253:
22:
242:"Alongside hard-working peasants, fishermen and hunters from nearby villages", wrote Yury Dmitriev wrote: "there were writers and poets, scientists and scholars, military leaders, doctors, teachers, engineers, clergy of all confessions and statesmen who found their final resting place here." Among the last named group were prominent members of the intelligentsia from the many national and ethnic cultures of the USSR – for example, Finns, Karelians, and Volga Germans. Ukraine was especially singled out, losing 289 of its writers, dramatists and other public figures, the "
725:
565:
1645:
77:. It was long thought that the barges carrying them were deliberately sunk on the way to the mainland, drowning all the prisoners on board. Others were rounded up during the Great Terror in Karelia, in accordance with quotas for prisoners, 'enemies of the regime', and a variety of "national operations". According to available documentation at least 6,000 were shot and buried at Sandarmokh.
125:, this documentary evidence pointed the way to the identification on 1 July 1997 of the Solovki prisoners' last resting place and that of another 5,000 executed individuals. By the suggestion of Ioffe, the location would subsequently be given the local (Karelian) name "Sandarmokh" (sometimes spelled "Sandormokh"), by the name of an abandoned
638:
and Sergei
Kashtanov, head of the district administration where the killing fields were found. She also interviewed Sergei Verigin, one of the Russian historians putting forward the new hypothesis. Russian newspapers and television had talked of "thousands" of POWs being shot by the Finns and buried
613:
Thanks to the efforts of Ivan
Chukhin, founder of Memorial in Karelia, a national deputy to the Supreme Soviet (and the Duma) and Yury Dmitriev's mentor, the names of the members of the troika which rubber-stamped decisions to shoot a list of individuals – the accused were not present
633:
The motivation behind this claim and the supposed new evidence were both challenged. In a lengthy and detailed investigation, Russian journalist Anna
Yarovaya examined the evidence and interviewed historians and those who had found the site. She talked to Finnish historians of the Second World War;
131:
shown in old maps of the area. The story of that search and discovery was told in 2017 by Irina Flige, head of the
Memorial Education and Information Centre in St Petersburg. In 2015 Dmitriev recounted how he, Flige and the late Veniamin Ioffe had found the burial site. According to documents found
617:
The man sent from
Leningrad on 16 October 1937 to organise the shooting of the Solovki transport, Matveyev, was an experienced NKVD executioner. He was succeeded at Sandarmokh by I.A. Bondarenko and his deputy A.F. Shondysh. Matveyev survived into old age; his successors were both arrested in 1938
139:
Three hundred personal plaques and memorials have been erected around the site since 1997 to commemorate the many victims of this killing field, both individually and as representatives of particular nations and cultures, and an international Day of
Remembrance has been held there every 5 August
655:
The head of the local museum, Serge
Koltyrin, was arrested in October 2018, shortly after he publicly criticized the new excavations. He was convicted in a closed trial of pedophilia and sentenced to 9 years in prison. In early March 2020, a local court decided to release him due to a terminal
360:
1148:"Natsionalnyje pisateli Karelii: finskaja emigratsija i politicheskije Repressii 1930h godov: biobibliograficheski ukazatel" (National Library of Karelia, Finnish emigration and the 1930 policy of retaliation: a bio-bibliographical index), Petrozavodsk, 2005, pp. 40–41.
222:
The thousands executed over 14 months from
October 1937 to December 1938 fall into three broad groups. Many were from Karelia, a total of 2,344 free inhabitants of the republic. A smaller number (624) were forced "settlers" (i.e. peasants exiled to the North after
757:
591:(контрольный выстрел, kontrolnyi vystrel) was fired into the victim's head to make sure he or she was dead, sometimes only one shot was used. (A rare, extended description by a former executioner of how such mass killings were organised can be found in
391:
334:
436:
267:
114:(FSB) throwing light on the subsequent fate of the "first Solovki transport". These included the lists of those men and women who were to be shot. (One died before he could be executed; four more were sent to other parts of the
1777:
745:
101:
1596:
492:
466:
648:
covered later developments in
September 2018, citing critics who state that the digs have a political motivation to manipulate public opinion and an attempt to cover up Stalinist crimes. The
423:
386:
684:
1565:
583:
From early days onwards, the preferred Soviet method of quick despatch was to dig a trench and then, the executioner standing immediately behind the upright or kneeling victim,
178:
355:
587:
at point blank range in the back of the head. This was the infamous "nine grammes of lead". The victims tumbled into the trench and were buried; sometimes another,
1535:
461:
642:
The
Karelian edition of the State-run Rossiya TV channel announced briefly on 22 April 2018 that there would be new investigations at Sandarmokh "this summer".
159:, to Veniamin Ioffe and Yury Dmitriev, over 5,000 of the dead of Sandarmokh can again be named and remembered individually, at the place where they lie buried.
1588:
1483:
431:
329:
626:
Starting in 2016, there were attempts to revise this account of the shootings at Sandarmokh, and claim that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by the
262:
1376:
932:
1767:
1028:
909:
96:
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Their Names Restored: Russia's Books of Remembrance website, Search: "Sandarmokh", "Kniga pamyati Karelii", 4,974 names. Retrieved 7 August 2017
803:
1053:
1081:
781:
679:
487:
1673:"Those killed at Sandormokh in 1937–8, a list of 5,126 names compiled by the historian Yury A. Dmitriev", Sandormokh, Ioffe Foundation website
1797:
865:
447:
955:
892:
652:'s EUvsDisinfo.eu website has classified the claims that Finns are responsible for the Sandarmokh killings as "pro-Kremlin disinformation".
418:
1713:
1802:
1792:
1557:
1787:
606:
in the late 1930s, as the skulls found at these sites amply testify. Cross-examined while under arrest in 1939, the chief executioner
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977:
614:
at these sessions, no one defended their rights – and of the execution squad leaders became known by the mid-1990s.
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844:
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1454:
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1212:
1189:
1167:
1128:
878:
293:
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of the Russian Orthodox Church led the mass for the slain victims of Stalin at Sandarmokh, just as he and his predecessor
1428:
1292:
1527:
825:
1328:
1285:
1153:
1003:
305:
1290:"The Invisible Dead: American Communists and Radicals Executed by Soviet Political Police and Buried at Sandarmokh"
649:
656:
illness, however, the prosecutor challenged this decision and Koltyrin died in a prison hospital on 2 April 2020.
715:
210:
and were shot, according to the Ukrainian Government, because they inspired the people of Ukraine with their own
1406:
630:. There were newspaper articles and TV broadcasts in Russia; there was also a publication in the Finnish press.
84:
and his regime and since 1998 has been the focus of an international Day of Remembrance on 5 August every year.
1752:
1620:
639:
at Sandarmokh: speaking on the record to Yarovaya, Verigin was more cautious and spoke of dozens and hundreds.
1476:
25:
The monumental slab at the entrance to the Sandarmokh burial grounds reads: "People! do not kill one another".
533:
1681:
1369:
925:
607:
311:
252:
145:
21:
92:
On 27 October 1937, 1,116 prisoners were loaded onto three barges and taken from Solovki to the mainland.
1706:
Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag: a select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites
1649:
1025:
904:
249:
The following 25 individuals illustrate this variety. They are listed by surname in alphabetical order:
710:
599:
228:
141:
800:
1078:
778:
207:
111:
862:
952:
889:
480:
409:
297:
841:
584:
273:
110:
in St Petersburg, documents were found in the archives of the Arkhangelsk department of the
1782:
1772:
1757:
645:
243:
170:
1558:"Disinfo cases – Finns organised mass shootings of Soviet soldiers in Sandarmokh, Karelia"
1503:
974:
8:
1655:
1467:, Appendix 2: Those involved in selecting and shooting the Solovki transports, pp. 36–40.
1048:
Kupriienko, Oleksandr; Siundiukov, Ihor; Tomak, Maria; Skuba, Viktoria; Poludenko, Anna.
753:
399:
232:
149:
70:
55:
720:
371:, Ukrainian writer, educator, journalist, and playwright: shot 3 November 1937, aged 40
282:
166:
107:
1099:
698:«Поминальные списки Карелии, 1937–1938: Уничтоженная Карелия, часть 2. Большой террор»
1324:
1281:
1149:
874:
549:
504:
Anton Yablotsky, Polish "special settler" from Ukraine: shot 21 January 1938, aged 37
365:, organiser of an underground Catholic group in Moscow: shot 27 October 1937, aged 45
211:
39:
1672:
572:
It is often said or assumed of Soviet mass executions that they were carried out by
1448:
1308:
1254:
1209:
1186:
1164:
1125:
665:
635:
627:
553:
537:
529:
521:
338:
323:
203:
195:
156:
122:
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said he made the victims lie face down in the prepared trench and then shot them.
588:
1624:
1510:
1487:
1458:
1432:
1410:
1380:
1320:
1296:
1261:
1238:
1216:
1193:
1171:
1132:
1110:
1085:
1032:
1007:
981:
959:
936:
913:
896:
869:
848:
829:
807:
785:
507:
346:
286:
1231:
227:). A great many of those shot (1,988) were already prisoners of the Belbaltlag (
1778:
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in the Republic of Karelia
452:
405:
51:
1746:
1728:
1715:
1589:"Venäläisessä vankilasairaalassa kuoli Suomen puolia pitänyt Sergei Koltyrin"
691:
The Karelian Lists of Remembrance: Murdered Karelia, part 2, The Great Terror
498:
368:
352:
Alexei Kostin, member of collective farm, Karelia: shot 9 March 1938, aged 39
349:, Ukrainian writer, journalist, and playwright: shot 3 November 1937, aged 40
317:
190:
181:
81:
1696:
1425:
1289:
279:
Fyodor Bagrov, head of collective farm, Karelia: shot 22 April 1938, aged 42
62:
were executed. More than 58 nationalities were shot and buried there by the
58:
where an unknown number, estimated in the thousands, of victims of Stalin's
1312:
916:, 1 March 2017. Russian original published on 7 x 7 website, February 2017.
822:
750:
Center for State Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Karelia
573:
541:
513:
380:
236:
199:
998:
231:) camp system. A smaller group of 1,111 prisoners were brought there from
577:
133:
59:
1357:, Souvenir Press: London, 1997, pp. 21–34. Published in Russian in 1988.
1050:"2012, Sandarmokh List Year: how can we get rid of totalitarian legacy?"
510:, Ukrainian writer, publicist, playwright: shot 3 November 1937, aged 42
165:
declared 2012 as "Sandarmokh List Year" in reference to several hundred
136:, there were people of 58 nationalities among those shot at Sandarmokh.
1699:, with acknowledgements to the Karelian Republic's Ministry of Culture
975:Урочище Сандармох. Захоронение жертв массовых репрессий (1937–1938 гг.)
697:
592:
374:
174:
1656:Пам’яті жертв соловецького розстрілу, «Львівська газета», 4 April 2007
408:, a Ukrainian politician, diplomat, statesman, and participant of the
1400:
289:
185:
74:
1617:
842:
Text about Sandarmokh, translated from "Virtual Museum of the Gulag"
532:
and who were later arrested and shot at Sandarmokh as a part of the
444:
Kalle Toppinen, Finn, carpenter, Karelia: shot 5 March 1938, aged 45
1344:, 1980, where a Soviet character's execution is "by firing squad".
568:
Commemorative photos fixed to trees around the pits at Sandarmokh.
276:
officer, actor and theatre director: shot 27 October 1937, aged 44
953:"Pictorial essay: Death trenches bear witness to Stalin's purges"
603:
564:
162:
1049:
383:, Udmurt writer and public figure: shot 1 November 1937, aged 39
1644:
476:
301:
127:
47:
1705:
441:, Soviet diplomat, ex-Bolshevik: shot 4 November 1937, aged 62
66:
in 236 communal pits over a 14-month period in 1937 and 1938.
1100:
Anatoly Razumov (n.d.), "The Solovki transports, 1937–1938",
472:
415:
Nikita Remnev, carpenter, Karelia: shot 3 April 1938, aged 37
326:, Russian librarian and artist: shot 9 December 1937, aged 64
235:. Together they made up almost half of those shot during the
115:
1664:
580:, this method of execution was the exception, not the rule.
173:
who were arrested, shot, and buried at Sandarmokh after the
1069:
online newspaper, 24 January 2012 (Accessed 7 August 2017).
525:
377:, Ukrainian theater director: shot 3 November 1937, aged 50
63:
1047:
428:, Ukrainian military leader: shot 3 November 1937, aged 50
962:
1564:. European External Action Service. 7 September 2018.
1528:"Russian digs accused of covering up Stalinist crimes"
746:"Захоронение жертв массовых репрессий (1937–1938 гг.)"
621:
618:
and shot in 1939 for "exceeding their authorisation".
217:
926:
Yury Dmitriev, "We must be able to find something",
851:
dmitrievaffair.wordpress.com. Accessed 16 June 2023.
501:
Roman Catholic priest: shot 3 November 1937, aged 45
457:, Finnish journalist: shot 28 December 1937, aged 41
202:
writers refused to submit to Stalin's return to the
1355:
True Stories – Memoirs of a Survivor
1245:
website, 9 February 2003 (retrieved 7 August 2017).
402:, a Ukrainian writer: shot 3 November 1937, aged 37
1365:
1363:
1255:Anton P. Yablotsky, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
696:, 1,088 pp. Petrozavodsk. (Also available online
343:, a Karelian writer: shot 8 January 1938, aged 39
320:, Ukrainian writer: shot 3 November 1937, aged 36
314:, Russian linguist, shot 27 October 1937, aged 60
1744:
1210:Kalle P. Toppinen, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
396:, literary critic: shot 4 November 1937, aged 32
121:After years of work on the ground in Karelia by
80:Today Sandarmokh is a memorial to the crimes of
1402:Karelia-37: The ideology and practice of terror
1360:
1317:In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage
1278:In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage
1187:Nikita F. Remnev, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
1126:Fyodor P. Bagrov, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
546:In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage
516:, Ukrainian poet: shot 3 November 1937, aged 47
1682:Nikita Petrov, "The butchers of Sandarmokh",
1370:Nikita Petrov, "The butchers of Sandarmokh",
726:Category:People shot and buried in Sandarmokh
33:
1165:Alexei Kostin, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
810:. dmitrievaffair.com. Accessed 16 June 2023.
788:. dmitrievaffair.com. Accessed 16 June 2023.
87:
1534:. Agence France-Presse. 13 September 2018.
1442:
1000:The Butovo Firing Range: a Russian Golgotha
779:"The Great Terror in Karelia: A Chronology"
559:
214:, filling them "with pride and strength".
1451:Skorbny put: Solovetskie etapy, 1937–1938
818:
816:
256:Memorial to Ukrainians shot at Sandarmokh
148:have done, every year since 2007, at the
16:Cemetery forest massif in Karelia, Russia
1768:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1586:
1520:
675:, 350 pp. Bars Publishers: Petrozavodsk.
598:This was the method used at Sandarmokh,
576:. For the Soviet regime and, later, the
563:
251:
20:
1477:Anna Yarovaya, "Rewriting Sandarmokh",
700:.) The Lists contain over 14,000 names.
188:, to reverse the Post-1917 policies of
95:Only in 1996, thanks to the efforts of
1745:
1026:John Crowfoot, "Who is Yury Dmitriev?"
813:
796:
794:
738:
760:from the original on 1 September 2016
294:Servites of the Immaculate Conception
1798:Geography of the Republic of Karelia
1353:Chapter Two, "Niyazov", Lev Razgon,
1232:Pavel Chichikov, "Modern Martyrdoms"
890:Anna Yarovaya, "The Dmitriev Affair"
1568:from the original on 22 August 2019
1538:from the original on 22 August 2019
1276:John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr,
832:heninen.net. Accessed 16 June 2023.
801:"Half those shot in 1937–1938 ..."
791:
622:New digs and alternative hypothesis
225:the collectivisation of agriculture
218:Those shot at Sandarmokh, 1937–1938
13:
1803:History of the Republic of Karelia
1793:Monuments and memorials in Karelia
1599:from the original on 6 August 2020
1340:See, for instance, John le Carré,
670:Sandarmokh, the Place of Execution
14:
1814:
1788:Memorials to victims of communism
1637:
1056:from the original on 14 June 2020
184:decided, as a preliminary to the
1643:
650:European External Action Service
387:Yevgenia Mustangova (Rabinovich)
106:(1938–2002), co-chairman of the
1611:
1587:Paananen, Arja (3 April 2020).
1580:
1550:
1497:
1494:news website, 13 December 2017.
1470:
1419:
1393:
1347:
1334:
1302:
1270:
1248:
1225:
1203:
1180:
1158:
1142:
1119:
1093:
1072:
1041:
1019:
992:
968:
716:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
659:
483:: shot 3 November 1937, aged 64
412:: shot 3 November 1937, aged 45
946:
919:
883:
863:Сандормох: драматургия смыслов
854:
835:
772:
678:Yury A. Dmitriev (2002), with
306:Georgian Greek Catholic Church
50:12 km (7.5 mi) from
1:
1763:Massacres in the Soviet Union
1079:"The Great Terrir in Karelia"
732:
534:Finnish Operation of the NKVD
7:
1675:. Retrieved 13 August 2017
704:
628:invading Finns in 1941–1944
169:writers and poets from the
69:1000 victims were from the
10:
1819:
1658:, retrieved 7 August 2017
711:Kommunarka shooting ground
548:(2003). They included 141
206:'s policy of the coercive
1109:11 September 2017 at the
88:Discovery and remembrance
34:
1701:(in English and Finnish)
1490:; original published by
1486:31 December 2017 at the
1409:16 November 2021 at the
1084:15 November 2021 at the
1006:20 November 2011 at the
806:15 November 2021 at the
784:15 November 2021 at the
560:Victims and executioners
208:Russification of Ukraine
179:Soviet General Secretary
112:Federal Security Service
108:Memorial research centre
1686:, No. 84, 4 August 2017
1623:29 January 2018 at the
1492:7x7 – Horizontal Russia
1426:"Krasny Bor, 1937–1938"
1374:, No. 84, 4 August 2017
1031:23 October 2017 at the
868:20 January 2022 at the
481:Russian Orthodox Church
410:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
356:Camilla Krushelnitskaya
308:, shot 1 November 1937,
298:Apostolic Administrator
132:in the FSB archives in
43:
1457:11 August 2017 at the
1260:13 August 2017 at the
1215:14 August 2017 at the
1192:14 August 2017 at the
1170:13 August 2017 at the
1131:13 August 2017 at the
980:17 August 2009 at the
828:4 January 2010 at the
823:"Sandarmoh, 1937–1938"
569:
292:, the Superior of the
257:
229:White Sea–Baltic Canal
198:. These otherwise Pro-
71:Solovki special prison
26:
1753:Mass graves in Russia
1729:62.86361°N 34.72000°E
1697:Krasny Bor, 1937–1938
1431:9 August 2017 at the
1379:5 August 2017 at the
912:7 August 2017 at the
567:
524:who emigrated to the
462:Damian (Voskresensky)
274:Imperial Russian Army
255:
155:Today, thanks to the
140:since 1998. In 2010,
24:
1652:at Wikimedia Commons
1266:sand.mapofmemory.org
1237:23 July 2011 at the
1221:sand.mapofmemory.org
1198:sand.mapofmemory.org
1176:sand.mapofmemory.org
1137:sand.mapofmemory.org
985:monuments.karelia.ru
935:11 June 2018 at the
903:, 20 March 2017 and
895:14 June 2020 at the
847:14 June 2020 at the
646:Agence France-Presse
246:", in a single day.
244:Executed Renaissance
171:Executed Renaissance
150:Butovo killing field
1725: /
1385:www.novayagazeta.ru
1264:, Iofe Foundation,
1219:, Iofe Foundation,
1196:, Iofe Foundation,
1174:, Iofe Foundation,
1135:, Iofe Foundation,
1102:Returning the Names
958:25 May 2010 at the
928:My Path to Golgotha
754:Republic of Karelia
728:(Russian Knowledge)
634:Irina Flige of the
400:Valerian Pidmohylny
233:Solovki prison camp
56:Republic of Karelia
1734:62.86361; 34.72000
1618:Book in pdf format
1515:dmitrievaffair.com
1509:4 May 2018 at the
1504:"Disquieting News"
1481:, 27 December 2017
1479:The Russian Reader
1295:2 May 2008 at the
1089:dmitrievaffair.com
943:, 14 February 2018
941:dmitrievaffair.com
906:The Russian Reader
721:Memorial (society)
595:'s 1988 memoirs.)
570:
283:Shio Batmanishvili
258:
167:Ukrainian language
27:
1648:Media related to
1449:Anatoly Razumov,
1243:Catholic Exchange
879:978-5-446-91564-4
585:shoot the victims
554:Finnish Canadians
550:Finnish Americans
432:Grigory Shklovsky
330:Nikolay Hrisanfov
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1309:John Earl Haynes
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1039:
1036:Rights in Russia
1023:
1017:
1015:
996:
990:
989:
972:
966:
950:
944:
923:
917:
901:Rights in Russia
887:
881:
858:
852:
839:
833:
820:
811:
798:
789:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
742:
695:
688:
674:
666:Yury A. Dmitriev
636:Memorial Society
608:Mikhail Matveyev
538:John Earl Haynes
536:, are listed by
530:Great Depression
522:Finnish diaspora
496:
470:
456:
440:
427:
395:
364:
342:
324:Vasily Helmersen
271:
263:Yasse Andronikov
212:national culture
204:House of Romanov
196:Ukrainianization
157:Memorial Society
142:Patriarch Kirill
105:
37:
36:
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1712:
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1689:
1688:, pp. 8–9
1676:
1666:
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1635:
1625:Wayback Machine
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1600:
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1398:
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1381:Wayback Machine
1368:
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1348:
1342:Smiley's People
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1321:Encounter Books
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1297:Wayback Machine
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544:in their study
520:Members of the
508:Mykhailo Yalovy
490:
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347:Myroslav Irchan
332:
312:Nikolai Durnovo
296:, and both the
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1638:External links
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1595:(in Finnish).
1579:
1562:EUvsDisinfo.eu
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1601:. Retrieved
1593:Ilta-Sanomat
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1540:. Retrieved
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860:Флиге И. А.
856:
837:
774:
762:. Retrieved
749:
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694:(in Russian)
690:
680:Ivan Chukhin
673:(in Russian)
669:
660:Publications
654:
644:
641:
632:
625:
616:
612:
597:
589:control shot
582:
574:firing squad
571:
545:
542:Harvey Klehr
519:
514:Mykola Zerov
499:Volga German
488:Peter Weigel
381:Kuzebay Gerd
248:
241:
239:in Karelia.
237:Great Terror
221:
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126:
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91:
79:
68:
60:Great Terror
29:
28:
18:
1783:Mass murder
1773:Politicides
1758:Great Purge
1732: /
1629:imwerden.de
1462:visz.nlr.ru
1437:heninen.net
1414:imwerden.de
683: [
578:Third Reich
528:during the
491: [
465: [
460:Archbishop
451: [
448:Kalle Vento
435: [
422: [
390: [
359: [
333: [
266: [
177:, when new
134:Arkhangelsk
100: [
1747:Categories
1720:34°43′12″E
1717:62°51′49″N
1650:Sandarmokh
1383:, pp. 8–9
733:References
600:Krasny Bor
593:Lev Razgon
552:, and 127
419:Ivan Siyak
375:Les Kurbas
175:Great Turn
30:Sandarmokh
1695:Also see
1572:22 August
1542:22 August
1299:, p. 235.
873:, 2019,
764:15 August
290:Hieromonk
186:Holodomor
75:White Sea
44:Sandarmoh
35:Сандармох
1621:Archived
1597:Archived
1566:Archived
1536:Archived
1532:France24
1507:Archived
1484:Archived
1455:Archived
1429:Archived
1407:Archived
1377:Archived
1323:, 2003.
1293:Archived
1280:, 2003,
1258:Archived
1235:Archived
1213:Archived
1190:Archived
1168:Archived
1129:Archived
1107:Archived
1082:Archived
1060:7 August
1054:Archived
1029:Archived
1004:Archived
978:Archived
956:Archived
933:Archived
910:Archived
893:Archived
866:Archived
845:Archived
826:Archived
804:Archived
782:Archived
758:Archived
705:See also
668:(1999),
287:Georgian
146:Alexy II
40:Karelian
1603:6 April
1331:p. 117.
1104:website
604:Svirlag
486:Father
304:of the
261:Prince
163:Ukraine
73:in the
54:in the
1404:(1999)
1327:
1284:
1152:
930:, pt 3
877:
477:Oboyan
302:Exarch
200:Soviet
128:khutor
82:Stalin
48:massif
687:]
495:]
473:Kursk
469:]
455:]
439:]
426:]
394:]
363:]
341:]
270:]
116:Gulag
104:]
1605:2020
1574:2019
1544:2019
1325:ISBN
1311:and
1282:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1062:2017
875:ISBN
766:2015
602:and
540:and
526:USSR
475:and
300:and
285:, a
194:and
64:NKVD
1067:Den
963:CNN
471:of
118:.)
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768:.
32:(
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