157:
for their language. They published a Primer Book in 1975, based on a "traditional" syllabary that existed in 1906. It is intended to help modern-day Sauk to learn to write and speak their ancestral tongue. A newer orthography was proposed around 1994 to aid in language revival. The former syllabary
195:
A conflict for the preservation of the language, is that the original syllabary created was intended for the use of native Sauk speakers, and its clarification was designed from the Sauk language. This is a problem because this is no longer as helpful for the majority of the Sac and Fox nation, as
624:
Pitch and tone are important when speaking Sauk, as there is a general rule of emphasizing the first or second syllable of phrases, and slowly fades away by the end of a word. The Sauk language is perceived as having a "swallowed" quality when referring to the ends of phrases and words, so pitch,
131:
tribes. Each of the dialects contains archaisms and innovations that distinguish them from each other. Sauk and
Meskwaki appear to be the most closely related of the three, reflecting the peoples' long relationship. Sauk is considered to be mutually intelligible, to a point, with
183:
The use of Sauk was actively discouraged and frequently punished in boarding schools during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It rapidly declined as a language used in everyday communication between the years 1935 and 1945. Nowadays, the main language of the
196:
the official tribe language today is
English. The issue arises in instances when Sauk is being taught to a school in the tribe, and an elder, who is fluent in the language, disagrees with the pronunciation being taught.
649:. Because this can easily pose great difficulties to learners with little to no experience with highly synthetic languages, the Sauk orthography has words written by identifying each syllable.
680:
Ni swi me cli ke a ki a la se te ke wa ki a la te ki ki e ka ta wi ke mi yak i e we li ke mi ya ki ne ko ti me cle ke a e cla gwe ne mo tti wi ne li wi tti cle we na li ta ske wa ne li se ke
853:
158:
was aimed at remaining native speakers of Sauk; the more recent orthography was developed for native
English speakers, as many Sauk grow up with English as their first language.
689:
Two turtles were sunning on a bank when a thunderstorm approached. When it began to rain, one turtle said to the other, 'I don't want to get wet,' and jumped into the lake.
880:
810:
861:
578:
Vowel length is distinctive in its function. Long vowels are often distinguished orthographically by the doubling of characters, such as
947:
876:
735:
741:
909:
387:
161:
Sauk has so few speakers that it is considered an endangered language, as are numerous others native to North
America.
432:
was omitted in the 1977 syllabary. It was added back in later editions because it is phonemic in the Sauk language.
1376:
408:
400:
322:
281:
154:
625:
tone and intonation is a concept that would come from learning the language as opposed to studying the syllabary.
1257:
549:
940:
444:
794:
1435:
1244:
1094:
795:"Language Preservation with the Help of Written Language: The Sauk Language of the Sac and Fox of Oklahoma"
535:
416:
314:
612:
606:
600:
594:
472:
466:
460:
454:
436:
1457:
1344:
1339:
1129:
526:
427:
331:
380:
306:
274:
265:
1539:
567:
425:
414:
406:
398:
1586:
1371:
933:
709:
Goddard, Ives. "Central
Algonquin languages". In Sturtevant, William C.; Trigger, Bruce G. (eds.).
1396:
1366:
1356:
1136:
288:
1001:
646:
637:, which can make identification of individual sounds more difficult for the language learner.
1143:
1116:
368:
354:
345:
1532:
1049:
1044:
995:
964:
120:
42:
586:, as a lengthened version of this vowel shares the sound of the vowel in the English word
8:
1414:
1406:
1381:
1317:
1262:
1221:
1122:
1039:
987:
973:
298:
208:
in comparison to many other languages: four vowels, two semivowels, and nine consonants.
1507:
1451:
1441:
1334:
1214:
1167:
1070:
833:
237:
227:
713:. Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 583–587.
102:
95:
1514:
1446:
1386:
1361:
1350:
1303:
1268:
1251:
802:
731:
252:
242:
172:
124:
1463:
1238:
1194:
1150:
1080:
981:
232:
189:
1551:
1326:
1313:
1178:
1172:
956:
725:
339:
247:
128:
37:
29:
1567:
1559:
1490:
1484:
1391:
1185:
901:
259:
1580:
1110:
1021:
1012:
806:
450:
All four stops have at least two allophones each, one fortis and one lenis:
1291:
1283:
582:
representing two different spoken lengths. This is different for the vowel
133:
116:
47:
902:"Mesquakie-Sauk Pronunciation Guide, Alphabet and Phonology (Sac and Fox)"
657:
Two samples of written Sauk language, as they appear in
Reinschmidt 1995:
79:
765:
Sac and Fox Tribe of
Indians of Oklahoma Primer Book Sac and Fox Language
520:
512:
505:
492:
185:
150:
140:
1075:
1054:
497:
1029:
854:"Shawnee High School to offer new course on endangered Sauk language"
559:
543:
88:
72:
925:
216:
The following consonant phonemes are given in
Reinschmidt (1995):
168:
was published using the
Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography.
634:
205:
1555:
1034:
590:. Reinschmidt presents four vowels, each with two allophones:
123:. It is very closely related to the dialects spoken by the
875:
Sorensen, Barbara; Weston, Jennifer (December 5, 2011).
1578:
799:Papers of the Twenty-Sixth Algonquin Conference
874:
851:
678:
660:
633:Both the Sauk and Fox languages are known for
144:
941:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
730:. Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 13, 17.
635:"swallowing" syllables in word-final position
841:. The Sac & Fox National Public Library.
792:
948:
934:
771:
723:
835:A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language
831:
762:
175:, began to offer a Sauk language course.
166:A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language
825:
119:or a distinct language, one of the many
1579:
929:
744:from the original on December 3, 2022
793:Reinschmidt, Kerstin Müller (1995).
955:
883:from the original on March 17, 2017
813:from the original on March 20, 2022
708:
13:
711:Handbook of North American Indians
421:among speakers in free variation.
14:
1598:
852:Carmen Bourlon (11 August 2012).
619:
566:
548:
534:
525:
386:
379:
353:
344:
330:
321:
313:
305:
287:
280:
273:
264:
192:and only a few elders know Sauk.
912:from the original on May 9, 2008
763:McCormick, Mary F., ed. (1975).
171:In 2012, Shawnee High School in
178:
894:
868:
845:
756:
717:
702:
149:, "people of the outlet". The
143:at one time called themselves
1:
860:. Shawnee, OK. Archived from
696:
640:
211:
628:
413:, but may also alternate as
199:
7:
1562:language •
1151:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
1130:Massachusett Pidgin English
139:In their own language, the
115:is either a dialect of the
10:
1603:
832:Whittaker, Gordon (2005).
724:Bonvillain, Nancy (1995).
652:
1549:
1524:
1499:
1476:
1427:
1405:
1325:
1312:
1282:
1231:
1204:
1160:
1102:
1093:
1063:
1020:
1011:
972:
963:
533:
496:
491:
489:
479:
86:
70:
65:
26:
21:
1436:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
1377:North of Superior Ojibwa
906:www.native-languages.org
204:Sauk does not have many
1284:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
1013:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
679:
661:
435:Reinschmidt symbolizes
145:
1258:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
877:"I love Sauk Language"
647:polysynthetic language
424:The representation of
405:is primarily heard as
879:. Cultural Survival.
858:The Shawnee News-Star
1103:Southern New England
580:⟨a/aa⟩
485:Sauk vowel phonemes
445:Americanist practice
155:syllabic orthography
121:Algonquian languages
1382:Northwestern Ojibwa
1345:Border Lakes Ojibwa
1340:Berens River Ojibwa
1245:Carolina Algonquian
1123:Massachusett Pidgin
864:on 29 January 2013.
486:
221:
220:Consonant phonemes
16:Algonquian language
1095:Eastern Algonquian
484:
219:
1574:
1573:
1568:extinct languages
1472:
1471:
1423:
1422:
1351:Broken Oghibbeway
1278:
1277:
1089:
1088:
737:978-0-7910-1684-8
671:Hi! I speak Sauk!
584:⟨e⟩
576:
575:
441:⟨y⟩
396:
395:
173:Shawnee, Oklahoma
110:
109:
1594:
1540:Proto-Algonquian
1372:Nipissing Ojibwa
1323:
1322:
1100:
1099:
1018:
1017:
970:
969:
950:
943:
936:
927:
926:
921:
920:
918:
917:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
872:
866:
865:
849:
843:
842:
840:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
790:
769:
768:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
721:
715:
714:
706:
693:
690:
687:
682:
675:
672:
669:
664:
614:
608:
602:
596:
585:
581:
570:
552:
538:
529:
515:
508:
487:
483:
474:
468:
462:
456:
442:
438:
431:
420:
412:
404:
390:
383:
357:
348:
334:
325:
317:
309:
291:
284:
277:
268:
222:
218:
148:
105:
98:
82:
75:
32:
19:
18:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:Algic languages
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1545:
1525:Proto-languages
1520:
1495:
1468:
1419:
1401:
1308:
1274:
1227:
1200:
1179:Pidgin Delaware
1156:
1085:
1059:
1007:
959:
957:Algic languages
954:
924:
915:
913:
900:
899:
895:
886:
884:
873:
869:
850:
846:
838:
830:
826:
816:
814:
791:
772:
761:
757:
747:
745:
738:
727:The Sac and Fox
722:
718:
707:
703:
699:
691:
688:
685:
673:
670:
667:
662:Ho! Ne nu ta ma
655:
643:
631:
622:
583:
579:
511:
504:
482:
440:
214:
202:
181:
101:
100:
99: Meskwaki
94:
78:
71:
61:
33:
30:Language family
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1572:
1571:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:Miami–Illinois
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1397:Western Ojibwa
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:Eastern Ojibwa
1364:
1359:
1357:Central Ojibwa
1354:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:Mesquakie–Sauk
1288:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1137:Mohegan–Pequot
1133:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
998:
993:
992:
991:
978:
976:
967:
961:
960:
953:
952:
945:
938:
930:
923:
922:
893:
867:
844:
824:
770:
755:
736:
716:
700:
698:
695:
654:
651:
642:
639:
630:
627:
621:
620:Pitch and tone
618:
617:
616:
610:
604:
598:
574:
573:
571:
564:
562:
556:
555:
553:
546:
540:
539:
532:
530:
523:
517:
516:
509:
501:
500:
495:
490:
481:
478:
477:
476:
470:
464:
458:
394:
393:
391:
384:
377:
375:
373:
371:
365:
364:
362:
360:
358:
351:
349:
342:
336:
335:
328:
326:
319:
310:
303:
301:
295:
294:
292:
285:
278:
271:
269:
262:
256:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
213:
210:
201:
198:
180:
177:
108:
107:
92:
84:
83:
76:
68:
67:
66:Language codes
63:
62:
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
55:
36:
34:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1599:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1002:Nawathinehena
999:
997:
994:
990:
989:
985:
984:
983:
980:
979:
977:
975:
971:
968:
966:
962:
958:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
931:
928:
911:
907:
903:
897:
882:
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:
848:
837:
836:
828:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
766:
759:
743:
739:
733:
729:
728:
720:
712:
705:
701:
694:
683:
681:
676:
665:
663:
658:
650:
648:
638:
636:
626:
611:
605:
599:
593:
592:
591:
589:
572:
569:
565:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
551:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
531:
528:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
494:
488:
471:
465:
459:
453:
452:
451:
448:
446:
433:
429:
422:
418:
410:
402:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
361:
359:
356:
352:
350:
347:
343:
341:
338:
337:
333:
329:
327:
324:
320:
316:
311:
308:
304:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
279:
276:
272:
270:
267:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:
217:
209:
207:
197:
193:
191:
187:
176:
174:
169:
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
147:
142:
137:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
104:
97:
93:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
74:
69:
64:
54:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
39:
35:
31:
25:
20:
1563:
1538:
1531:
1513:
1506:
1483:
1456:
1434:
1349:
1296:
1267:
1250:
1243:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1193:
1184:
1177:
1149:
1144:Narragansett
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1117:Massachusett
1109:
1000:
986:
914:. Retrieved
905:
896:
885:. Retrieved
870:
862:the original
857:
847:
834:
827:
815:. Retrieved
798:
764:
758:
746:. Retrieved
726:
719:
710:
704:
684:
677:
666:
659:
656:
644:
632:
623:
587:
577:
449:
443:, following
434:
423:
397:
215:
203:
194:
182:
179:Endangerment
170:
165:
163:
160:
138:
117:Fox language
112:
111:
87:
52:
1533:Proto-Algic
1206:Nanticockan
1050:Swampy Cree
1045:Plains Cree
996:Gros Ventre
817:3 September
801:: 413–430.
369:Approximant
151:Sauk people
1415:Potawatomi
1407:Potawatomi
1318:Potawatomi
1222:Piscataway
1076:Innu-aimun
1055:Woods Cree
1040:Moose Cree
988:Besawunena
965:Algonquian
916:2017-03-16
887:2017-03-16
697:References
645:Sauk is a
641:Morphology
212:Consonants
106: Sac
43:Algonquian
1566:indicate
1508:Nansemond
1500:Uncertain
1452:Menominee
1442:Blackfoot
1335:Algonquin
1215:Nanticoke
1161:Delawaran
1071:Atikamekw
1030:East Cree
974:Arapahoan
807:0831-5671
748:March 25,
629:Syllables
506:unrounded
299:Fricative
200:Phonology
164:In 2005,
146:asakiwaki
89:Glottolog
73:ISO 639-3
1581:Category
1515:Pamunkey
1447:Cheyenne
1387:Oji-Cree
1362:Chippewa
1304:Kickapoo
1269:Powhatan
1252:Etchemin
1168:Delaware
910:Archived
881:Archived
811:Archived
742:Archived
238:Alveolar
228:Bilabial
206:phonemes
129:Kickapoo
127:and the
125:Meskwaki
103:sacc1239
96:mesk1242
1564:Italics
1464:Shawnee
1263:Mi'kmaq
1239:Abenaki
1195:Mahican
1081:Naskapi
982:Arapaho
653:Samples
513:rounded
253:Glottal
243:Palatal
190:English
153:have a
1556:Pidgin
1552:Creole
1477:Others
1428:Others
1392:Ottawa
1327:Ojibwa
1314:Ojibwa
1232:Others
1173:Munsee
1064:Others
1035:Michif
805:
734:
480:Vowels
233:Dental
1560:Mixed
1491:Yurok
1485:Wiyot
1186:Unami
839:(PDF)
493:Front
467:/t͡ʃ/
419:]
415:[
411:]
407:[
340:Nasal
248:Velar
38:Algic
1297:Sauk
1111:Loup
1022:Cree
819:2019
803:ISSN
750:2016
732:ISBN
588:bear
521:High
498:Back
260:Stop
186:Sauk
141:Sauk
113:Sauk
53:Sauk
22:Sauk
613:/o/
607:/i/
601:/ɛ/
595:/ɑ/
560:Low
544:Mid
473:/k/
461:/t/
455:/p/
439:as
437:/j/
188:is
134:Fox
80:sac
48:Fox
1583::
908:.
904:.
856:.
809:.
797:.
773:^
740:.
615:→
609:→
603:→
597:→
475:→
469:→
463:→
457:→
447:.
318:)
282:tʃ
136:.
1558:/
1554:/
1316:–
949:e
942:t
935:v
919:.
890:.
821:.
767:.
752:.
692:'
686:'
674:'
668:'
568:ɑ
550:ɛ
536:o
527:i
430:/
428:h
426:/
417:s
409:ʃ
403:/
401:ʃ
399:/
388:w
381:j
355:n
346:m
332:h
323:ʃ
315:s
312:(
307:θ
289:k
275:t
266:p
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