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departure from the order's earlier tradition of small, scattered hermitages and a more itinerant lifestyle. This development had two key consequences. First, the concentration of friars in large communities led to friction with established clergy in cities. The faithful increasingly sought the spiritual services of the friars, which strained relations with local
329:. Second, the new lifestyle fostered a growing distinction between friars residing in established communities (who came to be known as Conventuals) and those who, adhering more closely to the original Franciscan ideal, preferred a more austere and mobile existence (these latter friars were referred to as Spirituals).
224:
to manage the order's day-to-day administration. When Peter died on March 10, 1221, demonstrating his trust in Elias, Francis named him vicar-general. Elias held this office for five years until
Francis' death on October 3, 1226. He then oversaw the temporary burial of the saint at the Church of San
473:
movement within the
Franciscan order, his reputation was reassessed during the 18th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, in his 1923 commentary, encouraged efforts "to clarify more and more the historical truth surrounding the celebrated companion of St.
324:
Elias's administration was marked by a vigorous effort to expand the order. He sent friars to establish new communities in distant lands and authorized the construction of large, monastic-style residences in cities. These residences served as centers of learning and represented a significant
253:
To finance the basilica's construction, Elias, with papal authorization, obtained the Collis
Inferni, a hill at the town's western extremity. He also implemented various fundraising methods, which alienated some friars zealous about poverty, a core Franciscan principle.
292:
of 1232, where he was elected
Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, becoming the second to hold this position after the order's founder. However, his succession was met with immediate controversy and caused a rift within the order.
468:
Elias is a complex figure within the
Franciscan community, whose legacy continues to be debated. This is reflected in the title of the 2016 book, which highlights a critical perspective on his role. However, in the context of the
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as examples of this, which Elias oversaw as the final resting place of the holy founder. Despite this criticism, Elias did attempt to uphold the rule of poverty for those closest to Saint
Francis, including
153:. Before joining the Franciscan Order, Elias worked in his father's business, which dealt in confectionary and mattresses. He also served as a teacher, instructing children of Assisi in reading the
358:, the Minister Provincial of England, was elected Minister General. Elias traveled to Cortona without permission, visiting a house of Poor Clares. Though Albert was willing to
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In 1240, Elias definitively sided with the
Emperor in his conflict with the papacy. He joined the Emperor's army, even riding a richly decorated warhorse at the sieges of
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257:
Another point of contention was Elias's status as a lay friar and his encouragement of other lay people to join the order. This move faced opposition from many
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into the order. While the specifics of Elias's work in the East remain unclear, the three years he spent there appear to have had a significant impact on him.
782:
145:, a contemporary acquaintance of Elias, his family name was likely Bonusbaro or Bonibarone. Salimbene also reports that Elias's father came from near
600:
178:, a Franciscan historian, proposes Cortona in 1211. It is clear, however, that Elias held a prominent position among the friars from the outset.
272:
This internal opposition led to Elias's rejection at the May 1227 Chapter election for
Minister General. Despite his prominence, Elias lost to
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347:
in 1239, where Elias was deposed from the office of
Minister General. Friar Thomas of Eccleston's account of the Chapter suggests that Friar
48:
300:, St. Francis's secretary and confidant. These early followers believed that Elias strayed from Saint Francis's cherished ideal of
571:
296:
Some of his most vocal critics were early companions of Saint
Francis, including the simple Brother Giles, Brother Masseo, and
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to house the body of Saint Francis. Elias immediately began planning a grand basilica in Assisi to enshrine the remains of the
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throughout his life, never taking priestly vows. He instead served as a skilled organizer within the Franciscan Order.
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Francis" through a process of "vindication," which entailed acknowledging both his merits and his shortcomings.
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Raphael M. Huber The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Jan., 1937), pp. 395-408 (14 pages)
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Albert died during his first year as Minister General. Haymo was then elected to the office in 1240.
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124:. A lay brother, he rose to positions of significant leadership within the order, serving as both
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in 1220, Francis brought Elias back with him. Francis had previously appointed Peter Catani as
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The Enthusiast: How the Best Friend of Francis of Assisi Almost Destroyed What He Started
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The Enthusiast: How the Best Friend of Francis of Assisi Almost Destroyed What He Started
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in 1217. Two years later, he became the first provincial minister of the then-extensive
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560:"Brother Elia of Cortona ", Basilica Papale e Sacro convent di San Francesco in Assisi
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340:. Elias apparently became a supporter of the Emperor as a result of this mission.
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and minister general. Saint Francis himself appointed Elias vicar general in 1221.
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Giorgio in Assisi, an ancient church later incorporated into and replaced by the
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Ugolino, entrusted Brother Elias with the task of building a magnificent
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manuscripts to Elias is often disputed due to a lack of clear evidence.
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Elias Bonusbaro/Bombarone, Elia Coppi, Elias Cortonensis, Brother Elias
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and the Franciscan Order, with Saint Clare playing a mediating role.
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Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 28 December 2019
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published the first popular history about Elias of Cortona titled
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Robinson, Paschal. "Elias of Cortona." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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Shortly before his death, Elias was reconciled with both the
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Elias appears to have been among the earliest companions of
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and one of the earliest followers to join the newly founded
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161:, another chronicler, suggests that Elias later became a
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Francis and Clare: the Struggles of the Saints of Assisi
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A General Chapter of the Franciscan Order was held in
686:"Elias of Cortona; Elias Bonusbaro; Elias Bonibarone"
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Mellon Collection: Database of alchemical manuscripts
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In 1238, Pope Gregory IX sent Elias of Cortona as an
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Elias's ambition for leadership was realized at the
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507:. 29 (ca. 1525); Ms. 7 - first script (ca. 1440)
778:Ministers General of the Order of Friars Minor
730:Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor
783:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
116:– April 22, 1253) was a close associate of
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605:, Cambridge University Press, 1959, p. 40
456:Learn how and when to remove this message
351:was a leading figure in opposing Elias.
336:to the excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor
572:"History of the Franciscan Movement (1)"
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674:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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668:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
623:Sweeney, Jon M. (8 April 2016).
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603:Early Franciscan Government
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181:Following a brief stay in
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696:Brady, Kathleen (2021).
665:"Elias of Cortona"
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227:Basilica di Santa Chiara
690:New Catholic Dictionary
172:Saint Francis of Assisi
118:Saint Francis of Assisi
88:Elias Cortonensis
671:Catholic Encyclopedia
601:Brooke, Rosalind B.,
503:. Related to Helias:
317:, the founder of the
315:Saint Clare of Assisi
216:After returning from
122:Order of Friars Minor
94:Elias of Cortona
773:Italian Friars Minor
263:ministers provincial
85:Elias Bombarone
627:. Ave Maria Press.
576:www.christusrex.org
199:Caesarius of Speyer
159:Thomas of Eccleston
768:People from Assisi
734:1232 – 1239
349:Haymo of Faversham
189:group sent to the
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319:Poor Clares
298:Brother Leo
261:friars and
206:lay brother
114: 1180
44: 1180
752:Categories
515:References
471:Conventual
393:alchemical
364:Ghibelline
334:ambassador
234:Gregory IX
187:missionary
137:Early life
417:Appraisal
247:poverello
191:Near East
132:Biography
662:(1913).
586:5 August
499:E.g. in
400:Holy See
366:city of
259:ordained
238:Cardinal
164:scriptor
386:Ravenna
360:absolve
183:Tuscany
155:Psalter
147:Bologna
72:Cortona
55:, Italy
49:Bevilia
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382:Faenza
368:Arezzo
242:church
151:Assisi
53:Assisi
478:Notes
374:him.
232:Pope
51:near
704:ISBN
629:ISBN
608:ISBN
588:2011
384:and
345:Rome
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218:Acre
61:Died
37:Born
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