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predicted by previous theory. This is significant in meteorology because it is primarily the saltation of sand particles which dislodges smaller dust particles into the atmosphere. Dust particles and other aerosols such as soot affect the amount of sunlight received by the atmosphere and earth, and are nuclei for condensation of the water vapour.
114:, the drag and lift forces exerted by the fluid are sufficient to lift some particles from the surface. These particles are accelerated by the fluid, and pulled downward by gravity, causing them to travel in roughly ballistic trajectories. If a particle has obtained sufficient speed from the acceleration by the fluid, it can eject, or
141:
or less for particles in air). For these particles, vertical drag forces due to turbulent fluctuations in the fluid are similar in magnitude to the weight of the particle. These smaller particles are carried by the fluid in suspension, and advected downstream. The smaller the particle, the less
164:
A 2008 study found that saltating sand particles induces a static electric field by friction. Saltating sand acquires a negative charge relative to the ground which in turn loosens more sand particles which then begin saltating. This process has been found to double the number of particles
118:, other particles in saltation, which propagates the process. Depending on the surface, the particle could also disintegrate on impact, or eject much finer sediment from the surface. In air, this process of
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20:
122:
creates most of the dust in dust storms. In rivers, this process repeats continually, gradually eroding away the river bed, but also transporting-in fresh material from upstream.
334:
Rice, M. A.; Willetts, B. B.; McEwan, I. K. (1995). "An experimental study of multiple grain-size ejecta produced by collisions of saltating grains with a flat bed".
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Sand hitting sand is more likely to stick; sand hitting a more coherent surface is more likely to bounce. This feedback loop helps sand accumulate to create
63:. It occurs when loose materials are removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface. Examples include
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103:. Here the forces exerted by the fluid on the particle are only enough to roll the particle around the point of contact with the surface.
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Zhang, Ning; Lee, Sang Joon; Chen, Ting-Guo (January 2015). "Trajectories of saltating sand particles behind a porous fence".
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Kok, Jasper; Parteli, Eric; Michaels, Timothy I; Karam, Diana Bou (2012). "The physics of wind-blown sand and dust".
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At low fluid velocities, loose material rolls downstream, staying in contact with the surface. This is called
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important the downward pull of gravity, and the longer the particle is likely to stay in suspension. A
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the porous wind fence effectively abates the further evolution of saltating sand particles
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Almeida, M. P.; Parteli, E. J. R.; Andrade, J. S.; Herrmann, H. J. (29 April 2008).
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can mitigate saltation by reducing particle speed, and sand accumulates on the
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The speed at which the flow can move particles by saltation is given by the
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Once the wind speed reaches a certain critical value, termed the
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Electric Sand
Findings, University of Michigan Jan. 6, 2008
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Close up of dune sand saltation, Kansas State
University
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generally affects small particles ('small' means ~70
477:Dune sand saltation video, Kansas State University
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79:drift over smooth surfaces such as those in the
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500:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
371:The physics of wind-blown sand and desert dunes
250:The physics of wind-blown sand and desert dunes
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225:The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes
47: 'leap, jump') is a specific type of
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1160:International scale of river difficulty
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400:Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion
160:Saltating dune sand in a wind tunnel.
488:The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
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356:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb00401.x
185:Saltation layers can also form in
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1317:Flooded grasslands and savannas
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446:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.028
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305:10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/106901
275:Reports on Progress in Physics
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1:
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1483:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1433:Hydrological transport model
1327:Storm Water Management Model
71:drift over desert surfaces,
16:Particle transport by fluids
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987:Antecedent drainage stream
397:Shao, Yaping, ed. (2008).
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496:"Giant saltation on Mars"
144:fence designed with holes
75:blowing over fields, and
1786:Countries without rivers
1761:Rivers by discharge rate
1473:Runoff model (reservoir)
1438:Infiltration (hydrology)
403:. Heidelberg: Springer.
1458:River Continuum Concept
1223:Agricultural wastewater
513:10.1073/pnas.0800202105
369:Bagnold, Ralph (1941).
1781:River name etymologies
1708:Hydraulic civilization
1566:Floodplain restoration
1342:Point source pollution
1117:Sedimentary structures
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1393:Discharge (hydrology)
1355:Industrial wastewater
836:Sedimentary processes
373:. New York: Methuen.
252:. New York: Methuen.
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120:saltation bombardment
67:transport by rivers,
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1807:Geological processes
1498:Volumetric flow rate
1082:Riffle-pool sequence
219:Saltatory conduction
1672:Whitewater kayaking
1667:Whitewater canoeing
1468:Runoff curve number
1312:Flood pulse concept
438:2015Geomo.228..608Z
348:1995Sedim..42..695R
297:2012RPPh...75j6901K
214:Saltation (biology)
150:side of the fence.
1698:Aquatic toxicology
1611:Stream restoration
1576:Infiltration basin
1428:Hydrological model
944:Sediment transport
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645:Subterranean river
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1297:Flood forecasting
1112:Sedimentary basin
969:Fluvial landforms
874:Bed material load
650:River bifurcation
506:(17): 6222–6226.
204:Aeolian processes
85:Canadian Prairies
23:Saltation of sand
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337:
336:Sedimentology
330:
322:
318:
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306:
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269:
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70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:transport by
50:
46:
45:
44:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1776:Flash floods
1728:River cruise
1625:River sports
1478:Stream gauge
1463:Rouse number
1453:Relief ratio
1302:Flood-meadow
1233:Urban runoff
1147:Fluvial flow
1132:River valley
1102:River island
1067:Meander scar
982:Alluvial fan
933:
924:Progradation
799:Karst spring
743:Winterbourne
698:Chalk stream
660:River source
635:Distributary
503:
499:
457:
449:
429:
425:
419:
399:
370:
364:
339:
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329:
278:
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107:
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96:
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40:
32:
26:
1637:Fly fishing
1561:Fish ladder
1546:Daylighting
1265:Flash flood
1228:First flush
1175:Plunge pool
899:Downcutting
884:Debris flow
859:Aggradation
733:Stream pool
432:: 608–616.
139:micrometres
1743:Wild river
1423:Hydrograph
1413:Hack's law
1378:Baer's law
1322:Inundation
1307:Floodplain
1247:stormwater
1205:Whitewater
1077:Oxbow lake
914:Knickpoint
889:Deposition
782:Hot spring
723:Streamflow
713:Stream bed
630:Confluence
380:0486439313
259:0486439313
232:References
187:avalanches
181:Avalanches
134:Suspension
35:(from
1713:Limnology
1662:Triathlon
1632:Canyoning
1601:Revetment
1531:Check dam
1443:Main stem
1200:Waterfall
1087:Point bar
1072:Mouth bar
1012:Billabong
959:Water gap
954:Wash load
934:Saltation
854:Anabranch
777:Holy well
665:Tributary
321:206021236
288:1201.4353
101:reptation
33:saltation
1801:Category
1516:Aqueduct
1383:Baseflow
1350:Effluent
1027:Cut bank
992:Avulsion
869:Bed load
849:Abrasion
532:18443302
313:22982806
248:(1941).
193:See also
55:such as
49:particle
1693:Aquifer
1686:Related
1642:Rafting
1170:Meander
1165:Log jam
1127:Thalweg
1032:Estuary
904:Erosion
841:erosion
753:Springs
708:Current
675:Streams
615:Channel
578:springs
574:streams
523:2359785
434:Bibcode
344:Bibcode
293:Bibcode
148:leeward
91:Process
29:geology
1488:WAFLEX
1360:Sewage
1243:Floods
1185:Riffle
1180:Rapids
1122:Strath
1092:Ravine
1017:Canyon
772:Geyser
703:Coulee
688:Bourne
683:Arroyo
586:Rivers
570:Rivers
530:
520:
407:
377:
319:
311:
256:
116:splash
108:impact
81:Arctic
65:pebble
53:fluids
43:saltus
1586:Levee
1571:Flume
1526:Canal
1270:Flood
1190:Shoal
1057:Gully
1052:Gulch
1022:Chine
1007:Bayou
864:Armor
816:Ponor
591:lists
317:S2CID
283:arXiv
174:dunes
97:creep
61:water
39:
37:Latin
1616:Weir
1581:Leat
1245:and
1137:Wadi
1097:Rill
1062:Glen
1047:Gill
997:Bank
839:and
804:list
787:list
758:list
693:Burn
576:and
528:PMID
405:ISBN
375:ISBN
309:PMID
254:ISBN
77:snow
73:soil
69:sand
57:wind
1536:Dam
1002:Bar
977:Ait
518:PMC
508:doi
504:105
442:doi
430:228
352:doi
301:doi
110:or
99:or
83:or
59:or
27:In
1803::
572:,
526:.
516:.
502:.
498:.
448:.
440:.
428:.
389:^
350:.
340:42
338:.
315:.
307:.
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291:.
279:75
277:.
189:.
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87:.
31:,
760:)
756:(
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589:(
562:e
555:t
548:v
534:.
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176:.
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