375:
20:
262:
32:
339:
118:
281:. The company was founded in 1815 when John Doulton formed a partnership with the owner, Martha Jones and foreman, John Watts, of an existing pottery in Lambeth. Initially the factory specialised in utilitarian salt glazed stoneware, similar to that produced by the Fulham factories. During the 1830s and 1840s, considerable amounts of
359:
382:
The salt glaze is formed on the unglazed body by reaction of common salt with the clay body constituents, particularly silica, toward the end of firing. The body should ideally be richer in silica than normal stoneware, and iron impurities can help produce good salt glazes. A reduction atmosphere can
402:
and soda. These vapors react with the silica in the body and other body constituents. A glaze of fairly high alumina content (0.6 molecular parts) and a relatively low silica content (2.6 molecular parts), and in which the main base is soda, is formed. Salt glazes have been improved by the addition
346:
One of the first potteries in the US was on Bean Hill in
Norwich, Connecticut. They manufactured yellow-brown, salt glazed earthenware. According to a rather dubious local legend, their salt glaze technique was discovered in about 1680 by a servant. There was an earthenware vessel on the fire with
204:. Salt glazed pottery was also popular in North America from the early 17th century until the early 19th century, indeed it was the dominant domestic pottery there during the 19th century. Whilst its manufacture in America increased from the earliest dated production, the 1720s in
297:
systems. Also, from about 1830, they started production of salt glaze stoneware vessels, which were valued for their acid resistance, for the emerging chemical industries. From the 1850s
Doulton & Co.'s decorative stoneware, that was produced in association with the nearby
101:, the process is obsolete. Before its demise, in the face of environmental clean air restrictions, it was last used in the production of salt-glazed sewer-pipes. The only commercial pottery in the UK currently licensed to produce salt glaze pottery is Errington Reay at
561:
solution to create salted patterns. Rope and other textiles can also be soaked in brine and wrapped around biscuit ware. Salt can also be added, in solution, to coloured clay slips and can be sprinkled onto biscuit ware in protective, ceramic containers called
362:
366:
364:
360:
234:
Due to concerns of significant amount of air pollution resulting from the process environmental clean air restrictions led to the demise of widespread use of salt glazing. It was last used on any large scale for the production of salt-glazed
365:
258:, which he founded in 1672. In a related patent application, which was granted in 1671, he also claimed to have "discovered the mystery of transparent earthenware commonly knowne by the name of porcelaine or China and Persian ware."
319:. Doulton’s Lambeth factory closed in 1956, due largely to new clean air regulations that prohibited the production of salt glaze in the urban environment. Production, but not of salt glazing, was transferred to their factory in
314:
in 1893. Their salt glaze decorative products became known as 'Doulton Ware'. By 1890 their decorative stoneware were so successful that 350 designers and artists were employed at the
Lambeth factory, including the famous
347:
brine in it to cure salt pork. While the servant was away the brine boiled over, the pot became red hot, and the sides were found to be glazed. A local potter utilized the discovery and salt-glaze became established.
363:
574:
for common salt. Whilst the application method is a little different, the alternatives need to be sprayed into the kiln, results are similar to salt glazing but for subtle differences in texture and colour.
486:
vapour on contact with moisture in the air or kiln exhaust gases. Any remaining sodium oxide will form salt by reacting with hydrochloric acid vapour as the gases exit the kiln. The sodium oxide (Na
398:, or salt can be placed inside the kiln prior to firing. As the kiln reaches higher temperatures, typically 1100–1200 °C, the sodium chloride vaporizes and reacts with steam to form
361:
247:
Experiments in stoneware production began in
England during the second part of the 17th century. The earliest evidence has been dated 1650–1700 at the site of a kiln at
277:
in London had become a centre for the production of salt glaze stoneware, and most especially after the establishment of
Doulton and Watts Pottery, which later became
660:'Development Of A Low-Emission Salt-Glazing Procedure Using NaOH Instead Of NaCl' R.Knodt, A.Normann, S.Blasner, J.Denissen, J. de Jong Keram.Z. 53, No.4, 2001.
1621:
498:. The general reaction is shown below, with the values for x and y varying dependent on the amounts of sodium oxide, alumina and silica composing the glaze:
869:
239:, and other than limited use by some studio potters the process is obsolete, although there are reports of it still being used for sewer-pipes in India.
330:
and Sons and
Stephen Green's Imperial pottery. The former having started his pottery career at Doulton in 1830, before opening his own factory in 1843.
1654:
394:
The salting mixture of sodium chloride and water is introduced into the kiln when the appropriate temperature is reached, typically around 900
374:
670:
718:
411:, to the salting mixture. Colouring oxides can be incorporated in the salting mixture to give decorative effects, such as a kind of
794:
1226:
Minogue, Coll & Robert
Sanderson, "Wood-Fired Ceramics: Contemporary Practices", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.
170:
1742:
1737:
251:, London. The similarity of the ware to German products of a similar era has led it to be attributed to immigrant potters.
1595:
1106:
1276:
1245:
1231:
1221:
1207:
1197:
1183:
782:
633:’The ABC of English salt-glaze stoneware from Dwight to Doulton.’ Blacker J.F. S.Paul & Company, London 1922.
311:
326:
Several other stoneware potteries also operated in
Lambeth between the mid-18th & 19th centuries, including
1659:
880:
945:'John Dwight's Fulham Pottery, 1672-1978: A Collection of Documentary Sources.' D.Haselgrove & J.Murray.
922:
1482:
1664:
1585:
231:
in New York in 1959, and it subsequently spread to other
American universities with ceramic art programs.
1727:
370:
Pouring salt into a wood-fired kiln, using a carved-out piece of bamboo filled with salt soaked in water.
795:"Production strategies in the Nottingham salt-glazed stoneware industry - The University of Nottingham"
188:
In the UK during the 17th century and 18th century, high quality salt-glazed stoneware was produced in
1639:
1590:
1295:
289:'s advocacy of improved sanitary conditions. Doultons were also one of the earliest manufacturers of
19:
1732:
1354:
443:
In soda firings the reaction is a little more direct, not requiring the presence of water vapor:
1061:
651:'If You Believe What You Read About Salt Glazing Read On ...' I.Lewis. Interceram 45, No.4, 1996
1699:
1560:
831:
290:
219:. In the 1950s, it was introduced into Japanese craft pottery through Leach's association with
350:
The earliest known production of salt glaze pottery in
Australia has been dated to 1850–1883.
1644:
1269:
307:
299:
972:
1550:
1510:
1427:
1422:
1172:
1081:
563:
303:
294:
133:
around 1400; it was effectively the only significant innovation in pottery of the European
59:
726:
8:
1160:
Rado, P. An Introduction to the Technology Of Pottery. 2nd edition. Pergamon Press, 1988.
261:
146:
1600:
1555:
1369:
1028:
750:
571:
205:
174:
1143:
997:
482:
and other components of the clay body. Hydrogen chloride leaving the kiln will form a
1535:
1503:
1498:
1462:
1457:
1241:
1227:
1217:
1203:
1193:
1179:
778:
554:
483:
467:
399:
228:
31:
1449:
208:, significant amounts were imported from Britain until around the mid-19th century.
1649:
1397:
1387:
1262:
642:'Dictionary of Ceramics' 3rd ed. A.Dodd, D.Murfin. The Instiutue of Materials. 1994
610:
567:
1679:
1674:
1407:
1344:
316:
302:, enjoyed significant success at various international exhibitions, including at
193:
91:
79:
254:
A significant English manufacturer of salt glaze pottery was John Dwight at the
220:
1694:
1530:
1123:
600:. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
471:
408:
286:
282:
255:
248:
236:
212:
106:
98:
82:. The glaze may be colourless or may be coloured various shades of brown (from
1721:
1669:
1580:
1570:
1520:
495:
384:
278:
266:
216:
201:
51:
1477:
897:
553:
Salt can also be used as a decorative element on selected individual pots.
475:
388:
162:
87:
24:
338:
1631:
1605:
1392:
1314:
327:
181:
oxide based colorant for decoration. Production of salt glaze pottery in
138:
134:
102:
63:
55:
1515:
165:
a typical product. In the 17th century, salt glaze gained popularity in
1439:
1412:
1359:
1254:
412:
189:
182:
142:
83:
1202:
Nichols, Gail. "Soda, Clay and Fire". American Ceramic Society, 2006.
819:
University Press of New England & Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
817:'Salt-glazed Stoneware in Early America.' J.E.Skerry, S.Findlen Hood.
1684:
1472:
1467:
1434:
1417:
1349:
1334:
224:
126:
47:
1575:
1545:
1402:
1339:
1324:
1309:
1125:
A German Potter In the Barossa Valley, South Australia, c.1850-1883
158:
694:
125:
The earliest known production of salt glazed stoneware was in the
1689:
1565:
1379:
1285:
1240:
A & C Black Publishers, Limited, London, Third Edition 1991.
491:
395:
320:
274:
166:
130:
117:
973:"Industries: Pottery, Fulham stoneware | British History Online"
150:
1540:
479:
197:
178:
154:
75:
71:
494:
and silica in the clay body to form a sodium alumino-silicate
418:
Salt fumes in a firing atmosphere react in the following way:
558:
404:
593:
591:
589:
587:
1706:
1525:
1329:
1319:
67:
70:
during the higher temperature part of the firing process.
584:
177:
was characterized by stamped medallions and the use of a
211:
During the 20th century, the technique was promoted for
185:
ceased because of environmental considerations in 1983.
1051:
Royal Doulton, McKeown J. Shire Publications Ltd. 2004.
854:'A Guide To Artifacts Of Colonial America.' I.N.Hume.
1622:
Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery
1238:
The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques.
293:, initially using salt glaze stoneware and for the
161:, were producing a salt-glazed stoneware, with the
1216:1966, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York.
141:. By the 15th century, small pottery towns of the
1719:
1131:. Australian Historical Archaeology. p. 33.
566:. A related technique, soda firing, substitutes
695:"Errington Reay - Outstanding Handmade Pottery"
342:Salt glazed pipe vent. New Zealand, 1910 - 1936
242:
227:introduced salt glazing into the curriculum at
1111:. Faith Trumbull Chapter of D.A.R. p. 19.
1270:
773:G.C.Nelson. 'Ceramics: A Potter's Handbook.'
751:"Salt Glazed 'Bartmann' Jug, German, 1594 CE"
78:in the clay body to form a glassy coating of
870:"Salt Firing, Science, and the Environment"
62:-like texture which was formed by throwing
1277:
1263:
960:Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle
832:"Subscribers Only | Maine Antique Digest"
1284:
373:
357:
337:
285:were produced by Doultons following Sir
260:
116:
30:
18:
1121:
16:Pottery with ceramic glaze made of salt
1720:
474:are gases; they do not react with the
1258:
1104:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
923:"Projects on PIPE & TUBES | NPCS"
745:
743:
137:. Initially, the process was used on
921:Services, NIIR Project Consultancy.
920:
323:which had been established in 1877.
867:
13:
1166:
1144:"Sources of Sodium as Vapor Glaze"
1014:
740:
378:Modern salt-glazed porcelain piece
14:
1754:
995:
1141:
856:University of Pennsylvania Press
775:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
1154:
1135:
1115:
1108:Norwich Early Homes and History
1098:
1074:
1054:
1045:
989:
965:
952:
939:
914:
890:
861:
848:
824:
811:
787:
767:
719:"What´s on North East - Venues"
1214:Ceramics: A Potter's Handbook.
711:
687:
663:
654:
645:
636:
627:
603:
1:
578:
1586:Northern Black Polished Ware
1105:Tyler, Sarah Lester (1906).
333:
243:English salt glaze stoneware
121:Salt glaze jug, 19th century
97:Except for its use by a few
7:
1743:Ceramics of medieval Europe
1738:Types of pottery decoration
1178:'. A&C Black Ltd. 1992
998:"Doulton history 1854-2005"
383:be employed as the reduced
109:which was founded in 1878.
10:
1759:
1236:Hamer, Frank & Janet.
947:Journal of Ceramic History
836:www.maineantiquedigest.com
353:
112:
74:from the salt reacts with
1630:
1614:
1491:
1448:
1378:
1303:Base minerals, and glazes
1302:
1296:Glossary of pottery terms
1293:
1029:"Royal Doulton Potteries"
977:www.british-history.ac.uk
958:'John Dwight.' M.Bimson.
1492:Processes and decoration
1122:Ioannou, Norris (1987).
1062:"Doulton ware | pottery"
1002:www.potteryhistories.com
723:www.whatsonnortheast.com
699:www.erringtonreay.co.uk
308:Philadelphia Exhibition
283:salt-glazed sewer-pipes
598:Dictionary Of Ceramics
379:
371:
343:
270:
122:
36:
35:Salt glazed containers
28:
1655:Pre-conquest Americas
1192:Crowood Press, 2002.
377:
369:
341:
310:in 1876, and also at
300:Lambeth School of Art
291:electrical insulators
264:
120:
34:
22:
1188:Cochrane, Rosemary.
1033:www.thepotteries.org
799:www.nottingham.ac.uk
615:www.thepotteries.org
478:that binds with the
304:The Great Exhibition
295:electrical telegraph
46:is pottery, usually
1380:Main types, by body
1190:Salt-Glaze Ceramics
755:www-01.glendale.edu
557:can be soaked in a
490:O) reacts with the
265:Salt glazed jug by
90:), or purple (from
1728:Glass compositions
1632:History of pottery
1556:Black and red ware
1450:Forming techniques
1086:www.mernick.org.uk
877:Ceramic Arts Daily
777:, New York. 1966.
572:sodium bicarbonate
387:are very powerful
380:
372:
344:
271:
175:Westerwald Pottery
123:
44:salt glaze pottery
37:
29:
1715:
1714:
1591:Painted Grey Ware
1504:biscuit porcelain
1212:Nelson, Glenn C.
902:www.dcmsme.gov.in
611:"Salt Glaze ware"
484:hydrochloric acid
468:hydrogen chloride
400:hydrogen chloride
367:
229:Alfred University
1750:
1398:Egyptian faience
1388:Asbestos-ceramic
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1072:
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1068:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1025:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
996:Perry, Michael.
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
969:
963:
956:
950:
943:
937:
936:
934:
933:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
894:
888:
887:
885:
879:. Archived from
874:
865:
859:
852:
846:
845:
843:
842:
828:
822:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
791:
785:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
747:
738:
737:
735:
734:
725:. Archived from
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
667:
661:
658:
652:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
625:
624:
622:
621:
607:
601:
595:
426:O → 2NaOH + 2HCl
407:, and sometimes
368:
171:Colonial America
147:Höhr-Grenzhausen
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1700:list of potters
1626:
1610:
1487:
1444:
1374:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1252:
1169:
1167:Further reading
1164:
1159:
1155:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1006:
1004:
994:
990:
981:
979:
971:
970:
966:
957:
953:
944:
940:
931:
929:
919:
915:
906:
904:
898:"SSI Circulars"
896:
895:
891:
883:
872:
866:
862:
853:
849:
840:
838:
830:
829:
825:
816:
812:
803:
801:
793:
792:
788:
772:
768:
759:
757:
749:
748:
741:
732:
730:
717:
716:
712:
703:
701:
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
675:North East Life
669:
668:
664:
659:
655:
650:
646:
641:
637:
632:
628:
619:
617:
609:
608:
604:
596:
585:
581:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
489:
462:
458:
454:
450:
438:
434:
425:
358:
356:
336:
317:George Tinworth
269:. England, 1875
245:
194:Nottinghamshire
115:
92:manganese oxide
80:sodium silicate
17:
12:
11:
5:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Ceramic glazes
1730:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1695:Studio pottery
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Ancient Greece
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Blue and white
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1499:Biscuit firing
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1483:Wheel throwing
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1376:
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1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1210:
1200:
1186:
1173:Rogers, Phil.
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1134:
1114:
1097:
1073:
1053:
1044:
1013:
988:
964:
962:5, no.2 (1961)
951:
938:
913:
889:
886:on 2016-10-08.
868:Stegnel, Gil.
860:
847:
823:
810:
786:
766:
739:
710:
686:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
602:
582:
580:
577:
551:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
487:
472:carbon dioxide
464:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
423:
409:sodium nitrate
385:iron silicates
355:
352:
335:
332:
287:Edwin Chadwick
256:Fulham Pottery
249:Woolwich Ferry
244:
241:
213:studio pottery
169:as well as in
114:
111:
107:Northumberland
99:studio potters
86:), blue (from
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1755:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
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1723:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
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1691:
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1686:
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1681:
1678:
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1671:
1668:
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1579:
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1529:
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1524:
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1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
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1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
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1451:
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1438:
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1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
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1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
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1297:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1246:0-8122-3112-0
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1232:0-8122-3514-2
1229:
1225:
1223:
1222:0-03-086000-8
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:1-57498-167-6
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:1-86126-435-6
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:0-7136-4821-X
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:Salt Glazing'
1171:
1170:
1157:
1149:
1148:Studio Potter
1145:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1087:
1083:
1082:"Stiff Dates"
1077:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1003:
999:
992:
978:
974:
968:
961:
955:
948:
942:
928:
924:
917:
903:
899:
893:
882:
878:
871:
864:
857:
851:
837:
833:
827:
820:
814:
800:
796:
790:
784:
783:0-03-086000-8
780:
776:
770:
756:
752:
746:
744:
729:on 2016-04-02
728:
724:
720:
714:
700:
696:
690:
676:
672:
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
616:
612:
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588:
583:
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569:
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556:
501:
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499:
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485:
481:
477:
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469:
446:
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397:
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351:
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331:
329:
324:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Royal Doulton
276:
273:By the 1800s
268:
263:
259:
257:
252:
250:
240:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:Bernard Leach
214:
209:
207:
203:
202:Staffordshire
199:
195:
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186:
184:
180:
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168:
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119:
110:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:and slightly
57:
53:
52:ceramic glaze
49:
45:
41:
33:
26:
21:
1645:Ancient Rome
1615:Conservation
1551:Black-figure
1478:Slip casting
1473:RAM pressing
1364:
1288:and claywork
1251:
1237:
1213:
1189:
1174:
1156:
1147:
1142:Troy, Jack.
1137:
1124:
1117:
1107:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:
991:
980:. Retrieved
976:
967:
959:
954:
946:
941:
930:. Retrieved
927:www.niir.org
926:
916:
905:. Retrieved
901:
892:
881:the original
876:
863:
855:
850:
839:. Retrieved
835:
826:
818:
813:
802:. Retrieved
798:
789:
774:
769:
758:. Retrieved
754:
731:. Retrieved
727:the original
722:
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:
689:
678:. Retrieved
674:
665:
656:
647:
638:
629:
618:. Retrieved
614:
605:
597:
555:Biscuit ware
552:
476:sodium oxide
465:
442:
417:
393:
381:
349:
345:
325:
272:
253:
246:
233:
221:ShĹŤji Hamada
210:
187:
163:Bartmann jug
149:, Siegburg,
145:, including
124:
96:
88:cobalt oxide
43:
39:
38:
25:Bartmann jug
1606:Sea pottery
1393:Earthenware
1365:Salt glazed
1355:Lead-glazed
1315:China stone
328:James Stiff
237:sewer-pipes
139:earthenware
135:Middle Ages
103:Bardon Mill
64:common salt
60:orange-peel
56:translucent
54:of glossy,
1722:Categories
1601:Red-figure
1596:Rang Mahal
1511:Burnishing
1440:Terracotta
1428:soft-paste
1423:hard-paste
1413:Jasperware
1370:Tin-glazed
1360:Lustreware
1091:2016-07-01
1067:2016-07-01
1038:2016-07-01
1007:2016-07-01
982:2016-07-01
949:11 (1979).
932:2016-07-01
907:2016-07-01
841:2016-07-01
804:2016-07-01
760:2016-07-01
733:2016-07-01
704:2016-07-01
680:2016-07-01
620:2016-07-01
579:References
431:2NaOH → Na
422:2NaCl + 2H
413:aventurine
190:Derbyshire
183:Westerwald
143:Westerwald
84:iron oxide
40:Salt-glaze
1685:Delftware
1536:Pit fired
1435:Stoneware
1418:Porcelain
1408:Ironstone
1350:Ash glaze
1335:Kaolinite
466:Both the
334:New world
306:in 1851,
225:Don Reitz
127:Rhineland
66:into the
50:, with a
48:stoneware
27:, c. 1600
1707:Tilework
1576:Kakiemon
1546:Slipware
1531:Painting
1468:Pinching
1463:Moulding
1403:Fritware
1340:Petuntse
1325:Feldspar
1310:Bone ash
568:soda ash
470:and the
206:Yorktown
159:Flanders
1690:Faience
1675:Islamic
1566:Celadon
1521:Glazing
1458:Coiling
1286:Pottery
858:. 2001.
570:and/or
564:saggars
506:O + SiO
492:alumina
415:glaze.
354:Process
321:Burslem
312:Chicago
275:Lambeth
267:Doulton
215:use by
167:England
131:Germany
113:History
23:German
1680:Persia
1541:Saggar
1516:Firing
1244:
1230:
1220:
1206:
1196:
1182:
821:. 2009
781:
671:"Home"
480:silica
459:O + CO
389:fluxes
198:London
179:cobalt
155:Raeren
153:, and
76:silica
72:Sodium
1665:Korea
1660:Japan
1650:China
1581:Malwa
1571:Jorwe
1129:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
873:(PDF)
559:brine
542:·(SiO
526:→ (Na
518:·(SiO
496:glaze
435:O + H
405:borax
1670:Maya
1526:Kiln
1345:Slip
1330:Frit
1320:Clay
1242:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1180:ISBN
779:ISBN
510:+ Al
455:→ Na
200:and
151:Köln
68:kiln
534:·Al
403:of
157:in
129:of
105:in
94:).
42:or
1724::
1146:.
1084:.
1031:.
1016:^
1000:.
975:.
925:.
900:.
875:.
834:.
797:.
753:.
742:^
721:.
697:.
673:.
613:.
586:^
530:O)
502:Na
451:CO
447:Na
396:°C
391:.
223:.
196:,
192:,
173:.
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
1248:.
1150:.
1094:.
1070:.
1041:.
1010:.
985:.
935:.
910:.
844:.
807:.
763:.
736:.
707:.
683:.
623:.
548:y
546:)
544:2
540:3
538:O
536:2
532:x
528:2
524:2
522:)
520:2
516:3
514:O
512:2
508:2
504:2
488:2
461:2
457:2
453:3
449:2
439:O
437:2
433:2
424:2
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