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deposed. The riot spread quickly, engulfing the entire city in violence, and a majority of the city would be razed during the events of the revolt. The Hagia Irene was destroyed during the revolt, but it is unknown why it was targeted by the rioters (although it was the seat of the
Patriarchate, which is significant considering the timing of the riot just several years after Justinian’s initiation of a widespread crackdown on religious dissent). The rebuilt Hagia Irene was constructed as part of Justinian’s massive architectural project that was happening across the empire, and the design of the church was based on the emerging “centrally-planned” design of churches that was becoming more and more standardized. Additionally, the church had hospices added to it to service the poor and sick, and Justinian endowed it with regular funds to keep it running. A similar endeavor happened earlier under Constantine, where he built several churches in the easternmost portions of his empire as part of a good-will project that not only included the building of architectural works, but charity to the poor as well.
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rivalry between
Justinian and noblewoman Ancinia Juliana, who was a patron of the Hagia Polyeuktos church. The Hagia Polyeuktos Church was one of the most opulent churches in the Byzantine Empire before the Hagia Sophia’s reconstruction, and it even boasted a commemorative plaque that featured text that could be construed as a challenge to Justinian. When Justinian entered the church for the first time, he boasted that he had surpassed Solomon, a reference to part of the text on the Polyeuktos' plaque. Still, other scholars have chosen to focus on churches through their function as a place of worship. Author Allan Doig notes that the unique church architecture that occurred under Justinian such as the centrally planned church were made to improve the liturgical processes of churches by encouraging those who visited to gain an understanding of God by contemplating three things: the architecture of the church, the liturgical services, and the scriptures itself.
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time of the Hagia Irene’s founding, Constantinople was not yet recognized as the capital and seat of power of the
Byzantine Emperors due to the frequent travels of Emperor Constantine (r. 306-337), as it is understood that imperial power wasn’t necessarily concentrated in a capital like Rome, but around the emperor when he embarked on his travels. As Constantine’s dynasty unfolded, each emperor made more and more improvements to the city that would see the consolidation of the city’s status as a true seat of power. By Emperor Constantius II’s reign (r. 337-361), the city featured an impressive amount of public and political institutions: a Senate building, libraries, bathouses, and churches.
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repented for his role in the
Massacre of Thessalonica. However, at other times there were interactions that were friendly. Liturgical practices during services at the Hagia Sophia during Justinian’s reign saw the emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople, in a private room high above and away from the citizens of Constantinople, engage in prayer to God before returning to lead the congregation together. Despite moments of difference between the state and the church throughout Byzantine history, Justinian’s aforementioned stance on religious deviation showed a common imperial and religious goal.
598:. The ends are flared along with having teardrop shapes at the end. This extends around the base of the semidome. The cross was put in during the reconstruction by Constantine V, which was during the Iconoclastic years. On the bema arch there is an inscription of Psalm 64 verses 4–5 on the inner side, and then on the outer side there is an inscription of Amos 6 verse 6. There is evidence of alterations on these inscriptions as well. The inscriptions detail a praise to the church as it is the house of the lord. The verses, especially the Psalm, were used as inspiration for some of the mosaics in
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the traditional pagan religions of Rome into
Christianity as the eventual state religion. Additionally, author Peter Sarris examines developments in the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Justinian and spends a significant amount of time in the article how Justinian wanted almost every aspect of the Byzantine State to reflect Christianity, and paraphrases historian Averil Cameron’s description of Justinian’s rebuilding of Constantinople as the unification of the political and religious ceremonial.
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writings began shifting from Greek to Hebrew as they retreated to the safety of their own culture. Pagans had restrictive laws placed against them, with severe penalties, including death, for breaking them. Any sort of coordinated resistance efforts were squashed. Samaritans, an ethno-religious group similar to Jews, rose up against the
Byzantine Empire in 529 and were ruthlessly suppressed, with almost 100,000 being killed during the suppression of the uprising.
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among scholars as to the extent of the usage of churches as “imperial propaganda”, especially once
Christianity is established as the state religion. Back during Rome’s status as a unified empire, architecture as manifestations of state power was used extensively, and can be seen primarily through triumphal arches, which were often placed at areas where Rome achieved great victories. Information put forward by author Jelena Bogdanovic in her article
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609:. Synthronons are rows of built benches that are arranged in a semicircle in the apse. During Divine Liturgy this is where the clergy would sit. This is the only synthronon that has survived in the city from the Byzantine era. The synthronon in Hagia Irene has six tiers of seats. There are doors at both side that open up into an ambulatory beneath the fourth tier of seats.
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to keep the original basilica plan at the ground level. The narthex can be found to the west, preceded by the atrium, and then the apse on the east side. Hagia Irene still holds its dome and has peaked roofs on the north, west, and south sides of the church. The dome itself is 15m wide and 35m high and has twenty windows. Hagia Irene has the typical form of a Roman
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contributor Joseph
Alchermes discusses how the patronage of grand churches like the Hagia Sophia may have been used in political infighting during the time of Justinian. Like the Hagia Irene, Emperor Justinian I rebuilt the Hagia Sophia after it was razed during the Nika Revolt. There was an apparent
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art within the church. The apse semidome and the bema arch are covered with mosaics. There are also the frescoes which can be found on the south side aisle. These mosaics date back to about the 8th century. This was during the time of the earthquake which most of the upper parts of the church can be
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may highlight some continuity with this tradition. Emperor
Constantine had a porphyry statue of himself dressed as Helios, and this statue had what is believed to be fragments of the True Cross and the axe Noah used to build the Ark inserted into the column, which may signify the transition between
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Although scholarly work on the Hagia Irene mainly centers on some of its architectural features, looking at the different scholarly interpretations of architecture, both religious and secular, in
Byzantine society can provide a glimpse into the church and state dynamics of the time. There is debate
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and narthex, which stayed intact after the earthquake. Restoration after the earthquake created a stronger foundation for the church. Before being rebuilt, the foundation had significant structural problems. This restoration established a cross-domed plan on the gallery level while still being able
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The Hagia Irene church witnessed one of the most devastating episodes in the history of Constantinople as a city, which was the Nika Revolt in 532. Around the time of Justinian’s campaign of religious consolidation, A riot broke out after a chariot race at the Hippodrome that nearly saw the emperor
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Politically, the Church and the Western/Eastern Roman emperors interacted with each other with various power dynamics. On one hand, it was apparent that church leaders had, at times, significant power over the emperor, such as St. Ambrose denying Theodosius I entry to the church in Milan until he
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Throughout the history of the Roman Empire, emperors were often away from the seat of power for extended periods of time. However, a trend was being established near the end of the Late-Antiquity period of Rome and into the early Byzantine period that saw emperors remaining at the capital. At the
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The arrival of Justinian to the throne in 527 saw a concerted effort to stamp out any deviation from Orthodoxy as defined by the Nicean council and all following councils, and these efforts were directed against Jews, pagans, and “heretics”. Jews were alienated from Byzantine society, and Jewish
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There is very little scholarship on the function of the Hagia Irene from Constantine, even during the turbulent periods of theological controversies. One of the early challenges facing the developing Christian Church was the Arian controversy, which centered around Christ being divine or not. To
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commissioned the first Hagia Irene church in the 4th century, which was completed by the end of his reign (337). When Constantine died, it is believed that his resting place may be the porphyry sarcophagus that lay in the courtyard. It served as the church of the
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The capitals of the original church building were removed during a reconstruction in the Byzantine era, and only ten of them were reused in the atrium of the building. They show monograms with the names and titles of the imperial couple Justinian and Theodora.
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Work from other scholars keep in line with the idea of continuity, but some of the content written indicates that the displaying of “personal” propaganda had to be toned down. In the book “
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342:, before Hagia Sophia, during its transformation from a Greek trading colony to the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. According to later tradition but disputed by some scholars, the
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For many years, the Hagia Irene was only accessible during events or by special permission, but the museum has been open to the public every day except Tuesday since January 2014.
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resolve this issue, a council was held at Nicea that resulted in the widely accepted Nicean Creed, which stated that Christ was begotten from God, and as such is divine.
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459:) until 1826. It was also used as a warehouse for military equipment and repository for trophies of arms and military regalia taken by the Turks. During the reign of
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Musilek, Josef, Lubos Podolka, and Monika Karkova, "The Unique Construction of the Church of Hagia Irene in Istanbul for The Teaching of Byzantine Architecture."
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produced a special show here. A collection of 700 designed pieces inspired by the Ottoman sultans, including the robes of 36 sultans ranging from
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431:(photo between 1888 and 1910). The current building dates from 532. Its predecessor was the first church building commissioned by Constantine in
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The church was dedicated to the peace of God, and is one of the three shrines which emperors devoted to God's attributes, together with
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1696:, edited by Jelena Bogdanovic, Jessica Joyce Christie, and Eulogio Guzman (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2018), 106.
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Allan Doig, Liturgy and Architecture from the Early Church to the Middle Ages (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), 61.
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Bogdanovic, Jelena. “The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire”. In
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Haussler, Ralph (1999). "Architecture, Performance and Ritual: The Role of State Architecture in the Roman Empire".
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The building reputedly stands on the site of a pre-Christian temple. It ranks as the first church completed in
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Haussler, Ralph. “Architecture, Performance and Ritual: The Role of State Architecture in the Roman Empire”
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for storing weapons until the 19th century. The Hagia Irene today operates as a museum and concert hall.
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Peter Sarris, Economy Society In The Age of Justinian (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 206.
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Architecture, ceremonial, and power: The Topkapi Palace in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
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Bogdanović, Jelena (2016), Bogdanović, Jelena; Christie, Jessica Joyce; Guzmán, Eulogio (eds.),
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Translated by A.C Zenos. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.
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Millingen, Alexander Van, Ramsey Traquair, Walter S. George, and Arthur e. Henderson.
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Museums and Narratives of Display from the late Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
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dated back to. There is also a mosaic of a cross, which is outlined in black with a
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Janin, Raymond (1953). "Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique".
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Monogrammkapitelle. Die justinianische Bauskulptur Konstantinopels als Textträger
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Monogrammkapitelle. Die justinianische Bauskulptur Konstantinopels als Textträger
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Pyhrr, Stuart (1989). "European Armor from the Imperial Ottoman Arsenal".
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Pyhrr, Stuart (1989). "European Armor from the Imperial Ottoman Arsenal".
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466:(1703–1730) it was converted into the National Military Museum in 1726.
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in 532, Hagia Irene was burned down. In the wake of the riots, Emperor
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characteristics and impressive atmosphere. Many of the concerts of the
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Byzantine churches in Constantinople: their history and architecture.
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Liturgy and Architecture: From the Early Church to the Middle Ages
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Liturgy and Architecture from the Early Church to the Middle Ages
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10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2506
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ordered the restorations and had its interior decorated with
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Destephen, Sylvain, “From Mobile Center to Constantinople”,
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926:. Askeri Müze ve Kültür Sitesi Komutanlığı. Archived from
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In Byzantine tradition, there is a unique vestige of the
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on October 20, 740, about six months before the death of
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1450:. Topkapi Palace Museum. 6 January 2014. Archived from
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Scholarly debates surrounding ulterior uses of churches
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Ottoman helmet, with markings of Saint-Irene arsenal,
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The Age of Justinian: Circumstances of Imperial Power
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The Age of Justinian: Circumstances of Imperial Power
1802:. Vol. 2nd of 3 vols. Oxford University Press.
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Byzantine church building in Istanbul, now a museum
5093:6th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire
1913:. Translated by Aubrey Stewart. London: n.p, 1888.
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1701:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople
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1570:(in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 55–63.
892:The apse of Hagia Irene without seats (April 2024)
1784:La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin
1614:, University Press of Colorado, pp. 97–154,
1372:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118.
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1750:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–143.
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1653:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian
1080:. Washington D.C: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 1–4.
3501:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
2811:Church buildings and monasteries in Byzantine
2535:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library
1508:"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Constantinople"
1477:(in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. p. 62.
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1981:
1862:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
585:Capital with monogram ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ, "of the king"
505:have been held here every summer since 1980.
1792:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium
1370:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium
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996:, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2010), 237–39.
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1938:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
1888:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
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1768:"Irene, Church of Saint – Oxford Reference"
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1534:Irene, Church of Saint – Oxford Reference
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1936:Economy Society In The Age of Justinian.
1844:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
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1095:. New York: Routledge. pp. 246–248.
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1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1472:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1296:Doig, Liturgy and Architecture, 74-76.
1164:Doig, Liturgy and Architecture, 74-76.
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
916:
539:
4957:
4388:
4173:
3865:
3532:
3153:
3114:
2784:
2685:
1969:
1781:
1762:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal
1736:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008
1705:
1678:. Akşit Kültür ve Turizm Yayıncılık.
1669:
1646:
1644:
1593:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal
1387:
1205:
1203:
1090:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
736:Church of St Irene exterior from west
503:Istanbul International Music Festival
394:
276:
4174:
3019:SS. Sergius and Bacchus in Hormisdou
1746:Freely, John; Cakmak, Ahmet (2004).
1650:
1543:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001
1078:From Mobile Center to Constantinople
1051:Freely, John; Cakmak, Ahmet (2004).
1004:
1002:
994:Constantine and the Christian Empire
942:
904:History of Roman and Byzantine domes
3876:
2839:Martyrium of St. Carpus and Papylus
1995:
1491:
1376:
964:. Oxford University PressNew York.
552:Reconstruction during the reign of
307:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols
86:
24:
1641:
1200:
1015:
970:10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001
25:
5149:
4999:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2735:Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque)
1949:
1728:Dumbarton Oaks Papers (2019) 1-4.
1105:
1012:, (Ashgate Publishing, 2008), 65.
999:
724:Church of St Irene roof from afar
616:
5038:
3078:
2929:Monastery of St. Mary Hodegetria
2664:
2663:
2651:
1961:Over 100 pictures inside and out
1798:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
885:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
801:
789:
777:
765:
753:
741:
729:
717:
701:
674:
662:
653:
85:
78:
3388:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
3210:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
3092:Public spaces of Constantinople
1748:Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul
1663:
1599:
1584:
1559:
1524:
1466:
1440:
1437:, Vol.XXIV, (Brill, 2007), 256.
1424:
1361:
1332:
1289:
1246:
1157:
1114:
1053:Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul
484:
328:
5083:Churches completed in the 540s
4473:Great Palace of Constantinople
4214:Patriarchate of Constantinople
3533:
2874:St. Euphemia in the Hippodrome
1797:
1531:Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991).
1099:
1084:
1069:
986:
951:
548:Section looking southwestwards
13:
1:
5098:Byzantine sacred architecture
1956:Byzantium 1200 | Hagia Eirene
1941:Socrates SCHOLASTICUS.
1710:Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul
1253:Evans, Age of Justinian, 248.
909:
686:
373:740 Constantinople earthquake
5078:540s in the Byzantine Empire
4935:University of Constantinople
4516:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3866:
3666:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
3355:Byzantine successor states (
3014:St. Theodosia in Dexiokratou
2740:Hippodrome of Constantinople
2505:İstanbul Archaeology Museums
2485:Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery
2475:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
534:
325:(Wisdom) and Hagia Dynamis.
7:
5108:Church buildings with domes
4605:Saint Catherine's Monastery
3661:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
3656:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
3154:
3085:Byzantine Empire portal
1918:Metropolitan Museum Journal
1743:. New York: Routledge, 1996
1448:"Hagia Irene Museum Opened"
1390:Metropolitan Museum Journal
1368:Kaldellis, Anthony (2023).
1076:Destephen, Sylvain (2019).
958:Kaldellis, Anthony (2024).
897:
880:Church of St Irene interior
820:Church of St Irene interior
796:Church of St Irene interior
784:Church of St Irene exterior
772:Church of St Irene exterior
760:Church of St Irene exterior
748:Church of St Irene exterior
479:Turkish Ministry of Culture
359:was completed in 360 under
289:), sometimes known also as
94:Shown within Istanbul Fatih
10:
5154:
4994:Neo-Byzantine architecture
4958:
3615:Comes sacrarum largitionum
3099:Church-mosques in Istanbul
2899:St. John Baptist in Trullo
1876:161 (2016): 1745–750. Web.
844:Church of St Irene narthex
832:Church of St Irene narthex
643:
419:
333:
270:
207:Historic Areas of Istanbul
196:UNESCO World Heritage Site
5113:Former churches in Turkey
5021:
4964:
4953:
4874:
4774:
4732:
4677:
4622:
4577:
4564:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
4549:
4506:
4438:
4408:
4399:
4395:
4384:
4326:
4184:
4180:
4169:
4091:
4037:
3976:
3933:
3885:
3872:
3861:
3820:
3795:
3764:
3723:
3714:
3689:
3633:
3597:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3401:
3317:
3264:
3195:
3166:
3162:
3149:
3072:
3054:Unknown (Palace Basilica)
2889:Hagia Yorgi in Edirnekapı
2819:
2720:
2645:
2607:
2576:
2560:
2457:
2211:
2007:
1880:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991).
1800:Church of Saint s.v.Irene
868:Church of St Irene atrium
669:Ground plan of the church
605:Hagia Irene also holds a
473:of the Imperial Arsenal,
316:
258:
244:
232:
222:
212:
202:
193:
189:
184:
174:
166:
154:
146:
141:
102:
73:
59:
54:
46:
37:
32:
5118:Music venues in Istanbul
4138:Droungarios of the Fleet
2894:St. John Baptist at Lips
2584:Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi
1339:Stewart, Aubrey (1888).
218:Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
4652:Early Byzantine mosaics
4014:Domestic of the Schools
3059:Unknown (Şeyh Süleyman)
2944:St. Mary of the Mongols
2919:St. Mary of the Cistern
2712:Proximate landmarks of
2568:Sirkeci railway station
1943:Historia Ecclesiastica.
1566:Stroth, Fabian (2021).
1473:Stroth, Fabian (2021).
808:Church of St Irene apse
309:, as it was used as an
4969:Byzantine commonwealth
3731:Praetorian prefectures
3651:Logothetes tou genikou
3625:Quaestor sacri palatii
3620:Comes rerum privatarum
3393:Fall of Constantinople
3332:Sack of Constantinople
3034:Unknown (Bogdan Saray)
2964:St. Mary of the Spring
2949:St. Mary Pammakaristos
2914:St. Mary of Blachernae
2515:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque
1911:Buildings of Justinian
1902:Peschlow, Urs (1977).
1714:. New York, Scribner.
1651:Maas, Michael (2005).
1341:Buildings of Justinian
992:Charles Matson Odahl,
586:
549:
451:used the church as an
441:Fall of Constantinople
436:
286:
104:Geographic coordinates
4669:Komnenian renaissance
4664:Macedonian period art
4569:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
4541:Walls of Thessaloniki
3641:Logothetes tou dromou
3256:Twenty Years' Anarchy
3220:Valentinianic dynasty
3215:Constantinian dynasty
2974:St. Michael Archangel
1706:Davis, Fanny (1970).
1512:constantinople.ehw.gr
1091:Evans, J.A.S (1996).
584:
577:Art inside the church
547:
520:, the founder of the
508:In 2000, the Turkish
427:
278:[aˈʝiaiˈrini]
126:41.00972°N 28.98111°E
5088:6th-century churches
5073:4th-century churches
4866:Units of measurement
4600:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
4493:Pammakaristos Church
4341:Corpus Juris Civilis
4292:Missionary activity
3751:Exarchate of Ravenna
3577:Imperial bureaucracy
3064:Unknown (Toklu Dede)
2954:St. Mary Peribleptos
2849:Christ of the Chalkè
2829:St. Andrew in Krisei
2599:Kadir Has University
2589:Istanbul High School
2520:Rüstem Pasha Medrese
1838:Krautheimer, Richard
1790:Kaldellis, Anthony.
961:The New Roman Empire
524:to the last sultan,
274:Greek pronunciation:
4390:Culture and society
4253:Ecumenical councils
3756:Exarchate of Africa
3746:Quaestura exercitus
3610:Magister officiorum
3605:Praetorian prefects
3248:Byzantine Dark Ages
3044:Unknown (Kasım Ağa)
2984:Myrelaion Monastery
2934:St. Mary Kyriotissa
2909:Monastery of Manuel
2594:Istanbul University
2530:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
1874:Priced Engineering,
930:on 23 November 2019
540:Church architecture
122: /
4807:Flags and insignia
4453:Baths of Zeuxippus
4336:Codex Theodosianus
4226:Oriental Orthodoxy
3184:Later Roman Empire
3039:Unknown (Ese Kapi)
3029:Stoudios Monastery
2959:St. Mary of Pharos
2864:Christ Pantokrator
2859:Christ Pantepoptes
2765:Süleymaniye Mosque
2750:Theodosius Cistern
2194:Yavuz Sultan Selim
1906:Tübingen: Wasmuth.
1670:Akşit, I. (2005).
587:
565:, consisting of a
550:
437:
395:Historical context
131:41.00972; 28.98111
18:Saint Irene Museum
5055:
5054:
5017:
5016:
4974:Byzantine studies
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4760:Alexander Romance
4618:
4617:
4595:Nea Moni of Chios
4458:Blachernae Palace
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4346:Code of Justinian
4194:Eastern Orthodoxy
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4087:
4086:
3961:Scholae Palatinae
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3822:Foreign relations
3816:
3815:
3710:
3709:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3323:(1204–1453)
3108:
3107:
2879:Gastria Monastery
2778:
2777:
2679:
2678:
2658:Turkey portal
2552:Yedikule Fortress
2495:Firuz Agha Mosque
1895:978-0-262-14050-8
1851:978-0-300-05294-7
1685:978-975-7039-07-5
1621:978-1-60732-468-3
1577:978-3-95490-272-9
1484:978-3-95490-272-9
1454:on 2 October 2017
1309:Missing or empty
1266:Missing or empty
1223:Missing or empty
1177:Missing or empty
1134:Missing or empty
979:978-0-19-754932-2
708:Hagia Irene with
248:
247:
16:(Redirected from
5145:
5042:
4955:
4954:
4898:Imperial Library
4844:Byzantine Greeks
4585:Daphni Monastery
4536:Panagia Chalkeon
4531:Hagios Demetrios
4498:Prison of Anemas
4448:Basilica Cistern
4406:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4385:
4241:West Syriac Rite
4231:Alexandrian Rite
4182:
4181:
4175:Religion and law
4171:
4170:
4106:Maritime themata
4062:Palaiologan army
3915:Military manuals
3883:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3721:
3720:
3697:Megas logothetes
3548:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3403:By modern region
3324:
3271:
3270:(717–1204)
3202:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3142:Byzantine Empire
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3049:Unknown (Odalar)
2939:St. Mary at Lips
2924:St. Mary Eleousa
2854:Christ Euergetes
2805:
2798:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2745:Basilica Cistern
2706:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2625:Topkapı—Ulubatlı
2344:Küçükmustafapaşa
2123:Mimar Kemalettin
2105:Koca Mustafapaşa
1990:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1899:
1887:
1855:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1787:
1723:
1713:
1689:
1677:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:Age of Justinian
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1013:
1006:
997:
990:
984:
983:
955:
949:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
920:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
705:
694:Musée de l'Armée
691:
688:
678:
666:
657:
475:Ahmed Fethi Paşa
295:Eastern Orthodox
281:, "Holy Peace",
280:
275:
272:
260:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
89:
88:
82:
42:
30:
29:
21:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5013:
4989:Cyrillic script
4960:
4941:
4886:
4870:
4770:
4752:Digenes Akritas
4728:
4673:
4614:
4578:Other locations
4573:
4545:
4502:
4434:
4423:Cross-in-square
4391:
4372:
4322:
4176:
4157:
4083:
4033:
4029:Varangian Guard
3972:
3946:East Roman army
3941:Late Roman army
3929:
3868:
3849:
3812:
3791:
3760:
3706:
3685:
3681:Epi ton deeseon
3671:Epi tou eidikou
3629:
3593:
3535:
3516:
3503:
3406:
3404:
3397:
3383:Palaiologan era
3325:
3322:
3313:
3284:Nikephorian era
3272:
3269:
3260:
3203:
3201:(330–717)
3200:
3191:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3109:
3104:
3079:
3077:
3068:
2844:Chora Monastery
2815:
2809:
2779:
2774:
2716:
2710:
2680:
2675:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2603:
2572:
2556:
2453:
2207:
2120:Mimar Hayrettin
2080:Hoca Gıyasettin
2003:
1994:
1952:
1934:Sarris, Peter,
1896:
1858:Maas, Michael.
1852:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1686:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1402:10.2307/1512872
1386:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1049:
1016:
1007:
1000:
991:
987:
980:
956:
952:
947:
943:
933:
931:
922:
921:
917:
912:
900:
893:
890:
881:
878:
869:
866:
857:
854:
845:
842:
833:
830:
821:
818:
809:
806:
797:
794:
785:
782:
773:
770:
761:
758:
749:
746:
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
706:
697:
689:
679:
670:
667:
658:
646:
624:
619:
579:
542:
537:
495:classical music
487:
422:
397:
336:
331:
319:
273:
198:
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
98:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5151:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5123:Topkapı Palace
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Byzantine Bath
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4440:Constantinople
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4199:Byzantine Rite
4190:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4079:Grand domestic
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4045:Komnenian army
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3920:Military units
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Battle tactics
3886:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
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3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
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3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
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3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
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3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:Medieval Greek
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:Fourth Crusade
3328:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Macedonian era
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Theodosian era
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:St. Polyeuctus
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Lips Monastery
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:Constantinople
2808:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2770:Topkapı Palace
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2608:Metro Stations
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2540:Topkapı Palace
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Beyazıt Square
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
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2356:
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2346:
2341:
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2326:
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2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
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2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:Küçük Ayasofya
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2008:Neighbourhoods
2005:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1950:External links
1948:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1826:|journal=
1809:978-0195046526
1808:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1765:
1758:
1744:
1739:Evans, J.A.S.
1737:
1730:
1724:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1630:j.ctt1dfnt2b.9
1620:
1598:
1583:
1576:
1558:
1551:
1523:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1439:
1433:, Wendy Shaw,
1423:
1375:
1360:
1331:
1288:
1245:
1199:
1156:
1113:
1110:. p. 248.
1098:
1083:
1068:
1062:978-0521772570
1061:
1014:
998:
985:
978:
950:
948:Janin, pg. 106
941:
914:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
884:
882:
879:
872:
870:
867:
860:
858:
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834:
831:
824:
822:
819:
812:
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807:
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771:
764:
762:
759:
752:
750:
747:
740:
738:
735:
728:
726:
723:
716:
714:
707:
700:
698:
683:Constantinople
680:
673:
671:
668:
661:
659:
652:
650:
645:
642:
623:
620:
618:
617:Historiography
615:
578:
575:
541:
538:
536:
533:
522:Ottoman Empire
486:
483:
433:Constantinople
421:
418:
396:
393:
379:. The Emperor
361:Constantius II
340:Constantinople
335:
332:
330:
327:
318:
315:
299:Topkapı Palace
267:Medieval Greek
246:
245:
242:
241:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
216:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
181:
178:
172:
171:
168:
167:Groundbreaking
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
106:
100:
99:
93:
84:
83:
77:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5150:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
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5063:
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5035:
5032:
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5027:
5026:
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5023:
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5010:
5007:
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5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
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4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4956:
4952:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:Encyclopedias
4891:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Hellenization
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:Everyday life
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:Acritic songs
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Hosios Loukas
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4383:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Monophysitism
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Armenian Rite
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4168:
4154:
4153:Naval battles
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Protasekretis
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Komnenian era
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:Heraclian era
3240:
3238:
3237:Justinian era
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Holy Apostles
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
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363:. During the
362:
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4758:
4526:Hagia Sophia
4508:Thessalonica
4483:Hagia Sophia
4477:
4463:Chora Church
4401:Architecture
4278:Great Schism
4268:Paulicianism
4246:Miaphysitism
4101:Karabisianoi
3405:or territory
3365:Thessalonica
3349:Latin Empire
3344:Frankokratia
3319:
3279:Isaurian era
3266:
3197:
3182:
3178:Roman Empire
3168:
3097:
3090:
3076:
3024:Hagia Sophia
3009:St. Theodore
2989:Nea Ekklesia
2883:
2760:Grand Bazaar
2755:Galata Tower
2730:Chora Church
2725:Hagia Sophia
2668:
2649:
2544:
2525:Spice Bazaar
2500:Hagia Sophia
2480:Chora Church
2379:Nuruosmaniye
2169:Sultan Ahmet
2157:Şehsuvar Bey
2136:Molla Hüsrev
2091:Kalenderhane
2087:İskenderpaşa
1942:
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1764:(1999): 3-4.
1761:
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1693:
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1664:Bibliography
1652:
1633:, retrieved
1611:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1567:
1561:
1533:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1474:
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1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1393:
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1369:
1363:
1340:
1334:
1311:|title=
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1009:
1008:Allan Doig,
993:
988:
960:
953:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
918:
710:Hagia Sophia
636:
634:
628:
625:
611:
604:
600:Hagia Sophia
591:Iconoclastic
588:
551:
530:
507:
491:concert hall
488:
485:Concert hall
468:
456:
438:
429:Hagia Eirene
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
357:Hagia Sophia
353:Patriarchate
337:
329:Introduction
323:Hagia Sophia
320:
290:
263:Hagia Eirene
262:
250:
249:
180:Brick, stone
142:Architecture
5138:Justinian I
5009:Megali Idea
4984:Byzantinism
4687:Agriculture
4478:Hagia Irene
4311:Kievan Rus'
4288:Mount Athos
4111:Cibyrrhaeot
4055:Vestiaritai
3910:Mercenaries
3787:Catepanates
3646:Sakellarios
3565:Family tree
3490:Mesopotamia
3309:Angelid era
3289:Amorian era
2884:Hagia Irene
2869:St. Dominic
2824:St. Acacius
2545:Hagia Irene
2419:Şehzadebaşı
2279:Çukurbostan
2274:Çemberlitaş
2264:Çatladıkapı
2239:Belgradkapı
2191:Yavuz Sinan
2166:Süleymaniye
2163:Silivrikapı
2160:Seyyid Ömer
2148:Saraç İshak
2132:Mollagürani
2127:Mollafenari
2117:Mevlanakapı
2099:Katip Kasım
2050:Cankurtaran
2047:Binbirdirek
2019:Akşemsettin
1909:Procopius,
934:23 November
712:at the back
690: 1520
649:Hagia Irene
596:gold ground
554:Justinian I
514:Faruk Saraç
449:Janissaries
443:in 1453 by
369:Justinian I
365:Nika revolt
291:Saint Irene
271:Ἁγία Εἰρήνη
259:Αγία Ειρήνη
251:Hagia Irene
233:Inscription
129: /
33:Hagia Irene
5062:Categories
5004:Third Rome
4930:University
4913:Philosophy
4903:Inventions
4766:Historians
4734:Literature
4717:Varangians
4559:San Vitale
4488:Hippodrome
4468:City Walls
4368:Mutilation
4363:Hexabiblos
4283:Bogomilism
4273:Iconoclasm
4143:Megas doux
4133:Greek fire
4116:Aegean Sea
3989:Kleisourai
3966:Excubitors
3956:Bucellarii
3808:Despotates
3777:Kleisourai
3716:Provincial
3560:Coronation
3534:Governance
3299:Doukid era
3232:Leonid era
2979:St. Mocius
2631:Vezneciler
2490:Eski Saray
2439:Vezneciler
2399:Sarayburnu
2384:Pazartekke
2369:Mahmutpaşa
2359:Küçüklanga
2349:Küçükpazar
2309:Fındıkzade
2289:Edirnekapı
2244:Büyüklanga
2224:Altımermer
2145:Rüstempaşa
2095:Karagümrük
2068:Hacı Kadın
2065:Emin Sinan
2062:Derviş Ali
2053:Cerrahpaşa
2036:Balabanağa
2032:Ayvansaray
1756:0521772575
1720:B000NP64Z2
1635:2023-12-13
1517:2017-03-14
1458:10 October
1396:: 85–116.
910:References
607:synthronon
518:Osman Gazi
439:After the
236:1985 (9th
117:28°58′52″E
4832:Octoechos
4712:Silk Road
4204:Hesychasm
4072:Paramonai
4019:Hetaireia
3951:Foederati
3840:Diplomacy
3835:Diplomats
3741:Provinces
3570:Empresses
3373:Trebizond
3169:Preceding
2577:Education
2561:Transport
2458:Landmarks
2449:Yusufpaşa
2394:Saraçhane
2374:Narlıkapı
2314:Gedikpaşa
2259:Çarşıkapı
2249:Cağaloğlu
2234:Bahçekapı
2182:Tayahatun
2178:Tahtakale
2154:Şehremini
2151:Sarıdemir
2114:Mesihpaşa
2102:Kemalpaşa
2025:Ali Kuşçu
1924:: 85–116
1828:ignored (
1818:cite book
1418:191412421
1349:cite book
1343:. London.
1302:cite book
1259:cite book
1216:cite book
1170:cite book
1127:cite book
924:"History"
535:Structure
526:Mehmed VI
512:designer
469:In 1846,
464:Ahmet III
445:Mehmed II
287:Aya İrini
223:Reference
176:Materials
161:Byzantine
114:41°0′35″N
4925:Scholars
4918:Rhetoric
4908:Medicine
4883:Learning
4782:Calendar
4659:Painters
4358:Basilika
4296:Bulgaria
4258:Arianism
4209:Hayhurum
4186:Religion
4148:Admirals
4067:Allagion
3999:Droungos
3905:Generals
3867:Military
3830:Treaties
3736:Dioceses
3555:Emperors
3468:Sardinia
3448:Dalmatia
3428:Bulgaria
3418:Anatolia
3377:Theodoro
3371: /
3367: /
3359: /
2994:St. Paul
2714:Istanbul
2670:Category
2636:Yenikapı
2444:Yenikapı
2429:Unkapanı
2424:Taşkasap
2414:Sulukule
2294:Eğrikapı
2269:Çarşamba
2219:Ahırkapı
2212:Quarters
2198:Yedikule
2083:Hocapaşa
2059:Demirtaş
2001:Istanbul
1840:(1984).
1435:Muqarnas
898:See also
569:and two
563:basilica
499:acoustic
457:Cebehane
389:frescoes
346:emperor
303:Istanbul
293:, is an
214:Criteria
64:Istanbul
60:Location
55:Location
5034:Outline
4979:Museums
4879:Science
4856:Slavery
4812:Gardens
4792:Cuisine
4724:Dynatoi
4692:Coinage
4679:Economy
4647:Mosaics
4610:Mystras
4551:Ravenna
4413:Secular
4301:Moravia
4050:Pronoia
4024:Akritai
4009:Tagmata
3984:Themata
3925:Revolts
3895:Battles
3803:Kephale
3772:Themata
3702:Mesazon
3544:Central
3480:Maghreb
3433:Corsica
3423:Armenia
3413:Albania
3156:History
2615:Aksaray
2409:Sofular
2404:Sirkeci
2389:Samatya
2354:Kumkapı
2339:Kıztaşı
2334:Kadırga
2329:İmrahor
2299:Eminönü
2229:Ayakapı
2187:Topkapı
2142:Nişanca
2044:Beyazıt
2028:Atikali
2022:Alemdar
2015:Aksaray
1930:1512872
1410:1512872
1106:Evans.
644:Gallery
471:Marshal
453:arsenal
420:Arsenal
385:mosaics
377:Leo III
355:before
334:Origins
311:arsenal
283:Turkish
238:Session
203:Part of
185:Website
5044:Portal
4959:Impact
4839:People
4787:Cities
4637:Enamel
4418:Sacred
4353:Ecloga
4219:Saints
4128:Dromon
4004:Bandon
3994:Tourma
3977:Middle
3900:Beacon
3782:Bandon
3765:Middle
3634:Middle
3589:Senate
3512:Thrace
3495:Serbia
3473:Sicily
3458:Greece
3443:Cyprus
3361:Epirus
3357:Nicaea
3267:Middle
3144:topics
2638:(part)
2627:(part)
2364:Laleli
2324:Horhor
2319:Haseki
2284:Draman
2203:Zeyrek
2175:Sururi
2111:Mercan
2077:Hobyar
2056:Cibali
1928:
1892:
1848:
1806:
1754:
1718:
1682:
1628:
1618:
1595:: 3–4.
1574:
1549:
1481:
1416:
1408:
1059:
976:
571:aisles
558:atrium
461:Sultan
317:Naming
150:Church
68:Turkey
50:Museum
47:Status
5103:Fatih
5029:Index
4861:Death
4851:Women
4822:Music
4802:Dress
4797:Dance
4742:Novel
4702:Trade
4697:Mints
4642:Glass
4632:Icons
4428:Domes
4306:Serbs
4121:Samos
3934:Early
3724:Early
3598:Early
3507:Syria
3485:Malta
3463:Italy
3453:Egypt
3438:Crete
3369:Morea
3198:Early
2304:Fener
2040:Balat
1997:Fatih
1926:JSTOR
1626:JSTOR
1414:S2CID
1406:JSTOR
344:Roman
261:) or
255:Greek
156:Style
4827:Lyra
4707:silk
4318:Jews
4093:Navy
4038:Late
3878:Army
3845:Wars
3796:Late
3690:Late
3320:Late
2434:Vefa
2254:Çapa
1890:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1830:help
1804:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1716:ASIN
1680:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1460:2014
1355:link
1326:link
1322:link
1315:help
1283:link
1279:link
1272:help
1240:link
1236:link
1229:help
1194:link
1190:link
1183:help
1151:link
1147:link
1140:help
1057:ISBN
974:ISBN
936:2019
567:nave
493:for
387:and
147:Type
5128:548
4624:Art
4328:Law
1772:doi
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301:in
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