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Salimbene di Adam

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is incompletely preserved in a single manuscript (Vatican Latin 7260). It was first edited in the "Monumenta historica ad provincias Parmensem et Placentinensem pertinentia", III (Parma, 1857), but the part issued only covered the years 1212-87. The first part of the chronicle, covering the years
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and the ten calamities of Frederick II (conveniently he tacked on the last two after the parallel). Emphasizing the Christian nature of his narrative and the non-Christian nature of Frederick, Salimbene turned a phrase used during the crusades claiming that “if he had been a good Catholic and had
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and a Franciscan, doubly vowed to enmity against him, Salimbene wrote of Frederick with a curious unwilling admiration, "Of faith in God he had none; he was crafty, wily, avaricious, lustful, malicious, wrathful; and yet a gallant man at times, when he would show his kindness or courtesy; full of
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and gives a remarkably vivid picture of life in France and Italy during the 13th century. He also gives numerous details of internal disputes in the Franciscan Order at the time and provides us with information about daily life among the early Franciscans which we get from no other source.
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has been shown to be generally trustworthy and reliable, even in the harsh account of Elias of Cortona, for example, where all of Salimbene's most violent prejudices have been engaged to blacken the character of a man he so evidently disliked.
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The range of Salimbene's travels during these years, the extraordinary number of great men he met, is a census of places and personalities uniquely characteristic of the mid-thirteenth century: Pope Innocent IV,
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Salimbene is our principal witness to several of the leading personalities shaping thirteenth century society. He provides us with information which is hard to find at all outside his
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1167-1212, was edited by Léon Clédat in his work "De fratre Salimbene et de eius chronicae auctoritate" (Paris, 1878). A fine and complete edition was edited by Holder-Egger in "
554:, examples), made to demonstrate the faults of Frederick II - often with loosely fitted biblical quotations. One of the major themes of the work was Salimbene's emphasis on 1370: 326:'s prophecies. References to the abbot's writings and models of history are scattered throughout his chronicle. In 1247 Salimbene travelled from Pisa to 711:
Edited by G. Scalia in the series "Scrittori d'Italia", Bari 1966, and earlier in the same series by F. Bernini, 1942 (see link below).; G.C. Coulton,
1493: 664: 954: 878: 550:(“XII scelera Friderici imperatoris”), probably written in 1248. "The Twelve Calamities" was set up as a kind of servant's narrative ( 1661: 912:. Vol. 12: Ref–Sep (second ed.). Detroit, Michigan: The Catholic University of America by Thomson/Gale. pp. 615–616. 1656: 1411: 988: 580:: Scriptores", XXXII (Hanover, 1906). Besides an Italian translation by Carlo Cantarelli there is an incomplete one in English by 294:
Salimbene led a life of wandering, avoiding his father who did not wish him to join the Order. From 1241 to 1243 Salimbene was in
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Salimbene wrote several treatises whose titles are known but which are now lost. One of the most significant was the political
903: 1291: 424:, where he was to remain for seven years, until 1256. During his stay in Ferrara, he began to collect the materials for his 867: 853: 1453: 1377: 917: 788:
Di Adam, Salimbene. "The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam". Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1986, p.351.
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solace, jocund, delightful, fertile in devices. He knew how to read, write, and sing, and to make songs and music."
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loved God, the Church, and his own soul, he would scarcely have had an equal as an emperor in the world.”
1631: 931: 1231: 1406: 1284: 908: 440:, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Hugh of Digne, Gerardo da Borgo San Donnino, Bernard of Quintavalle, 1500: 1483: 1358: 502:
strongly influenced by vernacular usage. It was begun around 1282 and begins with the founding of
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From St. Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene, 1221-1288
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Mélanges Bérubé: études de philosophie et théologie médiévales offertes à Camille Bérubé, OFMCap
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Letteratura in forma di sermone. I rapporti tra predicazione e letteratura nei secoli XIII-XVI
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LaMonte, John L. (1944–1945). "The lords of Sidon in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries".
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and the episcopal palace. His father's first cousin, Berardo Oliverio di Adam, died in the
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and then he travelled to Villefranche, where he met and also spoke at great length with
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Nobili, Claudia Sebastiana (2003). "Salimbene da Parma tra narrativa e predicazione".
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The years 1247 to 1249 were the most crowded and exciting of the friar's life. He met
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From St Francis to Dante: translations from the chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene
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is a particularly important source for the history of Frederick II's Italian wars. A
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D'Alatri, Mariano (1991). "La ReligiositĂ  Popolare nella Cronaca di Fra Salimbene".
243:. There he had ample opportunity of becoming thoroughly acquainted with the work of 1555: 1535: 1346: 1257: 1247: 1181: 1144: 1123: 1025: 559: 338: 323: 272: 268: 248: 212: 179: 882: 1565: 1525: 1421: 1336: 1009: 453: 394: 452:
His seven years in Ferrara were followed by fourteen years in various houses in
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in December 1248. In 1249 he returned to Hyères from Genoa, and then went on to
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Fra Salimbene da Parma e la storia politica e religiosa del secolo decimoterzo
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Cinzio, Violante (1953). "Motivi e carattere della "Cronica" di Salimbene".
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Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Lettere, Storia e Filosofia
1560: 1463: 1300: 503: 468:, and by 1283-1285 was back in Reggio again, where he began to write his 315: 178:. Salimbene was one of the most celebrated Franciscan chroniclers of the 155: 1156: 1066: 1001: 1037: 715:(London 1907; reprinted Philadelphia 1972) is called a "paraphrase" by 555: 406: 354: 175: 171: 1341: 737:. Translated by Jean Chapman Snow. New York: W. Salloch. p. 120. 386: 358: 220: 1013: 390: 267:
On 4 February 1238 Salimbene, then seventeen, was admitted into the
30: 1595: 1185: 1091:. Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. 859: 551: 544: 252: 168: 1127: 211:, and Iumelda di Cassio. His parents' house was right next to the 1174:
Aurea Parma: rivista quadrimestrale di storia, letteratura e arte
465: 421: 417: 413: 378: 366: 327: 244: 208: 1382: 461: 409: 362: 331: 311: 1269: 558:. The work was set up to demonstrate the parallel between the 1086: 499: 402: 398: 374: 295: 288: 204: 187: 96: 58: 1266:, Ferdinando Bernini, Bari, 1942; scan of the complete text. 601: 599: 597: 322:. Salimbene was fascinated, if occasionally skeptical about 1515: 382: 342: 307: 284: 276: 464:, and in Bologna. He seems to have spent the 1270s in the 800: 798: 796: 794: 594: 227:, a French nobleman who had distinguished himself at the 695: 693: 310:, where he remained until 1247. In Pisa he was ordained 1238:
Excerpt from the Chronicle of Salimbene on Frederick II
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with the title "From Francis to Dante" (London, 1906).
494:("Chronicle"), covering the years 1167–1287. The 791: 680: 678: 676: 674: 1135:
Powell, Austin (2017). "Writing Polemic as History".
690: 472:. In 1287 he moved to the friary of Monfalcone (near 16:
Italian Franciscan friar, theologian, and chronicler
671: 447: 334:, where he was sent for further study in theology. 1240:, "as translated and paraphrased by G. G. Coulton" 1074:Salimbene de Adam (1966). Giuseppe Scalia (ed.). 1073: 1613: 1494:Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis 1172:Reggiani, Gino (2021). "Il tempo di Salimbene". 1087:J.L. Baird; G. Baglivi; J.R. Kane, eds. (1986). 986:Emil, Michael (1889). "Der Chronist Salimbene". 876: 605: 361:. In 1248 Salimbene went from Villefranche to 1285: 759: 548:The Twelve Calamities of Emperor Frederick II 498:is a lively and anecdotal work, written in a 1095: 926: 629: 617: 377:, where he remained only for eight days, to 239:available to most boys of his status in the 1292: 1278: 1024:(4). Cambridge University Press: 480–503. 996:(2). Cambridge University Press: 225–269. 837: 820: 804: 747: 663:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 29: 198: 1412:Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism 1171: 1109:. Rome: Istituto Storico dei Cappuccini. 1107:Salimbene da Parma: Testimone e Cronista 1014:"Fra Salimbene and the Franciscan Ideal" 959:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 846: 684: 1200: 1008: 901: 699: 648: 480:), where he probably died around 1288. 1614: 1134: 1113: 1052: 735:A History of Medieval Latin Literature 1311:Organisations founded or inspired by 1273: 989:Zeitschrift fĂĽr katholische Theologie 732: 298:, where he met the first disciple of 262: 35:Plaque marking Salimbene's birthplace 1104: 985: 854:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 833:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 283:. After completing his novitiate at 235:. Salimbene attended the studies in 1454:Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate 1378:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi 1213:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana 940:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana 860:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana 653:(III ed.). Milan. p. 260. 13: 1089:The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam 978: 14: 1673: 1194: 821:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 401:, back to Hyères, and then on to 1662:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 1594: 1580: 1579: 1459:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal 1444:Order of Friars Minor Conventual 1420: 766:University of Pennsylvania Press 721:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor 448:Later years and death, 1256–1288 291:, where he remained until 1241. 1657:13th-century Italian historians 1395:Franciscan missions to the Maya 1299: 887:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages 782: 753: 1449:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin 726: 705: 642: 623: 538: 490:Salimbene's main work was his 369:, where he met the Joachimite 207:, the son of Guido di Adam, a 1: 1652:13th-century writers in Latin 1401:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum 824:"Salimbene degli Adami"  587: 578:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 357:, who had just returned from 190:history of the 13th century. 164: 73: 1489:Third Order of Saint Francis 1201:Bernini, Ferdinando (1936). 856:, Volume 1: Aaron–Albertucci 371:Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino 347:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine 186:is a fundamental source for 7: 877:Heullant-Donat, I. (2002). 760:G. G. Coulton, ed. (2017). 566: 330:, then to Parma, then into 10: 1678: 1359:Custodian of the Holy Land 1080:Scrittori d'Italia Laterza 1018:Harvard Theological Review 814: 483: 1574: 1514: 1429: 1418: 1407:Franciscans International 1324: 1309: 1030:10.1017/s0017816000009196 909:New Catholic Encyclopedia 838:Scivoletto, Nino (1950). 271:by the minister general, 141: 130: 110: 102: 92: 69: 40: 28: 21: 1484:Secular Franciscan Order 847:Manselli, Raoul (1960). 649:Bertoni, Giulio (1939). 1232:Encyclopædia Britannica 963:Oxford University Press 889:. James Clarke & Co 733:HĂ©lin, Maurice (1949). 193: 174:friar, theologian, and 1601:Catholicism portal 1122:. pp. 1000–1014. 1105:Paul, Jacques (1992). 416:, Lyon, Genoa, Parma, 306:. In 1243 he moved to 304:Bernard of Quintavalle 203:Salimbene was born in 199:Early years, 1221–1238 1474:Colettine Poor Clares 1439:Order of Friars Minor 1332:Rule of Saint Francis 1208:Enciclopedia Italiana 1149:10.1353/frc.2017.0013 928:Guyotjeannin, Olivier 830:Catholic Encyclopedia 723:(Oxford 1988) p. 444. 300:St. Francis of Assisi 217:battle of San Cesario 1637:Italian Friars Minor 1469:Capuchin Poor Clares 1203:"SALIMBENE da Parma" 902:Cambell, J. (2002). 858:(in Italian). Rome: 768:. pp. 241–242. 257:Prosper of Aquitaine 163:) (9 October 1221 – 1647:Italian chroniclers 1642:Franciscan scholars 1506:Militia Immaculatae 1337:Rule of Saint Clare 955:"Salimbene de Adam" 932:"Salimbene de Adam" 849:"ADAM, Ognibene de" 606:Heullant-Donat 2002 241:Italian city-states 154:Salimbene di Adam, 1632:Writers from Parma 1137:Franciscan Studies 442:Filippo da Pistoia 438:Louis IX of France 314:and met the great 281:Haymo of Faversham 263:Travels, 1238–1256 161:Salimbene of Parma 106:Salimbene of Parma 1609: 1608: 1227:Salimbene di Adam 618:Guyotjeannin 2005 476:in the region of 420:, and finally to 229:siege of Damietta 151: 150: 147:Iumelda di Cassio 63:Holy Roman Empire 23:Salimbene di Adam 1669: 1599: 1598: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1518: 1424: 1366:Minister General 1347:Franciscan Crown 1316: 1303: 1294: 1287: 1280: 1271: 1270: 1258:Internet Archive 1248:Internet Archive 1223: 1221: 1219: 1189: 1168: 1131: 1110: 1101: 1100:. Rome: 185–200. 1092: 1083: 1082:. Bari: Laterza. 1070: 1061:(1/2): 108–154. 1049: 1010:Emerton, Ephraim 1005: 974: 972: 970: 950: 948: 946: 923: 898: 896: 894: 873: 869:978-8-81200032-6 843: 842:. Bari: Laterza. 834: 826: 808: 802: 789: 786: 780: 779: 757: 751: 745: 739: 738: 730: 724: 709: 703: 697: 688: 682: 669: 668: 662: 654: 646: 640: 639: 627: 621: 615: 609: 603: 339:Pope Innocent IV 324:Joachim of Fiore 273:Elias of Cortona 269:Franciscan Order 180:High Middle Ages 166: 117:Franciscan friar 103:Other names 78: 75: 54: 52: 45:Ognibene di Adam 33: 19: 18: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1593: 1586: 1570: 1516: 1510: 1501:Order of Minims 1431: 1425: 1416: 1320: 1314: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1217: 1215: 1197: 1192: 981: 979:Further reading 968: 966: 953: 944: 942: 920: 892: 890: 870: 817: 812: 811: 805:Herbermann 1913 803: 792: 787: 783: 776: 758: 754: 748:Scivoletto 1950 746: 742: 731: 727: 710: 706: 698: 691: 683: 672: 656: 655: 647: 643: 628: 624: 616: 612: 604: 595: 590: 569: 541: 488: 474:San Polo d'Enza 450: 405:, where he was 395:Aix-en-Provence 265: 201: 196: 146: 126: 88: 82:San Polo d'Enza 79: 76: 65: 56: 50: 48: 47: 46: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1591: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1486: 1481: 1479:Conceptionists 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1389:Monte di Pietá 1385: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1254:Cronica Vol. 2 1251: 1244:Cronica Vol. 1 1241: 1235: 1224: 1196: 1195:External links 1193: 1191: 1190: 1186:10.1400/295853 1169: 1132: 1120:Leo S. Olschki 1111: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1071: 1050: 1006: 982: 980: 977: 976: 975: 951: 924: 919:978-0787640163 918: 899: 874: 868: 844: 835: 816: 813: 810: 809: 790: 781: 774: 752: 740: 725: 717:David Abulafia 704: 702:, p. 615. 689: 670: 641: 622: 610: 592: 591: 589: 586: 568: 565: 540: 537: 487: 482: 478:Emilia-Romagna 456:, principally 449: 446: 287:, he moved to 275:. He moved to 264: 261: 225:Balian Grenier 200: 197: 195: 192: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 132: 131:Known for 128: 127: 125: 124: 121: 118: 114: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 80: 71: 67: 66: 57: 55:9 October 1221 44: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1674: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1315:Saint Francis 1308: 1304: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: at the 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: at the 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1128:10.1400/47152 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 984: 983: 964: 960: 956: 952: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 915: 911: 910: 905: 900: 888: 884: 883:AndrĂ© Vauchez 880: 875: 871: 865: 861: 857: 855: 850: 845: 841: 836: 832: 831: 825: 819: 818: 806: 801: 799: 797: 795: 785: 777: 775:9781512818550 771: 767: 763: 756: 750:, p. 59. 749: 744: 736: 729: 722: 718: 714: 708: 701: 696: 694: 686: 685:Manselli 1960 681: 679: 677: 675: 666: 660: 652: 645: 637: 633: 626: 619: 614: 607: 602: 600: 598: 593: 585: 583: 582:G. G. Coulton 579: 574: 564: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546: 536: 533: 529: 524: 521: 517: 512: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 445: 443: 439: 435: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320:Hugh of Digne 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233:Fifth Crusade 230: 226: 222: 219:in 1229. His 218: 214: 210: 206: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 167:1290) was an 162: 158: 157: 145:Guido di Adam 144: 140: 137:("Chronicle") 136: 133: 129: 122: 119: 116: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 72: 68: 64: 60: 43: 39: 32: 27: 20: 1584: 1399: 1387: 1313: 1260:(Latin text) 1250:(Latin text) 1230: 1218:14 September 1216:. Retrieved 1206: 1180:(1): 35–57. 1177: 1173: 1140: 1136: 1118:. Florence: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1075: 1058: 1054: 1021: 1017: 993: 987: 967:. Retrieved 958: 943:. 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Retrieved 886: 852: 839: 828: 784: 761: 755: 743: 734: 728: 720: 712: 707: 700:Cambell 2002 650: 644: 635: 631: 625: 613: 572: 571:Salimbene's 570: 547: 542: 531: 527: 525: 515: 514:Salimbene's 513: 507: 495: 491: 489: 484: 469: 451: 434:Frederick II 430: 425: 351:papal legate 336: 293: 266: 259:and others. 237:liberal arts 202: 183: 160: 153: 152: 134: 86:Papal States 1627:1290 deaths 1622:1221 births 1556:Clement XIV 1536:Nicholas IV 1464:Poor Clares 1319:(1181–1226) 1302:Franciscans 1143:: 343–384. 936:Federiciana 904:"Salimbene" 879:"Salimbene" 651:Il Duecento 560:ten plagues 539:Other works 504:Alessandria 318:theologian 231:during the 111:Occupations 93:Nationality 77: 1288 1616:Categories 1566:John XXIII 1526:Gregory IX 1432:and groups 588:References 556:numerology 385:, then to 355:Great Khan 316:Joachimite 213:baptistery 176:chronicler 172:Franciscan 123:Theologian 51:1221-10-09 1546:Julius II 1541:Sixtus IV 1531:Gregory X 1342:Tau Cross 1165:171766864 1046:162895403 659:cite book 632:Byzantion 573:Chronicle 532:Chronicle 528:Chronicle 508:Chronicle 387:Marseille 359:Karakorum 221:godfather 142:Parent(s) 120:Historian 1587:Category 1551:Sixtus V 1211:. Rome: 1157:26586377 1067:24296849 1012:(1915). 1002:24186834 930:(2005). 567:Editions 545:pamphlet 407:ordained 253:Claudian 209:crusader 1325:General 1264:Cronica 1229:at the 1076:Cronica 1038:1507265 969:29 July 945:29 July 893:29 July 885:(ed.). 815:Sources 552:Exempla 516:Cronica 496:Cronica 492:Cronica 485:Cronica 470:Cronica 466:Romagna 436:, King 426:Cronica 422:Ferrara 418:Bologna 414:Avignon 379:Auxerre 367:Provins 353:to the 328:Cremona 245:Juvenal 188:Italian 184:Cronica 169:Italian 135:Cronica 97:Italian 1578:  1561:Pius X 1430:Orders 1383:Assisi 1354:Custos 1163:  1155:  1065:  1044:  1036:  1000:  965:. 2010 916:  866:  772:  638:: 201. 520:Guelph 462:Modena 458:Reggio 454:Emilia 410:priest 391:Hyères 363:Troyes 349:, the 332:France 312:deacon 182:. His 159:, (or 156:O.F.M. 1517:Popes 1161:S2CID 1153:JSTOR 1063:JSTOR 1042:S2CID 1034:JSTOR 998:JSTOR 881:. In 500:Latin 403:Genoa 399:Arles 375:Paris 373:, to 296:Siena 289:Lucca 205:Parma 59:Parma 1371:list 1220:2024 971:2023 947:2023 914:ISBN 895:2023 864:ISBN 770:ISBN 665:link 460:and 383:Sens 343:Lyon 308:Pisa 285:Iesi 277:Fano 249:Cato 223:was 194:Life 70:Died 41:Born 1182:doi 1178:105 1145:doi 1124:doi 1026:doi 341:at 1618:: 1205:. 1176:. 1159:. 1151:. 1141:75 1139:. 1078:. 1059:22 1057:. 1040:. 1032:. 1020:. 1016:. 994:13 992:. 961:. 957:. 938:. 934:. 906:. 862:. 851:. 827:. 793:^ 764:. 719:, 692:^ 673:^ 661:}} 657:{{ 636:17 634:. 596:^ 444:. 428:. 397:, 393:, 389:, 381:, 365:, 302:, 255:, 251:, 247:, 165:c. 84:, 74:c. 61:, 1293:e 1286:t 1279:v 1222:. 1188:. 1184:: 1167:. 1147:: 1130:. 1126:: 1069:. 1048:. 1028:: 1022:8 1004:. 973:. 949:. 922:. 897:. 872:. 807:. 778:. 687:. 667:) 620:. 608:. 53:) 49:(

Index


Parma
Holy Roman Empire
San Polo d'Enza
Papal States
Italian
O.F.M.
Italian
Franciscan
chronicler
High Middle Ages
Italian
Parma
crusader
baptistery
battle of San Cesario
godfather
Balian Grenier
siege of Damietta
Fifth Crusade
liberal arts
Italian city-states
Juvenal
Cato
Claudian
Prosper of Aquitaine
Franciscan Order
Elias of Cortona
Fano
Haymo of Faversham

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