Genevieve - Knowledge

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Ordinary processions honoured Genevieve, legitimised her "unique position in the hierarchy of the sacred in Paris", established the route, between Notre-Dame and her shrine, of the processions, and solidified the "reciprocal relationship" between the cathedral and the shrine. Ordinary processions were based on the calendar and were marches from city to the shrine outside the city, while extraordinary processions and invocations were called during emergencies and were carried into Paris, for the city. At first, extraordinary processions were religious events and controlled by the clergy, but by 1631, Paris' secular authorities ordered and planned them. As Sluhovsky states, "Religious and secular bodies now shared the responsibility of organizing invocations, determining their dates, mobilizing the city, and guarding the reliquaries". Sluhovsky goes on to state that the new, extraordinary processions and invocations were a combination of Masses and celebrations of urban pride, and focused on processions to and from Genevieve's shrine. The later processions, according to Sluhovsky, turned into urban moveable feasts and emphasised the growing power of the city's elites and government officials. He states, "The religious austerity that characterized the invocations of the thirteenth century and of late medieval Paris, with its emphasis on penance and contrition, was replaced by the contradictory expressions of supplication and triumphalism". Theologians and preachers criticised the new forms for becoming spectacles, called for a return to older models, and speculated that Genevieve would no longer grant the people's invocations because they no longer made their requests to her sincerely.

407: 999: 842:, in iconography, and in textual metaphors that were motivated by changing social, political, and religious conditions. Despite a wide variety of changes throughout the history of Paris and despite the numerous choices its residents had for possible intercessors, Genevieve was chosen as the city's patron saint. According to Sluhovsky, Genevieve successfully maintained her place in what he called "the hierarchy of the sacred in Paris" throughout the city's history. The placement of her shrine, for example, remained static, despite the changes that occurred throughout the city's history. Her public cult connected segments of French society and the urban and rural parts of France by bringing peasants into the city and by motivating urban residents to pray to her for successful crops and harvests outside Paris. Two churches in England, where five convents celebrated her feast, were dedicated to her during the Middle Ages, and her cult also spread to Southwest Germany. 1472:

started in early May, before an official proclamation allowed both clerics and lay people to participate. At first, invocations were made at the abbey, but it was not enough to improve the weather, so a public procession was called for on May 27. According to Sluhovsky, the poor, who were most affected by the food shortage, were allowed to participate to serve "social and political goals". Sluhovsky states, "By mobilizing the 'deserving poor' to invoke the saint, the organizers made God and the saint accountable for the food shortage, thus preventing the poor from holding the authorities themselves responsible". Also according to Sluhovsky, "The procession led to the expected results". Rain began immediately after the procession began, saving the country's crops, and other miracles occurred, including a victory against Spain, healings from paralysis, and the decrease in the price of wheat. The government of Paris commissioned a painting commemorating the event by

739: 1321: 584: 1168:. Genevieve's prestige increased and a third feast day honouring her was set at November 26, in a special liturgy celebrated by the entire country. All but three of the ill who gathered at the cathedral were healed. According to Sluhovsky, this was the first time a procession with Genevieve's reliquary took place. By the late 15th century and until 1993, the event was commemorated annually in the churches in Paris. According to Sluhovsky, the procession was "purely clerical" and served to connect St. Genevieve's Abbey and Notre-Dame. In the early 1130s, a rumor, was circulated that Genevieve's head "was no longer attached to her body and was no longer in the possession of her abbey", which would have threatened both the religious and secular authority of the abbey and basilica. After an examination was conducted on January 10 by order of 1284:

Reliquary of Sainte Geneviève and processions became its most important task. By 1545, Genevieve's canons gave up their rights to carry her reliquary, for unclear reasons, and only the lay members of her confraternities did so. According to Sluhovsky, who called it a "laicization" of the ritual, the change happened at the same time that Genevieve's invocations were becoming major civic ceremonies. Also according to Sluhovsky, who describes the regulations and practices of the Company of the Bearers of Reliquary of Sainte Geneviève up until the 18th century, members had to financially support its activities, including payments to the abbey for its clerics to perform Masses for them. As of the late 20th century, the Company was still in existence in Paris and continued to carry Genevieve's reliquary in an annual procession held during her

1077: 879:'". As Williams states, Genevieve's relics were "intimately tied to the city's history" and were called upon by the residents of Paris during times of crisis, "their faith rewarded with Saint Geneviève's long and impressive record of miracles". In 2016, Williams conducted an art-historical study of Genevieve's miracles, following four objects—her relics, two paintings, and Saint Genevieve's Church—across four events in the history of Paris, in order to demonstrate how their "use, reuse, transformations and appropriations reveal not religious decline, but shifting devotional practices and changing relationships with religious ideas and institutions" in Paris and throughout France. Williams also sought to demonstrate, using Genevieve's objects, the inseparability of religion from 18th-century Paris life. 1377:

sorts of agricultural and meteorological exigencies". As Sluhovsky stated, Genevieve "gradually became the patron saint of subsistence, the supplier of grain to the city". Beginning in the late 1500s, most of the processions with her reliquary occurred during the spring and early summer harvest months; in the previous centuries they occurred during the fall and winter, when the Seine was likely to flood. The response to all the major climate disasters of the 17th and 18th centuries were public invocations of Genevieve's interventions. Sluhovsky called this image of Genevieve "the nurturing patron" and considered it a feminization of her image at a time when women's roles were changing and becoming more restrictive, and when several canons took her as their patron saint, including novices to the

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as a woman with no official status or political power "rendered her innocuous in the context of secular power" and reports that Genevieve inspired the Franks to respect the Gallic saints and provided evidence to the rulers on both sides that God responded to her prayers. McNamara goes on to state, "Power, as expressed through miracles, protected Childeric and his successors from the possibility that whatever mercy and indulgence they showed towards the saints and to the poor they championed might be construed as a sign of weakness unbecoming a warrior". Sluhovsky states that miraculous healings, which included restoring sight to the blind, healing women of paralysis, and expelling demons from the possessed, occurred both during Genevieve's lifetime and after her death.

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completing her prayers, another candle was lit when she touched it and people were healed when they procured fragments of her candle. Later stories about this event report that a demon was trying to extinguish the candle and that an angel protected her. According to Sluhovsky, the residents of Paris were familiar with this story because an angel, looking over her right shoulder, and a demon, looking over her left shoulder, were featured with her in the most common iconographic representations of Genevieve, including in several late medieval and early modern drawings, miniatures, and engravings. The image also appeared in the earliest surviving statues and miniatures of her, including her statue at the

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devotion to her. According to Sluhovsky, the building "became a temple of the new deities of the Enlightenment" and "a temple of civic liberty". He also called it "a turning point in the history of the monument"; the same time Voltaire's remains were transferred, Genevieve's remains were moved out of the church and into another part of the abbey. A year later, in 1792, after the monarchy's fall, Saint Genevieve's Abbey was secularised and confiscated, and despite the protests of hundreds of nearby residents, her remains were transferred again, to the Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. Sluhovsky reports that Paris residents opposed the secularisation of Genevieve's shrine. In 1793, at the beginning of the

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to fit new expectations". Sluhovsky also states that Genevieve remained relevant for her followers because "she was made and remade by them" and because her roles, which changed throughout the centuries, were designed with different meanings, functions, and attributes. For example, Sluhovsky reports that the French government controlled and used Genevieve's relics for religio-political purposes, invoking her intervention in wars and sieges throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. Her image was changed into a military protector of France and "a warrior in the service of Paris", but points out that this change did not replace other images of Genevieve, but was "one of the extension of roles".

1551: 1101:, which, according to Sluhovsky, authenticated Genevieve's power. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve's connection with water-related miracles, images, and objects were established after the invocations to her interventions were successful and were "not self-evident, but rather a result of a culminative process of successful miracles ... and propagation of the saint's role by her guardians". Most of the sources that document Genevieve's water-based miracles and interventions were composed and complied at her abbey, during a period in which water disasters most threatened Paris. Historian Anne Lombard-Jourdan states that Genevieve was substituted for and assigned the attributes of 1189: 690: 1497:. The construction was completed in 1764, when Louis XV laid the church's cornerstone. The project was criticised for being too expensive and unnecessary, and for the misuse of funds that could have been used for public relief. Sluhovsky called the building project the "beginning of one of the most important transformations of the cult since the construction of the original basilica in the sixth century". Genevieve was continued to be invoked by the royals throughout the 1700s, but the citizens of Paris often opposed and ridiculed them. The opposition of the royal appropriation of Genevieve occurred at the same time Protestants and Paris elites, including 958:; it related 14 episodes in her life, including her defence of Paris, and compared her to Joan of Arc. In 1512, the poet Pierre du Pont wrote a votive poem in honour of Genevieve, which was dedicated to Phillippe Cousin, who was the abbot of Saint Genevieve Abbey. It was the first work to portray Genevieve as a shepherdess, like Joan of Arc, which even though it contradicted Genevieve's family history and was historically inaccurate, became immediately popular in her literary and iconographic depictions. Other images created at the end of the 1600s include a large-size painting of Genevieve, which portrayed her surrounded by a flock of sheep, and an 464:

restored her mother's sight with it. According to Sluhovsky, the miracle confirmed Genevieve's sanctity and her family later allowed her to be brought with two girls before a bishop to be consecrated as virgins. The bishop blessed her before the other girls even though she was the youngest. Sluhovsky calls her mother's healing the first water-related miracle associated with Genevieve, who was invoked to protect Paris from floods centuries after her death. The Navarre well was a popular site of veneration well into the 15th century. By the 16th century, many miracles occurred at the site and it was one of the major pilgrimage sites in the

811: 1428: 625:, the city's first bishop, and wanted to build a basilica in his honour in 475, even though the local priests had few resources. She told them to go to the bridge of Paris, where they found an abandoned lime kiln, which provided the building materials for the basilica. After praying all night, one of the priests promised to raise the funds needed to hire workers, and carpenters donated their time to gather wood and other resources. When the workers ran out of water to drink, Genevieve prayed and made the sign of the cross over a vessel, and water was miraculously provided. The basilica was later called the 1407:, in a vision after Anne invoked her for peace and the protection of the Paris people, even though many had just rebelled against her. The vision gave a different interpretation of a miracle that had occurred during Genevieve's lifetime; another depiction of another vision of the same miracle was distributed using the printing press, the first time it was used to recruit Genevieve "into oppositional political propaganda". Both visions used Genevieve's prestige to "articulate contemporary public opinions and sentiments". In 1652, additional entreatments and processions were called in response to 1073:; she was credited with the city's success in repelling them. Sluhovsky states that it "affirmed her role as a divine intercessor". It was also the first time that she was invocated for the city as a whole, not just for individuals who visited her shrine, and established a tradition of public invocations of Genevieve. According to Sluhovsky, the later 800s to the eleventh century was a time of rebuilding after the destruction of the abbey by the Normans, but it was also a time of growing popularity for Genevieve. Liturgical texts and hymns were written in her honor during this period. 916: 1244:, was constructed near by. Rental fees were paid to the abbey by its parishioners, which increased the abbey's power and financial success. A new reliquary was built at the Étienne church beginning in 1230, and Genevieve's bones were translated there in 1242, the anniversary of her first translation during the first Norman attack of Paris. Genevieve was not the only saint who had lived in Paris and who was invoked with rituals and processions, but as Sluhovsky states, "from the twelfth century on she acquired a unique position among Parisian saints". 1416: 1332:, which was included in what Sluhovsky called the "royal religion of early modern French absolutism" because the throne appropriated and changed it to support its authority and power in France. Sluhovsky goes on to say, "By parading the reliquary of the patron saint on a route which led from the royal parish to the cathedral, and by employing Sainte Geneviève to honor her superiors, a new balance of political powers in the city derive not from the patronage of Sainte Geneviève but from the powers of the 580:, calls it a "prayer marathon" and Genevieve's "most famous feat". Genevieve also persuaded the men to not remove their goods from Paris. The city's residents were again angered by her prophesies, and as Sluhovsky put it, "possibly by her disruption of gender hierarchies"; they again plotted to kill her, but she was saved by Germanus' intervention; a messenger was sent to bring her eucharistic loaves shortly after his death, which prevented the residents from carrying out their plan against Genevieve. 883: 1501:, began to criticise Catholic practices such as the cult of the saints. The appropriation of Genevieve by the monarchy did not decrease the people's devotion to her during this time, even when processions stopped and invocations to her were made for the royal family during the late 18th century. She regularly appeared in the popular religious literature of the time. By the late 18th century, lay devotion to her was no longer controlled by municipal or royal authorities. During the 1373:, was planned to occur on Genevieve's feast day. Prayers were made at her shrine as the fighting happened, but the attack failed and D'Aumale was killed. Sluhovsky reported that the failure decreased the city's devotion toward Genevieve; he called their accusations against her "not unfounded". Two more supplicatory processions occurred in 1594, but it also failed; Sluhovsky states that they demonstrated the "authorities' inability to control the public cult of Sainte Geneviève". 1509: 1253: 5993: 5930: 1030:, who rescued Rome from Attila the same year that she diverted Attila from Paris. She also participated in the consolidation of Clovis' power and in the defeat of Arianism, and her active life in Paris occurred at the same time the city's influence was increasing. Like other female saints, she "had to assume male characteristics in order to gain influence and to resolve the contradictions between her gender and her prominence". In her 1369:. It was the first time that the public invoked Genevieve against the king. As Sluhovsky states, "the Feast of Saint Genevieve became a feast of hatred and division, not of harmony and peace". Sluhovosky also states that for the first time, invocations of Genevieve changed from demonstrations of loyalty to public demonstrations of revolt and disloyalty to the king. In 1591, the royal army besieged Paris; an attack on the army, led by 1305:, and the king's presence symbolised the urban, the Catholic, and the national identities of the French, all of which "joined together to undo the harm of fragmentation and discord, symbolised by Protestantism". Sluhovsky also states that the procession presented new relationships between the identities and symbols, as demonstrated in the new route of the procession, which started at Notre-Dame, paused at the royal church of 5969: 5942: 509:, which included abstaining from meat and breaking her fast only twice a week. She fasted, between the ages of 15 to 50, from Sunday to Thursday and from Thursday to Sunday; her diet consisted of beans and barley bread, and she never drank alcohol. After she turned 50 and by order of her bishops, she added fish and milk to her diet. She devoutly kept vigil each Saturday night, "following the teaching of the Lord concerning 730:, a young girl who had not been able to walk for two years. Genevieve resurrected a four-year-old boy, the son of a woman she had healed of demon possession, who had fallen into a well and drowned. The boy was baptised on Easter and was subsequently called Cellomerus because he "had recovered his life in cell". Also during Easter, she healed a blind woman with prayers and with the sign of the cross. She healed a man from 6005: 613:

Paris gates closed so that Genevieve could not rescue prisoners he wanted to execute, but after Genevieve was informed of his plans, she opened the gates by touching them, without a key; she then met with Childeric and persuaded him not to execute the prisoners. She led a convoy, and "proved herself capable of leading a paramilitary operation which necessitated crossing enemy lines", through the blockade of Paris up the

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humility from the city, just as it demanded and obtained them from Sainte Geneviève". These processions broke the tradition of bringing the reliquary and relics of Saint Marcel to Genevieve's abbey before processing to Notre-Dame; instead, it required that her reliquary "humbled itself" to honour the Eucharist and the king. It was also the first time her reliquary was not the most prestigious part in a public ritual.

1505:, she was used "against the very same establishments which in previous centuries had been intimately connected with cult". In July 1789, Saint Genevieve's Church was used to celebrate the Revolution, although the Revolutionary authorities eventually ended her cult. Genevieve's shrine and relics were mostly destroyed during the French Revolution, but as Farmer states, "this by no means finished her cult in France". 61: 276:. As times and conditions changed in Paris, so did the ways in which Genevieve was invoked and processed. As new calamities threatened the city and new intercessions to her were needed, new associations, images, and metaphors were required. Her cult remained popular throughout the history of Paris, although her cult has never returned to its pre-Revolutionary popularity and unifying status. 777:"; she was greeted there by a crowd of people possessed by demons, whom she healed, with prayers and the sign of the cross, in the Basilica of Saint Martin. Some victims reported that Genevieve's fingers "blazed up one by one with celestial fire" while healing them. She also healed three women of demon possession privately, in their homes, and at the request of their husbands. Genevieve's 387:. Germanus saw Genevieve in a crowd of villagers who gathered to meet and obtain Germanus' and Lupus' blessing and observed her thoughtfulness and piety. After speaking to her and encouraging her "to persevere in the path of virtue", Germanus interviewed her parents and told them that she would "be great before the face of the Lord" and that by her example, lead and teach many 677:, which was built early in the 6th century, was reported to heal blindness as late as the 9th century. Additional miracles experienced by pilgrims to her shrine were recorded into the 14th century. Similar to the miracles that occurred during Genevieve's lifetime, there were reports of miracles such as the healing of eye disease, paralysis, the plague, and high fever. 5981: 1524:, the early French Revolutionary leader, the French government secularised the Church of Saint Genevieve and turned it into a national monument and shrine honouring him. It ended an over 1,000-year period in which the building served as the center of Genevieve's cult, as well as the religious traditions centering on her processions. Also in 1791, the ashes of 898:; Sluhovsky adds that it was part of the new image of the female warrior that connected her with contemporary concerns, which increased in popularity during the 16th century, when "France was preoccupied with military affairs". This preoccupation included, during the 16th century, 17 public rituals "to implore God for the victory of the Catholic Church" over 505:, devoting herself to prayer and charitable works. She became severely paralysed and almost died; after she recovered, she reported that she had seen visions of heaven. In Paris, she became admired for her piety and devotion to works of charity, and practiced fasting, "severe corporal austerities", and the 1460:

invocation. Genevieve's reliquary was removed 50 more times in the next 100 years, 33 times for the health of members of the French royal family. According to Sluhovsky, by the 17th century, "The shepherdess from Nanterre that Parisians had invoked a thousand years as a humble neighbor became ... a royal

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allowed to leave her shrine unless they were accompanied, escorted, and protected by a male, Saint Marcel. Her works and miracles, such as food supply and charitable works, were associated with feminine activities, Anne of Austria invoked Genevieve for her fertility, and most of her followers were women.

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By the 17th century, public invocations of Genevieve, even though their liturgies remained the same, changed from clerical affairs to secular public celebrations. Sluhovsky calls the clerical-based processions "ordinary" and the later popular entreatments and processions of the saint "extraordinary".

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During the 1560s and 1570s and throughout the latter half of the 16th century, Genevieve was invoked for assistance during famines and food shortages, both in Paris and its outlying areas. Her invocations against water-based disasters, which influenced the country's crop yields, began to include "all

863:. The reasons for the invocations also changed, from protection against floods to prayers for military victories, against a variety of meteorological occurrences, and for a steady food supply into Paris. Over 70 emergency invocations of Genevieve were processions with her reliquary from her shrine to 359:

Even though popular tradition represents Genevieve's parents as poor peasants, their names, which were common amongst the Gallo-Roman aristocracy, are considered evidence that she was born into the Gallic upper class. She was recognised for her religious devotion from an early age. When Genevieve was

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Beginning in 1535 and through 1652, appeals to Genevieve "were always highly politicized" and included attempts to both impose and oppose royal authority. On January 21, 1535, Genevieve's reliquary took part in "a major supplicatory procession" to invoke God against the Protestants in France. It was

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approved the establishment of the Confraternity of the Bearers of the Reliquary of Saint Genevieve, perhaps as a way to consolidate his support in Paris and in the 1400s, a Ceremonial of Saint Genevieve, one of the oldest documents of its type, was published. It was a compilation of descriptions and

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Sluhovsky states that as times changed in Paris, the way in which she was invoked also changed. As new calamities threatened the city and new intercessions to her were needed, new readings of her vita provided the associations, images, and metaphors required. As Sluhovsky says, "Geneviève was remade

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The parents of a young boy brought her their son, whom she healed of blindness, deafness, and paralysis by making the sign of the cross and rubbing oil on him. Her prayers protected a harvest near Meaux from a whirlwind during a rainstorm; neither the reapers nor the crops were touched by any water.

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According to McNamara, during the Franks' many sieges of Paris, Genevieve had to convince them "that she and her God were allies worth having". McNamara also states that Genevieve "aligned with the poor and the conquered against unharnessed secular power". McNamara believes, however, that her status

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states that "she passed over in ripe old age, full of virtue"; she died at the age of 82. After her death, she was enshrined in the Basilica of the Holy Apostles, which she helped build. She was buried next to members of Clovis' family and she was considered a protector of the royal family. Miracles

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In 1694, for example, Paris was in the middle of a severe economic crisis, with poor harvests, bad weather, threats of starvation, and an ongoing war, so the residents of Paris and the Ile-de-France invoked Genevieve'a intervention. Spontaneous processions and pilgrimages to Saint Genevieve's abbey

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In the winter of 834, heavy rains deluged Paris; the city's bishop encouraged the residents to fast and do penance. The only dry church where prayers could be conducted was Genevieve's abbey, where the only dry area was floor around her deathbed, which was kept in the abbey. The waters of the Seine

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and Anne of Austria gained more political power in France. Although Genevieve was attributed with male qualities that were usually given to bishops and military leaders, the residents of Paris were aware of the fact that their patron saint was a woman. For example, her reliquary and relics were not

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who had a withered hand and arm; she prayed for him, touched his arm and joints, and made the sign of the cross over him; he was restored to health in 30 minutes. She released twelve people who lived in Paris of demon possession; she ordered them to go to the Basilica of Saint-Denis and healed them

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recorded a possibly earlier water miracle: when Genevieve was still in school, a bridge appeared over a ditch filled with water, and then disappeared after she crossed it. Platter argued that this miracle was the reason the residents of Paris ascribed Genevieve with the power to change the weather.

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In 1525, a lay confraternity, established at Saint Genevieve's Abbey in 1412, obtained permission from the convent's abbot to share with its canons the ability to carry Genevieve's reliquary during public processions. As a result, the confraternity changed its name to the Company of the Bearers of

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and from agricultural ruin. Its purpose was both agricultural and geographical, blessing the harvest and the urban space of Paris. The procession that occurred on Genevieve's feast day was reserved only for clerics of her abbey and of Notre-Dame, without the participation of the laity, unlike most

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relates a story about her mother being struck blind after violently preventing Genevieve from attending church on a feast day. After almost two years, Genevieve realised that she was the reason for her mother's blindness; after her mother asked her to retrieve water for her from a nearby well, she

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were transferred to the church, which was renamed the Panthéon. Despite the secularisation the transfer implied, Voltaire had a devotion to Genevieve and was proud of his grandfather's membership in the Company of the Bearers of Reliquary of Sainte Geneviève. On his deathbed, Voltaire renewed his

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appropriated and incorporated it into their royal rites, ending traditional forms of her veneration, creating new ones, and provided her with the new role of protecting the royal family. According to Sluhovsky, these changes also "distanced humble Parisian believers from direct communication with

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twice and the bridge's foundations were weakened from the threatening flood waters, it did not collapse until the reliquary was returned and no one was injured. According to Sluhovsky, by the second half of the 1200s and continuing into the early 16th century, a tradition of invoking Genevieve to

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images depicting Genevieve's water-based miracles were created during the Middle Ages, including a small bas-relief as part of her effigy in the portal of Notre-Dame, which also depicted the well in Navarre where Genevieve retrieved the water that healed her mother. A statue in the Abbey of Saint

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reports that she rekindled a candle after it went out on the way from her cell to the Basilica of Saint-Denis; the virgins with her were frightened, so she asked to hold the candle and it immediately lit up again. When she arrived at the basilica, the candle was consumed by its own fire and after

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Genevieve's neighbours, "filled with jealousy and envy", accused her in 445 or 446 of being a hypocrite and imposter, and that her visions and prophecies were frauds. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve "received the divine gift of reading people's thoughts", which displeased many residents of Paris.

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In 1725, Genevieve was invoked amidst religious and political conflict, which as Sluhovsky states, "had an impact on the ability of lay Parisians to maintain their traditional forms of devotion". Sluhovsky adds that the emotions the royal appropriation of Genevieve caused during the 1720s to the

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reports that Clovis, who venerated her, often pardoned criminals he had put in prison at Genevieve's request, even if they were guilty; Attawater states that Genevieve asked Clovis to free prisoners and be lenient to lawbreakers. According to Farmer, she "won Childeric's respect". He ordered the

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there in 1642. In 1658, Genevieve was invoked to heal Anne; no procession was called, but Genevieve's reliquary was removed, and Anne recovered from her illness. Two years later, however, Anne fell ill again and a similar ceremony was held, but it did not work this time and Anne died during the

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in Paris. Genevieve's connection with charity, caring for the poor, and food relief, which continued to occur during the late 1600s, were based upon events during her life and was also expressed with processions of her reliquary and reports of her distribution of food to the poor in 1665. Other

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In 1562, two processions were held to cleanse Paris from the heresy of Protestantism. The first procession ended at Saint Genevieve's Abbey and in the second, Genevieve's reliquary was carried by 20 barefoot laymen wearing flowers on their heads and was received with enthusiasm from the public.

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to Notre-Dame instead of from her abbey, where it was used during royal invocations against the Protestants. As Sluhovsky states, "The redrawing of the Catholic space of Paris strengthened royal authority in the urban space, a royal authority that demanded clear demonstrations of compliance and

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and a protector of Paris, which Sluhovsky finds remarkable because she was a woman. Sluhovsky called Genevieve's cult, which lasted over 1,000 years, "a success story" and said, "It was a process of expanding patronage—from monastery to neighborhood, to city, to the entire kingdom. Throughout,

701:, Genevieve had frequent visions of heavenly saints and angels. She also performed miracles in Paris and throughout the Ile-de-France, which included exorcising demons, healing the blind, resurrecting the dead, rescuing prisoners, and helping a consecrated virgin escape her fiancé. Genevieve's 874:

were involved in 120 public invocations between 1500 and 1793, with over one-third occurring during the 18th century, which art historian Hannah Williams found surprising because "superstitious spirituality, with miracle-working objects and cults of saints, sits uneasily with our idea of the

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also states that since there were no convents near Navarre, she "remained at home, leading an innocent, prayerful life"; according to historian Jo Ann McNamara, Germanus inspired Genevieve to dedicate her life and virginity to God's service, which was not limited to an established rule or a

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had a "special devotion" to Genevieve and would make yearly pilgrimages on January 3, Genevieve's feast day, to the well in Navarre and to pray for the birth of a male heir. After Anne's son was born, she visited Navarre to thank Genevieve and in 1642, donated the cornerstone for a new

1069:, although they were returned to Paris in 862. According to Sluhovsky, miracles occurred at all three sites and increased her fame throughout the Ile-de-France. In 885, the residents of Paris invoked the intercession of Genevieve and other saints when Paris was besieged by the 966:, which included traditional medieval images of her, as well as the newer image of her as a shepherdess and warrior. By the mid-1600s, the image of Genevieve as shepherdess also appeared in the Catholic liturgy. In 1652, a book of hymns dedicated to Genevieve was published by 1570:

founded a new Church of Saint Genevieve on the grounds of the Panthéon and she was reinstated as the patron saint of Paris. In 1831. A portion of Genevieve's stone tomb currently resides in a large casket in the church; a smaller reliquary contains the bones of one finger.

1164:, which Farmer called her most famous cure, was stayed after Genevieve's relics were carried in a public procession from her reliquary to Notre-Dame Cathedral. The city's bishop called for the procession only after everything else had been tried, including prayers to the 763:

also reports that many people, including those suffering from demon possession, had been healed after tearing off parts of her garments. She healed a city official, who had been deaf for four years, by touching his ears while making the sign of the cross over them. Her

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Genevieve, in the shape of a fountain, depicted her holding a candle with water flowing from the tip. Another small statue, erected inside the abbey's shrine, near the altar, depicted her with the emblem of Paris at her feet, and holding a key to heaven and a scepter.

998: 525:. Her enemies plotted to drown her, but Germanus visited Paris again and defended her, although the attacks continued. The bishop of Paris appointed her to care for other consecrated virgins; "by her instruction and example she led them to a high degree of sanctity". 1382:

processions included one in 1556, in response to a drought throughout France, when peasants organized a procession to numerous shrines throughout Paris, including Genevieve's, when they were joined by city residents "in spontaneous public invocations of the patron".

1313:, and ended back at Notre-Dame. It was the first time a procession marched in the commercial section of the Paris, connecting the royal church, the royal palace of the Louvre, and Notre-Dame; it was the first time that Genevieve's reliquary crossed the Seine to the 1175:

In December 1206, Genevieve was called upon to protect the city from a flood; another procession was organised and her relics were, like in 1129-1130, paraded into Paris and relics from other churches were escorted with hers. Her body was brought from the abbey to

229:, her hometown, to Paris, after her parents died and became known for her piety, healings, and miracles, although the residents of Paris resented her and would have killed her if not for Germanus' interventions. Her prayers saved Paris from being destroyed by the 1447:

their saint". Despite this, however, Genevieve maintained her prominence and her followers' loyalty to her did not decline. In 1764, in what Sluhovsky calls "the most significant event in the history of royal involvement with the cult of Sainte Geneviève",

1220:. Like most processions of the time, the processions started at Notre-Dame and ended at the appropriate religious sites, in this case, at Saint Genevieve's Abbey. One of the yearly processions conducted in Genevieve's honor occurred on the final day of the 1172:, the rumor was disproven and the date was established as the feast day of the Revelation of Genevieve's reliquary. At the end of the twelfth century, Genevieve's basilica was rebuilt by Danish nobles to compensate for its destruction by their ancestors. 1402:

and the center of monastic reform; by 1650, one-third of all monastic communities in France were included in the congregation. In 1649, when Paris was again engaged in open rebellion against the king, Genevieve appeared to Anne of Austria, the mother of

754:

of paralysis, which was done with prayer and the sign of the cross. While in Troyes, many people were brought to her for healing, including a sick child who was healed after drinking water she had blessed, as well as a blind man, whom the writer of her

801:

reports that on one occasion, she sent for a vessel with oil that was supposed to have been blessed by a bishop, but after she prayed for an hour, the vessel was miraculously filled with oil and she was able to heal someone from demon possession.

850:

Genevieve was publicly invoked during emergencies related to the needs and expectations of the residents of Paris 153 times between 885 and October 1791. They ranged from spontaneous and less-ritualized invocations and processions with her

1537:

and dismantled; the funds collected were put into the government's treasury. According to Sluhovsky, Genevieve's bones were put on trial, found guilty of collaborating with the royal authorities, and condemned to be publicly burned at the

1476:. According to Sluhovsky, "An entire day of communal mobilization replaced the austere early morning processions of the late Middle Ages". The event was criticised, despite its popularity, for changing the processions into secular events. 617:

from Troyes to bring food to the starving citizens. On her return home, Genevieve's prayers saved the eleven ships that carried her, her companions, and the grain for the residents of Paris. Back in Paris, she gave food to the poor first.

259:

Genevieve performed miracles both before and after her death. She was recognized as the patron saint of Paris in the 14th century. She was "a favorite of both the humblest residents and of the Bourbon family, and was equally venerated by

267:

Genevieve was publicly invoked during emergencies related to the needs and expectations of the residents of Paris 153 times between 885 and October 1791, ranging from spontaneous and less-ritualized invocations and processions with her

1128:, which emphasized living in community, although cloistering and poverty were not mandatory, and obedience to the rule was lax; for example, her secular canons were able to keep the funds they received. The community was reformed by 772:

through her intercessions, including raising the daughter of a family's matriarch from the dead and healing a man who became ill because he refused to forgive his servant. Genevieve then visited Tours, "braving many perils on the

1411:

and the food shortages it caused. According to Sluhovsky, traditional veneration of Genevieve had "given way to manipulation" and after 1652, "all public invocations would be confronted with wide public cynicism and skepticism".

721:

also reports that Genevieve was able to discern that a young woman was lying about her chastity and that "she restored vision, strength, and life to various people". Genevieve also healed a nine-year-old girl who lived in

1565:

at the Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. New fragments of her relics were brought to Paris from other churches and a new reliquary was built. In 1806, Napoleon ordered that the Panthéon be returned to its original purpose. In 1822,

1493:; he invoked Genevieve, was healed, and made a pilgrimage to her shrine. The abbot and canons showed the king the church, which was deteriorated, and the king pledged to finance its renovation, which totaled over 25,000 237:

in 451 and other wars; her organisation of the city's women was called a "prayer marathon" and Genevieve's "most famous feat". She was involved in two major construction projects in Paris, a basilica in the honour of

517:

Sluhovsky also states that opposition to her occurred because she threatened the male hierarchy in Paris, so she needed patronage and recognition from established male authorities, which she received from Germanius,

406: 1454:

For example, Anne of Austria not only financially supported Saint Genevieve's Abbey, she also supported the small church dedicated to Genevieve in Nanterre, where Anne made yearly pilgrimages and founded a

599:

and Clovis I, to be lenient towards the city's residents. According to Farmer, Genevieve made an agreement with soldiers during the siege of Paris to obtain provisions, which were transported by river from

1579:

reinstated it as a church in 1851. Genevieve's relics, which survived the Revolution and were stored in churches outside of Paris, are stored in a reliquary at the Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, in her chapel.

1224:, an important three-day procession during the harvest season. The procession ended at St. Genevieve's Abbey and connected Genevieve to Marcel of France, another saint that had saved Paris from both a 835:

and revolutionary fishwives". Sluhovsky considers Genevieve "a cultural symbol which Parisians shared, appropriated, negotiated, and used according to specific communal assumptions and traditions".

717:

states that when a woman stole Genevieve's shoes, the woman was struck blind when she arrived at her home; someone led her back to Genevieve, who healed her after she asked for her forgiveness. Her

356:

was published; in 1367, the first French translation was published. As David Farmer states, "little can be known about her with certainty, but her cult has flourished on civil and national pride".

867:. By the 18th century, the public rituals invoking Genevieve "were motivated not so much by concern for the well-being of the city at large, but for the well-being of the royal family". 264:

and revolutionary fishwives" and was considered "a cultural symbol which Parisians shared, appropriated, negotiated, and used according to specific communal assumptions and traditions".

1271:

in Paris. Other confraternities and occupational and devotional groups were founded in Nanterre during the early modern period. In the 17th century, two confraternities existed in the

552:

persuaded the people of Paris that she "was not a prophetess of doom" and convinced the women that instead of joining their husbands and abandoning their homes, to pray and do acts of

1539: 225:

when she was a child and dedicated herself to a virginal life. Miracles and healings began to happen around her early on and she became known for changing the weather. She moved from

1451:

began construction of a new church, which later became the Panthéon, in her honour, ending over 200 years of royal patronage of her and financial support of her abbey and churches.

395:, Germanus confirmed her desire to become a consecrated virgin, plucked a coin from the ground, and instructed her to have a necklace made from it to remind her about their meeting. 954:

published in the late 1400s and her image as a fountain is included in hymnals also published in the 1400s. In the early 1400s, a mystery play was composed by her canon called the

633:, the wife of Clovis I, to bring about his conversion to Christianity; shortly before her death, Genevieve convinced him to build the Basilica of the Holy Apostles, dedicated to 827:

however, the saint managed to maintain her intimate friendship with the people of Paris". According to Shuhovsky, " became a favorite of both the humblest residents and of the

1349:

Sluhovsky considered the processions as a reaffirmation of the Eucharist and of Genevieve's part in how the Catholic authorities in Paris handled the divisions caused by the

930:

The most notable artistic representations of Genevieve, which continued traditions from the late Middle Ages, were created between the 17th and 19th centuries, including the

1595:. Also according to Sluhovsky, although Genevieve remains as the patron saint of Paris, her cult has never returned to its pre-Revolutionary popularity and unifying status. 484:

there. According to Sluhovsky, other fountains and springs were associated with Genevieve and were attributed with healing powers, including against high fevers, into the

902:

and the successful military operations associated with it. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve's image as a warrior and protector occurred at the same time when women like

340:

claims to be written by a contemporary of Genevieve and "Its authenticity and value are the subject of much discussion". According to historian Moshe Sluhovsky, the

1204:

Genevieve's prestige, along with the power and prosperity of her community, increased through the Middle Ages. Processions were conducted annually throughout the

970:, a poet and the bishop of Venice, that invoked water-based images, metaphors, and associations connected with Genevieve. In 1913, the early 20th-century writer, 1275:; the second one included both men and women and had over 400 members between 1605 and 1640. Genevieve was also honoured in parishes throughout France. In 1412, 1160:

in times of disaster" during the Middle Ages and the citizens of Paris have "invoked her in times of national crisis" many times. In 1129, during an epidemic of

1757:

by McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E. Durham; with Whatley, E. Gordon, England: Duke University Press. 1992. p. 4. ISBN 0-8223-1200-X. Retrieved 3 October 2023.

391:. As Sluhovsky states, "Miracles marking the young girl as a bride of Christ followed". Genevieve told Germanus that she wanted to follow God; according to her 653:

records the earliest ones. Her entombment at the basilica helped Genevieve gain prestige; soon after her death, her tomb became a pilgrimage site. Genevieve's

641:, which was completed after the year 500. After Genevieve's death, in recognition of her part in Clovis' conversion, Clothilde was able to honour her grave. 1180:, a Mass was said, and then she was returned to the abbey. The Seine receded and even though the relics and the participants in the procession crossed the 1085: 1045:

By the eighth century, a hospice for pilgrims was built next to the Basilica of the Holy Apostles; by the ninth century, the basilica was known as

4814: 2215:. Edited by McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E. Durham; with Whatley, E. Gordon, England: Duke University Press. 1992. p. 38. ISBN 0-8223-1200-X. 738: 3744:

by McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E. Durham; with Whatley, E. Gordon, England: Duke University Press. 1992. pp. 17–37. ISBN 0-8223-1200-X.

673:

to the faith in ancient times from pages of history books". Healings took place at her shrine after Genevieve's death; oil that was kept in the

568:, Genevieve persuaded the women of Paris to undertake a series of fasts, prayers, and vigils "in order to ward off the threatening disaster, as 4844: 1748: 432:

engraved with a cross and instructed her to wear it instead of pearls and gold jewelry to help her to remember her commitment to Christ. The

1336:

and the king". In the summer of 1549, Genevieve's reliquary was involved in a royal supplicatory procession, which crossed the Seine to the

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became the basilica's patron in exchange for their prayers for him and for the stability of France, an arrangement that was renewed under

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Many of Genevieve's activities during the Middle Ages were similar to contemporary Gallo-Roman bishops. For example, the author of her

1391: 838:

Complex images and attributions of Genevieve were created over a period of over 700 years, in liturgical writings, in editions of her

6080: 3866: 3819: 1370: 1076: 6095: 6085: 398: 6050: 5806: 1721: 1464:". Saint Genevieve's Church began to be rebuilt in 1746 because it had decayed; as Farmer states, it "was secularized at the 548:, Genevieve prophesied that the city would be spared, but that those who fled Paris would be killed. Genevieve and Germanus' 693:

Miniature of Saint Genevieve (at St. Genoveva Church in the Netherlands), with an angel on her right and a demon on her left

6060: 4014: 1053:

was formed and a small abbey was built in Genevieve's honor in the early 800s. The community was forced to flee during the

1442:

In the early 17th century, many religious ceremonies were secularized, which required a remaking of Genevieve's cult. The

35: 446: 441:. It is unknown when Genevieve received the consecration of virgins; some sources state that she received her veil from 4719: 3837: 3664: 1340:

and then to Notre-Dame; it included the burning of heretics. In 1551, 1568, and 1582, her reliquary processed from the

1357:

Protestants. In 1589, processions were held and Genevieve was invoked in well-organised responses to conflict between

1185:

protect Paris from floods was established, often as a last resort, when the prayers to other saints were ineffective.

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also reports that near Genevieve's home, she was able to spot and remove a demon from the opening of a water vessel.

1583:

According to Sluhovsky, Genevieve's cult experienced renewed popularity when she represented Catholic opposition to

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Genevieve was called one of the most venerated saints of the early eleventh century. As Farmer states, Genevieve's

545: 272:

during the Middle Ages to highly ritualized ones said before her unveiled reliquary in the years leading up to the

1140: 528: 6075: 510: 17: 6040: 5909: 4441: 1490: 1240:

Genevieve's abbey was fortified and included within the city's new walls in 1210, and a new parish church, the

591:

Years later, Genevieve "distinguished herself by her charity and self-sacrifice" during the defeat of Paris by

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Paris, shepherds, winemakers, wax-chandlers, hatmakers; against eye complaints, fever, plagues, drought, war

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Scholar Maria Warner states that Genevieve "benefited from the extension of taxonomy of female types" like

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donated a new altar to the basilica and Genevieve's reliquary was moved from the crypt to the new altar.

320: 1297:

one of the largest and most spectacular religious processions that occurred in Paris and was ordered by

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Genevieve was also involved in two major construction projects in Paris. She had a strong devotion to

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The Consecration of Ste. Genevieve; painting by M. Basterot in the Church of Ste. Geneviève, Missouri

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instructions of all liturgical and semi-liturgical events conducted in the Abbey of St. Genevieve.

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and a procession carrying her relics occurred to prevent the German occupation of France during

1575:

reinstated the building to a secular temple and Genevieve's relics were sent to Notre-Dame, but

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Section of "Saint Geneviève Resupplying Besieged Paris," by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (c. 1890)

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to highly ritualized ones said before her unveiled reliquary in the years leading up to the

148:

Lit candle, breviary, angels and demons, liturgical vessel, crown, keys of the city of Paris

5781: 5726: 5721: 4724: 4646: 4626: 4561: 4531: 4353: 4308: 4283: 4238: 4200: 4165: 4102: 4062: 3962: 1398:, was appointed abbot of Saint Genevieve's Abbey, which became the new headquarters of the 1276: 1094: 1054: 987: 920: 876: 87: 5756: 5736: 5002: 4651: 3850: 138:

3 January, translation of relics (in Paris) 28 October, evelation of the relics 10 January

8: 6030: 5997: 5831: 5711: 5553: 4819: 4704: 4684: 4621: 4581: 4551: 4501: 4481: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4378: 4248: 4122: 4019: 4010: 3957: 1555: 1358: 1298: 1233:, the bishop of Paris, declared January 3 a public holiday; it was later approved by the 1177: 1169: 1113: 1098: 1081: 864: 485: 411: 368: 218: 5811: 4729: 963: 5872: 5867: 5816: 5741: 5096: 4944: 4834: 4789: 4779: 4709: 4694: 4591: 4576: 4571: 4506: 4471: 4466: 4363: 4313: 4288: 4253: 4218: 4097: 3987: 3977: 3922: 3889: 1395: 1234: 1121: 1109: 743: 727: 662: 388: 211: 191: 133: 4358: 475:

and many of the well's visitors were members of the French royal family. For example,

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created a statue of Genevieve in 1928, which honoured her protection of Paris during

860: 794: 556:

to spare the city. It is claimed that the intercession of Genevieve's prayers caused

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Another time, while traveling by ship on the Seine, her prayers saved the ship; her

471:

In the 1700s, an annual pilgrimage to Navarre was celebrated the first Sunday after

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Saint Genevieve praying to stop the rain during the harvest (stained glass window

971: 649:

started occurring at the basilica immediately following her internment there; her

465: 5892: 5751: 5638: 5623: 5520: 5480: 5465: 5445: 5390: 5315: 5305: 5275: 5265: 5200: 5170: 5130: 5125: 4949: 4869: 4824: 4769: 4656: 4601: 4491: 4343: 4228: 4155: 4077: 4042: 3942: 3706: 1530: 1341: 1027: 815: 518: 476: 445:, while others state that she, along with two companions, received them from the 372: 349: 333: 309: 222: 203: 143: 110: 4864: 3797: 1415: 1105:, the Greek marine goddess whose name might be the origin of the name of Paris. 5914: 5887: 5693: 5608: 5548: 5490: 5475: 5460: 5440: 5435: 5395: 5385: 5295: 5270: 5255: 5240: 5235: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5145: 5027: 4997: 4982: 4939: 4909: 4884: 4754: 4714: 4679: 4556: 4536: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4431: 4328: 4273: 4208: 4160: 4072: 3899: 1494: 1362: 1129: 1035: 1015: 979: 967: 924: 797:

in the Gospels. Genevieve would often use oil to anoint and heal the sick. Her

622: 601: 573: 442: 239: 172: 71: 5716: 6019: 6009: 5973: 5946: 5836: 5821: 5801: 5746: 5706: 5510: 5505: 5455: 5450: 5380: 5360: 5325: 5290: 5260: 5230: 5225: 5155: 5050: 5022: 4987: 4919: 4899: 4180: 4175: 4057: 3854: 2099:

A calendar of saints: the lives of the principal saints of the Christian Year

1831: 1584: 1264: 1221: 1050: 951: 899: 882: 781:

reports that in Tours, "everyone honored her in her comings and goings". Her

344:

was written shortly after her death, in the late 500s and was based upon the

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when she was 15 years old. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve was consecrated

195: 153: 121: 47: 3769:"Saint Geneviève's Miracles: Art and Religion in Eighteenth-Century Paris" 1561:

In 1803, after the end of the Revolution, Genevieve's cult was revived by

1317:

and made a statement that the city's unity depended upon royal authority.

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and was called the Panthéon, a burial place for the worthies of France".

1314: 1213: 983: 975: 895: 856: 634: 596: 438: 415: 384: 330: 243: 3785: 3768: 1513: 1508: 1485:

1750s were motivated by Paris' deep attachment to Catholicism. In 1744,

1034:, Germanus advised Genevieve to "act manfully", and she was compared to 939: 501:

After her parents' deaths, Genevieve went to live with her godmother in

5796: 5470: 5355: 5330: 5180: 5017: 4298: 1408: 1378: 1252: 1181: 1157: 1125: 1058: 1026:, also like Genevieve, against the Huns. She has also been compared to 549: 1124:. At first, the members of St. Genevieve's abbey followed the Rule of 1023: 769: 561: 5683: 5375: 5037: 4889: 4132: 3997: 3874: 1716:(5 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 180. 1404: 1354: 1302: 1208:, four times per year: 3 January, her feast day; the third Sunday in 1102: 1057:

in 845; they brought Genevieve's reliquary with them and hid them in

959: 943: 852: 670: 316:, who is said to have blown out her candle when she prayed at night. 269: 5929: 5761: 5598: 5578: 4636: 4586: 4388: 4117: 3927: 1562: 1525: 1498: 1486: 1461: 1456: 1448: 1431:"The aldermen of Paris paying homage to Saint Geneviève" (1696) by 1196:

in Paris, depicting a procession of Genevieve's shrine. Created by

1161: 630: 592: 522: 481: 376: 297: 226: 83: 5992: 5653: 5628: 5573: 5090: 5055: 4496: 4451: 4213: 4150: 4005: 1070: 1062: 974:, wrote a series of poems referring to 15th-century French saint 832: 751: 666: 658: 553: 261: 100: 300:, a small village almost seven kilometers (4.3 mi) west of 5658: 5593: 5583: 5568: 5543: 4596: 4223: 2115: 1310: 1225: 1153: 1066: 1039: 931: 707: 605: 569: 557: 472: 305: 234: 65:

Saint Genevieve, 17th-century painting, Musée Carnavalet, Paris

3750:

Patroness of Paris: Rituals of Devotion in Early Modern France

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Section of "Sainte Geneviève Watching over Paris, by muralist

217:

Recognized for her religious devotion at a young age, she met

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Reliquary for the surviving relics of Saint Genevieve at the

871: 774: 731: 710:, created in the 13th century, and a miniature at her abbey. 614: 502: 301: 199: 3455: 3453: 3416: 3414: 3389: 3387: 3362: 3360: 3347: 3345: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3279: 3277: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 2984: 2960: 2936: 576:

had done in the past". McNamara, who translated Genevieve's

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in 475 and the Basilica of the Holy Apostles, dedicated to

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In 1535, Genevieve's cult became connected to the cult of

1301:. According to Sluhovsky, the reliquary of Genevieve, the 950:

Genevieve is portrayed protecting Paris from a flood in a

304:, to Severus and Gerontia, who were of German or possibly 3683: 3645: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3549: 3537: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3450: 3438: 3411: 3384: 3357: 3342: 3313: 3301: 3274: 3250: 3161: 3113: 3077: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2594: 2592: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 595:

in 480 and was able to influence him and his successors,

3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3185: 2996: 2972: 2640: 2497: 2400: 2376: 2359: 2260: 1782: 1780: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1419:"The Échevins of Paris Praying before St Geneviève," by 2948: 2924: 2900: 2876: 2864: 2828: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2741: 2710: 2693: 2664: 2565: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2482: 2470: 2451: 2439: 2412: 2239: 2184: 2170: 2127: 2027: 2010: 1977: 1890: 1871: 1042:, Biblical figures who also crossed gender boundaries. 2589: 2388: 1631: 735:

after making the sign of the cross over each of them.

30:"Saint Genevieve" redirects here. For other uses, see 5957: 1777: 1760: 1479: 1237:

and Genevieve was honoured in all churches in Paris.

886:

Statue of Saint Genevieve inside Notre-Dame Cathedral

822:

By the 14th century, Genevieve was recognized as the

793:

makes the connection between this and the miracle of

759:

reports had been punished for working on Sunday. Her

3715:(3 ed.). New York: Penguin. pp. 151–152. 1097:in the Bible and her reliquary was compared to the 978:as a reincarnation of Genevieve . French sculptor 329:appeared many centuries after her death, although 3827: 1093:receded immediately. The miracle was compared to 6017: 3665:"Église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, 5e arrondissment" 1836:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company 1545: 1256:Shrine in the Chapel of Saint Genevieve at the 3752:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. 2334: 2332: 2295: 2293: 845: 3813: 1663: 1661: 1542:. Her ashes were then thrown into the Seine. 1324:Section of a fresco in the Nanterre Cathedral 3705: 2121: 1950: 1865: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 308:origins. A candle is one of her most common 2329: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2048: 1956: 1905: 1830:MacErlean, Andrew (1909). "St. Genevieve". 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1014:compares her to Martin of Tours, who saved 910: 511:the servant who awaited the master's return 352:. In 1310, the first French edition of her 3820: 3806: 1658: 818:, which depicts Genevieve as a shepherdess 750:Genevieve was asked to heal the wife of a 488:. In 1599, the Swiss physician and writer 3784: 3747: 3689: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3405: 3393: 3378: 3366: 3351: 3336: 3324: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2704: 2687: 2675: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2491: 2433: 2421: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2266: 2245: 2233: 2152: 2084: 2033: 2021: 2004: 1983: 1971: 1899: 1884: 1829: 1786: 1771: 1730: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1652: 3766: 2476: 2464: 2445: 2090: 1792: 1712:Farmer, David Hugh (2011). "Genevieve". 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1587:. She was invoked to save France during 1549: 1507: 1426: 1414: 1319: 1267:in Genevieve's honour was formed in the 1251: 1187: 1139: 1075: 997: 914: 881: 809: 746:depicting Saint Genevieve blessing Paris 737: 688: 582: 527: 405: 397: 2096: 496: 14: 6018: 1711: 814:"Vision of Saint Genevieve" (1892) by 657:states, about the basilica, "A triple 3801: 2163: 2161: 1919: 1917: 1747:McNamara, Jo Ann. "Introduction". In 1670: 661:adjoins the church, with pictures of 312:; she is sometimes depicted with the 2101:. London: Little, Brown. p. 9. 1617:Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church 993: 768:describes miracles that happened in 3767:Williams, Hannah (September 2016). 1533:, her reliquary was brought to the 1247: 1135: 24: 6071:Women in medieval European warfare 4720:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 3838:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints 2158: 1914: 1520:In April 1791, after the death of 1489:became ill in Lorraine during the 1480:18th century and French Revolution 1229:processions of the time. In 1447, 25: 6107: 3709:; John, Catherine Rachel (1993). 2211:"Clothild, Queen of the Franks". 36:Sainte-Geneviève (disambiguation) 6081:Female saints of medieval France 6046:Burials at Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 6003: 5991: 5979: 5967: 5940: 5928: 5807:María de las Maravillas de Jesús 5664:Seven Maccabees and their mother 4850:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 3712:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 3657: 2356:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 35—36. 2347:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 34—35. 2326:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 33—34. 2257:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 26—27. 2224:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 36—37. 2075:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 22—23. 2066:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 24—25. 1995:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 21—22. 1554:Reliquary of Saint Genevieve at 59: 2350: 2341: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2251: 2218: 2205: 2196: 2069: 2039: 1989: 1926: 1714:The Oxford Dictionary of Saints 1385: 1291: 1022:, who organised the defense of 831:, and was equally venerated by 627:Priory of Saint Denis de Strata 190:419/422 AD – 502/512 AD) was a 6096:5th-century Gallo-Roman people 3738:Sainted Women of the Dark Ages 3699: 2213:Sainted Women of the Dark Ages 1750:Sainted Women of the Dark Ages 1605: 1491:War of the Austrian Succession 1394:, a cardinal and confidant of 1084:, made in the 19th century by 629:. Genevieve collaborated with 13: 1: 6086:5th-century Gallo-Roman women 5772:Faustina and Liberata of Como 4960:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia 4905:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross 3829:Saints of the Catholic Church 3740:. Edited and translated from 1753:. Edited and translated from 1598: 1546:Post-Revolution to modern age 1095:Moses' parting of the Red Sea 1006:, in a 19th-century engraving 450: 379:on their way to Britain from 361: 290: 284: 250: 187: 6051:French Roman Catholic saints 2338:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 34. 2317:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 33. 2308:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 31. 2299:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 30. 2287:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 29. 2278:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 27. 2202:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 32. 2193:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 28. 2181:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 36. 2167:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 23. 2054:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 24. 2045:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 22. 1962:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 18. 1932:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 21. 1923:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 20. 1911:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 19. 1392:François de La Rochefoucauld 1353:, between Catholics and the 1269:Church of the Holy Innocents 1263:In 1303, the earliest known 1194:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Church 956:Miracles De Sainte Genevieve 805: 428:, Germanus gave Genevieve a 7: 6061:6th-century Frankish saints 1667:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 17 1002:Front of the Church of the 919:Statue of Genevieve at the 875:eighteenth century as the ' 846:Invocations and processions 680: 10: 6112: 5935:Catholic Church portal 4895:Saints of the Cristero War 3669:www.patrimoine-histoire.fr 728:the laying on of her hands 564:instead. According to her 507:mortification of the flesh 32:Genevieve (disambiguation) 29: 5923: 5860: 5692: 5534: 5106: 5036: 4968: 4930:Three Martyrs of Chimbote 4700:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala 4665: 4430: 4397: 4199: 4141: 4028: 3996: 3913: 3875:Mother of God (Theotokos) 3865: 3835: 3748:Sluhovsky, Moshe (1998). 1833:The Catholic Encyclopedia 1307:Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois 936:Pierre Puvis de Chavannes 534:Pierre Puvis de Chavannes 319:Genevieve appears in the 152: 142: 132: 120: 106: 93: 77: 70: 58: 45: 5076:Joseph (father of Jesus) 4462:Athanasius of Alexandria 4244:Athanasius of Alexandria 4128:Theophanes the Confessor 4108:Paul I of Constantinople 4103:Paphnutius the Confessor 4048:Athanasius the Confessor 2122:Attwater & John 1993 1951:Attwater & John 1993 1866:Attwater & John 1993 1216:; and on the Eve of the 1192:Stained glass window at 1004:Abbey of Saint Genevieve 911:Artistic representations 795:Christ calming the storm 675:Abbey of Saint Genevieve 342:Vita of Sainte Geneviève 5008:Gregory the Illuminator 4978:Augustine of Canterbury 4527:Dionysius of Alexandria 4442:Alexander of Alexandria 2097:Bentley, James (1993). 1351:French Wars of Religion 1047:Saint Genevieve's Abbey 279: 6076:Women in war in France 4447:Alexander of Jerusalem 4053:Chariton the Confessor 4015:in the Catholic Church 3736:"Genovefa (423-502)". 1558: 1517: 1474:Nicolas de Largillière 1435: 1433:Nicolas de Largilliére 1424: 1400:Congregation of France 1338:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 1325: 1260: 1201: 1149: 1089: 1007: 952:Parisian Book of Hours 927: 887: 819: 747: 694: 588: 537: 419: 414:, created by sculptor 403: 176: 168: 6041:Christianity in Paris 5878:Fourteen Holy Helpers 5842:Trasilla and Emiliana 4993:Evermode of Ratzeburg 4875:Perpetua and Felicity 4845:Martyrs of Sandomierz 4715:Dismas the Good Thief 4642:Theophilus of Antioch 4612:Maximus the Confessor 4547:Epiphanius of Salamis 4487:Clement of Alexandria 4201:Doctors of the Church 4093:Maximus the Confessor 3880:Immaculate Conception 1619:. Baltimore, Maryland 1553: 1511: 1430: 1418: 1323: 1273:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1258:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1255: 1242:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1191: 1146:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1143: 1079: 1001: 918: 885: 813: 741: 699:Catholic Encyclopedia 692: 586: 531: 434:Catholic Encyclopedia 425:Catholic Encyclopedia 409: 401: 383:to put an end to the 322:Martyrology of Jerome 27:Patron saint of Paris 6036:People from Nanterre 5782:Hiltrude of Liessies 5727:Catherine of Bologna 5722:Bernadette Soubirous 4915:17 Thomasian Martyrs 4725:Four Crowned Martyrs 4647:Victorinus of Pettau 4627:Papias of Hierapolis 4597:Jerome of Stridonium 4562:Gregory of Nazianzus 4532:Dionysius of Corinth 4354:Lawrence of Brindisi 4309:Bernard of Clairvaux 4284:Anselm of Canterbury 4239:Gregory of Nazianzus 4166:Priscilla and Aquila 4063:Edward the Confessor 1556:Notre-Dame Cathedral 988:Pont de la Tournelle 921:Pont de la Tournelle 904:Catherine de' Medici 865:Notre-Dame Cathedral 742:Section of image in 623:Saint Denis of Paris 497:Later life and death 240:Saint Denis of Paris 97:502–512 (aged 79–93) 88:Western Roman Empire 6091:Angelic visionaries 6056:Consecrated virgins 5832:Teresa of the Andes 5712:Angela of the Cross 5674:Zechariah (prophet) 4820:Martyrs of La Rioja 4815:21 Martyrs of Libya 4705:Christina of Persia 4685:Charles de Foucauld 4622:Quadratus of Athens 4582:Ignatius of Antioch 4552:Fulgentius of Ruspe 4502:Cyril of Alexandria 4497:Cyprian of Carthage 4482:Cappadocian Fathers 4379:Hildegard of Bingen 4249:Cyril of Alexandria 4123:Sergius of Radonezh 3885:Perpetual virginity 1613:"Orthodox Calendar" 1235:Parliament of Paris 1132:beginning in 1147. 1099:Ark of the Covenant 1082:Notre-Dame de Paris 540:Shortly before the 486:early modern period 412:Germanus of Auxerre 389:consecrated virgins 369:Germanus of Auxerre 289:Genevieve was born 219:Germanus of Auxerre 6066:Gallo-Roman saints 6026:5th-century births 5873:Four Holy Marshals 5868:Calendar of saints 5837:Teresa of Calcutta 5817:Patricia of Naples 5742:Catherine of Siena 5023:Patrick of Ireland 4945:Vietnamese Martyrs 4835:Martyrs of Otranto 4790:Martyrs of Cajonos 4785:Martyrs of Algeria 4780:Martyrs of Albania 4740:The Holy Innocents 4710:Devasahayam Pillai 4695:Carthusian Martyrs 4637:Polycarp of Smyrna 4592:Isidore of Seville 4577:Hippolytus of Rome 4572:Hilary of Poitiers 4507:Cyril of Jerusalem 4472:Caesarius of Arles 4467:Augustine of Hippo 4369:Thérèse of Lisieux 4364:Catherine of Siena 4314:Hilary of Poitiers 4289:Isidore of Seville 4264:Bede the Venerable 4254:Cyril of Jerusalem 4219:Augustine of Hippo 4133:Pio of Pietrelcina 4098:Michael of Synnada 3642:, p. 207-208. 3582:, p. 203-204. 3570:, p. 156-157. 3534:, p. 147-147. 3522:, p. 144-146. 3510:, p. 142-143. 3408:, p. 139-141. 3381:, p. 138-139. 3339:, p. 104-105. 3298:, p. 130-131. 3271:, p. 126-128. 3158:, p. 124-125. 3146:, p. 122-124. 3134:, p. 121-122. 3110:, p. 119-121. 3098:, p. 117-119. 2993:, p. 167-169. 2969:, p. 165-166. 2945:, p. 160-162. 2124:, p. 151-152. 1559: 1535:Hôtel des Monnaies 1518: 1436: 1425: 1371:Chevalier d'Aumale 1326: 1261: 1231:Guillaume Chartier 1202: 1150: 1110:Robert I of France 1090: 1008: 928: 888: 820: 748: 744:Nanterre Cathedral 695: 589: 538: 439:monastic lifestyle 420: 404: 192:consecrated virgin 5955: 5954: 5947:Saints portal 5898:Miles Christianus 5883:Martyr of charity 5852:Josephine Bakhita 5847:Ubaldesca Taccini 5792:Kateri Tekakwitha 5767:Faustina Kowalska 5757:Eulalia of Mérida 5737:Catherine Labouré 5732:Brigid of Kildare 5559:Baruch ben Neriah 5003:François de Laval 4988:Damien of Molokai 4955:Victor and Corona 4950:Valentine of Rome 4840:Martyrs of Prague 4805:Martyrs of Gorkum 4765:Martyrs of Lübeck 4652:Vincent of Lérins 4632:Peter Chrysologus 4587:Irenaeus of Lyons 4557:Gregory the Great 4542:Ephrem the Syrian 4339:Robert Bellarmine 4334:John of the Cross 4319:Alphonsus Liguori 4294:Peter Chrysologus 4269:Ephrem the Syrian 4234:Basil of Caesarea 4209:Gregory the Great 4191:Seventy disciples 4083:Lazarus Zographos 4068:Francis of Assisi 3938:James of Alphaeus 3895:Marian apparition 3786:10.1093/fh/crv076 1723:978-0-19-959660-7 1573:Louis Phillippe I 1503:French Revolution 1421:Georges Lallemand 1020:Aignan of Orléans 994:Early Middle Ages 861:French Revolution 697:According to the 513:from a wedding". 422:According to the 360:seven years old ( 294: 419 or 422 274:French Revolution 214:is on 3 January. 162: 161: 107:Venerated in 16:(Redirected from 6103: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5932: 5812:Narcisa de Jesús 5797:Lucy of Syracuse 5702:Agatha of Sicily 5614:John the Baptist 4860:Maximilian Kolbe 4855:Martyrs of Zenta 4830:Martyrs of Natal 4810:Martyrs of Japan 4800:Martyrs of China 4795:Martyrs of Drina 4730:Gerard of Csanád 4690:Canadian Martyrs 4675:Abda and Abdisho 4617:Melito of Sardis 4607:John of Damascus 4567:Gregory of Nyssa 4452:Ambrose of Milan 4384:Gregory of Narek 4349:Anthony of Padua 4324:Francis de Sales 4259:John of Damascus 3905:Joseph (husband) 3857: → 3853: → 3849: → 3822: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3788: 3763: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3707:Attwater, Donald 3693: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435:, p. 96-99. 3430: 3424: 3418: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3183: 3182:, p. 55-56. 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2921:, p. 23-24. 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2897:, p. 85-87. 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2861:, p. 35-36. 2856: 2850: 2849:, p. 32-33. 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2762:, p. 41-42. 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2738:, p. 33-34. 2733: 2727: 2721: 2708: 2702: 2691: 2690:, p. 15-16. 2685: 2679: 2673: 2662: 2661:, p. 12-13. 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2637:, p. 45-46. 2632: 2626: 2625:, p. 52-54. 2620: 2614: 2613:, p. 48-49. 2608: 2602: 2596: 2587: 2586:, p. 50-51. 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2521:, p. 47-48. 2516: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2436:, p. 92-93. 2431: 2425: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2236:, p. 25-26. 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2179: 2168: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2094: 2088: 2087:, p. 11-12. 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2008: 2007:, p. 42-43. 2002: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1974:, p. 37-38. 1969: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1888: 1882: 1869: 1863: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1827: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1758: 1745: 1728: 1727: 1709: 1668: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1609: 1248:Late Middle Ages 1206:High Middle Ages 1156:"was carried in 1136:High Middle Ages 964:Léonard Gaultier 455: 452: 410:Genevieve, with 366: 363: 336:states that her 298:Nanterre, France 295: 292: 255: 252: 210:traditions. Her 189: 169:Sainte Geneviève 127:Pre-congregation 63: 43: 42: 21: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5927: 5919: 5910:Seven Champions 5903:Church Militant 5893:Athleta Christi 5888:Military saints 5856: 5752:Clare of Assisi 5688: 5624:Judas Barsabbas 5530: 5102: 5032: 5018:Nino of Georgia 4964: 4870:Pedro Calungsod 4825:Martyrs of Laos 4770:Luigi Versiglia 4661: 4602:John Chrysostom 4492:Clement of Rome 4433: 4426: 4393: 4359:Teresa of Ávila 4344:Albertus Magnus 4229:John Chrysostom 4195: 4156:Mary of Bethany 4137: 4043:Anthony of Kiev 4024: 3992: 3943:James the Great 3909: 3861: 3840: 3831: 3826: 3760: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2711: 2703: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2649:, pp. 1–2. 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1891: 1883: 1872: 1864: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1828: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1761: 1746: 1731: 1724: 1710: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1651: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1548: 1531:Reign of Terror 1482: 1388: 1379:Carmelite order 1367:Catholic League 1342:Sainte-Chapelle 1294: 1277:King Charles VI 1250: 1162:ergot poisoning 1138: 1114:Robert the Pius 996: 913: 848: 816:Alphonse Osbert 808: 726:and healed, by 683: 546:attack of Paris 519:Simeon Stylites 499: 477:Anne of Austria 453: 447:Bishop of Paris 385:Pelagian heresy 373:Lupus of Troyes 364: 350:Martin of Tours 334:Donald Attwater 293: 287: 282: 253: 223:Lupus of Troyes 115:Orthodox Church 113: 111:Catholic Church 98: 82: 66: 54: 51: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Saint Genevieve 15: 12: 11: 5: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6013: 6012: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5937: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5915:Virtuous pagan 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5679:Zechariah (NT) 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5013:Junípero Serra 5010: 5005: 5000: 4998:Francis Xavier 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940:Uganda Martyrs 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4910:Titus Brandsma 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4885:Pietro Parenzo 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4755:Korean Martyrs 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4680:Boris and Gleb 4677: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4522:Desert Mothers 4519: 4517:Desert Fathers 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4329:Peter Canisius 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4274:Thomas Aquinas 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4161:Mary Magdalene 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4088:Louis Bertrand 4085: 4080: 4075: 4073:Francis Borgia 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3900:Titles of Mary 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3847:Servant of God 3836: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3779:(3): 322–353. 3773:French History 3764: 3758: 3745: 3742:Acta Sanctorum 3734: 3721: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692:, p. 209. 3690:Sluhovsky 1998 3682: 3656: 3654:, p. 208. 3652:Sluhovsky 1998 3644: 3640:Sluhovsky 1998 3632: 3630:, p. 205. 3628:Sluhovsky 1998 3620: 3618:, p. 207. 3616:Sluhovsky 1998 3608: 3606:, p. 204. 3604:Sluhovsky 1998 3596: 3594:, p. 206. 3592:Sluhovsky 1998 3584: 3580:Sluhovsky 1998 3572: 3568:Sluhovsky 1998 3560: 3558:, p. 156. 3556:Sluhovsky 1998 3548: 3546:, p. 155. 3544:Sluhovsky 1998 3536: 3532:Sluhovsky 1998 3524: 3520:Sluhovsky 1998 3512: 3508:Sluhovsky 1998 3500: 3498:, p. 154. 3496:Sluhovsky 1998 3488: 3486:, p. 151. 3484:Sluhovsky 1998 3476: 3474:, p. 107. 3472:Sluhovsky 1998 3464: 3462:, p. 103. 3460:Sluhovsky 1998 3449: 3447:, p. 100. 3445:Sluhovsky 1998 3437: 3433:Sluhovsky 1998 3425: 3423:, p. 142. 3421:Sluhovsky 1998 3410: 3406:Sluhovsky 1998 3398: 3396:, p. 139. 3394:Sluhovsky 1998 3383: 3379:Sluhovsky 1998 3371: 3369:, p. 106. 3367:Sluhovsky 1998 3356: 3354:, p. 105. 3352:Sluhovsky 1998 3341: 3337:Sluhovsky 1998 3329: 3327:, p. 104. 3325:Sluhovsky 1998 3312: 3310:, p. 133. 3308:Sluhovsky 1998 3300: 3296:Sluhovsky 1998 3288: 3286:, p. 128. 3284:Sluhovsky 1998 3273: 3269:Sluhovsky 1998 3261: 3259:, p. 140. 3257:Sluhovsky 1998 3249: 3245:Sluhovsky 1998 3237: 3233:Sluhovsky 1998 3225: 3221:Sluhovsky 1998 3213: 3209:Sluhovsky 1998 3201: 3197:Sluhovsky 1998 3184: 3180:Sluhovsky 1998 3172: 3170:, p. 125. 3168:Sluhovsky 1998 3160: 3156:Sluhovsky 1998 3148: 3144:Sluhovsky 1998 3136: 3132:Sluhovsky 1998 3124: 3122:, p. 121. 3120:Sluhovsky 1998 3112: 3108:Sluhovsky 1998 3100: 3096:Sluhovsky 1998 3088: 3086:, p. 115. 3084:Sluhovsky 1998 3076: 3074:, p. 114. 3072:Sluhovsky 1998 3055: 3053:, p. 113. 3051:Sluhovsky 1998 3043: 3041:, p. 111. 3039:Sluhovsky 1998 3031: 3029:, p. 110. 3027:Sluhovsky 1998 3019: 3017:, p. 136. 3015:Sluhovsky 1998 3007: 3005:, p. 202. 3003:Sluhovsky 1998 2995: 2991:Sluhovsky 1998 2983: 2981:, p. 166. 2979:Sluhovsky 1998 2971: 2967:Sluhovsky 1998 2959: 2955:Sluhovsky 1998 2947: 2943:Sluhovsky 1998 2935: 2931:Sluhovsky 1998 2923: 2919:Sluhovsky 1998 2911: 2907:Sluhovsky 1998 2899: 2895:Sluhovsky 1998 2887: 2883:Sluhovsky 1998 2875: 2871:Sluhovsky 1998 2863: 2859:Sluhovsky 1998 2851: 2847:Sluhovsky 1998 2839: 2835:Sluhovsky 1998 2827: 2823:Sluhovsky 1998 2812: 2808:Sluhovsky 1998 2800: 2796:Sluhovsky 1998 2788: 2784:Sluhovsky 1998 2776: 2772:Sluhovsky 1998 2764: 2760:Sluhovsky 1998 2752: 2748:Sluhovsky 1998 2740: 2736:Sluhovsky 1998 2728: 2724:Sluhovsky 1998 2709: 2705:Sluhovsky 1998 2692: 2688:Sluhovsky 1998 2680: 2676:Sluhovsky 1998 2663: 2659:Sluhovsky 1998 2651: 2647:Sluhovsky 1998 2639: 2635:Sluhovsky 1998 2627: 2623:Sluhovsky 1998 2615: 2611:Sluhovsky 1998 2603: 2599:Sluhovsky 1998 2588: 2584:Sluhovsky 1998 2576: 2572:Sluhovsky 1998 2564: 2560:Sluhovsky 1998 2547: 2543:Sluhovsky 1998 2535: 2531:Sluhovsky 1998 2523: 2519:Sluhovsky 1998 2511: 2509:, p. 212. 2507:Sluhovsky 1998 2496: 2492:Sluhovsky 1998 2481: 2479:, p. 325. 2469: 2467:, p. 322. 2450: 2448:, p. 323. 2438: 2434:Sluhovsky 1998 2426: 2422:Sluhovsky 1998 2411: 2409:, p. 5-6. 2407:Sluhovsky 1998 2399: 2395:Sluhovsky 1998 2387: 2385:, p. 3-4. 2383:Sluhovsky 1998 2375: 2373:, p. 214. 2371:Sluhovsky 1998 2358: 2349: 2340: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2269:, p. 127. 2267:Sluhovsky 1998 2259: 2250: 2246:Sluhovsky 1998 2238: 2234:Sluhovsky 1998 2226: 2217: 2204: 2195: 2183: 2169: 2157: 2153:Sluhovsky 1998 2126: 2114: 2107: 2089: 2085:Sluhovsky 1998 2077: 2068: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2034:Sluhovsky 1998 2026: 2022:Sluhovsky 1998 2009: 2005:Sluhovsky 1998 1997: 1988: 1984:Sluhovsky 1998 1976: 1972:Sluhovsky 1998 1964: 1955: 1953:, p. 151. 1934: 1925: 1913: 1904: 1900:Sluhovsky 1998 1889: 1885:Sluhovsky 1998 1870: 1868:, p. 152. 1847: 1791: 1787:Sluhovsky 1998 1776: 1772:Sluhovsky 1998 1759: 1755:Acta Sanctorum 1729: 1722: 1669: 1657: 1653:Sluhovsky 1998 1630: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1547: 1544: 1540:Place de Greve 1481: 1478: 1405:King Louis XIV 1387: 1384: 1363:House of Guise 1359:King Henry III 1330:Corpus Christi 1299:King Francis I 1293: 1290: 1249: 1246: 1198:Adolphe Didron 1148:(19th century) 1137: 1134: 1130:Pope Eugene II 1086:Alfred Gérente 1055:Siege of Paris 995: 992: 980:Paul Landowski 968:Antoine Godeau 925:Paul Landowski 912: 909: 847: 844: 829:Bourbon family 807: 804: 682: 679: 669:, Martyrs and 560:army to go to 536:(date unknown) 498: 495: 490:Thomas Platter 443:Pope Gregory I 286: 283: 281: 278: 179:; also called 160: 159: 156: 150: 149: 146: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 108: 104: 103: 95: 91: 90: 79: 75: 74: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 52: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6108: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5802:Maria Goretti 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Agnes of Rome 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4920:Thomas Becket 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:Irish Martyrs 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:John of Ávila 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4299:Leo the Great 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3759:90-04-10851-3 3755: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3724: 3722:0-14-051312-4 3718: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3691: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3247:, p. 91. 3246: 3241: 3235:, p. 60. 3234: 3229: 3223:, p. 58. 3222: 3217: 3211:, p. 57. 3210: 3205: 3199:, p. 56. 3198: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2957:, p. 93. 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2933:, p. 70. 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2909:, p. 88. 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2885:, p. 77. 2884: 2879: 2873:, p. 23. 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2837:, p. 21. 2836: 2831: 2825:, p. 96. 2824: 2819: 2817: 2810:, p. 94. 2809: 2804: 2798:, p. 31. 2797: 2792: 2786:, p. 22. 2785: 2780: 2774:, p. 19. 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2750:, p. 37. 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2726:, p. 18. 2725: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2707:, p. 17. 2706: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2684: 2678:, p. 13. 2677: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2574:, p. 50. 2573: 2568: 2562:, p. 49. 2561: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2545:, p. 54. 2544: 2539: 2533:, p. 48. 2532: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2494:, p. 46. 2493: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2477:Williams 2016 2473: 2466: 2465:Williams 2016 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2446:Williams 2016 2442: 2435: 2430: 2424:, p. 30. 2423: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2284: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2254: 2248:, p. 25. 2247: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2155:, p. 12. 2154: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2110: 2108:9780316908139 2104: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2042: 2036:, p. 41. 2035: 2030: 2024:, p. 43. 2023: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1992: 1986:, p. 38. 1985: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1929: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1902:, p. 24. 1901: 1896: 1894: 1887:, p. 14. 1886: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1655:, p. 11. 1654: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Republicanism 1581: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:King Louis XV 1477: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1449:King Louis XV 1445: 1440: 1434: 1429: 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Claver 3843:canonization 3776: 3772: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3726:. Retrieved 3711: 3685: 3673:. Retrieved 3668: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3440: 3428: 3401: 3374: 3332: 3303: 3291: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2683: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2601:, p. 1. 2579: 2567: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2472: 2441: 2429: 2402: 2397:, p. 5. 2390: 2378: 2352: 2343: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2283: 2274: 2262: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2220: 2212: 2207: 2198: 2117: 2098: 2092: 2080: 2071: 2050: 2041: 2029: 2000: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1958: 1928: 1907: 1838:. Retrieved 1832: 1789:, p. 3. 1774:, p. 2. 1754: 1749: 1713: 1621:. 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A small 942:. Several 671:Confessors 663:Patriarchs 639:Saint Paul 550:archdeacon 454: 437 365: 429 310:attributes 285:Early life 254: 500 248:Saint Paul 144:Attributes 81:c. 419–422 5986:Biography 5777:Genevieve 5684:Zephaniah 5491:Symmachus 5476:Stephen I 5461:Sixtus II 5441:Silverius 5436:Sergius I 5396:Paschal I 5386:Miltiades 5296:Hormisdas 5271:Gregory I 5256:Felix III 5241:Evaristus 5236:Eutychian 5221:Eleuterus 5216:Dionysius 5211:Damasus I 5206:Cornelius 5201:Clement I 5146:Anacletus 4890:Philomena 4537:Dionysius 4512:Damasus I 4457:Anatolius 4143:Disciples 4078:Homobonus 4038:Anatolius 3851:Venerable 1840:7 October 1396:Richelieu 1390:In 1619, 1309:near the 1303:Eucharist 1218:Ascension 1170:Louis VII 1103:Leucothea 986:, at the 960:engraving 853:reliquary 806:Influence 631:Clothilde 597:Childeric 418:(c. 1875) 270:reliquary 212:feast day 185:Genofeva; 167:(French: 165:Genevieve 154:Patronage 122:Canonized 53:Genevieve 5861:See also 5762:Euphemia 5599:Jeremiah 5579:Habakkuk 5536:Prophets 5511:Vitalian 5506:Victor I 5456:Sixtus I 5451:Siricius 5381:Martin I 5361:Lucius I 5326:Julius I 5291:Hilarius 5261:Felix IV 5231:Eusebius 5226:Eugene I 5156:Anicetus 5028:Remigius 4983:Boniface 4389:Irenaeus 4171:Silvanus 4118:Salonius 3963:Matthias 3928:Barnabas 3915:Apostles 1563:Napoleon 1526:Voltaire 1522:Mirabeau 1516:in Paris 1514:Panthéon 1499:Voltaire 1462:courtier 1457:seminary 1444:Bourbons 1355:Huguenot 1122:Louis VI 1108:In 997, 940:Panthéon 932:frescoes 681:Miracles 667:Prophets 558:Attila's 523:Clovis I 482:seminary 377:Nanterre 306:Frankish 227:Nanterre 208:Orthodox 204:Catholic 181:Genovefa 177:Genovefa 84:Nanterre 5960:Portals 5822:Rosalia 5747:Cecilia 5694:Virgins 5654:Obadiah 5629:Malachi 5574:Ezekiel 5526:Zosimus 5516:Zachary 5501:Urban I 5431:Pontian 5406:Paul VI 5341:Leo III 5301:Hyginus 5251:Felix I 5161:Anterus 5091:Solomon 5056:Abraham 4900:Stephen 4667:Martyrs 4434:Fathers 4407:Matthew 4214:Ambrose 4181:Timothy 4176:Stephen 4151:Apollos 4058:Dominic 4020:Raphael 4013: 4011:Michael 4006:Gabriel 3958:Matthew 3855:Blessed 1200:, 1882. 1118:Henry I 1071:Normans 1063:Draveil 1024:Orléans 938:in the 833:Erasmus 770:Orléans 752:tribune 659:portico 593:Merowig 562:Orléans 554:penance 262:Erasmus 202:in the 101:Francia 99:Paris, 6010:France 5974:Saints 5669:Simeon 5659:Samuel 5594:Isaiah 5584:Haggai 5569:Elijah 5544:Agabus 5426:Pius X 5421:Pius V 5416:Pius I 5401:Paul I 5351:Leo IX 5346:Leo IV 5336:Leo II 5311:John I 5246:Fabian 5136:Agatho 5071:Joseph 4432:Church 4224:Jerome 3988:Thomas 3978:Philip 3923:Andrew 3756: 3719: 2105: 1720: 1495:livres 1423:(1611) 1361:, the 1311:Louvre 1286:octave 1226:dragon 1154:shrine 1067:Marizy 1065:, and 1040:Esther 1036:Judith 1018:, and 872:relics 708:Louvre 608:. Her 606:Troyes 574:Judith 570:Esther 521:, and 473:Easter 325:; her 235:Attila 233:under 72:Virgin 5649:Nahum 5644:Moses 5639:Micah 5619:Jonah 5589:Hosea 5564:David 5471:Soter 5411:Peter 5356:Linus 5331:Leo I 5181:Caius 5108:Popes 5081:David 5066:Jacob 5061:Isaac 4477:Caius 4186:Titus 3983:Simon 3973:Peter 3859:Saint 1623:8 May 1212:; on 1059:Athis 1051:canon 1028:Leo I 1016:Worms 923:, by 732:Meaux 615:Seine 602:Arcis 542:Huns' 503:Paris 430:medal 314:devil 302:Paris 200:Paris 173:Latin 134:Feast 48:Saint 5609:Joel 5554:Anna 5549:Amos 5376:Mark 5086:Noah 5051:Abel 5046:Adam 4422:John 4417:Luke 4412:Mark 3968:Paul 3953:Jude 3948:John 3754:ISBN 3730:2023 3717:ISBN 3677:2024 2103:ISBN 1842:2023 1718:ISBN 1625:2024 1512:The 1334:Host 1210:Lent 1120:and 1038:and 1032:vita 1012:vita 840:Vita 799:vita 791:vita 783:vita 779:vita 766:vita 761:vita 757:vita 724:Lyon 719:vita 715:vita 703:vita 665:and 655:vita 651:vita 646:vita 637:and 610:vita 604:and 578:vita 572:and 566:vita 544:451 461:vita 393:vita 381:Gaul 371:and 354:vita 346:vita 338:vita 327:vita 280:Life 246:and 231:Huns 221:and 206:and 183:and 94:Died 78:Born 34:and 5604:Job 3781:doi 962:by 934:of 367:), 348:of 296:in 198:of 6022:: 3845:: 3777:30 3775:. 3771:. 3667:. 3452:^ 3413:^ 3386:^ 3359:^ 3344:^ 3315:^ 3276:^ 3187:^ 3058:^ 2815:^ 2712:^ 2695:^ 2666:^ 2591:^ 2550:^ 2499:^ 2484:^ 2453:^ 2414:^ 2361:^ 2331:^ 2292:^ 2186:^ 2172:^ 2160:^ 2129:^ 2059:^ 2012:^ 1937:^ 1916:^ 1892:^ 1873:^ 1850:^ 1794:^ 1779:^ 1762:^ 1732:^ 1672:^ 1660:^ 1633:^ 1615:. 1088:) 1061:, 990:. 468:. 456:. 451:c. 362:c. 291:c. 256:. 251:c. 188:c. 175:: 171:; 86:, 5962:: 3821:e 3814:t 3807:v 3789:. 3783:: 3762:. 3732:. 3679:. 2111:. 1844:. 1726:. 1627:. 38:. 20:)

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