345:
Approximately from the years 1638 to 1640, it is believed that a fierce battle ensued, nearly annihilating the entire Sauk Tribe. According to the legend, the Ojibwe inhabited the lands north of the
Saginaw Bay, and the harsher northern climate caused more difficulty in prosperity compared to that of the Sauk occupying the area of Saginaw Valley. The Ojibwe allied with the Odawa, who resided south of the Sauk, and sprung a series of attacks on the Sauk, which practically decimated their people. One such attack, the Battle of Skull Island, occurred on a peninsula in the Saginaw River, which then was called Skull Island. (Its name came from the many skulls and bones supposedly found in mounds on that island over the years.) In this battle, it is said that the Sauk had used their boats to cross part of the river, escape to the island, and were temporarily free from their attackers. But when morning came, ice had solidified the river enough for the Ojibwe to cross. They killed every member of the Sauk tribe who had fled to that island besides 12 women whom they later sent west of the Mississippi River.
483:
64:
2150:
2138:
1752:
456:
against them in the early 18th century. After a devastating battle of
September 9, 1730, in Illinois, in which hundreds of warriors were killed and many women and children taken captive by French allies, Fox refugees took shelter with the Sac. This made the Sauk subject to French attack in turn. The
822:
This traditional manner of selecting historic clan chiefs and governance was replaced in the 19th century by the United States appointing leaders through their agents at the Sac and Fox Agency, or reservation in Indian
Territory (now Oklahoma). In the 20th century, the tribe adopted a constitutional
545:
The land currently occupied by the Sauk is only a section of what used to be the Sac and Fox
Reservation from 1867 to 1891. This reservation was established by the U.S. and spanned 480,000 acres. In 1887, however, the Dawes Act purposely broke collective tribal lands into small allotments designated
818:
The tribe was governed by a council of sacred clan chiefs, a war chief, the head of families, and the warriors. Chiefs were recognized in three categories: civil, war, and ceremonial. Only the civil chiefs were hereditary. The other two chiefs were recognized by bands after they demonstrated their
494:
Having failed to receive expected supplies from the
Americans on credit, Black Hawk wanted to fight, saying his people were "forced into war by being deceived". Led by Black Hawk in 1832, the mainly Sac band resisted the continued loss of lands (in western Illinois, this time.) Their warfare with
344:
also place the Sauk in the
Saginaw Valley some time before the arrival of Europeans. Sauk traditions state that the tribe occupied the vicinity of Saginaw river. (In this tradition, the name 'Saginaw' comes from the Ojibwe "O-Sauk-e-non," meaning "land of the Sauks" or "where the Sauks were.")
352:. There is little archaeological evidence that the Sauk lived in the Saginaw area. In the early 17th century, when natives told French explorer Samuel de Champlain that the Sauk nation was located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, Champlain mistakenly placed them on the western shore of
534:, which is misnamed and is primarily Sauk. The United States had been making treaties with the two tribes together since their residency in the Midwest. A number of Meskwaki returned to the Midwest from Oklahoma (or resisted leaving.) They joined the Meskwaki at the
473:
were two important leaders who arose among the Sauk. At first, Keokuk accepted the loss of land as inevitable in the face of the vast numbers of white soldiers and settlers coming west. He tried to preserve tribal land and his people, and to keep the peace.
410:(Châkitâha) from the Southeast – they attacked the tribes of the (Mashkotêwa) and tried to invade their tribal areas. The Illinois (Inoca) became their worst common enemies. The coalition warred for years until they destroyed the Illinois Confederation.
269:
people of the yellow earth ," i.e., "from the water")], which is often interpreted to mean "yellow-earth people" or "the Yellow-Earths", due to the yellow-clay soils found around
Saginaw Bay. This interpretation possibly derived from the Sauk words
425:, they lived in villages, raised crops, and actively traded with other tribes. The Sauk and allied eastern tribes had to compete with tribes who already occupied this territory. Disputes and clashes arose with the Dakota,
546:
for individual households. The remainder of land not allotted to the Sac and Fox was then sold to non-Native settlers in an attempt to gain
Oklahoma statehood and the full assimilation of its Native American population.
366:
attempting to gain regional stability drove the Sac out of their territory. The Huron were armed with guns supplied by their French trading partners. The Sac moved south to territory in parts of what are now northern
333:– "Of the Outlet Bay"). For many years, the Sauk are believed to have prospered in the fertile valley of Saginaw thereafter. They had been driven west by pressure from other tribes, especially the powerful
815:– "great river"), the most important Sauk settlement in the 18th and 19th centuries with about 4,000 inhabitants, was divided into 12 districts, which were assigned to the respective clans.
1065:
1069:
1482:
518:
About this time, one group of Sac moved into
Missouri, and later to Kansas and Nebraska. In 1869, after the Civil War, the United States forced the larger group of Sac to move into
946:
all were named for association historically with a small party of Sac who made camp on the shores of Lake Osakis. They had been banished from their tribe for murder. According to
549:
By 1889, 519 of the tribe were located in Indian
Territory, what is now central Oklahoma. On June 10, 1890, they ceded these Indian Territory lands to the federal government.
696:, which was often played extremely brutally to toughen young warriors for combat, for recreation, as part of festivals, and used as preparation for imminent wars or raids.
1740:
557:
Many of the latter treaties listed have little to no information regarding their details, besides the date. The Sauk signed a total of 22 treaties from 1789 to 1891.
2190:
174:
883:
1512:
356:. This mistake was copied on subsequent maps, and future references identified this as the place of the Sauk. Champlain never visited what is now Michigan.
2195:
1718:
1733:
159:
1363:
1491:
1310:
185:
2225:
861:
699:
This division has survived to the present day, but is now more related to the political system of the United States: the supporters of the
317:, which is now northern New York. The precise time is unknown, but around the time of the year 1600, they were driven from the area of the
1564:
1252:
2220:
2215:
2200:
1726:
1756:
997:
2210:
2142:
1955:
1542:
1410:
800:
31:
2205:
445:
too, until their alliance with the Meskwaki (Fox) made them short-term enemies of the French (Mêmehtekôshîha, Wêmehtekôshîha).
1166:
155:
1748:
1975:
1278:
1895:
1768:
1336:
1050:
1915:
1176:
288:
were generally known among neighboring tribes as the "people of the red earth" - the Sauk and Fox also used this term:
506:
From 1832 to 1837, debt and poverty were tools used to coerce the Sauk and Meskwaki to relocate three times following
441:
The Sauk had good relations with the English (Thâkanâsha) through trading. At first, the Sauk had good relations with
1840:
1785:
1780:
1619:
1594:
379:(Pehkînenîha or Shîshîpêhinenîha). This relation has been found by borrowings of Sauk vocabulary that appear in the
708:
700:
1508:
1031:
510:
of territory. The population of the two tribes living in Iowa was halved in the twelve years from 1833 to 1845.
1306:
History of Saginaw county, Michigan; together with ... portraits ... and biographies ... History of Michigan ...
1304:
970:
796:
2175:
2050:
1016:
17:
1216:(Sauk-Suiattle tribe), a group related to the Skagit tribes, not from the Sac tribe of the Midwestern U.S.
2180:
1930:
1805:
1027:
832:
167:
2128:
1865:
1815:
201:
1359:
1835:
1820:
1092:
1076:
535:
1712:
2080:
1945:
1935:
1900:
85:
2185:
1875:
1209:
348:
But later Europeans may have mistakenly recorded the Sauk as once dwelling at this location near
1693:
Official Site of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa/Meskwaki Nation – the Meskwaki
212:
The Sauk or Sac called themselves Thâkîwaki, translating as "people coming forth " or "". Their
1850:
1845:
1703:
Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska – the Ne ma ha ha ki
1652:
1568:
1244:
1171:
1088:
1039:
1023:
977:
926:
638:
38:
482:
2170:
2154:
1860:
1146:
1080:
989:
310:
163:
8:
2085:
1534:
1404:
1114:
693:
519:
507:
466:
380:
179:
2035:
2015:
1925:
1456:
1151:
1104:
1001:
985:
839:
531:
470:
318:
314:
1643:
Morrison, Roger L. (Autumn 1937). "The History and Development of Michigan Highways".
2060:
2045:
2030:
2010:
2005:
1656:
1625:
1615:
1590:
887:
865:
843:
808:
539:
1698:
Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation (of Oklahoma) – the Thakiwaki or Sa ki wa ki
166:. Today they have three tribes based in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Their
2110:
2105:
2100:
2040:
2025:
2020:
1990:
1985:
1965:
1810:
1448:
1058:
966:
855:
634:
523:
496:
229:
126:
2095:
2075:
2000:
1885:
1830:
1800:
1156:
1043:
981:
943:
939:
895:
395:
391:
225:
1433:
1274:
2115:
2070:
2065:
1995:
1960:
962:
500:
487:
422:
418:
417:(Mashkotêwi) along the Mississippi and adopted the semi-sedentary lifestyle of
363:
341:
243:
89:
1707:
1629:
1332:
2164:
1940:
1910:
1905:
1790:
1660:
1186:
1181:
1141:
1084:
1012:
908:
426:
387:
334:
197:
122:
1452:
823:
government patterned after the United States form. They elect their chiefs.
284:("men, people"). This was later shortened to "Asaki-waki". In addition, the
2055:
1890:
1880:
1582:
729:, in which descent and inheritance was traced through the father. Clans or
430:
112:
formerly Michigan and Wisconsin, currently Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
676:) ("the brave"). The two moieties were each symbolized by two colors: The
1109:
1035:
918:
719:
359:
326:
253:, meaning "those at the outlet". French colonists transliterated that as
236:
77:
1460:
375:. In the 17th century the Sauk also maintained close relations with the
321:. Some historians believe that the Sauk migrated to what is now eastern
63:
1855:
1191:
1129:
1124:
996:, a winding road south of Chicago, said to follow an old Indian trail;
993:
935:
877:
442:
376:
353:
349:
1697:
1119:
1054:
922:
372:
81:
1825:
1760:
1751:
1589:. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 53.
1161:
527:
453:
449:
403:
368:
322:
285:
193:
138:
73:
69:
733:
distinguished and named on the basis of totem animals, which are:
452:, were noted for resisting French encroachment, having fought two
1950:
1008:
723:
692:(white). This duality was also celebrated by the two moieties in
414:
407:
399:
258:
213:
84:
in Spring 1833 when Massika pleaded for the release of war chief
495:
United States forces resulted in defeat at the hands of General
2090:
1920:
1587:
Minnesota Place Names, A Geographical Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition
947:
462:
257:
and the English as "Sauk". The Sauk/Sac called themselves the
247:
239:
1702:
1612:
The Saginaw Trail From Native American Path to Woodward Avenue
1392:. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: G. Bradley Publishers. p. 15.
1870:
1795:
1011:
is believed to mean "where the Sauk were" in Ojibwe; and the
951:
726:
680:
painted their faces and partly their bodies with charcoal in
313:
people, are believed to have developed as a people along the
1692:
1490:. The Sac & Fox National Public Library. Archived from
642:
458:
337:, which sought control over hunting grounds in the area.
1406:
Autobiography of Black Hawk or Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak
1567:. National Congress of American Indians. Archived from
175:
Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
55:
27:
Indigenous people from the Northeastern Woodlands, U.S.
1509:"The Decolonial Atlas - St. Louis in the Fox Language"
621:
June 10, 1872 "Act of Congress" (Missouri Sac and Fox)
275:
220:
in the current orthography. Ojibwe people called them
2126:
884:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
398:(Kîkâpôwa), Meskwaki (Fox), and Sauk, along with the
1015:
is said to follow an ancient Native American trail.
950:
oral tradition, these five Sac were killed by local
637:or "divisions", which in turn were subdivided into
1409:. Translated by LeClair, Antoine. J.B. Patterson.
1390:Saginaw's Changeable Past: An Illustrated History
1019:is said to follow the Sauk Native American trail.
2191:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
2162:
160:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
1614:. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing Inc. p. 10.
934:which flows from Lake Osakis, and the towns of
633:The Sauk and Fox peoples were divided into two
1434:"Watershed Days on the Treaty Line, 1836-1839"
1360:"Battle of the Flint River – Fact or Fiction?"
826:
186:Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa
68:Massika, a Sauk Indian, left, with Wakusasse (
1734:
1212:in Washington State, however, comes from the
957:Place names with "Sauk" references include:
304:
1302:
862:Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa
2196:Native Americans in the American Revolution
1511:. The Decolonial Atlas. November 25, 2014.
1335:. Castle Museum of Saginaw County History.
386:In a loose coalition of tribes – including
37:"Sacs" redirects here. For other uses, see
1741:
1727:
1402:
1303:Leeson, Michael A.; Clarke, Damon (n.d.).
224:. The latter name was transliterated into
62:
1636:
1484:A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language
1480:
1357:
1673:
1642:
1474:
998:Johnson-Sauk Trail State Recreation Area
688:painted their bodies with white clay in
530:). They formed the federally recognized
481:
429:(Pânîha) and, most of all, the powerful
32:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington
1609:
1383:
1381:
1298:
1296:
30:For the tribe in Washington state, see
14:
2163:
162:. Their historical territory was near
1722:
1581:
1575:
1431:
1387:
1366:from the original on November 8, 2020
1358:Hinterman, Peter (November 1, 2018).
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1167:Native Americans in the United States
913:
852:meaning: "People of the yellow earth"
552:
1413:from the original on August 17, 2022
1378:
1339:from the original on August 21, 2022
1293:
1277:. Native Languages of the Americas.
1242:
107:Regions with significant populations
2226:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
1655:Bureau of Alumni Relations: 59–73.
1535:"Government - Sac & Fox Nation"
1281:from the original on August 2, 2019
513:
486:Sauk Indian family photographed by
421:(Mashkotêwineniwa). In addition to
24:
2221:Native American tribes in Nebraska
2216:Native American tribes in Missouri
2201:Native American tribes in Illinois
2143:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2056:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
1708:General information to Sac and Fox
1545:from the original on June 17, 2018
1515:from the original on July 23, 2019
1227:
1177:Native American tribes in Nebraska
874:meaning: "People of the red earth"
609:1854 Treaty (Missouri Sac and Fox)
25:
2237:
1686:
1678:. University of Washington Press.
1645:Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review
1396:
1313:from the original on May 18, 2024
1255:from the original on May 15, 2024
1098:
662:) ("the long-haired") and as the
585:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
192:They are closely allied with the
2211:Native American tribes in Kansas
2148:
2136:
1750:
1565:"Tribal Governments by Tribe: S"
1249:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History
624:Feb 13th, 1891 "Act of Congress"
582:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
246:peoples referred to them by the
1667:
1603:
1557:
1527:
1501:
1251:. Oklahoma Historical Society.
648:The moieties were known as the
645:as local subgroups (segments).
477:
436:
2206:Native American tribes in Iowa
1425:
1351:
1325:
1267:
1204:
930:
797:Black Hawk State Historic Site
707:, while the supporters of the
674:Shkashîhkwêwa/Oshkashîhkwêwiwa
628:
615:1861 Treaty (Iowa Sac and Fox)
457:Sauk continued moving west to
13:
1:
1220:
980:; Sauk Valley: the cities of
761:(Ocean/Sea/Great Lake Clan),
394:, Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi,
296:("people of the red earth").
1676:Washington State Place Names
835:Sac and Fox tribes include:
819:ability or spiritual power.
747:Ketiwithowa / Mekethiwithowa
448:A closely allied tribe, the
413:Later they moved out on the
325:, where they settled around
276:
263:Othâkîwa, Thâkîwa, Thâkîwaki
7:
1674:Phillips, James W. (1976).
1309:Michigan County Histories.
1275:"Meskwaki-Sauk Color Words"
1135:
902:
827:Federally recognized tribes
807:– "rocky waters") into the
718:Originally, the Sauk had a
570:Treaty of Portage des Sioux
242:(Sauk name: Ochipwêwa) and
168:federally recognized tribes
10:
2242:
1481:Whittaker, Gordon (2005).
992:and the surrounding area;
954:in the late 18th century.
906:
891:
869:
847:
576:Treaty of St. Louis (1822)
573:Treaty of St. Louis (1816)
567:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
305:Precontact to 17th century
299:
202:Algonquian language family
36:
29:
1974:
1767:
1388:Kilar, Jeremy W. (1994).
1243:McCollum, Timothy James.
651:Kishko/Ki-sko-ha/Kîshkôha
597:September 28, 1836 Treaty
594:September 28, 1836 Treaty
591:September 27, 1836 Treaty
137:
132:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
61:
54:
1610:Pielack, Leslie (2018).
1197:
1142:African-Native Americans
799:) near the mouth of the
711:are associated with the
703:are associated with the
2021:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
1453:10.17077/0021-065X.6729
1017:US Route 12 in Michigan
232:by European colonists.
207:
1757:Native American tribes
1653:University of Michigan
1172:Native American tribes
1007:Michigan: The name of
491:
267:Asaki-waki/Oθaakiiwaki
1651:(54). Ann Arbor, MI:
1432:Rigal, Laura (2009).
1061:of southwest Missouri
713:Shkasha/Shkashîhkwêwa
705:Kîshkôha/Kîshkôhkwêha
665:Oskush/Askasa/Shkasha
561:Treaty of Fort Harmar
485:
133:Related ethnic groups
39:SACS (disambiguation)
2176:Algonquian ethnonyms
2051:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1806:Cheyenne and Arapaho
1715:, Sac and Fox Nation
1539:Sac & Fox Nation
1147:Algonquian languages
894:), headquartered in
876:), headquartered in
854:), headquartered in
833:federally recognized
781:(Warrior Clan), and
779:Manethenôkimâwithowa
670:Shkasha/Oshkashîwiwa
579:Treaty of Washington
564:Treaty of Greenville
311:Algonquian languages
180:Sac & Fox Nation
164:Green Bay, Wisconsin
1403:Black Hawk (1882).
1024:City of Sauk Centre
536:Meskwaki Settlement
508:successive cessions
381:Potawatomi language
51:
2181:Algonquian peoples
1821:Citizen Potawatomi
1571:on April 12, 2010.
1152:Sac and Fox Nation
1002:Black Hawk College
914:Geographical names
840:Sac and Fox Nation
763:Keshêhokimâwithowa
686:Ki-sko-ha/Kîshkôha
553:Treaties with U.S.
532:Sac and Fox Nation
526:(now the state of
492:
406:(Shanahkîha), and
362:expansion and the
331:Zaagiinaad-wiikwed
319:St. Lawrence River
315:St. Lawrence River
49:
2124:
2123:
2046:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1786:Alabama-Quassarte
1497:on July 20, 2019.
759:Kehchikamîwithowa
743:Peshekethiwithowa
540:Tama County, Iowa
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2233:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2132:
1976:Tribal languages
1956:United Keetoowah
1886:Muscogee (Creek)
1846:Fort Sill Apache
1781:Absentee Shawnee
1755:
1754:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1333:"Saginaw Valley"
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1240:
1208:The name of the
1207:
1059:Little Sac River
933:
921:in west-central
893:
871:
856:Stroud, Oklahoma
849:
777:(Thunder Clan),
775:Nenemehkiwithowa
709:Republican Party
701:Democratic Party
684:(black) and the
524:Indian Territory
514:Oklahoma history
497:Edmund P. Gaines
279:
235:The neighboring
156:Native Americans
97:Total population
66:
52:
48:
21:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2120:
1978:
1970:
1841:Eastern Shawnee
1831:Delaware Nation
1772:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1747:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1668:
1641:
1637:
1622:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1441:The Iowa Review
1436:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1301:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1228:
1223:
1200:
1138:
1101:
916:
911:
905:
896:Reserve, Kansas
829:
769:(Potato Clan),
741:(Beaver Clan),
631:
555:
516:
480:
439:
423:hunting buffalo
307:
302:
280:("yellow") and
210:
200:is part of the
92:
76:of painting by
57:
47:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Black Hawk War
2183:
2178:
2173:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
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2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
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1979:(still spoken)
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1968:
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1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
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1923:
1918:
1913:
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1896:Otoe-Missouria
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1099:Notable people
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1077:Prairie du Sac
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907:Main article:
904:
901:
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870:Meshkwahkîhaki
859:
828:
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765:(Peace Clan),
755:Wâkoshêhithowa
749:(Eagle Clan),
678:Askasa/Shkasha
639:Patri-lineages
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501:Black Hawk War
488:Frank Rinehart
479:
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450:Meskwaki (Fox)
438:
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419:Plains Indians
342:oral histories
306:
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286:Fox (Meskwaki)
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196:people. Their
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1936:Seneca-Cayuga
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1713:Sauk Language
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1627:
1623:
1621:9781439664865
1617:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1596:0-87351-396-7
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:Upham, Warren
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1280:
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1270:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:"Sac and Fox"
1239:
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1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1214:Sah-kee-ma-hu
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Saginaw Trail
1185:
1183:
1182:One-drop rule
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
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1094:
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1013:Saginaw Trail
1010:
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909:Sauk language
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816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:(Wolf Clan).
784:
780:
776:
773:(Snow Clan),
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:(Fish Clan),
752:
748:
745:(Deer Clan),
744:
740:
737:(Bear Clan),
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
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569:
566:
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560:
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541:
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529:
525:
521:
520:a reservation
511:
509:
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502:
498:
489:
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464:
460:
455:
451:
446:
444:
434:
432:
428:
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402:(Shâwanôwa),
401:
397:
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389:
384:
382:
378:
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365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
346:
343:
338:
336:
335:Haudenosaunee
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:The Sauk, an
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Ozaagii(-wag)
249:
245:
241:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:Ozaagii(-wag)
219:
215:
205:
203:
199:
198:Sauk language
195:
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60:
53:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1946:Thlopthlocco
1675:
1669:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1611:
1605:
1586:
1577:
1569:the original
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1503:
1492:the original
1483:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1444:
1440:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1405:
1398:
1389:
1368:. Retrieved
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1305:
1283:. Retrieved
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1248:
1213:
1205:
1066:Sauk Prairie
1051:Sac Township
978:Sauk Village
971:Sac Township
956:
931:
917:
873:
851:
830:
821:
817:
812:
804:
792:
788:
787:
783:Mahwêwithowa
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:(Fox Clan),
754:
751:Nemêthithowa
750:
746:
742:
739:Amehkwithowa
738:
734:
730:
717:
712:
704:
698:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
663:
660:Kîshkôhkwêha
659:
655:
650:
649:
647:
632:
556:
548:
544:
517:
505:
493:
478:19th century
447:
440:
437:18th century
433:(Washâsha).
412:
385:
358:
347:
340:Some Ojibwe
339:
330:
308:
294:Meshkwahkîha
293:
289:
281:
271:
266:
262:
254:
250:
234:
221:
217:
211:
191:
151:
147:
145:
72:) at right.
46:Ethnic group
43:
18:Sac (people)
2171:Sac and Fox
1926:Sac and Fox
1110:Checokalako
1089:Sauk County
1075:Wisconsin:
1070:Sauk Valley
1044:Sauk Rapids
1036:Lake Osakis
1034:townships,
1032:Little Sauk
1022:Minnesota:
948:Anishinaabe
944:Sauk Rapids
940:Sauk Centre
919:Lake Osakis
831:Today, the
813:Mäse'sibowi
809:Mississippi
805:Sinnissippi
767:Ahpenîthowa
735:Mahkwithowa
727:clan system
720:patrilineal
690:wâpeshkyâwi
682:mahkatêwâwi
629:Clan system
612:1859 Treaty
606:1842 Treaty
603:1837 Treaty
600:1837 Treaty
588:1832 Treaty
360:Anishinaabe
327:Saginaw Bay
272:Athâwethiwa
237:Anishanabeg
218:oθaakiiwaki
216:is written
80:, made at
78:Karl Bodmer
2165:Categories
2086:Potawatomi
1771:recognized
1630:1044964376
1519:August 21,
1447:(2): 206.
1417:August 21,
1343:August 21,
1317:October 5,
1285:August 21,
1221:References
1210:Sauk River
1192:Sauk Trail
1130:Jim Thorpe
1125:Quashquame
1105:Black Hawk
1049:Missouri:
1040:Sauk River
994:Sauk Trail
990:Rock Falls
976:Illinois:
967:Sac County
927:Sauk River
892:Nîmahâhaki
878:Tama, Iowa
848:Othâkîwaki
801:Rock River
793:Saukietown
771:Akônithowa
672:, female:
658:, female:
471:Black Hawk
443:New France
390:(Ashâha),
377:Potawatomi
354:Lake Huron
350:Lake Huron
182:, Oklahoma
2016:Chickasaw
1966:Wyandotte
1811:Chickasaw
1769:Federally
1661:698029175
1466:April 21,
1370:March 20,
1120:Do-Hum-Me
1085:Saukville
1081:Sauk City
1055:Sac River
923:Minnesota
724:exogamous
373:Wisconsin
329:(Ojibwe:
117:Languages
86:Blackhawk
82:St. Louis
56:Thâkîwaki
2061:Muscogee
2036:Delaware
2031:Comanche
2011:Cheyenne
2006:Cherokee
1931:Seminole
1866:Kickapoo
1861:Kialegee
1826:Comanche
1801:Cherokee
1761:Oklahoma
1585:(2001).
1549:June 17,
1543:Archived
1513:Archived
1461:20722027
1411:Archived
1364:Archived
1337:Archived
1311:Archived
1279:Archived
1253:Archived
1162:Meskwaki
1157:Kickapoo
1136:See also
1072:Township
986:Sterling
963:Sac City
903:Language
888:Meskwaki
866:Meskwaki
844:Meskwaki
795:(today:
789:Saukenuk
694:Lacrosse
656:Kîshkôha
635:moieties
528:Oklahoma
404:Cherokee
396:Kickapoo
392:Ho-Chunk
369:Illinois
323:Michigan
290:Êshkwîha
282:Neniwaki
277:Athâw(i)
194:Meskwaki
139:Meskwaki
74:Aquatint
70:Meskwaki
2129:Portals
2111:Wyandot
2106:Wichita
2101:Shawnee
2041:Koasati
2026:Choctaw
1991:Arapaho
1986:Alabama
1961:Wichita
1951:Tonkawa
1941:Shawnee
1816:Choctaw
1259:May 15,
1028:Le Sauk
1009:Saginaw
731:Mîthonî
668:(male:
654:(male:
499:in the
490:in 1899
415:prairie
408:Choctaw
400:Shawnee
300:History
259:autonym
230:English
214:autonym
127:English
2096:Seneca
2091:Quapaw
2076:Pawnee
2071:Ottawa
2001:Cayuga
1921:Quapaw
1911:Peoria
1906:Pawnee
1901:Ottawa
1791:Apache
1773:tribes
1659:
1628:
1618:
1593:
1459:
1115:Keokuk
1000:; and
969:, and
961:Iowa:
952:Dakota
942:, and
936:Osakis
925:, the
467:Keokuk
463:Kansas
427:Pawnee
388:Dakota
248:exonym
240:Ojibwe
226:French
2116:Yuchi
2081:Ponca
2066:Osage
1996:Caddo
1916:Ponca
1891:Osage
1881:Modoc
1876:Miami
1871:Kiowa
1796:Caddo
1495:(PDF)
1488:(PDF)
1457:JSTOR
1437:(PDF)
1198:Notes
982:Dixon
880:; and
643:Clans
431:Osage
364:Huron
244:Odawa
170:are:
102:3,794
1851:Iowa
1657:OCLC
1626:OCLC
1616:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1551:2018
1521:2022
1468:2024
1419:2022
1372:2021
1345:2022
1319:2018
1287:2022
1261:2024
1091:and
1068:and
1057:and
1030:and
722:and
641:and
469:and
461:and
459:Iowa
454:wars
371:and
228:and
208:Name
158:and
154:are
148:Sauk
146:The
123:Sauk
50:Sauk
1856:Kaw
1759:in
1449:doi
791:or
538:in
522:in
292:or
274:or
265:or
261:of
255:Sac
152:Sac
150:or
2167::
1649:39
1647:.
1624:.
1541:.
1537:.
1455:.
1445:39
1443:.
1439:.
1380:^
1362:.
1295:^
1247:.
1229:^
1203:1.
1087:,
1083:,
1079:,
1053:,
1042:,
1038:,
1026:,
988:,
984:,
965:,
938:,
890::
872:,
868::
850:,
846::
715:.
542:.
503:.
465:.
383:.
204:.
125:,
2131::
1742:e
1735:t
1728:v
1663:.
1632:.
1599:.
1553:.
1523:.
1470:.
1451::
1421:.
1374:.
1347:.
1321:.
1289:.
1263:.
1046:.
1004:.
973:.
929:,
898:.
886:(
864:(
858:;
842:(
811:(
803:(
188:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
