152:
22:
3067:
41:
194:. The Hopewell culture was defined by its extensive trading system that connected communities throughout the Eastern region, from the Great Lakes to Florida. A sophisticated artwork style developed for its goods, depicting a multitude of animals such as deer, bear, and birds. The Hopewell culture is also noted for its impressive ceremonial sites, which typically contain a burial mound and geometric earthworks. The most notable of these sites is in the
478:
Prior to contact Native groups in the
Northeast generally lived in villages of a few hundred people, living close to their crops. Generally men did the planting and harvesting, while women processed the crops. However, some settlements could be much bigger, such as Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal),
1776:
2312:
A Gazetteer of the State of New-York, Embracing an Ample Survey and
Description of Its Counties, Towns, Cities, Villages, Canals, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Natural Topography. Arranged in One Series, Alphabetically: With an
419:, missionaries and fur traders. The canoes were used for carrying goods, and for hunting, fishing, and warfare, and varied in length from about 4.5 metres (15 feet) to about 30 metres (100 feet) in length for some large war canoes.
1645:
2437:
454:
on flat-topped mounds of soil. The three crops were planted in this way as each benefits from the proximity of the others. The tall maize plants provide a structure for the beans to climb, while the beans provide
2461:
2403:(2006). "The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast". In Staller, John E.; Tykot, Robert H.; Benz, Bruce F. (eds.).
1771:
2958:
371:
or
Delaware, who were also an Algonquian people. Most Lenape were pushed out of their homeland in the 18th century by expanding European colonies, and now the majority of them live in
2429:
2177:
1810:
1761:
1965:
2951:
3116:
3086:
1954:
450:, these three crops were carried northward over centuries to many parts of North America. The three crops were normally planted together using a technique known as
2967:
2047:
1668:
131:
region is sometimes considered a distinct cultural region, due to the large concentration of tribes in the area. The
Northeastern Woodlands region is bound by the
2058:
1781:
2458:
2003:
2605:
2944:
1982:
394:
3111:
2076:
206:) and adjacent Paint Creek, centered on Chillicothe, Ohio. The Hopewell culture began to decline from around 400 A.D. for reasons which remain unclear.
3034:
1709:
2992:
916:
894:
3096:
3027:
912:
140:
2358:
1640:
3091:
2042:
1592:
3017:
2997:
1382:
2316:
2174:
486:
For many tribes, the fundamental social group was a clan, which was often named after an animal such as turtle, bear, wolf or hawk. The
1793:
1386:
900:
89:. The Northeastern Woodlands is divided into three major areas: the Coastal, Saint Lawrence Lowlands, and Great Lakes-Riverine zones.
1987:
1895:
1890:
1727:
2405:
Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary
Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize
2226:
1799:
332:
became the most powerful political grouping in the
Northeastern woodlands, and still exists today. The confederacy consists of the
2378:
2091:
2086:
1992:
2204:
2613:
2513:
136:
3007:
2550:
2412:
2333:
2252:
168:
60:
2293:
1906:
1177:
3039:
2987:
1937:
1873:
1815:
1787:
1756:
132:
316:
developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present-day New York, into
2971:
2921:
2430:"Returning the 'three sisters' – corn, beans and squash – to Native American farms nourishes people, land and cultures"
1942:
1703:
2268:
2138:
1970:
1948:
1732:
1698:
1628:
3101:
3002:
2602:
1624:
1467:
3106:
2008:
2489:
535:), which is the spiritual and fundamental life force that is omnipresent. Manitou also manifest itself as the
151:
1750:
3044:
2053:
2036:
1927:
1721:
1715:
384:
2096:
2063:
2030:
1911:
423:
117:
1521:(Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Maine
1766:
1651:
156:
1777:
Lac du
Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin
2013:
1901:
1686:
1674:
1657:
490:
animal concerned was considered sacred and had a special relationship with the members of the clan.
2260:
1997:
1932:
1916:
1831:
1820:
1804:
826:
822:
67:
63:
2200:
2936:
1741:
583:
2323:(1824), at Schenectady Digital History Archives, selected extracts, accessed December 28, 2014
415:
was first used by the
Algonquin Indians and its use later spread to other tribes and to early
116:. The Great Lakes-Riverine area includes the remaining inland areas of the northeast, home to
2916:
2542:
643:
463:
that benefits the other plants. Meanwhile, the squash spreads along the ground, blocking the
439:
190:
began to develop across the
Midwest of what is now the United States, with its epicenter in
21:
2309:
2230:
1524:
1441:
1239:
760:
710:
472:
286:
266:
246:
214:
109:
1646:
Bad River Band of the Lake
Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation
8:
2982:
2400:
1959:
1692:
1662:
1511:, Missisquoi Valley, from Lake Champlain to the headwaters, in Vermont, and Massachusetts
1463:
1335:
1319:
1269:
1127:
998:
92:
The Coastal area includes the Atlantic Provinces in Canada, the Atlantic seaboard of the
2374:
2081:
1976:
1851:
1745:
1736:
984:
972:
874:
698:
694:
451:
443:
294:
282:
164:
113:
2546:
2535:
2408:
2264:
2134:
2024:
1825:
1518:
1370:
1257:
978:
870:
864:
704:
672:
623:
618:, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, Wisconsin; also currently Kansas and Oklahoma
567:
494:
230:
86:
33:
2510:
1367:, formerly Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, currently Oklahoma
1866:
1845:
1548:
1530:
1415:
1221:
1114:
808:
682:
612:(Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario, also currently Oklahoma; later Oklahoma
577:
506:
389:
The characteristics of the Northeastern woodlands cultural area include the use of
353:
254:
234:
218:
203:
187:
180:
105:
2337:
2609:
2517:
2465:
2320:
2181:
1861:
1856:
1839:
1680:
1610:
1490:
1472:
1457:
1352:
1197:
1191:
1171:
953:
848:
842:
836:
816:
788:
654:
345:
313:
121:
70:
269:
in the seventeenth century. The Confederacy covered roughly most of present-day
40:
3012:
1878:
1602:
1598:
1447:
1357:
1133:
1088:
1078:
966:
958:
906:
633:
571:
540:
199:
97:
3080:
2912:
2018:
1560:
1409:
1393:
1233:
928:
858:
794:
782:
776:
764:
752:
720:
544:
427:
349:
341:
337:
333:
329:
306:
298:
274:
262:
93:
78:
74:
49:
29:
3049:
1606:
1536:
1016:
943:
832:
770:
738:
629:
609:
595:
563:
368:
317:
195:
176:
25:
3054:
2101:
1325:
1159:
1120:
1052:
884:
732:
666:
660:
447:
321:
278:
222:
128:
1454:), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, historically Vermont and New Hampshire
1772:
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
1586:
1451:
1435:
1403:
1329:
1313:
1251:
1245:
1215:
1155:
1084:
1058:
1046:
934:
888:
880:
688:
615:
360:
172:
2481:
2283:. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association.
1884:
1566:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1431:
1399:
1376:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1263:
1108:
1036:
1022:
1010:
939:
726:
714:
648:
601:
409:
250:
210:
160:
845:-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York
1921:
1540:
1502:
1425:
1305:
1293:
1275:
1227:
1183:
1165:
1149:
1098:
1042:
1030:
1004:
947:
852:
819:, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, now Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
744:
678:
483:, which may have housed 20,000 residents between 1050 and 1150 CE.
464:
456:
372:
364:
325:
258:
242:
401:
as a means of exchange. Wampum consisted of small beads made from
1574:
1466:, formerly Androscoggin Valley in Maine and New Hampshire; later
1364:
1347:
1341:
1143:
1094:
1072:
994:
922:
685:), southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, later Iowa and Nebraska
639:
499:
480:
302:
226:
101:
2966:
1811:
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
1493:: Quebec, Massachusetts, historically New Hampshire and Vermont
839:), Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma
592:(Chippewa, Ojibwa), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin
2929:
Trigger, Bruce, volume ed. Sturtevant, William C., general ed.
1762:
Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas
1554:
1476:
1421:
1205:
1139:
1102:
829:), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, 14th century—1580 CE
589:
549:
416:
402:
398:
390:
290:
238:
82:
45:
16:
Native peoples in Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States
100:. The Saint Lawrence Lowlands area includes parts of Southern
1966:
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
1580:
1211:
800:
723:, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, descendants in Oklahoma
527:
487:
431:
412:
270:
1633:
2279:
Bain, Angela Goebel; Manring, Lynne; and Mathews, Barbara.
468:
460:
435:
191:
903:, formerly to the east along the north shore of New Jersey
1955:
Prairie Island Indian Community in the State of Minnesota
1064:
811:, formerly North Carolina, currently New York and Ontario
717:), Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri; descendants in Oklahoma
521:
515:
2048:
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota
2537:
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast
2059:
Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) of Massachusetts
1782:
Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
1418:, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York
479:
which had a population of several thousand people, and
2004:
Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan
217:-speaking cultures had developed in what would become
1983:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
518:
2077:
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
1669:
Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy’s Reservation
1316:, Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey
524:
2393:
2227:"m7/98 Encyclopedia of North American Prehistory M"
1001:) Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont
512:
509:
422:The main agricultural crops of the region were the
2534:
2195:
2193:
1710:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
1396:), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia
3117:Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands
3087:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
3078:
2128:
1460:, Quebec, Maine, and historically New Hampshire
1236:, New York, eastern Hartford County, Connecticut
1055:, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, now Oklahoma
861:, formerly New York, later Ontario and Wisconsin
543:, who is the creator and giver of all life. The
297:in Canada. The Western Abenaki live on lands in
85:. It is part of a broader grouping known as the
57:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
2541:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
2407:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 529–537.
2190:
1543:, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec
1527:, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine
1146:), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island
975:, formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey
2933:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.
2926:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.
2399:
2952:
2294:"Sacred fire lights the Wabanaki Confederacy"
1641:Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
729:, formerly Wisconsin, descendants in Oklahoma
697:, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and
2043:Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New York
1505:, upper Connecticut River Valley, in Vermont
1444:, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec
691:, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
566:(Anishinabe, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also
3112:Lists of indigenous peoples of the Americas
1067:, formerly Indiana, descendants in Oklahoma
1061:, formerly Indiana, descendants in Oklahoma
265:, Abenaki, and Penobscot tribes formed the
225:. Prominent Algonquian tribes included the
2959:
2945:
2428:Hill, Christina Gish (November 20, 2020).
1794:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
1618:
77:encompassing the northeastern and Midwest
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
1988:Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan
1896:Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi
1891:Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island
1728:Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine
1634:United States Federally Recognized tribes
2716:
2714:
2712:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2303:
2175:"History of Pre-colonial North America."
1800:Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut
919:), formerly Westchester County, New York
150:
39:
20:
3097:Indigenous peoples in the United States
2878:
2876:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2741:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2532:
2257:The Empire State: A History of New York
2092:Southern New England Algonquian cuisine
2087:Native American tribes in Massachusetts
1993:St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
909:, formerly Westchester County, New York
3079:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2614:National Museum of the American Indian
1609:, now Oklahoma, Kansas, Michigan, and
2940:
2894:
2709:
2619:
2440:from the original on January 12, 2021
2253:New York State Historical Association
1487:('Pigwacket), Maine and New Hampshire
2873:
2840:
2814:
2802:
2779:
2750:
2689:
2559:
2482:"Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site"
2427:
2152:
2150:
1907:Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin
3092:Indigenous peoples of North America
2931:Handbook of North American Indians.
2864:
2723:
2492:from the original on April 18, 2021
2381:from the original on March 27, 2019
2286:
1938:Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
1874:Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut
1816:Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
1788:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
1757:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
803:, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
359:The area that is now the states of
13:
2922:Handbook of North American Indians
2300:(June 27, 2008), ICT Media Network
1943:Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians
1704:Forest County Potawatomi Community
785:, New York, Ontario, and Wisconsin
707:, formerly Massachusetts, New York
556:
73:residing in or originating from a
48:people, depicted in a painting by
14:
3128:
2336:. ALHN New Jersey. Archived from
2207:from the original on July 4, 2024
2147:
2133:. Capstone Classroom. p. 4.
1971:Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians
1949:Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation
1733:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
1699:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
1629:List of First Nations governments
981:, formerly southeast Pennsylvania
767:), Ontario, Quebec, and New York
669:, formerly Pennsylvania, New York
3065:
1625:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
855:), formerly Long Island New York
505:
159:showing the demarcation between
2885:
2793:
2770:
2526:
2504:
2474:
2452:
2421:
2367:
2359:Northeast American Indian Facts
2352:
2326:
2251:Klein, Milton M. (ed.) and the
2009:Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
1332:), Michigan, now Iowa, Oklahoma
1194:, Massachusetts, New Hampshire
2310:Horatio Gates Spafford, LL.D.
2273:
2245:
2219:
2168:
2159:
2122:
2113:
1499:, Massachusetts, New Hampshire
797:, New York, Ontario, Oklahoma
779:, New York, Ontario and Quebec
1:
2906:
2533:Bragdon, Kathleen J. (2001).
2334:"Native People of New Jersey"
2281:Native Peoples in New England
1751:Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
1569:, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
1468:Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec
1105:), West Virginia and Virginia
773:, New York, Ontario, Oklahoma
497:center around the concept of
493:The spiritual beliefs of the
209:By around 1100, the distinct
2882:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
2861:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
2811:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
2362:Native American Indian Facts
2054:Tuscarora Nation of New York
2037:Stockbridge Munsee Community
1928:Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine
1836:Six component reservations:
1722:Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin
1716:Hannahville Indian Community
385:Eastern Agricultural Complex
32:, depicted in a portrait by
7:
2377:. Encyclopedia Britannica.
2097:Three Sisters (agriculture)
2070:
2064:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
2031:Sokaogon Chippewa Community
1912:Onondaga Nation of New York
1344:Outerbanks, North Carolina
471:from growing and retaining
10:
3133:
2972:Indigenous North Americans
2900:Sturtevant and Trigger 255
2870:Fogelson and Sturtevant 81
2837:Sturtevant and Trigger 161
2720:Sturtevant and Trigger 198
2706:Sturtevant and Trigger 241
2263:, Ithaca, New York, 2001,
1767:Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
1652:Bay Mills Indian Community
1622:
1577:, Mattabeset, Connecticut
1033:, Virginia, North Carolina
382:
378:
273:in the United States, and
157:Northeastern United States
146:
3063:
2978:
2891:Sturtevant and Trigger 96
2686:Sturtevant and Trigger ix
2616:. Accessed April 8, 2014.
2523:. Retrieved March 7, 2019
2471:. Retrieved March 7, 2019
2165:Trigger, "Introduction" 3
2156:Trigger, "Introduction" 2
2131:Eastern Woodlands Indians
2129:Mir Tamim Ansary (2001).
2119:Trigger, "Introduction" 1
2014:Seneca Nation of New York
1902:Oneida Nation of New York
1687:Delaware Tribe of Indians
1675:Citizen Potawatomi Nation
1658:Cayuga Nation of New York
1019:, formerly Massachusetts
741:, Illinois, now Oklahoma
651:, formerly North Carolina
547:equivalent of Manitou is
2516:August 28, 2018, at the
2459:Northeast Indian Culture
2364:Retrieved March 7, 2019.
2261:Cornell University Press
2203:. Ohio History Central.
2187:Retrieved July 13, 2013.
2107:
1998:Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
1933:Penobscot Tribe of Maine
1917:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
1832:Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
1438:), Long Island, New York
1117:, Delaware and Maryland
1025:, formerly Massachusetts
925:, formerly Massachusetts
312:The five nations of the
3102:First Nations in Canada
2521:Encyclopedia Britannica
2292:Toensing, Gale Courey.
2050:, Montana, North Dakota
1821:Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
1805:Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe
1619:First Nations in Canada
1595:, Connecticut, New York
1373:, Long Island, New York
1230:, western Massachusetts
827:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
3107:Native American tribes
2608:June 24, 2010, at the
2464:March 8, 2019, at the
2180:June 22, 2013, at the
1848:, Minnesota, Wisconsin
1742:Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma
1724:, Minnesota, Wisconsin
987:, Delaware, New Jersey
701:region, 200 BCE—500 CE
309:of the United States.
183:
141:Southeastern Woodlands
53:
37:
2917:William C. Sturtevant
2319:July 4, 2024, at the
2185:Essential Humanities.
1623:Further information:
1338:, western Connecticut
1136:, coastal Connecticut
1101:, Monekot, Moheton) (
1049:), Michigan, now Iowa
434:(corn), and climbing
367:was inhabited by the
154:
139:to the west, and the
43:
24:
2603:"Cultural Thesaurus"
2401:Mount Pleasant, Jane
2298:Indian Country Today
1744:, also considered a
1735:, also considered a
1693:Eastern Chickahominy
1605:), Ontario south of
1589:, Maryland, Virginia
1442:Wabanaki Confederacy
1240:Powhatan Confederacy
969:-speaking subgroups
950:), formerly New York
761:Iroquois Confederacy
711:Illinois Confederacy
663:, Virginia, Maryland
473:moisture in the soil
397:for shelter and of
287:Prince Edward Island
267:Wabanaki Confederacy
110:Saint Lawrence River
2776:Goddard 72, 237–238
2233:on October 20, 2009
1945:, Michigan, Indiana
1663:Chickahominy people
1013:, formerly Michigan
999:Stockbridge Mahican
961:, formerly New York
931:, formerly New York
897:, formerly New York
867:, formerly New York
791:, New York, Ontario
755:, formerly Illinois
747:, formerly Illinois
735:, formerly Illinois
657:, formerly Maryland
626:, formerly Maryland
186:Around 200 B.C the
2799:Goddard 72 and 238
2747:Goddard 72 and 237
2201:"Hopewell Culture"
2082:Hopewell tradition
1977:Sac and Fox Nation
1852:Grand Portage Band
1746:Great Plains tribe
1737:Great Plains tribe
695:Hopewell tradition
452:companion planting
446:). Originating in
295:St. Lawrence River
283:Cape Breton Island
184:
135:to the north, the
118:Central Algonquian
114:Susquehanna Valley
54:
38:
3074:
3073:
3018:Eastern Woodlands
2913:Trigger, Bruce C.
2552:978-0-231-11452-3
2414:978-1-5987-4496-5
2025:Shinnecock Nation
604:(Nakawē), Ontario
580:, Quebec, Ontario
87:Eastern Woodlands
81:and southeastern
34:Charles Bird King
3124:
3069:
3068:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2915:"Introduction."
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2838:
2835:
2812:
2809:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2721:
2718:
2707:
2704:
2687:
2684:
2617:
2600:
2557:
2556:
2540:
2530:
2524:
2511:Northeast Indian
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2478:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2434:The Conversation
2425:
2419:
2418:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2229:. Archived from
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2188:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2117:
1867:White Earth Band
1846:Fond du Lac Band
1551:, Massachusetts
1168:, North Carolina
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
417:French explorers
204:Portsmouth, Ohio
188:Hopewell culture
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3061:
2993:Northwest Coast
2974:
2965:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2841:
2836:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2724:
2719:
2710:
2705:
2690:
2685:
2620:
2610:Wayback Machine
2601:
2560:
2553:
2531:
2527:
2518:Wayback Machine
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2466:Wayback Machine
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2340:on May 18, 2022
2332:
2331:
2327:
2321:Wayback Machine
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2182:Wayback Machine
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2073:
2068:
1862:Mille Lacs Band
1857:Leech Lake Band
1840:Bois Forte Band
1835:
1807:, Massachusetts
1681:Delaware Nation
1636:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1563:, Massachusetts
1557:, Massachusetts
1491:Western Abenaki
1458:Eastern Abenaki
1353:Dasamongueponke
1200:, Massachusetts
954:Warranawankongs
655:Choptank people
559:
557:List of peoples
508:
504:
387:
381:
328:confederacy or
320:and around the
314:Iroquois League
257:. The Mi'kmaq,
171:in present-day
149:
61:Native American
17:
12:
11:
5:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2968:Cultural areas
2964:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2919:, general ed.
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2872:
2863:
2839:
2813:
2801:
2792:
2778:
2769:
2749:
2740:
2722:
2708:
2688:
2618:
2558:
2551:
2525:
2503:
2473:
2451:
2420:
2413:
2392:
2366:
2351:
2325:
2302:
2285:
2272:
2244:
2218:
2189:
2167:
2158:
2146:
2139:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1829:
1826:Mi'kmaq Nation
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:Roanoke people
1355:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1180:, Connecticut
1175:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1130:, Rhode Island
1125:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1008:
1002:
992:
991:
990:
989:
988:
982:
976:
964:
963:
962:
959:Wiechquaeskeck
956:
951:
937:
932:
926:
920:
910:
904:
898:
892:
878:
868:
862:
856:
830:
820:
814:
813:
812:
806:
805:
804:
792:
786:
780:
774:
758:
757:
756:
750:
749:
748:
736:
730:
724:
708:
702:
692:
686:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
637:
627:
621:
620:
619:
613:
607:
606:
605:
599:
587:
581:
560:
558:
555:
541:Gitche Manitou
380:
377:
219:New York State
213:-speaking and
181:New York state
148:
145:
143:to the south.
108:, much of the
98:North Carolina
96:, south until
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3129:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2269:0-8014-3866-7
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2237:September 11,
2232:
2228:
2222:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2140:9781588104519
2136:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:Shawnee Tribe
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:Passamaquoddy
1523:
1520:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:, Connecticut
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:Susquehannock
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:, Connecticut
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:, Connecticut
1074:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
968:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
949:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
886:
882:
879:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
847:
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
810:
807:
802:
799:
798:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
766:
765:Haudenosaunee
762:
759:
754:
751:
746:
743:
742:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
617:
614:
611:
608:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
573:
569:
565:
562:
561:
554:
552:
551:
546:
545:Haudenosaunee
542:
538:
532:
502:
501:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:winter squash
425:
424:Three Sisters
420:
418:
414:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Haudenosaunee
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
307:Massachusetts
304:
300:
299:New Hampshire
296:
293:south of the
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:New Brunswick
272:
268:
264:
263:Passamaquoddy
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Narragansetts
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
198:Valley (from
197:
193:
189:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Indian tribes
166:
162:
158:
155:A map of the
153:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:United States
90:
88:
84:
80:
79:United States
76:
75:cultural area
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
51:
50:George Catlin
47:
42:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3050:Aridoamerica
3028:Southeastern
3023:Northeastern
3022:
2930:
2920:
2896:
2887:
2866:
2795:
2772:
2743:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2469:Khan Academy
2468:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2433:
2423:
2404:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2369:
2361:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2328:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2256:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2184:
2170:
2161:
2130:
2124:
2115:
1960:Rappahannock
1607:Georgian Bay
1537:Wolastoqiyik
1464:Androscoggin
1336:Schaghticoke
1320:Rappahannock
1270:Chickahominy
1128:Narragansett
1017:Massachusett
973:Acquackanonk
944:Wecquaesgeek
875:Rumachenanck
833:Lenni Lenape
644:Newfoundland
630:Attawandaron
610:Odawa people
596:Mississaugas
564:Anishinaabeg
548:
537:Great Spirit
536:
498:
492:
485:
477:
444:common beans
440:tepary beans
421:
407:
388:
369:Lenni-Lenape
358:
318:Pennsylvania
311:
289:and some of
208:
196:Scioto River
185:
177:Pennsylvania
163:(green) and
137:Great Plains
126:
91:
68:First Nation
56:
55:
52:in the 1860s
36:, circa 1835
26:Joseph Brant
18:
3055:Mesoamerica
3008:Great Basin
2790:Goddard 238
2767:Goddard 237
2102:War of 1812
2039:, Wisconsin
2033:, Wisconsin
1973:, Minnesota
1842:(Nett Lake)
1834:, Minnesota
1706:, Wisconsin
1648:, Wisconsin
1428:), Virginia
1406:), Virginia
1392:Conestoga (
1389:), Virginia
1242:, Virginia
1162:), Virginia
1160:Occaneechee
1121:Accohannock
1091:), New York
1039:, Wisconsin
985:Unalachtigo
891:), New York
885:Kichtawanks
877:), New York
733:Mitchigamea
699:Black River
642:, formerly
495:Algonquians
467:to prevent
448:Mesoamerica
322:Great Lakes
279:Nova Scotia
277:, mainland
223:New England
129:Great Lakes
3081:Categories
3003:California
2907:References
2738:Goddard 72
2444:January 8,
2027:, New York
2021:, Oklahoma
2000:, New York
1979:, Oklahoma
1962:, Virginia
1924:, Virginia
1898:, Michigan
1887:, Virginia
1881:, Virginia
1796:, Michigan
1790:, Michigan
1784:, Michigan
1753:, Michigan
1718:, Michigan
1712:, Michigan
1695:, Virginia
1689:, Oklahoma
1683:, Oklahoma
1677:, Oklahoma
1665:, Virginia
1654:, Michigan
1593:Wyachtonok
1587:Wicocomico
1583:, New York
1452:Tarrantine
1436:Poospatuck
1379:, Virginia
1371:Shinnecock
1322:, Virginia
1314:Quinnipiac
1308:, Virginia
1302:, Virginia
1296:, Virginia
1290:, Virginia
1284:, Virginia
1278:, Virginia
1272:, Virginia
1266:, Virginia
1260:, Virginia
1258:Chesapeake
1254:, Virginia
1252:Arrohateck
1248:, Virginia
1246:Appomattoc
1224:, Maryland
1222:Piscataway
1218:), Ontario
1216:Tionontate
1186:, New York
1178:Paugussett
1174:, Maryland
1156:Occaneechi
1152:, Virginia
1111:, Virginia
1085:Montaukett
1081:, Virginia
1059:Piankeshaw
1007:, Virginia
979:Okehocking
935:Waoranecks
889:Kichtawank
881:Kitchawank
871:Haverstraw
865:Hackensack
823:Laurentian
705:Housatonic
689:Honniasont
636:), Ontario
624:Assateague
616:Potawatomi
395:longhouses
383:See also:
361:New Jersey
251:Pocumtucks
215:Algonquian
173:New Jersey
165:Algonquian
124:speakers.
112:area, and
104:, upstate
3040:Caribbean
3035:Southwest
2988:Subarctic
2496:April 20,
2385:March 26,
2344:March 14,
2313:Appendix…
2211:March 14,
1885:Nansemond
1671:, Montana
1567:Pokanoket
1549:Wampanoag
1531:Penobscot
1509:Missiquoi
1497:Pennacook
1485:Pequawket
1432:Unquachog
1416:Tuscarora
1400:Tauxenent
1383:Stuckanox
1377:Stegarake
1300:Paspahegh
1288:Nansemond
1282:Mattaponi
1264:Chesepian
1192:Pawtucket
1115:Nanticoke
1109:Nansemond
1037:Menominee
1023:Ponkapoag
1011:Mascouten
940:Wappinger
809:Tuscarora
727:Kaskaskia
715:Illiniwek
683:Winnebago
649:Chowanoke
602:Saulteaux
598:, Ontario
586:, Ontario
584:Nipissing
578:Algonquin
568:Subarctic
438:(usually
410:birchbark
354:Tuscarora
255:Wampanoag
235:Penobscot
211:Iroquoian
161:Iroquoian
133:Subarctic
2606:Archived
2514:Archived
2490:Archived
2462:Archived
2438:Archived
2379:Archived
2317:Archived
2205:Archived
2178:Archived
2071:See also
1951:, Kansas
1922:Pamunkey
1613:, Quebec
1541:Maliseet
1503:Cowasuck
1479:), Maine
1473:Kennebec
1426:Nahyssan
1387:Stukanox
1348:Croatoan
1306:Powhatan
1294:Pamunkey
1276:Kiskiack
1228:Pocumtuc
1198:Naumkeag
1184:Potatuck
1172:Patuxent
1166:Pamplico
1150:Nottaway
1099:Monetons
1043:Meskwaki
1031:Meherrin
1005:Manahoac
948:Nochpeem
917:Sintsink
901:Navasink
895:Minisink
853:Canarsee
849:Canarsie
837:Delaware
817:Kickapoo
789:Onondaga
745:Moingona
679:Ho-Chunk
673:Etchemin
465:sunlight
457:nitrogen
405:shells.
373:Oklahoma
365:Delaware
356:tribes.
346:Onondaga
326:Iroquois
259:Maliseet
243:Mohegans
227:Abenakis
200:Columbus
106:New York
59:include
2998:Plateau
2375:"Canoe"
1879:Monacan
1828:, Maine
1611:Wendake
1599:Wyandot
1575:Wangunk
1561:Patuxet
1533:, Maine
1519:Mi'kmaq
1448:Abenaki
1365:Shawnee
1342:Secotan
1144:Nipmuck
1134:Niantic
1095:Monyton
1089:Montauk
1079:Monacan
1073:Mohegan
995:Mahican
923:Siwanoy
913:Sinsink
907:Raritan
753:Tamaroa
721:Cahokia
675:, Maine
640:Beothuk
634:Neutral
500:Manitou
481:Cahokia
459:to the
391:wigwams
379:Culture
303:Vermont
239:Pequots
231:Mi'kmaq
147:History
102:Ontario
3045:Mexico
3013:Plains
2983:Arctic
2549:
2486:UNESCO
2411:
2267:
2137:
1555:Nauset
1477:Caniba
1422:Tutelo
1410:Tunxis
1234:Podunk
1206:Pequot
1140:Nipmuc
1103:Siouan
929:Tappan
859:Esopus
843:Munsee
795:Seneca
783:Oneida
777:Mohawk
771:Cayuga
739:Peoria
590:Ojibwe
572:Plains
550:orenda
403:quahog
399:wampum
350:Seneca
342:Oneida
338:Cayuga
334:Mohawk
324:. The
305:, and
291:Quebec
253:, and
179:, and
167:(red)
122:Siouan
83:Canada
64:tribes
46:Lenape
44:Three
30:Mohawk
2108:Notes
1603:Huron
1581:Wenro
1212:Petun
1053:Miami
967:Unami
801:Mingo
661:Conoy
488:totem
469:weeds
436:beans
432:maize
413:canoe
271:Maine
71:bands
2547:ISBN
2498:2021
2446:2021
2409:ISBN
2387:2019
2346:2019
2265:ISBN
2239:2008
2213:2019
2135:ISBN
1627:and
1404:Doeg
1326:Sauk
667:Erie
461:soil
408:The
393:and
363:and
352:and
221:and
192:Ohio
127:The
120:and
66:and
28:, a
2970:of
1330:Sac
1065:Wea
1047:Fox
539:or
442:or
202:to
3083::
2875:^
2842:^
2816:^
2804:^
2781:^
2752:^
2725:^
2711:^
2691:^
2621:^
2612:.
2561:^
2545:.
2543:18
2488:.
2484:.
2436:.
2432:.
2296:,
2259:,
2255:,
2192:^
2149:^
1539:,
946:,
887:,
574:)
570:,
553:.
528:uː
475:.
430:,
426::
375:.
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
301:,
285:,
281:,
261:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
175:,
2960:e
2953:t
2946:v
2924:.
2555:.
2500:.
2448:.
2417:.
2389:.
2348:.
2241:.
2215:.
2143:.
1601:(
1475:(
1450:(
1434:(
1424:(
1402:(
1385:(
1328:(
1214:(
1158:(
1142:(
1097:(
1087:(
1045:(
997:(
942:(
915:(
883:(
873:(
851:(
835:(
825:(
763:(
713:(
681:(
632:(
531:/
525:t
522:ɪ
519:n
516:æ
513:m
510:ˈ
507:/
503:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_by_Charles_Bird_King.jpg)
