685:. The samples are expected to enable scientists to learn more about the time before the birth of the Solar System, initial stages of planet formation, and the source of organic compounds that led to the formation of life. It reached the proximity of Bennu on 3 December 2018, where it began analyzing its surface for a target sample area over the next several months. It collected its sample on 20 October 2020, and landed back on Earth again on 24 September 2023, making OSIRIS-REx the fifth successful sample return mission for mankind, in its return of samples from an extra-terrestrial body. Shortly after the sample container was retrieved and transferred to an "airtight chamber at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas", the lid on the container was opened. Scientists commented that they "found black dust and debris on the avionics deck of the OSIRIS-REx science canister" on the initial opening. Later study was planned. On 11 October 2023, the recovered capsule was opened to reveal a "first look" at the asteroid sample contents. On 13 December 2023, further studies of the returned sample were reported and revealed
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791:, deployed in 2020, is collecting drill core samples and stashing them on the Mars surface. As of September 2023, it has gathered one atmospheric sample and 8 igneous rock samples, 11 sedimentary rock samples and a pair of regolith samples. A joint NASA-ESA mission to return them is planned for the early thirties, consisting of a lander to retrieve the samples and raise them into orbit, and an orbiter to return them to Earth. On 22 November 2023, NASA was reported to have cut back on the
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773:, but the landing and the sample collection will be on Phobos. This selection was made because of the two moons, Phobos's orbit is closer to Mars and its surface may have particles blasted from Mars. Thus the sample may contain material originating on Mars itself. A propulsion module carrying the sample is expected to return to Earth in 2031.
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follow up of any findings with different tools, including tools that can tell intrinsic extraterrestrial material from terrestrial contamination, and those that have yet to be developed; in contrast, a spacecraft can carry only a limited set of analytic tools, and these have to be chosen and built long before launch.
689:
as well as unknown materials which require more study to have a better idea of their composition and makeup. On 13 January 2024, NASA reported finally fully opening, after three months of trying, the recovered container with samples from the Bennu asteroid. The total weight of the recovered material
68:
mission to collect and return samples from an extraterrestrial location to Earth for analysis. Sample-return missions may bring back merely atoms and molecules or a deposit of complex compounds such as loose material and rocks. These samples may be obtained in a number of ways, such as soil and rock
907:
Some of the riskiest and most difficult types of sample-return missions are those that require landing on an extraterrestrial body such as an asteroid, moon, or planet. It takes a great deal of time, money, and technical ability to even initiate such plans. It is a difficult feat that requires that
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implemented this technique. However, due to the high speeds and size of the particles that make up the coma and the area nearby, a dense solid-state collector array was not viable. As a result, another means for collecting samples had to be designed to preserve the safety of the spacecraft and the
721:
lunar sample-return mission on
November 23, 2020 and May 3, 2024 respectively, which returned to Earth with 2 kilograms of lunar soil each on December 16, 2020 and June 25, 2024 respectively. These were the first lunar sample-return missions in over 40 years. The Chang'e 6 mission, which landed in
165:
or sample analysis. While such an investigation of the Solar System is technically easier than a sample-return mission, the scientific tools available on Earth to study such samples are far more advanced and diverse than those that can go on spacecraft. Further, analysis of samples on Earth allows
506:
capsule failed to open its parachute while re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and crash-landed in the Utah desert. There were fears of severe contamination or even total mission loss, but scientists managed to save many of the samples. They were the first to be collected from beyond lunar orbit.
573:
used a collector array made of low-density aerogel (99% of which is space), which has about 1/1000 of the density of glass. This enables the collection of cometary particles without damaging them due to high impact velocities. Particle collisions with even slightly porous solid collectors would
845:
A collector array may be used to collect millions or billions of atoms, molecules, and fine particulates by using wafers made of different elements. The molecular structure of these wafers allows the collection of various sizes of particles. Collector arrays, such as those flown on
3318:"'What is that material?': Potentially hazardous asteroid Bennu stumps scientists with its odd makeup - Scientists found signs of organic molecules in the first samples of potentially hazardous asteroid Bennu, as well as a 'head scratching' material that has yet to be identified"
231:, and whether life might even exist there. The result of NASA's last "Decadal Survey" was to prioritize a Mars sample-return mission, as Mars has a special importance: it is comparatively "nearby", might have harbored life in the past, and might even continue to sustain life.
3157:"A NASA Spacecraft Comes Home With an Asteroid Gift for Earth - The seven-year OSIRIS-REX mission ended on Sunday [9/23/2023] with the return of regolith from the asteroid Bennu, which might hold clues about the origins of our solar system and life. + comment"
223:. Several sample-return missions to asteroids and comets are currently in the works. More samples from asteroids and comets will help determine whether life formed in space and was carried to Earth by meteorites. Another question under investigation is whether
853:
Collector arrays are useful for collecting tiny, fast-moving atoms such as those expelled by the Sun through the solar wind, but can also be used for collection of larger particles such as those found in the coma of a comet. The NASA spacecraft known as
200:) can be discerned by imaging alone. However, for a more precise inventory of the material on these different bodies, more samples will be collected and returned in the future, to match their compositions with the data gathered through telescopes and
898:
spacecraft has a tennis-racket-shaped collector with aerogel fitted to it. The collector is retracted into its capsule for safe storage and delivery back to Earth. Aerogel is quite strong and easily survives both launching and space environments.
3417:"NASA Finally Opened the Asteroid Container and Holy Crap That's a Lot of Asteroid - After months of struggling to get to the bulk of the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample, the space agency has unveiled a treasure trove of ancient rocks and dust"
2334:. It returned about 10 kilograms (22 lb) of the Surveyor 3's original landing mass of 302 kilograms (666 lb) to Earth to study the effects of long term exposure. Surveyor 3 is the only probe visited by humans on another world.
886:
spacecraft because the dust particles the spacecraft was to collect would have an impact speed of about 6 km/s. A collision with a dense solid at that speed could alter their chemical composition or vaporize them completely.
3450:"We Finally Know How Much of That Asteroid OSIRIS-REx Grabbed in Space - Engineers struggled to open the sample canister for months, but it was all worth it for twice the amount of asteroid they thought they were getting"
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This type of sample return, although having the most risks, is the most rewarding for planetary science. Furthermore, such missions carry a great deal of public outreach potential, which is an important attribute for
597:. In November 2010, scientists at the agency confirmed that, despite failure of the sampling device, the probe retrieved micrograms of dust from the asteroid, the first brought back to Earth in pristine condition.
2396:"Controversy Grows Over whether Mars Samples Endanger Earth - Planetary scientists are eager to bring Red Planet rocks, soil and even air to Earth, but critics fear the risk of contaminating our world's biosphere"
3285:"NASA Unveils First Glimpse of 'Scientific Treasure' Collected From Asteroid - Scientists said they got more material than expected from the Osiris-Rex mission during its seven-year journey to the asteroid Bennu"
69:
excavation or a collector array used for capturing particles of solar wind or cometary debris. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised that the return of such samples to planet Earth may endanger Earth itself.
318:
achieved the first successful sample return from another Solar System body when it returned 22 kilograms (49 lb) of Lunar surface material. This was followed by 34 kilograms (75 lb) of material and
239:
is another important focus in the search for life in the Solar System. However, due to the distance and other constraints, Europa might not be the target of a sample-return mission in the foreseeable future.
3717:"Bringing Mars Rocks to Earth: Our Greatest Interplanetary Circus Act - NASA and the European Space Agency plan to toss rocks from one spacecraft to another before the samples finally land on Earth in 2031"
3204:"Bye-Bye, Bennu: NASA Heads Back to Earth With Asteroid Stash in Tow - The OSIRIS-REX mission will spend two years cruising home with space rock samples that could unlock secrets of the early solar system"
2349:
rover is gathering samples for eventual return to Earth. As of
September 2023, it has gathered one atmospheric sample and 8 igneous rock sample, 11 sedimentary rock samples and a pair of regolith samples.
393:'s return of 170 grams (6.0 oz) in 1976. Although they recovered far less than the Apollo missions, they did this fully automatically. Apart from these three successes, other attempts under the
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Since the aerogel is mostly transparent, and the particles leave a carrot-shaped path once they penetrate the surface, scientists can easily find and retrieve them. Since its pores are on the
3849:
3384:"NASA finally got the stuck lid off its asteroid Bennu sample container - Thanks to some stubborn fasteners, the agency spent three months locked out of the sample OSIRIS-REx dropped off"
2545:
3351:"It's Been 2 Months. Why Can't NASA Open the Asteroid Sample Container? - The space agency is having to develop new tools to crack open the canister containing bits from asteroid Bennu"
3317:
3393:
3840:"Lawmakers 'mystified' after NASA scales back Mars collection program - The space agency's cut could "cost hundreds of jobs and a decade of lost science," the bipartisan group says"
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due to a possible shortage of funds. In
January 2024, a proposed NASA plan had been challenged due to budget and scheduling considerations, and a newer overhaul plan undertaken.
4622:
270:, which directs to the containment of any unsterilized sample returned to Earth. This is because it is unknown what the effects such hypothetical life would be on humans or the
894:
scale, particles, even ones smaller than a grain of sand, do not merely pass through the aerogel completely. Instead, they slow to a stop and then are embedded within it. The
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184:(collected on Earth until then), which were compared to data gathered by Dawn. These meteorites could then be identified as material ejected from the large impact crater
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result in the destruction of those particles and damage to the collection apparatus. During the cruise, the array collected at least seven interstellar dust particles.
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3873:"NASA's troubled Mars sample-return mission has scientists seeing red - Projected multibillion-dollar overruns have some calling the agency's plan a 'dumpster fire.'"
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882:-based porous solid with a sponge-like structure, 99.8% of whose volume is empty space. Aerogel has about 1/1000 of the density of glass. An aerogel was used in the
674:) on 27 June 2018. It surveyed the asteroid for a year and a half and took samples. It left the asteroid in November 2019 and returned to Earth on December 6, 2020.
109:
In addition to sample-return missions, samples from three identified non-terrestrial bodies have been collected by other means: samples from the Moon in the form of
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3644:
by Zou
Yongliao Li Wei Ouyang Ziyuan Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
2723:
608:, one of the moons of Mars. It was launched on November 8, 2011, but failed to leave Earth orbit and crashed after several weeks into the southern Pacific Ocean.
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argued in the 1970s that we should do sample-return missions classified as category V missions with extreme caution, and later studies by the NRC and ESF agreed.
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2969:"Joint Statement for Cooperation in the Hayabusa2 Sample Return Mission by the Australian Space Agency and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency"
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Comet sample-return missions also continue to be a NASA priority. Comet
Surface Sample Return was one of the six themes for proposals for NASA's
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landers. While other missions collected materials from asteroids by various means, they did so without "landing", given their very low gravity.
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failed. The first two missions were intended to compete with Apollo 11 and were undertaken shortly before it in June and July 1969.
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space station. This Mars 5M mission was planned for 1979, but was canceled in 1977 due to technical problems and complexity.
17:
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everything from launch to landing to retrieval and launch back to Earth is planned out with high precision and accuracy.
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in the case of sample-return missions. A sample return from Mars or other location with the potential to host life is a
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3535:"China's Chang'e 6 probe will soon bring samples of the moon's far side to Earth — and scientists are getting excited"
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when it comes to public support. The only successful robotic sample-return missions of this type have been Soviet
850:, are ultra-pure in order to ensure maximal collection efficiency, durability, and analytical distinguishability.
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Evaluating the
Biological Potential in Samples Returned from Planetary Satellites and Small Solar System Bodies
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228:
161:, and some Solar System bodies were visited by orbiting or even landing spacecraft with instruments capable of
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European
Science Foundation – Mars Sample Return backward contamination – Strategic advice and requirements
836:
A Genesis collector array consisting of a grid of ultra-pure wafers of silicon, gold, sapphire, and diamond
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A total of 382 kilograms of lunar material, comprising 2200 individual specimens returned from the Moon...
2330:, including the television camera, and returned them to Earth, where they are treated as lunar samples by
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Lunar sample 60016 on display at Space Center
Houston Lunar Samples Vault, at NASA's Johnson Space Center
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mission, which returned solar wind samples to Earth from beyond Earth orbit in 2004. Unfortunately, the
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to capture particles from low Earth orbit, including both interplanetary dust and man-made particles.
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Samples analyzed on Earth can be matched against findings of remote sensing for more insight into the
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of the
International Mars Architecture for the Return of Samples (iMARS) Working Group June 1, 2008.
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which is planned to launch in 2025. CNSA plans for a Mars sample return mission by 2030. Also, the
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2781:"Evidence for interstellar origin of seven dust particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft"
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in the southern hemisphere of the lunar far side, was the first to retrieve samples from the
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540:
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48:
2925:"Japanese spacecraft reaches asteroid after three-and-a-half-year journey – Spaceflight Now"
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have been visited by robotic spacecraft which returned samples to Earth; and samples of the
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spacecraft, which returned comet samples to Earth on
January 15, 2006. It safely passed by
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378:
267:
249:
102:
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3040:
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8:
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2576:. Task Group on Issues in Sample Return. National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1997).
2400:
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mission was launched in September 2016 on a mission to return samples from the asteroid
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probe returned asteroid samples to Earth after a rendezvous with (and a landing on)
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3745:"NASA's new rover will collect martian rocks—and clues to planet's ancient climate"
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279:
212:
189:
180:, which visited the asteroid Vesta from 2011 to 2012 for imaging, and samples from
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3509:"China's Chang'e 5 enters lunar orbit for historic attempt to return moon samples"
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Planetary protection aims to prevent biological contamination of both the target
110:
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4454:
2560:– see Back Planetary Protection section. (for more details of the document see
2518:
Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions
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347:
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259:
162:
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mars Exploration Program on sample return missions.
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236:
181:
126:
85:
4137:"China aims to bring Mars samples to Earth 2 years before NASA, ESA mission"
3762:
2804:
5506:
2951:"Farewell, Ryugu! Japan's Hayabusa2 Probe Leaves Asteroid for Journey Home"
2822:
2531:
Preliminary Planning for an International Mars Sample Return Mission Report
2471:
2060:
2024:
1988:
1950:
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1422:
1391:
718:
714:
698:
682:
660:
616:
562:
480:
444:, but this rocket never flew successfully and the mission evolved into the
154:
93:
89:
37:
4164:
832:
730:, as all previous collective lunar samples having been collected from the
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306:
207:
One further focus of such investigation—besides the basic composition and
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1907:
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32:
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Sample-return methods include, but are not restricted to the following:
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146:
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65:
53:
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3078:"NASA's Osiris-Rex Arrives at Asteroid Bennu After a Two-Year Journey"
2813:
295:
4094:
4002:"NASA - Astrobiology Exposure and Micrometeoroid Capture Experiments"
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2094:
1944:
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3482:"China recovers Chang'e-5 moon samples after complex 23-day mission"
2428:"Concerns of Organic Contamination for Sample Return Space Missions"
690:
weighed 121.6 g (4.29 oz), over twice the mission's goal.
4479:
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3388:
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2999:
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was a failed sample-return mission designed to return samples from
587:
527:. Each different wafer was used to collect a different part of the
520:
437:
355:
149:, so we can further our understanding and knowledge as part of the
5525:
3814:"NASA Moves Forward with Campaign to Return Mars Samples to Earth"
3249:"Likely asteroid debris found upon opening of returned NASA probe"
5006:
4042:"NASA Announces OSIRIS-REx Bulk Sample Mass – OSIRIS-REx Mission"
3454:
3421:
3355:
3236:. NASA/Explorers and Heliophysics Projects Division. August 2011.
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1636:
1602:
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crashed on the Moon. Later, other sample-return missions failed:
402:
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386:
382:
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232:
122:
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3131:"NASA's OSIRIS-REx Successfully Stows Sample of Asteroid Bennu"
2165:
1899:
1278:
464:
The Orbital Debris Collection (ODC) experiment deployed on the
453:
81:
2995:"Hayabusa-2: Capsule with asteroid samples in 'perfect' shape"
188:
on Vesta. This allowed deducing the composition of the crust,
80:
have been collected by robotic and crewed missions; the comet
4090:"China to launch Tianwen 2 asteroid-sampling mission in 2025"
2237:
2208:
2122:
2086:
2052:
2019:
1935:
1859:
1315:
821:
197:
153:. Until now, many important scientific discoveries about the
5282:
R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
3106:"NASA's OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Successfully Touches Asteroid"
2634:(Third ed.). New York: Penguin Books. pp. 611–613.
2561:
496:
The next mission to return extraterrestrial samples was the
385:
returned 101 grams (3.6 oz) of lunar soil, followed by
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114:
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project, which would use a double launch with the smaller
211:
of the various Solar System bodies—is the presence of the
4553:
3906:"NASA Receives Proposals for Future Solar System Mission"
3658:"Japan to Delay Mars Moon Exploration by 2 Years to 2026"
2366:
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2006:
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was the first mission to return extraterrestrial samples.
56:
mission shortly after touching down in the desert in Utah
3934:"Stardust - NASA's Comet Sample Return Mission: Aerogel"
3063:"NASA To Launch New Science Mission To Asteroid In 2016"
2846:"Japan probe collected particles from Itokawa asteroid"
2645:
Kristen Erickson (16 July 2009). Amiko Kauderer (ed.).
2632:
A Man On the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts
2421:
350:
as a whole returned over 382 kg (842 lb) of
5478:
3189:"Capsule Containing Asteroid Bennu Sample Has Landed"
3019:"NASA's OSIRIS-REx Speeds Toward Asteroid Rendezvous"
809:
missions to return samples from the Moon by 2027 and
342:, and 110.4 kilograms (243 lb) of material from
3618:"China to collect samples from Mars by 2030: Xinhua"
2141:
2115:
1958:
511:
used a collector array made of wafers of ultra-pure
227:
formed on other Solar System bodies like Mars or on
196:(and, to a lesser extent, different compositions of
4284:
3755:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3652:
3650:
2754:"A Little Glitz Goes a Long Way for NASA's Genesis"
769:that will be launched in 2026. MMX will study both
432:In 1970, the Soviet Union planned for a 1975 first
173:. This was done, for example, with findings by the
2900:"Russia's Failed Mars Probe Crashes Into Pacific"
1955:5.4 grams (0.19 oz) (including gas samples)
389:'s return of 55 grams (1.9 oz) in 1974, and
5538:
4251:The National Academies, Space Science Board 1998
3781:
3779:
3647:
3560:"China Plans Near-Earth Asteroid Smash-and-Grab"
2871:
2644:
902:
338:, 94.3 kilograms (208 lb) of material from
334:, 76.7 kilograms (169 lb) of material from
4020:"小惑星探査機「はやぶさ２」が採取した小惑星Ryugu（リュウグウ）サンプルは約5.4グラム"
3788:"NASA's Perseverance Plans Next Sample Attempt"
3616:Staff Writers Beijing (AFP) (10 October 2012).
3584:
3278:
3276:
2426:; Martins, Zita; Yabuta, Hikaru (12 May 2020).
813:to return samples from Mars in the late 2020s.
429:in 1974 had unsuccessful landings on the Moon.
330:, 42.8 kilograms (94 lb) of material from
5022:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
3587:"China considers more Mars probes before 2030"
2774:
2574:Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations
370:. Today, 75% of the samples are stored at the
145:Samples available on Earth can be analyzed in
5547:Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
4270:
3785:
3776:
3441:
2647:"Rock Solid: JSC's Lunar Sample Lab Turns 30"
754:is designing a sample-retrieval mission from
615:OSIRIS-REx collecting a sample from asteroid
151:discovery and exploration of the Solar System
5458:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
3977:"Mir Orbital Debris Collector Data Analyzed"
3864:
3831:
3708:
3408:
3342:
3273:
3240:
3195:
3148:
3069:
1879:, weighing less than 1 gram (0.035 oz)
565:and collected dust samples from the comet's
440:project. This mission was planned to use an
3375:
3309:
2679:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2495:
2493:
2326:astronauts removed several components from
816:
194:differences in the composition of asteroids
4277:
4263:
4070:(in Simplified Chinese). 新华网. 28 June 2024
3055:
2608:
2520:(Report). National Research Council. 2009.
2387:
1876:
1831:
1788:
1331:
1293:
936:Map of sample-return missions on the Moon.
4060:
3532:
3381:
2942:
2874:"Bruce Betts: Reflections on Phobos LIFE"
2812:
2536:
2461:
2451:
1791:, weighing approx 1 gram (0.035 oz)
285:
3315:
3041:"Asteroid probe begins seven-year quest"
2670:
2668:
2490:
931:
866:
831:
820:
758:that would take place during the 2020s.
692:
630:
610:
533:
479:
305:
294:
136:
47:
31:
3959:"Surveyor 2 parts brought by Apollo 12"
3382:MacDonald, Cheyenne (13 January 2024).
3316:Kuthunur, Sharmila (13 December 2023).
2948:
2629:
421:in 1975 had unsuccessful launches, and
243:
14:
5539:
3903:
3811:
3742:
3642:China's Deep-space Exploration to 2030
3261:from the original on 27 September 2023
3169:from the original on 25 September 2023
3154:
3103:
2897:
2587:"NASA Lunar Sample Laboatory Facility"
2510:
2505:American Society for Microbiology News
697:Lunar soil sample collected by CNSA's
171:processes that formed the Solar System
52:The sample return capsule from NASA’s
4258:
4134:
3928:
3926:
3870:
3852:from the original on 22 November 2023
3714:
3506:
3462:from the original on 16 February 2024
3447:
3414:
3363:from the original on 15 December 2023
3348:
3330:from the original on 14 December 2023
3282:
3246:
3201:
3155:Miller, Katrina (24 September 2023).
3075:
2665:
2393:
635:Samples from Bennu delivered to Earth
4839:Spaceflight-related human fatalities
3885:from the original on 16 January 2024
3837:
3429:from the original on 23 January 2024
3396:from the original on 14 January 2024
3297:from the original on 11 October 2023
2949:Bartels, Meghan (13 November 2019).
2872:Emily Lakdawalla (13 January 2012).
2843:
2524:
2303:Timeline of Solar System exploration
765:mission, a sample-return mission to
3871:David, Leopnard (15 January 2024).
3585:English.news.cn (10 October 2012).
3448:Rabie, Passant (15 February 2024).
3349:Rabie, Passant (15 December 2023).
2844:Amos, Jonathan (16 November 2010).
2503:(PDF). Volume 65, Number 2, 1999 /
1347:
927:
569:while imaging the comet's nucleus.
192:and core of Vesta. Similarly, some
141:A meteorite thought to be from Mars
24:
5391:Communications satellite companies
4177:Genesis Solar Wind Samples Catalog
4114:"Screen shot - MAV Ascent Profile"
3923:
3552:
3507:Jones, Andrew (28 November 2020).
3415:Rabie, Passant (22 January 2024).
3283:Chang, Kenneth (11 October 2023).
3076:Chang, Kenneth (3 December 2018).
3007:from the original on 13 July 2023.
2898:Kramer, Andrew (15 January 2012).
2651:40th Anniversary of Apollo Program
2567:
2501:Parasites Face a Perpetual Dilemma
971:
840:
742:CNSA is planning a mission called
737:
641:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
584:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
577:
100:have been returned by the robotic
25:
5578:
5436:First orbital launches by country
4158:
4102:from the original on 5 June 2023.
3812:Potter, Sean (17 December 2020).
2373:are still in the planning stages.
963:en route, in progress, or planned
649:space probe on December 3, 2014.
290:
132:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5463:Timeline of longest spaceflights
4171:Stardust Sample Catalog Database
3786:mars.nasa.gov (26 August 2021).
3696:(in Japanese). 22 September 2017
3104:Potter, Sean (20 October 2020).
2779:; et al. (15 August 2014).
2724:"Orbital Debris Collector (ODC)"
2674:
2288:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2236:
2201:
2164:
2155:
2121:
2085:
2051:
2012:
1974:
1934:
1898:
1852:
1810:
1767:
1731:
1697:
1663:
1627:
1593:
1557:
1523:
1489:
1455:
1421:
1384:
1314:
1271:
1235:
1199:
1163:
1127:
1091:
1049:
1008:
372:Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility
254:Extraterrestrial sample curation
5468:Timeline of private spaceflight
5142:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
5002:Communications satellite firsts
4128:
4106:
4082:
4068:"新华社权威快报丨嫦娥六号带回世界首份月背样品1935.3克"
4034:
4022:(in Japanese). 18 December 2020
4012:
3994:
3969:
3951:
3897:
3838:Berg, Matt (22 November 2023).
3805:
3792:NASA’s Mars Exploration Program
3736:
3715:Chang, Kenneth (28 July 2020).
3678:
3635:
3609:
3578:
3526:
3500:
3474:
3223:
3181:
3123:
3097:
3033:
3011:
2987:
2961:
2917:
2891:
2865:
2837:
2768:
2746:
2716:
2695:
2638:
2623:
2394:David, Leonard (23 June 2022).
2352:
2337:
2316:
2298:Robotic exploration of the Moon
1284:Earth-Orbital Debris Collection
965:(including mission extensions)
538:Sample-return capsule from the
268:category V mission under COSPAR
4232:website on aerogel technology.
4135:Jones, Andrew (20 June 2022).
3202:Chang, Kenneth (10 May 2021).
2730:. 16 July 1999. Archived from
2579:
2478:
2415:
2068:1,935.3 grams (68.27 oz)
1066:34 kilograms (75 lb) and
871:A particle captured in aerogel
825:Animation of TAGSAM arm moving
468:for 18 months in 1996–97 used
13:
1:
5403:Private spaceflight companies
4346:Rocket and missile technology
3743:Voosen, Paul (25 June 2020).
2485:What did Dawn learn at Vesta?
2380:
903:Robotic excavation and return
643:(JAXA) launched the improved
5017:Earth observation satellites
4872:Cumulative spacewalk records
3043:. BBC News. 9 September 2016
1252:111 kilograms (245 lb)
953:(or partially successfully)
800:fourth New Frontiers mission
452:rocket and an assembly at a
7:
5441:First satellites by country
4165:The Lunar Sample Compendium
3904:Keeter, Bill (5 May 2017).
3247:Staff (27 September 2023).
2614:
2265:
2176:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
2032:1,731 grams (61.1 oz)
1993:121.6 grams (4.29 oz)
1216:95 kilograms (209 lb)
1180:77 kilograms (170 lb)
274:of Earth. For this reason,
229:the moons of the gas giants
10:
5583:
5132:Medium-lift launch vehicle
4933:Objects at Lagrange points
4216:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4203:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3533:Rahul Rao (25 June 2024).
3191:. NASA. 24 September 2023.
2878:The Planetary Society Blog
2453:10.1007/s11214-020-00678-7
1144:43 kilograms (95 lb)
1030:22 kilograms (49 lb)
862:
793:Mars sample-return mission
782:Mars Sample-Return Mission
434:Mars sample-return mission
364:Lunar Receiving Laboratory
247:
5426:
5381:
5365:
5150:
5137:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
5127:Small-lift launch vehicle
5070:
4990:
4916:Landings on other planets
4894:
4847:
4719:
4691:
4663:
4603:
4551:
4508:
4363:
4354:
4306:
4293:
2619:"Extravehicular Activity"
484:An artist's rendering of
202:astronomical spectroscopy
5418:Spacecraft manufacturers
4953:leaving the Solar System
3687:火星衛星の砂回収へ ＪＡＸＡ「フォボス」に探査機
3686:
3021:. NASA. 9 September 2016
2756:. NASA. 3 September 2004
2630:Chaikin, Andrew (2007).
2593:. NASA. 1 September 2016
2422:Chan, Queenie Hoi Shan;
2309:
1748:170 grams (6.0 oz)
1707:Luna E-8-5M No. 412
1574:101 grams (3.6 oz)
817:Methods of sample return
475:
459:
157:were made remotely with
4832:timeline by nationality
4298:Timeline of spaceflight
3763:10.1126/science.abd5006
2805:10.1126/science.1252496
2702:Советский грунт с Марса
2283:Exploration of the Moon
1644:55 grams (1.9 oz)
1533:Luna E-8-5 No. 405
1397:Luna E-8-5 No. 402
761:JAXA is developing the
746:to return samples from
663:(previously designated
653:arrived at the target
213:building blocks of life
5552:Sample return missions
5451:Constellation missions
5078:Orbital launch systems
4970:Timeline of satellites
4911:Interplanetary voyages
3231:"OSIRIS-REx Factsheet"
2710:April 8, 2010, at the
2487:The Planetary Society.
2185:500 grams (18 oz)
951:completed successfully
937:
872:
837:
826:
706:
636:
628:
545:
493:
311:
303:
286:Sample-return missions
215:on comets, asteroids,
142:
57:
45:
44:lunar mission in 1971.
5567:Spaceflight timelines
5366:Launches by spaceport
4975:Sample-return mission
4489:Civilian spaceflight
2432:Space Science Reviews
2171:European Space Agency
935:
870:
835:
824:
805:Russia has plans for
701:mission displayed at
696:
634:
614:
537:
483:
401:failed at start, and
377:In 1970, the robotic
309:
298:
248:Further information:
225:extraterrestrial life
140:
62:sample-return mission
51:
35:
18:Sample return mission
5090:Sounding rocket list
5029:Geosynchronous orbit
4965:Missions to the Moon
4737:by year of selection
3963:www.collectspace.com
3938:solarsystem.nasa.gov
2371:Earth Return Orbiter
2293:List of lunar probes
859:samples themselves.
780:have long planned a
752:Chinese Space Agency
728:far side of the Moon
250:Planetary protection
244:Planetary protection
219:or the moons of the
72:To date, samples of
5427:Other mission lists
5408:Rocket launch sites
5382:Agencies, companies
4678:Crewed Spaceflights
4336:Spaceflight records
4288:lists and timelines
4116:. NASA. 2 June 2022
3003:. 5 December 2020.
2797:2014Sci...345..786W
2683:on 25 February 2002
2591:NASA Curation Lunar
2444:2020SSRv..216...56C
2401:Scientific American
2363:Mars Ascent Vehicle
2278:Exploration of Mars
724:Apollo crater basin
419:Luna E-8-5M No. 412
121:, and samples from
5327:Thor DM-21 Agena-B
5317:Thor DM-18 Agena-A
5230:Falcon 9 and Heavy
4926:artificial objects
4877:Longest spacewalks
4440:Vostok and Voskhod
4189:Mars Exploration:
4048:. 15 February 2024
3722:The New York Times
3597:on 14 October 2012
3591:news.xinhuanet.com
3488:. 16 December 2020
3290:The New York Times
3209:The New York Times
3162:The New York Times
3135:OSIRIS-REx Mission
3083:The New York Times
2929:spaceflightnow.com
2904:The New York Times
2548:2016-06-02 at the
2499:Joshua Lederberg
2100:469219 Kamoʻoalewa
1887:Success (partial)
1841:Success (partial)
938:
873:
838:
827:
748:469219 Kamoʻoalewa
707:
637:
629:
546:
494:
415:Luna E-8-5 No. 405
399:Luna E-8-5 No. 402
312:
304:
143:
119:Martian meteorites
84:and the asteroids
58:
46:
40:, returned by the
27:Spacecraft mission
5476:
5475:
4890:
4889:
4371:Crewed spacecraft
4356:Human spaceflight
4314:Space exploration
3666:. 6 December 2023
2971:(Press release).
2558:978-2-918428-67-1
2263:
2262:
1997:24 September 2023
1578:24 September 1970
1552:12 September 1970
1450:23 September 1969
1367:Samples returned
1345:
1344:
991:Samples returned
969:
968:
914:space exploration
687:organic molecules
582:In June 2010 the
466:Mir space station
16:(Redirected from
5574:
5529:
5528:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5484:
4808:Space travelers
4804:Space scientists
4792:African American
4361:
4360:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4220:mission website.
4211:Genesis Mission
4207:mission website.
4183:Hayabusa Samples
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3593:. Archived from
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3566:. 10 August 2021
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2816:
2791:(6198): 786–91.
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2391:
2374:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2320:
2241:
2240:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2143:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2090:
2089:
2073:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2037:
2036:16 December 2020
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2007:23 November 2020
1998:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:8 September 2016
1960:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1837:9 September 2004
1833:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1753:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1649:
1648:25 February 1972
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:14 February 1972
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:2 September 1971
1579:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1352:
1351:
1348:Robotic missions
1338:
1333:
1328:Low Earth orbit
1319:
1318:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1257:
1256:19 December 1972
1240:
1239:
1231:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1185:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1149:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1113:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1077:
1076:24 November 1969
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:14 November 1969
1035:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1004:
976:
975:
961:– Mission
960:
949:– Mission
948:
943:
942:
928:List of missions
673:
671:
670:
624:Full-sized image
551:was followed by
280:Joshua Lederberg
209:geologic history
111:Lunar meteorites
21:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5428:
5422:
5383:
5377:
5361:
5312:Thor DM-18 Able
5220:Delta IV Medium
5152:
5146:
5122:Sounding rocket
5066:
4993:
4986:
4897:
4886:
4843:
4817:by first flight
4715:
4687:
4659:
4599:
4547:
4504:
4350:
4302:
4289:
4283:
4245:project update.
4161:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4098:. 18 May 2022.
4088:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4006:www.nasagov.com
4000:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3663:Yomiuri Shimbun
3656:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3281:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2842:
2838:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:Wayback Machine
2704:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2673:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2613:
2609:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2550:Wayback Machine
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2357:
2353:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2273:Asteroid mining
2268:
2235:
2202:
2200:
2186:
2163:
2162:
2161:United States /
2154:
2120:
2084:
2050:
2013:
2011:
1973:
1959:6 December 2020
1933:
1929:3 December 2014
1897:
1893:8 November 2011
1853:
1851:
1809:
1795:15 January 2006
1766:
1762:7 February 1999
1730:
1696:
1692:16 October 1975
1662:
1658:2 November 1974
1626:
1592:
1556:
1522:
1518:6 February 1970
1488:
1484:22 October 1969
1454:
1420:
1385:
1383:
1373:Mission result
1350:
1324:Tanpopo mission
1313:
1289:Low Earth orbit
1272:
1270:
1234:
1230:7 December 1972
1198:
1162:
1148:9 February 1971
1126:
1122:31 January 1971
1090:
1048:
1009:
1007:
997:Mission result
974:
972:Crewed missions
958:
946:
930:
905:
865:
843:
841:Collector array
819:
740:
738:Future missions
668:
667:
664:
658:C-type asteroid
619:
592:S-type asteroid
580:
578:2010s and 2020s
478:
462:
374:built in 1979.
293:
288:
256:
246:
135:
125:in the form of
117:in the form of
113:, samples from
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5580:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5534:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5413:Space agencies
5410:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5387:
5385:
5384:and facilities
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5302:Thor and Delta
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5215:Delta IV Heavy
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5153:by rocket type
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5048:Magnetospheric
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:Earth-orbiting
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4822:by nationality
4819:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4367:
4365:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4233:
4221:
4208:
4195:
4191:Sample Returns
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4160:
4159:External links
4157:
4154:
4153:
4127:
4105:
4081:
4059:
4046:blogs.nasa.gov
4033:
4011:
3993:
3981:Spacedaily.com
3968:
3950:
3922:
3896:
3863:
3830:
3804:
3775:
3735:
3707:
3677:
3646:
3634:
3608:
3577:
3551:
3525:
3499:
3473:
3440:
3407:
3374:
3341:
3308:
3272:
3239:
3222:
3194:
3180:
3147:
3122:
3096:
3068:
3054:
3032:
3010:
2986:
2975:. 14 July 2020
2960:
2941:
2916:
2890:
2864:
2836:
2775:Westphal, A.;
2767:
2745:
2734:on 21 May 2021
2715:
2694:
2664:
2637:
2622:
2607:
2578:
2566:
2535:
2523:
2509:
2489:
2477:
2424:Stroud, Rhonda
2414:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2351:
2336:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1980:United States
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1816:United States
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1773:United States
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:22 August 1976
1749:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:Recovery date
1368:
1365:
1364:Sample origin
1362:
1359:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:6 October 1997
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1241:United States
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1205:United States
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1169:United States
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1133:United States
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:United States
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1055:United States
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
994:Recovery date
992:
989:
988:Sample origin
986:
983:
980:
973:
970:
967:
966:
955:
954:
929:
926:
904:
901:
864:
861:
842:
839:
818:
815:
739:
736:
579:
576:
477:
474:
461:
458:
395:Luna programme
348:Apollo program
314:In July 1969,
292:
291:First missions
289:
287:
284:
260:celestial body
245:
242:
182:HED meteorites
163:remote sensing
134:
133:Scientific use
131:
127:HED meteorites
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5579:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5557:Space hazards
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5510:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5446:NASA missions
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:and timelines
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5373:Satish Dhawan
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4797:Ibero-America
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:Spaceflights
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:Spaceflights
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:Spaceflights
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4240:
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3622:marsdaily.com
3619:
3612:
3596:
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3565:
3564:IEEE Spectrum
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2677:"Luna Ye-8-5"
2671:
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2214:Chandrayaan-4
2212:
2210:
2199:
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2010:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
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1962:
1957:
1954:
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1949:
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1937:
1932:
1927:
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1911:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1896:
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1886:
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1875:
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1872:25143 Itokawa
1870:
1868:
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1863:
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1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
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1805:8 August 2001
1803:
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1760:
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1742:
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1737:Soviet Union
1734:
1729:
1726:9 August 1976
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:Soviet Union
1700:
1695:
1690:
1689:
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1682:
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1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:Soviet Union
1666:
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1638:
1635:
1633:Soviet Union
1630:
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1615:
1612:
1609:
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1604:
1601:
1599:Soviet Union
1596:
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1581:
1576:
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1568:
1565:
1563:Soviet Union
1560:
1555:
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1542:
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1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:Soviet Union
1526:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:Soviet Union
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:Soviet Union
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:Soviet Union
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1340:
1337:February 2018
1335:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:14 April 2015
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1269:
1266:22 March 1996
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:27 April 1972
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1194:16 April 1972
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:7 August 1971
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:17 April 1970
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1086:11 April 1970
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:United States
1006:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
977:
964:
957:
956:
952:
945:
944:
941:
934:
925:
923:
919:
915:
909:
900:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
877:
869:
860:
857:
851:
849:
834:
830:
823:
814:
812:
808:
803:
801:
796:
794:
790:
788:
783:
779:
774:
772:
771:moons of Mars
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
713:launched the
712:
704:
703:Airshow China
700:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
662:
659:
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
633:
627:
625:
618:
613:
609:
607:
603:
598:
596:
595:25143 Itokawa
593:
589:
585:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:
554:
550:
543:
542:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
500:
491:
487:
482:
473:
471:
467:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
317:
308:
301:
297:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
255:
251:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
177:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
139:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:25143 Itokawa
83:
79:
76:from Earth's
75:
70:
67:
63:
55:
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5117:Upper stages
4974:
4958:lunar probes
4896:Solar System
4882:Spacewalkers
4867:2015–present
4827:billionaires
4552:
4423:2021–present
4388:Spaceflights
4242:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4190:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4108:
4093:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4045:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4014:
4005:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3980:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3941:. Retrieved
3937:
3915:20 September
3913:. Retrieved
3909:
3899:
3887:. Retrieved
3876:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3843:
3833:
3821:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3791:
3766:. Retrieved
3748:
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3720:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3691:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3661:
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3621:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3590:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:
3528:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:
3502:
3490:. Retrieved
3485:
3476:
3464:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3420:
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3387:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3354:
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3321:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3288:
3265:27 September
3263:. Retrieved
3252:
3242:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3207:
3197:
3183:
3173:25 September
3171:. Retrieved
3160:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3081:
3071:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3013:
2998:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2963:
2954:
2944:
2934:23 September
2932:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2877:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2849:
2839:
2788:
2784:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:the original
2727:
2718:
2705:(in Russian)
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2675:Wade, Mark.
2655:. Retrieved
2650:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2602:
2595:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2569:
2552:July, 2012,
2538:
2526:
2512:
2504:
2480:
2435:
2431:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2399:
2389:
2354:
2346:Perseverance
2345:
2339:
2318:
2072:25 June 2024
1989:101955 Bennu
1951:162173 Ryugu
1943:
1883:13 June 2010
1864:
1819:
1776:
1416:13 July 1969
1392:Soviet Union
1379:14 June 1969
1355:Launch date
1158:26 July 1971
1034:24 July 1969
1003:16 July 1969
979:Launch date
962:
950:
940:Colour key:
939:
920:and Chinese
910:
906:
895:
889:
883:
874:
855:
852:
847:
844:
828:
804:
797:
787:Perseverance
786:
775:
760:
741:
708:
683:101955 Bennu
676:
661:162173 Ryugu
650:
644:
638:
621:
617:101955 Bennu
600:The Russian
599:
581:
570:
563:Comet Wild 2
556:
548:
547:
539:
508:
503:
497:
495:
485:
463:
431:
425:in 1971 and
376:
358:, including
313:
257:
206:
175:
168:
155:Solar System
147:laboratories
144:
108:
101:
94:101955 Bennu
90:162173 Ryugu
71:
61:
59:
38:Genesis Rock
29:
5562:Spaceflight
5519:Spaceflight
5252:H-II and H3
5195:Delta DM-19
5185:Black Brant
4898:exploration
4673:Expeditions
4613:Expeditions
4563:Expeditions
4518:Expeditions
4286:Spaceflight
4120:30 November
4052:15 February
4026:18 December
3856:25 November
3670:26 December
3518:29 November
3466:16 February
3367:16 December
3334:13 December
3323:LiveScience
3140:29 November
3047:9 September
3025:9 September
2857:16 November
2615:Orloff 2004
2597:15 February
1908:Fobos-Grunt
602:Fobos-Grunt
488:collecting
352:lunar rocks
5541:Categories
5531:Technology
5396:comparison
5322:Thor DM-18
5307:Thor-Agena
5262:Long March
5180:Atlas LV3C
5175:Atlas LV3B
5095:Spacecraft
5083:Comparison
5012:PocketQube
4994:satellites
4772:Cosmonauts
4727:Astronauts
4683:Spacewalks
4645:Spacewalks
4590:Spacewalks
4538:Spacewalks
4498:Suborbital
4381:by program
4341:Space Race
4331:Spacecraft
4224:Stardust:
3889:16 January
3768:12 October
3627:14 October
3601:14 October
3570:4 November
3433:22 January
3400:13 January
3301:12 October
3115:21 October
3089:3 December
2909:16 January
2814:2381/32470
2777:Stroud, R.
2381:References
2328:Surveyor 3
2046:3 May 2024
1984:OSIRIS-REx
1847:9 May 2003
1827:Solar wind
1499:Kosmos 305
1465:Kosmos 300
1068:Surveyor 3
811:Mars-Grunt
679:OSIRIS-REx
655:near-Earth
529:solar wind
490:solar wind
411:Kosmos 305
407:Kosmos 300
360:lunar soil
321:Surveyor 3
276:Carl Sagan
221:gas giants
186:Rheasilvia
178:spacecraft
159:telescopes
98:solar wind
66:spacecraft
54:OSIRIS-REx
5495:Astronomy
5342:V-2 tests
5240:2020–2022
5235:2010–2019
5210:Delta III
4862:2000–2014
4857:1965–1999
4711:Rollbacks
4475:Gaganyaan
4418:2011–2020
4413:2001–2010
4408:1991–2000
4403:1981–1990
4398:1971–1980
4393:1961–1970
4198:Stardust
4141:SpaceNews
4095:Space.com
3943:16 August
3910:NASA News
3878:Space.com
3797:27 August
3539:Space.com
3513:Space.com
3486:SpaceNews
2955:Space.com
2831:206556225
2438:(4): 56.
2324:Apollo 12
2246:Tianwen-3
2095:Tianwen-2
2061:Chang'e 6
2025:Chang'e 5
1945:Hayabusa2
1877:Particles
1832:Particles
1789:Particles
1358:Operator
1332:Particles
1294:Particles
1245:Apollo 17
1209:Apollo 16
1173:Apollo 15
1137:Apollo 14
1101:Apollo 13
1059:Apollo 12
1021:Apollo 11
982:Operator
892:nanometer
807:Luna-Glob
802:in 2017.
776:NASA and
744:Tianwen-2
732:near side
715:Chang'e 5
699:Chang'e 5
651:Hayabusa2
646:Hayabusa2
442:N1 rocket
417:in 1970,
413:in 1969,
362:, to the
344:Apollo 17
340:Apollo 16
336:Apollo 15
332:Apollo 14
328:Apollo 12
316:Apollo 11
300:Apollo 11
272:biosphere
233:Jupiter's
106:mission.
74:Moon rock
42:Apollo 15
5297:Starship
5267:Minotaur
5225:Delta IV
5205:Delta II
5190:Electron
5151:Launches
5110:heaviest
5100:uncrewed
5071:Vehicles
5007:CubeSats
4948:orbiters
4906:Timeline
4767:European
4706:Missions
4665:Tiangong
4655:Deployed
4650:Visitors
4638:uncrewed
4623:Visiting
4595:Visitors
4583:uncrewed
4543:Visitors
4531:uncrewed
4480:Spacelab
4470:Shenzhou
4376:timeline
4324:timeline
4243:Hayabusa
4238:Hayabusa
4230:Stardust
4213:Homepage
4205:Stardust
4200:Homepage
4100:Archived
3883:Archived
3850:Archived
3845:Politico
3460:Archived
3427:Archived
3394:Archived
3389:Engadget
3361:Archived
3328:Archived
3295:Archived
3259:Archived
3254:Phys.org
3167:Archived
3005:Archived
3000:BBC News
2883:17 March
2851:BBC News
2823:25124433
2708:Archived
2562:abstract
2546:Archived
2472:32624626
2365:and the
2266:See also
2259:Planned
2227:Planned
2192:Ongoing
2146:Planned
2110:Planned
2076:Success
2040:Success
2001:Success
1963:Success
1923:Failure
1866:Hayabusa
1799:Success
1784:81P/Wild
1778:Stardust
1756:Success
1720:Failure
1686:Failure
1652:Success
1616:Failure
1582:Success
1546:Failure
1512:Failure
1478:Failure
1444:Failure
1410:Failure
1341:Success
1303:Success
1260:Success
1224:Success
1188:Success
1152:Success
1116:Failure
1080:Success
1038:Success
896:Stardust
884:Stardust
856:Stardust
709:China's
588:Hayabusa
571:Stardust
558:Stardust
541:Stardust
521:sapphire
438:Mars 5NM
381:mission
356:regolith
262:and the
5481:Portals
5337:Tsyklon
5200:Delta 1
5165:Antares
4812:by name
4757:Chinese
4752:Mercury
4732:by name
4693:Shuttle
4493:Orbital
4485:Artemis
4450:Mercury
4435:Russian
4364:General
4319:outline
4307:General
4226:Aerogel
4218:Genesis
4185:by NASA
4179:by NASA
4173:by NASA
4167:by NASA
4074:28 June
3823:16 July
3750:Science
3728:28 July
3700:20 July
3544:26 June
3492:3 March
3455:Gizmodo
3422:Gizmodo
3356:Gizmodo
3065:. NASA.
2979:14 July
2793:Bibcode
2785:Science
2760:3 March
2738:7 April
2687:27 July
2657:29 June
2463:7319412
2440:Bibcode
2135:Phobos
1904:Russia
1821:Genesis
1741:Luna 24
1673:Luna 23
1637:Luna 20
1603:Luna 18
1567:Luna 16
1431:Luna 15
922:Chang'e
876:Aerogel
863:Aerogel
848:Genesis
666:1999 JU
586:(JAXA)
549:Genesis
544:mission
525:diamond
513:silicon
509:Genesis
504:Genesis
499:Genesis
486:Genesis
470:aerogel
446:Mars 5M
436:in the
427:Luna 23
423:Luna 18
403:Luna 15
391:Luna 24
387:Luna 20
383:Luna 16
368:Houston
103:Genesis
5352:Vulcan
5272:Proton
5257:Kosmos
5160:Ariane
5105:crewed
5044:Kosmos
4943:active
4938:Probes
4921:rovers
4782:Muslim
4747:Gemini
4742:Apollo
4720:People
4633:crewed
4578:crewed
4526:crewed
4510:Salyut
4465:Skylab
4460:Apollo
4455:Gemini
4430:Soviet
4146:4 July
3986:8 July
3693:Nikkei
3215:11 May
2829:
2821:
2653:. NASA
2556:
2470:
2460:
2407:5 July
2242:China
2206:
2127:Japan
2091:China
2057:China
2017:
1940:Japan
1913:Phobos
1857:
1389:
1320:Japan
1279:Russia
1276:
1013:
959:
947:
880:silica
784:. The
767:Phobos
606:Phobos
523:, and
454:Salyut
450:Proton
379:Soviet
346:. The
237:Europa
198:comets
190:mantle
92:, and
82:Wild 2
5507:Space
5357:Zenit
5332:Titan
5287:Scout
5170:Atlas
4777:women
4762:Asian
4701:Crews
4445:Soyuz
4241:JAXA
4236:JAXA
3234:(PDF)
2827:S2CID
2310:Notes
2256:2031
2250:Mars
2232:2028
2224:2028
2218:Moon
2209:India
2197:2028
2189:2033
2151:2028
2107:2027
2081:2025
2065:Moon
2029:Moon
2020:China
1860:Japan
1745:Moon
1711:Moon
1677:Moon
1641:Moon
1607:Moon
1571:Moon
1537:Moon
1503:Moon
1469:Moon
1435:Moon
1401:Moon
1361:Name
1249:Moon
1213:Moon
1177:Moon
1141:Moon
1105:Moon
1071:parts
1063:Moon
985:Name
878:is a
789:rover
756:Ceres
705:2021.
476:2000s
460:1990s
326:from
324:parts
264:Earth
235:moon
123:Vesta
64:is a
5347:Vega
5277:PSLV
5247:GSLV
5057:TDRS
5034:GOES
4980:Mars
4787:Arab
4148:2022
4122:2022
4076:2024
4054:2024
4028:2020
3988:2018
3945:2023
3917:2017
3891:2024
3858:2023
3825:2021
3818:NASA
3799:2021
3770:2020
3730:2020
3702:2018
3672:2023
3629:2012
3603:2012
3572:2021
3546:2024
3520:2020
3494:2023
3468:2024
3435:2024
3402:2024
3369:2023
3336:2023
3303:2023
3267:2023
3217:2021
3175:2023
3142:2020
3117:2020
3110:NASA
3091:2018
3049:2016
3027:2016
2981:2020
2973:JAXA
2936:2018
2911:2012
2885:2012
2859:2010
2819:PMID
2762:2023
2740:2021
2728:NASA
2689:2010
2659:2012
2599:2017
2554:ISBN
2468:PMID
2409:2022
2359:NASA
2343:The
2332:NASA
2322:The
2181:Mars
2142:2031
2116:2026
1026:Moon
918:Luna
722:the
717:and
711:CNSA
677:The
639:The
567:coma
553:NASA
517:gold
409:and
354:and
278:and
252:and
217:Mars
176:Dawn
115:Mars
78:Moon
36:The
5292:SLS
5062:USA
5052:NRO
5039:GPS
4849:EVA
4618:ESA
4605:ISS
4568:ESA
4554:Mir
3759:doi
2809:hdl
2801:doi
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