fresnel zone 1398: 1394: 1371: 1362: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1319: 1303:Please help 1291: 1267: 1262:photovoltaic 1258: 1254: 1246: 1241:Rain margins 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1227:rain margins 1226: 1218: 1215: 1200:Interference 1194: 1183: 1176: 1169:satellites. 1147: 1142:phased array 1129: 1121: 1114: 1074: 1062: 1050: 1042: 1030: 1019: 1012: 1004: 985: 981: 977: 971: 950: 935:demodulation 923: 888:polarization 876: 868: 859: 855: 847: 838: 819: 811: 800: 790:Star network 759: 736: 727: 717: 710: 703: 696: 684: 672:Please help 667:verification 664: 633: 617: 605: 573: 555: 547: 516: 500: 489: 461: 445: 435:, the first 430: 407: 360: 336: 319: 303:Soviet Union 296: 258: 242: 241: 211: 195: 187: 157: 148: 138: 131: 124: 117: 105: 93:Please help 88:verification 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 6702:Terrestrial 6343:SED Systems 6277:1worldspace 6093:Transponder 5627:NPL network 5339:Radio waves 5277:Alfred Vail 5187:Hedy Lamarr 5172:Dawon Kahng 5132:Elisha Gray 5092:Yogen Dalal 5017:Nasir Ahmed 4951:Teleprinter 4815:Heliographs 4320:pcworld.com 3132:5 September 3075:Viasat Inc. 3018:IP over DVB 2983:ocean floor 1834:South Sudan 1672:(TDMA) and 1208:A foldable 1160:used SES's 1150:Kazakhstani 994:while many 778:transceiver 395:GE-Americom 345:, built by 313:, built by 287:low-latency 255:high speeds 6862:Categories 6308:Globalstar 5980:Muni Wi-Fi 5871:Power-line 5673:Antarctica 5632:Toasternet 5554:Television 5037:Paul Baran 4969:Television 4953:(teletype) 4946:Telegraphy 4924:transistor 4902:Phryctoria 4872:Photophone 4850:Smartphone 4840:Mass media 4607:1101953759 4348:October 3, 4242:2013-08-29 4193:2013-08-29 4052:2018-02-10 4027:2021-08-06 3955:Atlanta RF 3908:2212.13697 3590:2013-08-29 3555:2013-08-29 3457:2023-11-03 3433:2016-01-18 3341:2018-02-09 3336:TechCrunch 3316:2018-02-09 3223:2013-08-29 3201:2013-08-29 3180:2009-03-04 3112:References 2989:analyses. 2985:, and for 2943:See also: 2826:SkyTerra-1 2747:April 2024 2717:newspapers 2555:April 2024 2525:newspapers 2410:April 2024 2380:newspapers 2297:downstream 2261:April 2024 2231:newspapers 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