3240:
25:
592:
with some versions omitting words, sentences, paragraphs or entire sections. Some omissions or variations may have arisen through scribal error, or difficulties of direct translation, while others arose, perhaps deliberately, out of the political, religious, or nationalistic sensibilities of the translators.
591:
has been transcribed and translated into many different languages in many periods and cultures. The original document is not extant and discrepancies in the translations creates problems for historians, including variations in the title of the book. Discrepancies in the content of the editions appear
825:
Richter‐Bernburg, Lutz (2007). "Ṣāʿid al‐Andalusī: Abū al‐Qāsim Ṣāʿid ibn abī al‐Walīd Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al‐Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṣāʿid al‐Taghlibī al‐Qurṭubī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. The
Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp.
3259:
576: – to the Roman and Christian scholars of the 9th and 10th centuries in Baghdad. The second half of the book contains Arab-Islamic contributions to the fields of
492:) composed in 1068 is an early "history of science" that comprises biographies of the scientists and scientific achievements of eight nations. In the field of nations are the
399:. He taught and directed astronomical research to a group of young scholars, precision-instrument-makers, astronomers and scientists – including the renowned
3248:
719:
3294:
3578:
2663:
1248:
3528:
2955:
1582:
2520:
1400:
795:
Chaucer name dictionary : a guide to astrological, Biblical, historical, literary, and mythological names in the works of
Geoffrey Chaucer
2646:
2150:
693:
584:
and mathematics to determine the length of the year, the eccentricity of the Sun's orbit, and the construction of astronomical tables, etc.
1309:
2693:
1375:
3380:
2655:
2526:
1241:
638:Ṣāʿid singles out Aristotle for particular praise saying of him: "No one can object if Allāh/Assembled the world in one individual".
3583:
3573:
2299:
1257:
289:, who wrote on the history of science, philosophy and thought. He was a mathematician and scientist with a special interest in
3301:
2054:
1201:"Ṣāʿid al‐Andalusī: Abū al‐Qāsim Ṣāʿid ibn abī al‐Walīd Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al‐Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṣāʿid al‐Taghlibī al‐Qurṭubī"
376:, before graduating, it seems, in Toledo in 1046, aged eighteen. Toledo was then a great centre of learning and Ṣāʿid studied
341:
3442:
3133:
2075:
1825:
1212:
1173:
748:
388:. His teacher, Abū Isḥaq Ibrāhīm ibn Idrīs al-Tajibī, directed him towards mathematics and astronomy, in which he excelled.
3553:
3543:
1234:
3239:
445:), a classification of the sciences and of the nations (The only extant work), written in 1068 two years before his death.
2600:
1779:
3220:
3184:
3037:
2569:
1962:
1724:
3159:
1896:
3538:
3533:
3523:
2688:
2639:
1070:
India in
Hispano-Arabic literature: an eleventh century Hispano-Arabic source for ancient Indian sciences and culture
971:
937:
802:
703:
68:
46:
39:
3548:
3179:
3102:
1926:
1916:
768:
667:
3463:
991:
Libro de las categorías de las naciones : vislumbres desde el Islam clásico sobre la filosofía y la ciencia
3568:
3138:
3097:
3082:
1784:
1719:
860:
3273:
1835:
964:
Historia de la filosofía y de las ciencias o Libro de las categorías de las naciones (Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-'Umam)
887:
Scott, Bruce L. (1997). "Review of
Science and the Medieval World: "Book of the Categories of Nations" by".
2960:
2950:
2894:
2632:
1952:
1860:
1739:
2678:
1324:
3563:
3395:
2515:
2394:
2268:
1314:
325:
and his family had fled
Cordova to take refuge in Almería during the civil war. His grandfather had been
403: – and encouraged them to invent. Their research also contributed to the Toledan Tables.
3365:
3344:
3092:
3062:
2839:
2753:
1769:
1759:
1380:
1270:
1130:
580:, philosophy, geometry, the development of Ptolemaic astronomy, observational methods, calculations in
548:). Ṣāʿid offers an account of the individual contribution each nation makes to the various sciences of
2718:
1390:
3047:
2799:
2036:
1617:
1501:
1165:
217:
1085:
755:
As his name indicates, he was a member of the tribe of
Taghlib, one of the largest tribes of Arabia.
3118:
3077:
2945:
2829:
1850:
1744:
1622:
1385:
1345:
33:
2804:
1840:
855:. Salem, Semaʻan I., 1927-, Kumar, Alok, 1954- (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
3558:
3487:
3482:
3472:
2779:
2774:
1855:
1804:
1466:
1456:
1395:
294:
1148:
3411:
3087:
3072:
3006:
2935:
2273:
2233:
2047:
1988:
1947:
1774:
1754:
1673:
1551:
1134:
948:
738:
262:
Abū al-Qāsim Ṣāʿid ibn Abū al-Walīd Aḥmad ibn Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṣāʿid ibn ʿUthmān
140:
Abū al-Qāsim Ṣāʿid ibn Abū al-Walīd Aḥmad ibn Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṣāʿid ibn ʿUthmān
50:
1220:
1200:
1119:
An eleventh century source for the history of Jewish scientists in
Mohammedan land (Ibn Ṣāʻid)
3225:
3052:
3016:
2540:
2334:
2248:
1921:
1734:
1703:
1648:
1436:
962:
Andalusī (al-), Ṣā'id ibn Aḥmad (2000). Llavero Ruiz, Eloísa; Martínez Lorca, Andrés (eds.).
2624:
373:
3518:
3513:
3390:
3339:
3215:
3194:
3067:
2975:
2559:
2533:
2374:
2344:
1749:
1729:
1420:
1319:
1304:
1099:
560:, etc., and of the earliest scientists and philosophers, from the Greeks, –
1226:
1153:(in Arabic). Vol. 17. Wiesbaden: In Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 135.
274:) (1029 – July 6, 1070 AD; 420 – 6 Shawwal, 462 AH), was an
8:
3360:
3287:
2809:
2713:
2500:
2339:
2319:
2253:
2238:
2109:
2068:
1789:
1764:
1451:
1370:
1103:
1036:
740:
Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
695:
Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
2748:
1415:
3492:
3447:
3421:
3370:
3011:
2889:
2824:
2564:
2505:
2183:
2135:
1993:
1546:
1340:
904:
501:
395:, he continued this work and produced several scholarly works that contributed to the
3437:
3416:
2854:
2743:
2595:
2590:
2464:
2324:
1865:
1799:
1794:
1511:
1208:
1169:
1056:
1019:
1002:
977:
967:
933:
866:
856:
808:
798:
744:
699:
385:
314:
195:
191:
1121:(Microfilm ed.). Philadelphia: Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning.
3315:
3189:
3164:
2869:
2849:
2758:
2738:
2723:
2605:
2574:
2449:
2439:
2369:
2228:
2188:
2173:
2096:
2061:
2041:
1983:
1906:
1891:
1886:
1461:
1350:
896:
513:
349:
1081:
333:
and his father was qadi of Toledo until he died in 1057 when Ṣāʿid succeeded him.
3476:
3468:
3375:
3128:
2991:
2910:
2794:
2510:
2444:
2208:
2163:
1693:
1567:
1536:
1486:
1471:
1299:
1159:
927:
253:
1526:
3308:
3280:
3021:
2920:
2915:
2864:
2733:
2703:
2354:
2329:
2115:
1978:
1632:
1607:
1592:
1577:
1541:
1410:
545:
533:
529:
497:
396:
392:
330:
1006:
3507:
3123:
3042:
2683:
2474:
2384:
2258:
2128:
2121:
1820:
1688:
1602:
1060:
1032:
1023:
1014:
Andalusī (al-), Ṣā'id ibn Aḥmad (1996). Kumar, Alok; I Salem, Semaan (eds.).
981:
608:
These three titles on history and astronomy are mentioned among his works in
337:
318:
282:
124:
2996:
1663:
870:
812:
3154:
2970:
2728:
2304:
2198:
1911:
1845:
1698:
1441:
1405:
581:
297:
of science that quickly became popular in the empire and the
Islamic East.
3266:
3210:
2965:
2930:
2859:
2479:
2469:
2434:
2243:
2223:
2102:
1942:
1678:
1627:
1587:
1355:
1040:
994:
932:. Translated by Sema'an I. Salem; Alok Kumar. University of Texas Press.
3174:
3001:
2874:
2844:
2819:
2814:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2309:
2289:
2213:
1881:
1830:
1668:
1658:
1496:
1491:
1476:
622:
561:
549:
400:
310:
286:
213:
128:
110:
989:
Andalusī (al-), Ṣā'id ibn Aḥmad (1999). Maíllo Salgado, Felipe (ed.).
908:
853:
Science in the medieval world : book of the Categories of nations
449:
Rectification of Planetary Motions and Exposition of Observers' Errors
306:
106:
3169:
3057:
2925:
2884:
2834:
2789:
2784:
2708:
2459:
2399:
2178:
1957:
1901:
1572:
1506:
1481:
1365:
1144:
1048:
573:
553:
505:
345:
290:
205:
2940:
2879:
2698:
2484:
2454:
2419:
2409:
2349:
2168:
1683:
1653:
1597:
1531:
1521:
1446:
1360:
1126:
1055:: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften.
900:
565:
557:
537:
525:
353:
237:
169:
1016:
Science in the medieval world: "Book of the categories of nations"
3385:
2389:
2379:
2314:
2263:
2203:
2193:
2158:
1516:
1073:
1052:
929:
Science in the Medieval World: "Book of the Categories of Nations
322:
263:
209:
141:
3260:
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
2364:
2359:
998:
954:
541:
509:
381:
947:
Andalusī (al-), Ṣā'id ibn Aḥmad (1912). Cheikho, Louis (ed.).
271:صاعِدُ بنُ أحمدَ بن عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن صاعدٍ التَّغْلِبيُّ
149:صاعِدُ بنُ أحمدَ بن عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن صاعدٍ التَّغْلِبيُّ
2654:
2429:
2294:
2218:
1109:
1091:
1068:
Andalusī (al-), Ṣā'id ibn Aḥmad (1975). Khan, M Saber (ed.).
577:
569:
517:
493:
275:
1094:: al-Dār al-Miṣrīyah lil-Taʼlīf wa-al-Tarjamah. p. 321.
1256:
521:
479:
377:
369:
326:
278:
3322:
2087:
850:
769:"Tabaqat Al-Umam of Qadi Sa-id Al-Andalusi (1029-1070)"
668:"Tabaqat Al-Umam of Qadi Sa-id Al-Andalusi (1029-1070)"
621:
Mentioned by al-Qifṭī in the account of the astronomer
3295:
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures
792:
726:. Vol. VIII. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 867–8.
463:; 'Doctrines of the Adherents of Sects and Schools'),
433:; 'Universal History of Nations – Arab and Non‐Arab')
829:
421:) on the correction of earlier astronomical tables;
1161:Science in the Medieval World ('Tabaqat al-'Umam')
1105:Bughyat al-multamis fī tārīkh rijāl ahl al-Andalus
1182:
1157:
1108:, Turāthunā Maktabah al-Andalusīyah (in Arabic),
3505:
1198:
1127:Qifṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Yūsuf
16:Arab qadi of Toledo in Muslim Spain (1029–1070)
1164:. Translated by Sema`an I. Salem; Alok Kumar.
1067:
1030:
1013:
988:
961:
946:
925:
2640:
1242:
1080:
718:
524:(in contrast to others not disposed, such as
3579:Encyclopedists of the medieval Islamic world
1205:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1143:
722:, Gabriel, ed. (1995). "Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī".
470:
458:
440:
428:
425:Jawāmiʿ akhbār al‐umam min al‐Arab wa‐l Ajam
416:
363:
357:
269:
173:
147:
89:
1187:. Régis Blachère (trans.). Larose Éditions.
1098:
2647:
2633:
1249:
1235:
321:. His Arab origins came from the tribe of
3381:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
2656:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
743:. Springer Science & Business Media.
698:. Springer Science & Business Media.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1203:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
1031:Andalusī (al-), Ṣā'id ibn Aḥmad (1999).
480:Tabaqāt al-ʼUmam (Categories of Nations)
352:tell us Ṣāʿid's teachers in Toledo were
32:This article includes a list of general
3529:11th-century historians from al-Andalus
1258:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
1207:. New York: Springer. pp. 1005–6.
724:The Encyclopedia of Islam (New Edition)
3506:
3302:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2055:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1401:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
1139:(in Arabic). Leipzig: Theodor Weicher.
1116:
2628:
2076:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
2014:
1268:
1230:
1125:
1018:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
886:
882:
880:
846:
844:
835:
736:
691:
372:(Islamic law) first in Almería, then
2025:
776:Indian Journal of History of Science
766:
675:Indian Journal of History of Science
665:
661:
659:
657:
655:
391:While qāḍi of Toledo under Governor
18:
966:(in Spanish). Madrid: Trotta, D.L.
471:
459:
441:
429:
417:
364:
358:
342:Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Dabbi
270:
257:
174:
148:
90:
13:
1158:Sa`id al-Andalusi (1 March 1996).
877:
851:Andalusī, Ṣāʻid ibn Aḥmad (1991).
841:
760:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3595:
1192:
652:
430:جوامع أخبار الأمم من العرب والعجم
384:(Qu'ranic exegesis), Arabic, and
3238:
1282:
1185:Livre des catégories des nations
1082:Ibn Bashkuwāl, ibn ʻAbd al-Malik
23:
1780:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1269:
1199:Richter‐Bernburg, Lutz (2007).
919:
889:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
632:
455:Maqālāt ahl al‐milal wa-l-nihal
3584:Encyclopedists from al-Andalus
3574:Mathematicians from al-Andalus
2269:Schema for horizontal sundials
1785:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1310:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1145:Ṣafadī (al-), Khalīl ibn Aybak
957:: al-Maṭbaʻah al-Kāthūlīkīyah.
819:
793:De Weever, Jacqueline (1988).
786:
730:
712:
685:
615:
602:
305:Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī was born in
1:
3274:Principles of Hindu Reckoning
926:Andalusí (al-), Said (1991).
767:Khan, M.S. (17 August 1995).
737:Selin, Helaine (2008-03-12).
666:Khan, M.S. (17 August 1995).
645:
2527:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
1100:Ibn ʻAmīrah, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá
451:; An astronomical treatise.
362:), and Abū Walīd al-Waqshi (
7:
3554:Astronomers from al-Andalus
3544:11th-century mathematicians
3464:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
3396:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2516:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1720:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
1150:Kitāb al-wāfī bi-al-wafayāt
10:
3600:
3366:Al-Mustansiriya University
3345:Islamic geometric patterns
3093:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
2015:
1760:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1183:Ṣāʻid al-Andalusī (1935).
3456:
3430:
3404:
3353:
3332:
3247:
3236:
3203:
3147:
3111:
3030:
2984:
2903:
2767:
2671:
2662:
2601:Medieval European science
2583:
2552:
2493:
2282:
2149:
2085:
2032:
2021:
2010:
1971:
1935:
1874:
1861:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
1813:
1712:
1641:
1618:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
1560:
1429:
1333:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1264:
1166:University of Texas Press
356:, al-Fataḥ ibn al-Qāsim (
243:
233:
223:
201:
187:
182:
165:
160:
156:
135:
117:
99:
83:
3539:11th-century biographers
3534:11th-century astronomers
3524:11th-century Arab people
3119:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
3078:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1851:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1745:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1386:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1112:: Dār al-Kātib al-ʻArabī
595:
406:
3549:Arabic-language writers
3488:History of trigonometry
3483:Trigonometric functions
3477:Western Arabic numerals
3473:Eastern Arabic numerals
3038:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1953:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
1927:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
1805:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
1725:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1117:Joshua, Finkel (1927).
692:Selin, Helaine (2008).
460:مقالات أهل الملل والنحل
300:
295:biographic encyclopedia
53:more precise citations.
3412:Babylonian mathematics
3103:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
3088:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3083:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
3007:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2936:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
2679:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
2234:Navigational astrolabe
1989:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
1755:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1674:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1623:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
1552:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
1045:Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-'Umam
950:Kitāb Ṭabaqāt al-'Umam
413:Iṣlāh Ḥarakāt an-Najūn
368:). He was educated in
336:The early biographers
293:and compiled a famous
3569:Historians of science
3438:Byzantine mathematics
3226:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
3053:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
3017:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2570:Hellenistic astronomy
2541:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
2335:Deferent and epicycle
1735:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1704:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
1346:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
797:. New York: Garland.
170:Abū Muḥammad ibn Hazm
3443:European mathematics
3391:Maragheh observatory
3216:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
3195:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
3068:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2976:Muhammad al-Baghdadi
2560:Babylonian astronomy
2375:Gravitational energy
1750:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1740:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
1421:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
1320:Mashallah ibn Athari
1305:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
365:أبو الوليد الوَقّشِي
3361:Al-Azhar University
3288:The Book of Healing
2694:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
2501:Al-Azhar University
2320:Celestial mechanics
2110:Book of Fixed Stars
2069:The Book of Healing
2048:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
1790:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
1765:Zakariya al-Qazwini
1376:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
1371:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
161:Academic background
3564:Muslim chroniclers
3493:History of algebra
3448:Indian mathematics
3422:Indian mathematics
3371:House of Knowledge
2825:Brethren of Purity
2719:Banū Mūsā brothers
2565:Egyptian astronomy
2506:House of Knowledge
2184:Astronomical clock
1994:Muhammad al-Rudani
1391:Banū Mūsā brothers
1341:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1136:Ta'rīkh al-Ḥukamā'
627:Ta’rīkh al-Ḥukamā’
475:), 'Book of Minor'
418:اصلاح حركات النجوم
3501:
3500:
3417:Greek mathematics
3340:Alhazen's problem
3234:
3233:
2855:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
2805:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2596:Chinese astronomy
2591:Byzantine science
2465:Temporal finitism
2395:Islamic cosmology
2325:Celestial spheres
2145:
2144:
2037:Arabic star names
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1866:Fathullah Shirazi
1800:Al-Ashraf Umar II
1512:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1315:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1214:978-0-387-31022-0
1175:978-0-292-70469-5
1049:Frankfurt am Main
750:978-1-4020-4559-2
386:Arabic literature
359:الفَتْح بن القاسم
315:Dhulnunid dynasty
250:Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī
247:
246:
218:universal history
196:Umayyad Caliphate
175:أبي محمد بن حَزْم
86:Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī
79:
78:
71:
3591:
3316:Tabula Rogeriana
3242:
3190:Sibt al-Maridini
2850:Sinan ibn Thabit
2759:Abu Said Gorgani
2749:Thābit ibn Qurra
2739:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
2724:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2669:
2668:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2606:Indian astronomy
2575:Indian astronomy
2543:
2536:
2529:
2450:Sublunary sphere
2440:Specific gravity
2340:Earth's rotation
2229:Mural instrument
2174:Armillary sphere
2097:Alfonsine tables
2062:Tabula Rogeriana
2042:Islamic calendar
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2011:
1907:Sibt al-Maridini
1892:Jamshid al-Kashi
1613:Said al-Andalusi
1416:Thābit ibn Qurra
1351:Abu Said Gorgani
1325:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1188:
1179:
1154:
1140:
1133:, Julius (ed.).
1122:
1113:
1095:
1077:
1064:
1027:
1010:
985:
958:
943:
913:
912:
884:
875:
874:
848:
839:
833:
827:
823:
817:
816:
790:
784:
783:
773:
764:
758:
757:
734:
728:
727:
716:
710:
709:
689:
683:
682:
672:
663:
639:
636:
630:
619:
613:
606:
589:Ṭabaqāt al-ʼUmam
486:Ṭabaqāt al-ʼUmam
474:
473:
462:
461:
444:
443:
437:Ṭabaqāt al-‘Umam
432:
431:
420:
419:
367:
366:
361:
360:
350:Ahmad al-Maqqari
273:
272:
259:
228:Ṭabaqāt al-‘Umam
192:Banu Dhiʼb-n-Nun
177:
176:
151:
150:
136:Other names
93:
92:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3469:Arabic numerals
3452:
3426:
3400:
3376:House of Wisdom
3349:
3328:
3250:
3243:
3230:
3199:
3143:
3129:Ibn al-Durayhim
3107:
3026:
2992:Jabir ibn Aflah
2980:
2911:Abu Nasr Mansur
2899:
2795:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
2763:
2658:
2653:
2623:
2610:
2579:
2548:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2511:House of Wisdom
2489:
2445:Spherical Earth
2278:
2209:Equatorial ring
2189:Celestial globe
2164:Analog computer
2141:
2136:Sullam al-sama'
2081:
2017:
1998:
1967:
1931:
1870:
1809:
1708:
1694:Jabir ibn Aflah
1637:
1568:Abu Nasr Mansur
1556:
1537:Abolfadl Harawi
1472:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
1425:
1329:
1300:Ahmad Nahavandi
1288:
1273:
1260:
1255:
1215:
1195:
1176:
1043:, Fuat (eds.).
974:
940:
922:
917:
916:
885:
878:
863:
849:
842:
834:
830:
824:
820:
805:
791:
787:
771:
765:
761:
751:
735:
731:
717:
713:
706:
690:
686:
670:
664:
653:
648:
643:
642:
637:
633:
620:
616:
607:
603:
598:
482:
409:
303:
258:صاعِدُ الأندلسي
131:
122:
113:
104:
95:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Bibliographers
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3309:Toledan Tables
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3281:Book of Optics
3277:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3022:Ibn al-Yasamin
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Kushyar Gilani
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Nazif ibn Yumn
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Na'im ibn Musa
2741:
2736:
2734:Yusuf al-Khuri
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:Qusta ibn Luqa
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2664:Mathematicians
2660:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Elliptic orbit
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Circular orbit
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2116:Toledan Tables
2113:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Yang Guangxian
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1633:Ali ibn Khalaf
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Kushyar Gilani
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:Ali ibn Ridwan
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Haseb-i Tabari
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Sahl ibn Bishr
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1194:
1193:External links
1191:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1155:
1141:
1123:
1114:
1096:
1087:Kitāb al-ṣilah
1078:
1065:
1028:
1011:
993:(in Spanish).
986:
972:
959:
944:
938:
921:
918:
915:
914:
901:10.1086/468562
895:(3): 218–220.
876:
861:
840:
838:, p. 280.
828:
818:
803:
785:
759:
749:
729:
711:
704:
684:
650:
649:
647:
644:
641:
640:
631:
614:
600:
599:
597:
594:
481:
478:
477:
476:
464:
452:
446:
434:
422:
408:
405:
397:Toledan Tables
393:Yaḥyā al-Qādir
302:
299:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
203:
202:Main interests
199:
198:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
137:
133:
132:
123:
119:
115:
114:
105:
101:
97:
96:
91:صاعِدُالأندلسي
84:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3596:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Ibn al-Shatir
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Ibn al-Banna'
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Ahmad al-Buni
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Sanad ibn Ali
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:Observatories
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Triangulation
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Heliocentrism
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Shadow square
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:Zij-i Sultani
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:Zij-i Ilkhani
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
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2056:
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2050:
2049:
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2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Kadızade Rumi
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Ibn al-Shatir
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Ibn al‐Raqqam
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
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1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Ibn al-Kammad
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
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1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Ibn al-Saffar
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
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1540:
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1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:(in Arabic).
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
973:9788446010920
969:
965:
960:
956:
953:(in Arabic).
952:
951:
945:
941:
939:0-292-71139-5
935:
931:
930:
924:
923:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
881:
872:
868:
864:
858:
854:
847:
845:
837:
832:
822:
814:
810:
806:
804:9780815323020
800:
796:
789:
781:
777:
770:
763:
756:
752:
746:
742:
741:
733:
725:
721:
720:Martinez-Gros
715:
707:
705:9781402045592
701:
697:
696:
688:
680:
676:
669:
662:
660:
658:
656:
651:
635:
628:
624:
618:
611:
605:
601:
593:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
468:
467:Kitāb al-Qāsī
465:
456:
453:
450:
447:
438:
435:
426:
423:
414:
411:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:ibn Bashkuwal
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
267:
265:
255:
251:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
226:
224:Notable works
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:Academic work
181:
171:
168:
164:
159:
155:
145:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
116:
112:
108:
102:
98:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2012
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:Mathematical
3204:16th century
3155:Ibn al-Majdi
3148:15th century
3112:14th century
3031:13th century
2985:12th century
2971:Omar Khayyam
2904:11th century
2800:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
2768:10th century
2729:Al-Khwarizmi
2494:Institutions
2345:Eccentricity
2305:Astrophysics
2199:Compass rose
2134:
2127:
2120:
2108:
2101:
2086:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
1912:Ibn al-Majdi
1887:Abd al‐Wajid
1846:Al-Wabkanawi
1841:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
1730:Jamal ad-Din
1699:Omar Khayyam
1612:
1527:Al-ʻIjliyyah
1502:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
1487:Ibn al-A'lam
1406:Al-Khwarizmi
1204:
1184:
1160:
1149:
1135:
1118:
1104:
1086:
1069:
1044:
1015:
990:
963:
949:
928:
920:Bibliography
892:
888:
852:
831:
821:
794:
788:
779:
775:
762:
754:
739:
732:
723:
714:
694:
687:
678:
674:
634:
626:
617:
609:
604:
588:
586:
582:trigonometry
489:
485:
483:
466:
454:
448:
436:
424:
412:
390:
335:
317:and died in
304:
261:
249:
248:
227:
139:
85:
65:
56:
37:
3519:1070 deaths
3514:1029 births
3267:De Gradibus
3221:Taqi ad-Din
3211:Al-Birjandi
3185:al-Qalaṣādī
2966:Al-Isfizari
2931:Ibn al-Samh
2860:Al-Isfahani
2840:al-Uqlidisi
2810:al-Khojandi
2775:Abu al-Wafa
2714:al-Dinawari
2672:9th century
2480:Tusi couple
2470:Trepidation
2435:Salah times
2370:Geocentrism
2244:Planisphere
2224:Graph paper
2151:Instruments
2103:Huihui Lifa
1984:Ehmedê Xanî
1943:Al-Birjandi
1922:al-Kubunani
1679:Abu al-Salt
1628:Al-Isfizari
1588:Ibn al-Samh
1467:Abu al-Wafa
1452:al-Khojandi
1356:Al-Farghani
1271:Astronomers
1221:PDF version
995:Tres Cantos
472:كتاب القاصى
442:طبقات الأمم
329:(judge) of
313:during the
264:al-Taghlibi
260:), in full
142:al-Taghlibi
51:introducing
3508:Categories
3431:Influenced
3405:Influences
3175:Ali Qushji
3134:Al-Khalili
3002:Al-Khazini
2997:Al-Kharaqī
2956:al-Zarqālī
2946:al-Jayyānī
2890:al-Majriti
2875:Abu al-Jud
2845:Al-Battani
2820:Al-Saghani
2815:Al-Nayrizi
2754:al-Marwazi
2689:al-Jawharī
2584:Influenced
2553:Influences
2425:Precession
2405:Multiverse
2310:Axial tilt
2290:Almucantar
2274:Triquetrum
2214:Equatorium
1963:Takiyüddin
1836:al-Battiwi
1831:Ibn Shuayb
1826:Al-Khalili
1669:Al-Khazini
1664:Al-Kharaqī
1659:Ibn Tufail
1649:Al-Bitruji
1583:Al-Zarqālī
1547:al-Majriti
1497:Al-Saghani
1492:Al-Nayrizi
1477:al-Battani
1396:Iranshahri
1381:Al-Marwazi
1285:by century
1110:al-Qāhirah
1007:1024023889
862:0292704690
836:Qifṭī 1903
646:References
623:al-Battānī
562:Pythagoras
550:arithmetic
514:Byzantines
401:al-Zarqali
311:al-Andalus
287:al-Andalus
266:al-Qūrtūbi
234:Influenced
214:philosophy
166:Influences
144:al-Qūrtūbi
129:Al-Andalus
111:Al-Andalus
34:references
3180:al-Wafa'i
3170:Ulugh Beg
3073:al-Abhari
3058:Ibn Adlan
3048:Ibn Munim
3012:al-Hassar
2951:al-Nasawī
2926:Al-Biruni
2895:al-Jabali
2885:Al-Karaji
2835:Ibn Yunus
2790:Abu Kamil
2785:Al-Qabisi
2780:al-Khazin
2709:Al-Mahani
2460:Supernova
2415:Obliquity
2400:Moonlight
2300:Astrology
2179:Astrolabe
1958:Piri Reis
1948:al-Khafri
1917:al-Wafa'i
1902:Ulugh Beg
1882:Ali Kuşçu
1856:al-Jadiri
1775:al-Abhari
1573:al-Biruni
1507:Ibn Yunus
1482:Al-Qabisi
1457:al-Khazin
1366:Al-Mahani
1061:912195495
1039:, Regis;
1035:, Louis;
1024:911294124
982:803658443
574:Aristotle
554:astronomy
506:Egyptians
502:Chaldeans
346:al-Safadi
291:astronomy
206:astronomy
194:dynasty,
3333:Concepts
3165:al-Kāshī
3139:al-Umawi
2941:Avicenna
2880:Al-Sijzi
2830:Ibn Sahl
2699:Al-Kindi
2534:Maragheh
2485:Universe
2455:Sunlight
2420:Parallax
2410:Muwaqqit
2350:Ecliptic
2283:Concepts
2249:Quadrant
2169:Aperture
1684:Averroes
1654:Avempace
1598:Avicenna
1532:Nastulus
1522:al-Sijzi
1447:Al-Adami
1361:Al-Kindi
1147:(1962).
1129:(1903).
1102:(1967),
1084:(1966).
1074:Calcutta
1037:Blachère
1001:: Akal.
871:23385017
813:26673949
566:Socrates
558:medicine
538:Russians
534:Africans
526:Norsemen
498:Persians
354:ibn Hazm
238:Al-Qifti
3457:Related
3386:Madrasa
3354:Centers
3160:al-Rūmī
3063:al-Urdi
2961:ibn Hud
2916:Alhazen
2870:al-Qūhī
2390:Inertia
2380:Gravity
2315:Azimuth
2264:Sundial
2254:Sextant
2204:Dioptra
2194:Compass
2159:Alidade
1770:al-Urdi
1593:Alhazen
1517:Ma Yize
1462:al-Qūhī
1437:al-Sufi
1131:Lippert
1076:: N. I.
1053:Germany
1033:Cheikho
826:1005–6.
625:in his
610:Tabaqāt
530:Chinese
494:Indians
490:Tabaqāt
380:(law),
374:Córdoba
331:Sidonia
323:Taghlib
307:Almería
210:science
107:Almería
47:improve
2365:Galaxy
2360:Equant
2295:Apogee
2239:Octant
2016:Topics
1211:
1172:
1059:
1041:Sezgin
1022:
1005:
999:Madrid
980:
970:
955:Bayrūt
936:
909:545654
907:
869:
859:
811:
801:
782:: 2–4.
747:
702:
681:: 2–4.
556:, and
542:Alains
510:Greeks
382:tafsir
319:Toledo
283:Toledo
254:Arabic
125:Toledo
36:, but
3251:works
2430:Qibla
2219:Globe
2026:Works
1092:Cairo
905:JSTOR
772:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
596:Notes
578:logic
570:Plato
546:Turks
518:Arabs
407:Works
1972:17th
1936:16th
1875:15th
1814:14th
1713:13th
1642:12th
1561:11th
1430:10th
1209:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1057:OCLC
1020:OCLC
1003:OCLC
978:OCLC
968:ISBN
934:ISBN
867:OCLC
857:ISBN
809:OCLC
799:ISBN
745:ISBN
700:ISBN
587:The
572:and
544:and
522:Jews
520:and
484:The
378:fiqh
370:fiqh
348:and
327:qadi
301:Life
279:qadi
276:Arab
121:1070
118:Died
103:1029
100:Born
3323:Zij
2088:Zij
1442:Ibn
1334:9th
1293:8th
897:doi
309:in
285:in
281:of
188:Era
3510::
3475:,
1168:.
1072:.
1051:,
1047:.
997:,
976:.
903:.
893:56
891:.
879:^
865:.
843:^
807:.
780:30
778:.
774:.
753:.
679:30
677:.
673:.
654:^
568:,
564:,
552:,
540:,
536:,
532:,
528:,
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
500:,
496:,
344:,
340:,
256::
216:,
212:,
208:,
127:,
109:,
3479:)
3471:(
2648:e
2641:t
2634:v
1250:e
1243:t
1236:v
1223:)
1219:(
1217:.
1178:.
1063:.
1026:.
1009:.
984:.
942:.
911:.
899::
873:.
815:.
708:.
629:.
612:.
488:(
469:(
457:(
439:(
427:(
415:(
268:(
252:(
178:)
172:(
152:)
146:(
94:)
88:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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