Lenape - Knowledge

1541:. As a further complication in communication and understanding, kinship terms commonly used by European settlers had very different meanings to the Lenape: "fathers" did not have the same direct parental control as in Europe, "brothers" could be a symbol of equality but could also be interpreted as one's parallel cousins, "cousins" were interpreted as only cross-cousins, etc. All of these added complexities in kinship terms made agreements with Europeans all the more difficult. The Lenape would petition for grievances on the basis that not all their families had been recognized in the transaction (not that they wanted to "share" the land). After the Dutch arrival in the 1620s, the Lenape were successful in restricting Dutch settlement until the 1660s to no further than 3544:—instead of honor raids for bragging rights by stealing cattle, food stocks, weapons, or women, the Iroquois (probably having heard of European wars of conquest) began slash and burn campaigns, often raiding in mid-winter to drive out targeted populations and despoiling their productive lands and food stocks. The Iroquois steamrolled a large variety of tribes of both Algonkian and Iroquoian language groups as they established dominance over a large range, and became the major political factor any English and French decision makers had to consider in making any policy for over a hundred years. Iroquois delegations were hosted and honored in London and Paris. 1231:. The practice effectively prevented inbreeding, even among individuals whose kinship was obscure or unknown. This means that a male from the Turkey Clan was expected to marry a female from either the Turtle or Wolf clans. His children would not belong to the Turkey Clan, but to the mother's clan. As such, a person's mother's brothers (the person's matrilineal uncles) played a large role in his or her life as they shared the same clan lineage. Within a marriage itself, men and women had relatively separate and equal rights, each controlling their own property and debts, showing further signs of a woman's power in the hierarchical structure. 1517: 1219:. Children belong to their mother's clan, from which they gain social status and identity. The mother's eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the male children than was their father, who was generally of another clan. Hereditary leadership passed through the maternal line, and women elders could remove leaders of whom they disapproved. Agricultural land was managed by women and allotted according to the subsistence needs of their extended families. Newlywed couples would live with the bride's family, where her mother and sisters could also assist her with her growing family. 1704: 895: 1729:. In the mid-1730s, colonial administrators produced a draft of a land deed dating to the 1680s. William Penn had approached several leaders of Lenape polities in the lower Delaware to discuss land sales further north. Since the land in question did not belong to their polities, the talks did not lead to an agreement. But colonial administrators prepared the draft that resurfaced in the 1730s. The Penns and their supporters presented this draft as a legitimate deed, but Lenape leaders in the lower Delaware refused to accept it. 1396:

males. The Lenape also adorned themselves with various ornaments made of stone, shell, animal teeth, and claws. The women often wore headbands of dyed deer hair or wampum. They painted their skin skirts or decorated them with porcupine quills. These skirts were so elaborately appointed that, when seen from a distance, they reminded Dutch settlers of fine European lace. The winter cloaks of the women were striking, fashioned from the iridescent body feathers of wild turkeys.

7735: 3212: 2623: 1408:: a football-like hybrid, split on gender lines. Over a hundred players were grouped into gendered teams (male and female) to try getting a ball through the other team's goal posts. Men could not carry and pass the ball, only use their feet, while the women could carry, pass, or kick. If the ball was picked up by a woman, she could not be tackled by the men, although men could attempt to dislodge the ball. Women were free to tackle the men. 3310: 2373: 59: 4952: 1242:, the animosity of differences and competitions spanned many generations, and in general tribes with each of the different language groups became traditional enemies in the areas they'd meet. On the other hand, The New American Book of Indians points out that competition, trade, and wary relations were far more common than outright warfare—but both larger societies had traditions of 'proving' (blooding) new (or young) warriors by 2083:. He divided his men into three regiments and laid their village to waste. On the first night, 16 warriors were captured, taken south of the village, and slaughtered; another 20 were killed in battle, and 20 civilians were taken prisoner. Surviving residents fled to the north. Colonel Brodhead convinced the militia to leave the Lenape at the remaining Moravian mission villages unmolested, since they were unarmed non-combatants. 647: 287: 2673:

notice on them, a process generally considered onerous. Major B.F. Robinson, the Indian Agent appointed in 1855, did his best, but could not control the hundreds of white trespassers who stole stock, cut timber, and built houses and squatted on Lenape lands. By 1860, the Lenape had reached consensus to leave Kansas, which was in accord with the government's Indian removal policy.

1736:, what followed was a "convoluted sequence of deception, fraud, and extortion orchestrated by the Pennsylvania government that is commonly known as the Walking Purchase". In the end, all Lenape who still lived on the Delaware were driven off the remnants of their homeland under threats of violence. Some Lenape polities eventually retaliated by attacking 6404: 4752: 917:, a Lenape would have identified primarily with their immediate family and clan, friends, and village unit and, after that, with surrounding and familiar village units followed by more distant neighbors who spoke the same dialect, and finally, with those in the surrounding area who spoke mutually comprehensible languages, including the 5242: 2138:

about them we know not what, Again it may be the white Man may do something either upon Land, Timber or something else which some one of the proprietors would not like & from thence would come great deal of Disquietness, & many other ways which may plainly be seen into, by those that have any sense or reason—

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https://www.academia.edu/479943/_Colonialism_and_the_Discursive_Antecedents_of_Penns_Treaty_with_the_Indians_in_William_A._Pencak_and_Daniel_K._Richter_eds._From_Native_America_to_Penns_Woods_Colonists_Indians_and_the_Racial_Construction_of_Pennsylvania_State_College_Pennsylvania_State_University_Press_2004_18-40

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in 1790, that Act did not avail the Lenape. As a result, the court granted the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss. In its conclusion the court stated: "... we find that the Delaware Nation's aboriginal rights to Tatamy's Place were extinguished in 1737 and that, later, fee title to the land was granted

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The next Texan President, Mirabeau B. Lamar, completely opposed all Indians. He considered them illegal intruders who threatened the settlers' safety and lands and issued an order for their removal from Texas. The Lenape were sent north of the Red River into Indian Territory, although a few scattered

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began in 1835. Texas officials were eager to gain the support of the Texas tribes to their side and offered to recognize their land claims by sending three commissioners to negotiate a treaty. A treaty was agreed upon in February 1836 that mapped the boundaries of Indian lands, but this agreement was

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accompanied one of Frémont's expeditions as one of his Lenape guides. From California, Fremont needed to communicate with Senator Benton. Sagundai volunteered to carry the message through some 2,200 kilometres (1367 miles) of hostile territory. He took many scalps in this adventure, including that of

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Over a period of 176 years, European settlers pushed the Lenape out of the East Coast, through to Ohio and eventually further west. Most members of the Munsee-language branch of the Lenape left the United States after the British were defeated in the American Revolutionary War. Their descendants live

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We are exceeding glad when we see we are like to live in Quietness among one another without giving any offence to one another, & this of keeping white people from among us will be a great step towards it, & for this reason we intend to stand by or rather stand Hand in hand against any coming

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Another common activity was that of dance, and yet again, gender differences appear: men would dance and leap loudly, often with bear claw accessories, while women, wearing little thimbles or bells, would dance more modestly, stepping "one foot after the other slightly forwards then backwards, yet so

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As the Lenape were not considered United States citizens, they had no access to the courts and no way to enforce their property rights. The United States Army was to enforce their rights to reservation land after the Indian Agent had both posted a public notice warning trespassers and served written

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culture. In addition, both tribes practiced adopting young captives from warfare into their tribes and assimilating them as full tribal members. Iroquoians adopting Lenape (or other peoples) were known to be part of their religious beliefs, the adopted one taking the place in the clan of one killed

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favored a policy of peaceful relations with all tribes. He sought the services of the friendly Lenape, and in 1837, enlisted several Lenape to protect the frontier from hostile western tribes. Lenape scouts joined with Texas Rangers as they patrolled the western frontier. Houston also tried to get

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made an inspection of eastern Mexican Texas and estimated that the region housed between 150 and 200 Lenape families. The Lenape requested Mier y Terán to issue them land grants and send teachers, so they might learn to read and write the Spanish language. The general, impressed with how well they

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in early 1779 and demanded that the neutral Lenape formally side with the British. Killbuck warned the Americans of the planned attack. His actions helped save the fort, but the Americans abandoned it in August 1779. The Lenape had lost their protectors and found themselves without solid allies in

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leggings and moccasins in cold weather. Women would wear their hair long, usually below the hip, while men kept only a small "round crest, of about 2 inches in diameter". Deer hair, dyed a deep scarlet, as well as plumes of feathers, were favorite components of headdresses and breast ornaments for

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Early European observers may have misinterpreted matrilineal Lenape cultural practices. For example, a man's maternal uncle (his mother's brother), and not his father, was usually considered to be his closest male relative, since his uncle belonged to his mother's clan and his father belonged to a

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By 1682, when William Penn arrived to his American commonwealth, the Lenape had been so reduced by disease, famine, and war that the sub-clan mothers had reluctantly resolved to consolidate their families into the main clan family. This is why William Penn and all those after him believed that the

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The historical record of the mid-17th century suggests that most Lenape polities each consisted of several hundred people but it is conceivable that some had been considerably larger prior to close contact, given the wars between the Susquehannocks and the Iroquois, both of whom were armed by the

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with a particularly fine horse, who had outrun both Sagundai and the other Comanche. Sagundai was thrown when his horse stepped into a prairie-dog hole, but avoided the Comanche's lance, shot the warrior dead, and caught his horse and escaped the other Comanche. When Sagundai returned to his own

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We have come upon those resolutions we hope for our better living in friendship among one another, it may be that there is some which does not like white people for their Neighbours, for fear of their not agreeing as they ought to do. it might be about there children or about something they have

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rivers. In 1778, Killbuck permitted American soldiers to traverse Lenape territory so that the soldiers could attack British-held Fort Detroit. In return, Killbuck requested that the Americans build a fort near the major Lenape village of Coshocton, to provide them with protection from potential

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region of present-day Pennsylvania of an impending attack. After the end of the French and Indian War, European settlers continued to attack the Lenape, often to such an extent that, as historian Amy Schutt writes, the dead since the wars outnumbered those killed during the war. In April 1763,

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The men limited their agricultural labor to clearing the field and breaking the soil. They primarily hunted and fished during the rest of the year: from September to January and from June to July, they mainly hunted deer, but from the month of January to the spring planting in May, they hunted

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The early European settlers, especially the Dutch and Swedes, were surprised at the Lenape's skill in fashioning clothing from natural materials. In hot weather men and women wore only loin cloth and skirt respectively, while they used beaver pelts or bear skins to serve as winter mantles.

2311:(Kikthawenund), whose father was Swedish. The Lenape village in Indiana was called Anderson's Town, while the Lenape village in Missouri on the James River was often called Anderson's Village. The tribes' cabins and cornfields were spread out along the James River and Wilsons Creek. 2785:. After the Walking Purchase, Chief Tatamy was granted legal permission for him and his family to remain on this parcel of land, known as "Tatamy's Place". In addition to suing the state, the tribe also sued the township, the county and elected officials, including Gov. Ed Rendell. 1309:

and drowning deer, as well as forming a circle around prey and setting the brush on fire. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bays of the area, and, in southern New Jersey, harvested clams year-round. One technique used while fishing was to add ground

2563:. Lenape scouts and their families were allowed to settle along the Brazos and Bosque rivers in order to influence the Comanche to come to the Texas government for a peace conference. The plan was successful and the Lenape helped bring the Comanches to a treaty council in 1844. 1973:

were deeply divided over which side, if any, to take in the war. When the war began, Killbuck found the Lenape caught between the British and their Indian allies in the West and the Americans in the East. The Lenape were living in numerous villages around their main village of

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Members of each clan were found throughout Lenape territory, and while clan mothers controlled the land, the houses, and the families, the clan fathers provided the meat, cleared the fields, built the houses, and protected the clan. Upon reaching adulthood, a Lenape male would

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family. Killbuck resented his grandfather for allowing the Moravians to remain in the Ohio country. The Moravians believed in pacifism, and Killbuck believed that every convert to the Moravians deprived the Lenape of a warrior to stop further white settlement of their land.

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The Cherokee Nation filed suit to overturn the independent federal recognition of the Lenape. The tribe lost federal recognition in a 2004 court ruling in favor of the Cherokee Nation but regained it on July 28, 2009. After recognition, the tribe reorganized under the

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dissolved tribal governments and ordered the allotment of communal tribal lands to individual households of members of tribes. After the lands were allotted in 160-acre (650,000 m) lots to tribal members in 1907, the government sold surplus land to non-Indians.

1581:. The Lenape's quick adoption of trade goods, and their desire to trap furs to meet high European demand, resulted in over-harvesting the beaver population in the lower Hudson Valley. With the fur sources exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day 1420:

A number of linear measures were used. Small units of measure were the distance from the thumb and first finger, and the distance from first finger to pit of elbow. Travel distance was measured in the distance one could comfortably travel from sun-up to sun-down.

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in the 17th through the 19th centuries, the Lenape were a powerful Native American nation who inhabited a region on the mid-Atlantic coast spanning the latitudes of southern Massachusetts to the southern extent of Delaware in what anthropologists call the

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different one. The maternal uncle played a more prominent role in the lives of his sister's children than did the father—for example likely being the one responsible for educating a young man in weapons craft, martial arts, hunting, and other life skills.

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and other Minquas. They exchanged these furs for Dutch and, from the late 1630s, also Swedish imports. Relations between some Lenape and Minqua polities briefly turned sour in the late 1620s and early 1630s, but were relatively peaceful most of the time.

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and live in a structured and European-style mission village. Moravian pacifism and unwillingness to take loyalty oaths caused conflicts with British colonial authorities, who were seeking aid against the French and their Native American allies in the

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revoked the tribal status of the Lenape living among Cherokee in Oklahoma. They began to count the Lenape as Cherokee. The Lenape had this decision overturned in 1996, when they were recognized by the federal government as a separate tribal nation.

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The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware: Their History and Relation to the Indians, Dutch and English, 1638–1664 : With an Account of the South, the New Sweden Company, and the American Companies, and the Efforts of Sweden to Regain the

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Volume 15—Northeast. Bruce G. Trigger (volume editor). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1978 References to Indian burning for the Eastern Algonquians, Virginia Algonquians, Northern Iroquois, Huron, Mahican, and Delaware Tribes and

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into another tribes territories. The two groups were sometimes bitter enemies since before recorded history, but intermarriage occurred — and both groups have an oral history suggesting they jointly came east together and displaced the

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with the Americans. Through this treaty, the Lenape hoped to establish the Ohio country as a state inhabited exclusively by Native Americans, as a subset of the new United States. A third group of Lenape, many of them converted

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Dreibelbis, Dana E., "The Use of Microstructural Growth Patterns of Mercenaria Mercenaria to Determine the Prehistoric Seasons of Harvest at Tuckerton Midden, Tuckerton, New Jersey", pp. 33, thesis, Princeton University,

1454:, and an infusion of ground nuts mixed with sweet oil or mutton tallow for earaches. They also grind the nuts and use them to poison fish in streams. They also apply a poultice of pulverized nuts with sweet oil for earache. 1284:

agriculture. They used fire to manage land. Controlled use of fire extended farmlands' productivity. According to Dutch settler Isaac de Rasieres, who observed the Lenape in 1628, the Lenape planted their primary crop,

1930:, beliefs, and ways of life, and to replace them with European and Christian ways. Many Lenape did adopt Christianity, but others refused to do so. The Lenape became a divided people during the 1770s, including in 7463: 1507:

in present-day New York. Some of their place names, such as Manhattan ("the island of many hills"), Raritan, and Tappan were adopted by Dutch and English colonists to identify the Lenape people that lived there.

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The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property. Europeans often tried to contract for land with the tribal chiefs, confusing their culture with that of neighboring tribes such as the

1305:), in which 100 or more men stood in a line many paces from each other, beating thigh bones on their palms to drive animals to the river, where they could be killed easily. Other methods of hunting included 1677:. In the decades immediately following, some 20,000 new colonists arrived in the region, putting pressure on Lenape settlements and hunting grounds. Penn expected his authority and that of the colonial 2712:; they made two payments totaling $ 438,000. A court dispute followed over whether the sale included rights for the Lenape as citizens within the Cherokee Nation. While the dispute was unsettled, the 2238:

cultural identities lived on the island, not "13 individual tribes" as asserted by Wood. The bands to the west were Lenape. Those to the east were more related culturally to the Algonquian tribes of

1577:(Swan Valley). The colony had a short life, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the governing 2575:

agreed to annexation by the US to become an American state. The Lenape continued their peaceful policy with the Americans and served as interpreters, scouts, and diplomats for the US Army and the

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and was granted a league of land by a special act of the Texas legislature in 1853. The expeditions of the map maker Randolph B. Marcy through West Texas in 1849, 1852, and 1854 were guided by

2207:. The initial Lenape response was negative; in 1798, Lenape community leaders Bartholomew Calvin, Jason Skekit, and 18 others signed a public statement of refusal to leave "our fine place in 1818:. The Moravians' insistence on Christian Lenape's abandoning traditional warfare practices alienated mission populations from other Lenape and Native American groups, who revered warriors. 2758: 2492:

and other immigrating bands, as well as with the Spanish and ever-increasing American population. This peaceful trend continued after Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821.

3947: 1433:, who have been primarily women, use their extensive knowledge of plant life to help heal their community's ailments, sometimes through ceremony. The Lenape found uses in trees like 571:

When first encountered by European settlers, the Lenape were a loose association of closely related peoples who spoke similar languages and shared familial bonds in an area known as

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who had negotiated the Fort Pitt treaty, died in 1778. Subsequently many Lenape at Coshocton eventually joined the war against the Americans. In response, American military officer

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Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30

2599: 1373:, or shell beads, which they traditionally used for ritual purposes and as ornaments. After the Dutch arrival, they began to exchange wampum for beaver furs provided by 6884:

The Lenape or Delaware Indians: The Original People of New Jersey, Southeastern New York State, Eastern Pennsylvania, northern Delaware and parts of western Connecticut

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Teedyuscung was killed during the burning of his home. His son Captain Bull responded by attacking settlers, sponsored by the Susquehanna Company, in the present-day

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A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There,

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The Lenape migrated into Texas in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Elements of the Lenape migrated from Missouri into Texas around 1820, settling around the

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The Delaware Indian Westward Migration: With the Texts of Two Manuscripts, 1821–22, Responding to General Lewis Cass's Inquiries about Lenape Culture and Language

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saw the cession of more Indigenous lands to the United States government. In return, the U.S. relinquished its claims to "all other Indian lands northward of the

730:. On the west side, the Lenape lived in several small towns along the rivers and streams that fed the waterways, and likely shared the hunting territory of the 5502: 7609: 8199: 7701: 2650:. The main reserve consisted of about 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km) with an additional "outlet" strip 10 miles (16 km) wide extending to the west. 2295:, the Lenape ceded their lands in Indiana for lands west of the Mississippi and an annuity of $ 4,000. Over the next few years, the Lenape settled on the 8169: 3850: 7065: 6823: 4503:

Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74

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for said Lands, hereafter, no, not by the proprietors themselves without the consent of the rest much more by those who has no Claim or Rite here ...

4227: 2747: 1889: 1748:, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, to lead the investigation. Johnson had become wealthy as a trader and acquired thousands of acres of land in the 8154: 7716: 7101: 2774: 1492: 411: 2669:. The Lenape were reluctant to negotiate for yet another relocation, but they feared serious trouble with white settlers, and conflict developed. 2165:, Canada. They are descendants of those Lenape of Ohio Country who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War. The largest reserve is at 8174: 5557: 1324:

peoples in North America at the time, could support. Scholars have estimated that at the time of European settlement, around much of the current

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led an expedition out of Fort Pitt and on April 20, Brodhead and his men, including some U.S.-aligned Lenape, raided and destroyed the pacifist

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Lenape clans had always only had three divisions (Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf) when, in fact, they had over thirty on the eve of European contact.

8149: 5673: 4845: 8164: 2211:". The Munsee later agreed to relocate to New Stockbridge to join the Oneidas. A few households stayed behind to assimilate into New Jersey. 8204: 8144: 4561:

Carpenter, Roger M. (2007). "From Indian Women to English Children: The Lenni-Lenape and the Attempt to Create a New Diplomatic Identity".

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on the Indian Lands, And we have concluded that it is a thing which ought not to be, & a thing that will not be allowed by us, that of

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This includes only Lenape documented in history. Contemporary notable Lenape people are listed in the articles for the appropriate tribe.

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traded with the Lenape for agricultural products, mainly maize, in exchange for iron tools. The Lenape also arranged contacts between the

751:, Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, in southwest Ontario. The Delaware Nation at Moraviantown has a small, 13-square-mile (34 km) reserve in 8189: 8159: 7709: 7435: 27: 5436: 8179: 7739: 5400: 2346: 1596:

in the first half of the 17th century, European colonists were careful to keep firearms from the coastally located Lenape, while rival

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and the waters uniting them". The U.S. also agreed to provide an annual allowance to various Indigenous groups including the Lenape.

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Some Lenape decided to take up arms against the American settlers and moved to the west, closer to Detroit, where they settled on the

7938: 7568: 4112:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View – alternate name or group in the Tùkwsit (Wolf) clan (Lit. – Yellow Trees)" 3057:(1817–1894), chief of the Wolf clan from 1855 and principal chief from 1861; visited Washington, D.C., 24 times on his tribe's behalf 1725:'s practices. In an attempt to raise money, they contemplated ways to sell Lenape land to colonial settlers, which culminated in the 8194: 2355:

people in present-day Kansas, they celebrated his exploits with the last war and scalp dances of their history, which were held at

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Joseph Micty, Bartholomew Calvin, Jacob Skekit, Robert Skikkit, Derrick Quaquiuse, Benjamin Nicholus, Mary Calvin, Hezekiah Calvin

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The Lenape languages were once exclusively spoken languages. In 2002, the Delaware Tribe of Indians received grant money to fund

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The Lenape of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Delaware, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Ontario (The Library of Native Americans).

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Not every Lenape now lives in Oklahoma. Many live in the Northeast, and some Munsee Lenape are applying for state recognition.

2303:, occupying eventually about 40,000 acres (160 km) of the approximately 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km) allotted to them. 6235:

Geographia Americae: With an Account of the Delaware Indians, Based on Surveys and Notes made in 1654–1656 by Peter Lindestrom

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The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League.

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In 1854, despite the history of peaceful relations, the last of the Texas Lenape were moved by the American government to the

1650:, measles, cholera, influenza, and dysentery, reduced the populations of Lenape. They and other Native peoples had no natural 7468: 7097: 6891: 6876: 6850: 6834: 6764: 6749: 6734: 6719: 6708: 6693: 6674: 6663: 6648: 6614: 6584: 6573: 6554: 6543: 6524: 6513: 6498: 6483: 6468: 6438: 6423: 6418:(American Language Reprints Supplement Series; edited by James A. Rementer). Evolution Publications and Manufacturing, 2011. 6390: 6357: 6342: 6327: 6308: 6297: 6282: 6257: 6242: 6227: 6212: 6197: 6161: 6149: 6134: 6119: 6097: 6078: 6067: 6048: 6033: 6018: 6007: 5983: 5968: 5949: 5934: 5919: 5904: 5874: 5859: 5840: 5312: 5229: 5209: 5083: 4081: 3744: 3522: 1911: 1487: 7731: 6233:

Lindestrom, Peter. (Transcribed and edited by Amandus Johnson of the Swedish Colonial Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

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Cultural exchange, imperialist violence, and pious missions: Local perspectives from Tanjavur and Lenape country, 1720–1760

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Bemino) assisted the British against the French and their Indian allies. In 1761, Killbuck led a British supply train from

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was signed between the Lenape and European colonists. In it, the Lenape were required to move westward out of present-day

1495:. Although never politically unified, the confederation of the Lenape roughly encompassed the area around and between the 8209: 8129: 7878: 7751: 6270:

Mitchell, S. H. Internet Archive The Indian Chief, Journeycake. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1895.

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New York, NY: William Gowans. 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York.

2769:, the plaintiffs, acting as the successor in interest and political continuation of the Lenni Lenape and of Lenape Chief 2587:. For the remainder of his life, Shaw worked as a military scout in West Texas. In 1848, John Conner (Lenape) guided the 2258: 2100: 1760: 4959: 1328:

area alone, there may have been about 15,000 Lenape in approximately 80 settlement sites. In 1524, Lenape in canoes met

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Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navaho Country, Made in 1849

4443: 2012:, which they garrisoned. Lenape sympathetic to the United States remained at Coshocton, and Lenape leaders signed the 8134: 7823: 7768: 7763: 7260: 7051: 6938: 6924: 6906: 6812: 6783: 6633: 6603: 6453: 5889: 5829: 5336: 4709: 3393: 3374: 2456: 2437: 1962:, restricting Anglo-American settlement to east of the Appalachian Mountains, the British would help them preserve a 1608:

became comparatively well-armed. They defeated the Lenape, and some scholars believe that the Lenape may have become

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Dutch fur traders, while the Lenape were at odds with the Dutch and so lost that particular arms race. In 1648, the

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In 1841, Houston was reelected to a second term as president and his peaceful Indian policy was then reinstated. A

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Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis

3628: 3017:(1864–1921), Lenape author of collections of traditional narratives, legal advocate for Lenape in Washington, D.C. 2743:. Members approved a constitution and by laws in a May 26, 2009, vote. Jerry Douglas was elected as tribal chief. 1721:

died in 1718. His heirs, John and Thomas Penn, and their agents were ruling the colony, and had abandoned many of

26:"Delaware Indians" and "Delaware people" redirect here. For other American Indians from present-day Delaware, see 4725:

Snow, Dean R. (1996). "Mohawk demography and the effects of exogenous epidemics on American Indian populations".

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The History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and Neighboring States

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The History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and Neighboring States

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In 1757, an organization known as the New Jersey Association for Helping the Indians wrote a constitution to

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The Susquehanna-Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested hunting grounds between the rival

947:

The Lenape had three clans at the end of the 17th century, each of which historically had twelve sub-clans:

7553: 7522: 7478: 2847: 2634:

Under the terms of the Treaty of the James Fork that was signed on September 24, 1829, and ratified by the

31: 5120:

The Brotherton Indians' agreement to oppose white settlement, January 6, 1780. (Gilder Lehrman Collection)

4770:

Promised Land: Penn's Holy Experiment, the Walking Purchase, and the dispossession of Delawares, 1600–1763

4615: 3647: 2257:, by 1802, the Brotherton Indians of New Jersey and the Stockbridge-Munsee. In 1822, the Munsee Lenape of 1620:

in 1676 and the Lenape were tributary to the Confederation until 1753, shortly before the outbreak of the

1589:

in the vicinity of Manhattan Island temporarily forestalled the negative effects of the decline in trade.

826:

wrote that Munsee and Unami "came out of one parent language." Only a few Delaware First Nation elders in

7913: 7788: 7573: 7275: 7270: 4535:, 179 "Intercultural Relations Between Native Americans and Europeans in New Netherland and New York" in 2740: 2686: 1942:, Killbuck and many Lenape claimed to be neutral. Other neighboring Indian communities, particularly the 1273: 4281: 4012: 3360: 2423: 1825:, since they hoped to prevent further European colonial encroachment in their settlements. Their chiefs 1673:. A peace treaty was negotiated between the newly arriving colonists and Lenape at what is now known as 7848: 7798: 7548: 7280: 4474: 3272: 2822: 2319:

Many Lenape participated in the exploration of the western United States, working as trappers with the

2234:. Modern scientific scholarship has shown that in fact two linguistic groups representing two distinct 2013: 1959: 1939: 1289:, in March. Over time, the Lenape adapted to European methods of hunting and farming with metal tools. 779: 477: 7029: 6701:

A Lenâpé-English Dictionary: From An Anonymous In The Archives Of The Moravian Church At Bethlehem, .

2665:

and opened the area for white settlement. It also authorized negotiation with Indian tribes regarding

7818: 7803: 3858: 3042: 2838: 2801: 2698: 1764: 926: 899: 501: 442: 6409:

Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Racial Construction of Pennsylvania

5927:

Indian Land Sales In Delaware: And A Discussion Of The Family Hunting Territory Question In Delaware

4444:"Official Site of the Delaware Tribe of Indians » Pahsahëman — The Lenape Indian Football Game" 2507: 1775:, an industrial town with gristills and sawmills, that was the first Native American reservation in 8063: 7928: 7918: 7883: 7672: 7614: 7558: 5384: 4783: 4549: 3491: 3342: 3126: 2726: 2552: 2405: 2340: 2300: 2108: 1981: 1850: 1838: 1794:

and beyond. Through the 18th century, many Lenape moved west into the relatively depopulated upper

1772: 1678: 1666: 1612:

to the Susquehannock. After the warfare, the Lenape referred to the Susquehannock as "uncles". The

1578: 1364: 1356: 1294: 894: 615: 480:

displaced most Lenape from their homelands and pushed them north and west. In the 1860s, under the

5540: 1467:

The first recorded European contact with people presumed to have been the Lenape was in 1524. The

7858: 7625: 7588: 7578: 7527: 7517: 7473: 7288: 7109: 6776:

Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary: English, German, Iroquois—The Onondaga and Algonquin—The Delaware

4784:"Collection: New Jersey Association for helping the Indians records | Archives & Manuscripts" 4620: 3327: 3320: 3069: 2947: 2905: 2872: 2658: 2390: 2383: 2324: 2287: 2254: 1550: 1546: 1542: 778:

in Wisconsin, with 16,255 acres (65.78 km) held in federal trust. The Delaware Nation has a

20: 2746:

In September 2000, the Delaware Nation of Oklahoma received 11.5 acres (4.7 ha) of land in

7833: 7828: 7666: 7265: 5523: 3186: 3162: 3061: 2938: 2925: 2887: 2842: 2702: 2654: 2643: 2481: 2336: 2308: 2296: 2226:

published a book claiming that there were several American Indian tribes that were distinct to

1830: 1744:, British colonial authorities investigated the causes of Lenape resentment. The British asked 1516: 1471: 1329: 815: 783: 517: 170: 3800: 1980:, between the western frontier strongholds of the British and the Patriots. The Americans had 7689: 7660: 7630: 6912: 6103:

Hoffecker, Carol E., Richard Waldron, Lorraine E. Williams, and Barbara E. Benson (editors).

5835:

Acrelius, Israel. (Translated from Swedish with an introduction and notes by W.M. Reynolds).

5447: 4663: 4532: 4383: 4140:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View – Fowl (Turkey) clan of the Lenape" 3170: 2556: 2262: 2200: 1885: 1815: 1741: 1621: 1360: 489: 6845:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 262. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 5411: 4318: 3023:(1806–1880), trapper, trader and scout; first inductee into the American Indian Hall of Fame 2646:

in Missouri. These lands, in what is now Kansas, were west of the Missouri and north of the

1798:

basin, but they also sporadically launched violent raids on settlers far outside the area.

7843: 7683: 7677: 7654: 7642: 7593: 7423: 7242: 5768: 4955: 4846:"The Brotherton Indians of New Jersey, 1780 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History" 3908: 3835: 3065: 2998: 2896: 2880: 2782: 2635: 2356: 2274: 2247: 2177: 2166: 2030: 1984:(present-day Pittsburgh) and the British, along with Indian allies, controlled the area of 1963: 1613: 1317:

The success of these methods allowed the tribe to maintain a larger population than other,

1216: 941: 811: 607: 5588: 836:, who first met the Lenape in 1682, said the Unami used the following words: "mother" was 8: 8068: 7440: 7390: 7346: 7224: 7163: 7089: 4241:

Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States."

3453: 3196: 3054: 2978: 2891: 2708:

The Delaware Tribe of Indians were required to purchase land from the reservation of the

2328: 2292: 2270: 2266: 2123: 2104: 1768: 1756: 1643: 1625: 1474:

was greeted by local Lenape who came by canoe, after his ship entered what is now called

1374: 1297:, who stayed in the area from 1634 to 1644, described a Lenape hunt in the valley of the 715: 6917:

The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley

6090:

Names Which the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians Gave to Rivers, Streams, and Localities

5388: 4668:

The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley

4200:(Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1950), 2, 35–37, 63–65, 124. 1703: 8018: 7998: 7908: 7532: 7446: 7429: 7380: 7252: 7081: 4638: 4594: 4586: 4179: 4162:

Caffrey, Margaret M. (2000). "Complementary Power: Men and Women of the Lenni Lenape".

3282: 3277: 3247: 3038: 2913: 2833: 2770: 2713: 2694: 2611: 2606:. In 1859 the US forced the remaining Lenape to remove from Texas to a location on the 2584: 2235: 2204: 1927: 1712: 1651: 1573: 1475: 1404:

One of the more common activities of leisure for the Lenni Lenape would be the game of

1392: 1269: 933: 775: 760: 584: 244: 186: 5801: 5278: 5151: 4098:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Search Results of "wolf clan" English to Lenape" 2332: 618:

colonists began to call the Lenape the Delaware Indians because of where they lived.

476:

During the last decades of the 18th century, European settlers and the effects of the

8043: 8028: 8013: 7993: 7988: 7385: 6934: 6920: 6902: 6887: 6872: 6856: 6846: 6830: 6808: 6779: 6761:

The Diary of David Zeisberger: A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 2

6746:

The Diary of David Zeisberger: A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 1

6704: 6689: 6659: 6644: 6629: 6599: 6569: 6539: 6509: 6494: 6479: 6464: 6449: 6434: 6419: 6386: 6353: 6338: 6323: 6293: 6278: 6253: 6238: 6223: 6208: 6193: 6177: 6145: 6130: 6115: 6093: 6063: 6003: 5979: 5964: 5945: 5930: 5915: 5900: 5885: 5870: 5855: 5825: 5821: 5332: 5308: 5266: 5225: 5205: 5079: 4964: 4818: 4755:

Colonialism and the Discursive Antecedents of Penn's Treaty with the Indians]," 18–40

4705: 4598: 4578: 4171: 4097: 4077: 3804: 3793: 3740: 3468: 3267: 2851: 2536: 2304: 2246:. Wood (and earlier settlers) often misinterpreted the Indian use of place names for 2185: 2122:

Be it known by this, that it has been in our consideration of late about settling of

2042: 1822: 738: 5752: 5122:

https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/content-images/00540.01p1.web_.jpg

5031: 3664: 3367: 2430: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8023: 8008: 8003: 7973: 7968: 7948: 7793: 7648: 7173: 5324: 4734: 4570: 3882: 3479: 3464: 3414:

The Lenape's historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous

3287: 3242: 3166: 3130: 3014: 2789: 2762: 2682: 2662: 2639: 2523: 2096: 2060: 2018: 1943: 1903: 1899: 1867: 1787: 1783: 1733: 1726: 1698: 1694: 1674: 1582: 1468: 1302: 918: 884: 823: 731: 719: 659: 625: 493: 458: 392: 361: 344: 312: 145: 5897:

Footprints in Time: A History and Ethnology of The Lenape-Delaware Indian Culture.

4574: 3051:(1731–1802), purportedly the last surviving Lenape in Chester County, Pennsylvania 8119: 8078: 8058: 7983: 7868: 7813: 7783: 7495: 7375: 7123: 7085: 6983: 6827: 5994:. Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–239. 5506: 4699: 4209:

Day, Gordon M. "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests."

4074:

Footprints in Time: A History and Ethnology of The Lenape-Delaware Indian Culture

3854: 3734: 3632: 3583: 3507: 3236: 3217: 2829: 2754: 2709: 2690: 2638:

in 1830, the Lenape were forced to move further west. They were granted lands in

2162: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2022: 1976: 1907: 1805:

established missions in Lenape settlements. The Moravians required the Christian

1802: 1740:

settlements. When they resisted European colonial expansion at the height of the

1609: 1568: 1446: 1430: 1333: 1321: 819: 807: 679: 599: 497: 291: 249: 149: 6376:

https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011343/http://www.lenapenation.org/main.html

6365:

https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011343/http://www.lenapenation.org/main.html

6190:

Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania, and the First Nations: The Treaties of 1736–62.

5629: 4978: 4387: 4030: 2544:

the Lenape land claims recognized, but his efforts were met only by opposition.

2488:. The Lenape were peaceful and shared their territory in Spanish Texas with the 8098: 8053: 8048: 7978: 7943: 7216: 4048: 3499: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3419: 3093: 3081: 3048: 2876: 2793: 2666: 2583:

was assisted by Jim Shaw (a Lenape), in settling the German communities in the

2580: 2220: 2158: 2143: 2112: 2000: 1863: 1670: 1617: 1554: 1496: 1340: 1281: 1252: 1212: 803: 756: 748: 734: 695: 603: 481: 255: 153: 76: 6988: 5101:"Statement opposing white settlement on Indian land in Brotherton, New Jersey" 4813:

Barbara, Hoskins; Foster, Caroline; Roberts, Dorothea; Foster, Gladys (1960).

3139:

or Allumapees (c. 1675–1747), 18th century chief and member of the Turtle clan

2041:

the conflict, which compounded their dispossession at the hand of encroaching

8113: 7923: 7893: 7888: 7773: 7636: 7563: 7411: 7340: 7310: 7028: 6860: 6320:

On Records: Delaware Indians, Colonists, and the Media of History and Memory.

5390:, accessed July 8, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. 4582: 4513: 4175: 3707: 3514: 3487: 3483: 3457: 3442: 3231: 3101: 3026: 2864: 2607: 2603: 2576: 2512: 2501: 2475: 2196: 1858: 1854: 1601: 1564: 1560: 1530: 1434: 1378: 1325: 1245: 1239: 914: 768: 741: 683: 454: 438: 415: 80: 6405:

Colonialism and the Discursive Antecedents of Penn's Treaty with the Indians

5976:

A Nation of Women: Gender and Colonial Encounters Among the Delaware Indians

4822: 3119:(Hopocan), (c. 1725–c. 1818), 18th century chief and member of the Wolf Clan 1654:. Recurrent violent conflicts with Europeans also devastated Lenape people. 666:, where many Lenape confederations were based in the 16th and 17th centuries 8038: 7873: 7863: 7417: 7395: 7334: 7328: 7154: 7148: 7117: 7093: 7043: 4738: 3694: 3495: 3226: 3156: 3152: 3116: 3020: 2970: 2900: 2647: 2592: 2555:

with the remaining Lenape and a few other tribes was negotiated in 1843 at

2320: 2052: 2037: 2009: 1996: 1985: 1749: 1737: 1722: 1718: 1658: 1636:

of Lenape were the largest tribe on the Delaware River, with 200 warriors.

1520: 1500: 833: 787: 752: 711: 703: 691: 671: 663: 651: 641: 576: 572: 446: 434: 271: 266: 233: 211: 166: 64: 7017: 5331:, University of Oklahoma Press (1964), trade paperback (2003), 296 pages, 3064:) (c. 1740 or 1750 – 1831), chief of the Turkey clan and signatory of the 1914:

to Christianity. The missionaries established several missions, including

1870:

and were among the Native Americans who besieged present-day Pittsburgh.

7620: 7358: 7304: 7193: 7183: 7133: 7012: 6290:

Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630–1707

5056: 4111: 3576: 3541: 3438: 3182: 3176: 3122: 3097: 2540: 2516: 2239: 2227: 2189: 1826: 1708: 1690: 1593: 1504: 707: 450: 277: 72: 7464:

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

6463:(Revised Edition). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 2000. 4652:

Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware 1630–1707

4590: 4139: 4126:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View – turtle clan" 4125: 2800:. Because the extinguishment occurred prior to the passage of the first 1276:: maize, beans, and squash. Men hunted, fished, and otherwise harvested 7838: 7511: 7491: 7483: 7205: 7143: 6768: 6753: 6738: 6723: 6678: 6618: 6588: 6566:

Dutch Explorers, Traders And Settlers In The Delaware Valley, 1609–1664

6558: 6528: 6312: 6165: 6082: 6052: 6037: 6022: 5844: 4913: 4463:

Lenni Lenape Original Settlers, Matawan Journal, June 27, 1957, Page 12

4183: 3986: 3625: 3518: 3446: 3334: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3192: 3075: 2966: 2951: 2942: 2773:, claimed aboriginal and fee title to the 315 acres of land located in 2397: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2223: 2208: 2181: 2131: 2072: 2048: 1834: 1795: 1776: 1759:

native Munsee Lenape from their settlements in the area of present-day

1633: 1451: 1344: 903: 687: 655: 580: 430: 7030:"Delaware. One of the most important tribes of Algonquian stock" 6958: 6786:. "The Delaware" that Zeisberger translated was Munsee, and not Unami. 5818:

The People of New Sweden: Our Colony on the Delaware River, 1638–1655.

1790:

and New Jersey, progressing into Pennsylvania and then to present-day

7316: 7169: 6363:

Repsher, Donald R. "Indian Place Names in Bucks County". As cited in

3472: 3415: 3292: 3136: 3032: 2759:

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

2622: 1639: 1597: 1553:, which allowed settlement west of the Hudson within the province of 1438: 1311: 1293:

anything from bears and beavers to raccoons and foxes. Dutch settler

723: 575:, the Lenape historical territory, which spanned what is now eastern 513: 466: 118: 6335:

Blackcoats Among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier

4901:

Blackcoats among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio frontier

3309: 2372: 425:

The Lenape's historical territory includes present-day northeastern

7808: 7743: 7734: 7352: 7322: 7137: 7000: 6976: 6931:

Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York.

5837:

A History of New Sweden; or, the Settlements on the River Delaware.

5606:"'We Just Want to be Welcomed Back': The Lenape Seek a Return Home" 4266:

Smithsonian Institution—Handbook of North American Indians series:

4232:, Ph.D. dissertation (New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University, 1979). 3252: 3148: 2974: 2962: 2958: 2933: 2761:, seeking to reclaim 315 acres (1.27 km) included in the 1737 2560: 2351: 1989: 1857:. In 1763, Bill Hickman, a Lenape, warned English colonists in the 1810: 1806: 1647: 1605: 1538: 1235: 922: 907: 774:

The Stockbridge-Munsee Community has a 22,139-acre (89.59 km)

699: 588: 505: 462: 426: 398: 295: 107: 58: 6385:(Early American Studies). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. 6275:

William Penn's Own Account of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

5978:(Early American Studies). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. 5558:"Delaware Indians may use land donated by couple as burial ground" 5327:, edited and annotated by Frank McNitt, foreword by Durwood Ball, 4951: 3974:

William Penn's Own Account of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

3151:(c. 1625–c. 1701), leader reported to have negotiated treaty with 7933: 7211: 6994: 6383:

Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians

5942:

A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania.

5728: 4382:(Ph.D. thesis). Pennsylvania State University. pp. 140–147. 3142: 2868: 2519:, but the authorities never granted the Lenape any legal titles. 2170: 2127: 1951: 1894:

Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga

1318: 1277: 1228: 868:, which to translate is, 'not I have,' instead of 'I have not'." 529: 470: 129: 6536:

Delaware's Forgotten Folk: The Story of the Moors and Nanticokes

6181: 4888:

Wilderness Christians: Moravian Missions to the Delaware Indians

4550:

http://www.mariminato.com/en/insitu/2016/lenapes_4.php#main-info

3808: 3521:

served as a similar boundary in the northern regions during the

1969:

As the Revolutionary War intensified, the Lenape in present-day

1339:

European settlers and traders from the 17th-century colonies of

8073: 7903: 7199: 7179: 6731:

Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

3736:

Grammar of the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

3257: 3107: 3087: 2986: 2627: 2535:

The Lenape remained friendly after Texas won its independence.

2343:. Occasionally, they played surprising roles as Indian allies. 2243: 2231: 2115: 2026: 1955: 1931: 1842: 1662: 1586: 1369: 646: 621: 496:

and surrounding regions. Lenape people currently belong to the

419: 227: 205: 68: 7022: 6671:

The Nanticoke Indians: A Refugee Tribal Group of Pennsylvania.

5990:

Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).

5307:, Doubleday (2006), pp. 77–80, 94, 101, hardcover, 462 pages, 4968:, Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1884., accessed 19 Mar 2010 4616:

The Family Hunting Territory and Lenape Political Organization

1549:

along the Hudson. The Dutch finally established a garrison at

940:, the Lenape were considered the grandfathers from whom other 79:(south). Inset: The location of the region in the present-day 7853: 7778: 7189: 7159: 6964: 6350:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples

2982: 2797: 2572: 2559:

and the Lenape were enlisted to help him make peace with the

2489: 2323:, and as guides and hunters for wagon trains. They served as 1947: 1306: 1286: 327: 7006: 6398:

Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society before William Penn.

6002:(Indians of North America). Chelsea House Publishing, 1989. 5138:

Oklahoma State University Libraries Tribal Treaties Database

1906:, arrived in the Ohio Country near the Lenape villages. The 1779:. Reverend John Brainerd abandoned the reservation in 1777. 1563:

was founded in 1624 by the Dutch in what would later become

3195:(c. 1730–1778), Turtle clan peace chief who negotiated the 3165:(died c. 1770), chief who led peace negotiations following 2919: 1970: 1791: 382: 376: 370: 350: 333: 318: 286: 6521:

Delaware's Buried Past: A Story of Archeological Adventure

6205:

The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 10,000 BC to AD 2000.

5587: (United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit), 4812: 3426:

include (from south to north and then counter-clockwise):

2788:

The court held that the justness of the extinguishment of

1557:. This land was purchased from the Lenape after the fact. 294:

citizens, Jennie Bobb and her daughter Nellie Longhat, in

6045:

Vestiges of Material Culture Among the Canadian Delawares

5541:"Delaware Tribe of Indians' federal recognition restored" 5074:

Misencik, Paul R.; Misencik, Sally E. (January 9, 2020).

3100:, c. 1686–1776), founder the village of Gekelmukpechunk ( 2977:, and elsewhere claim descent from Lenape people and are 5222:

The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast,

5076:

American Indians of the Ohio Country in the 18th Century

4301:"Lenni Lenape Methods of Gardening and Food Preparation" 2811: 1314:

to stream water to make fish dizzy and easier to catch.

875:, preserving and digitizing the Southern Unami dialect. 30:. For individual people from the state of Delaware, see 6970: 6716:

David Zeisberger's History of Northern American Indians

6431:

Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736–1762

6250:

A Lenape Among the Quakers: The Life of Hannah Freeman.

5584:

The Delaware Nation v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 250

5281:, Missouri State University, accessed September 8, 2010 6673:

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1948).

6551:

Delaware's Forgotten River: The Story of the Christina

6506:

A Man and His Ship: Peter Minuit and the Kalmar Nyckel

5366:, Vol. I. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, p. 250. 3791:

William, Brandon (1961). Alvin M., Josephy Jr. (ed.).

3517:

peoples and the Lenape peoples, and the Catskills and

3185:, chief and warrior who represented the Lenape at the 2924:

Three groups who claim descent from Lenape people are

1567:. Dutch settlers also founded a colony at present-day 67:, as of the 16th and 17th centuries, with speakers of 6613:(New and Enlarged Edition). Hambleton Company, 1953. 6478:

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1998.

6400:

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.

6305:

The Culture and Acculturation of the Delaware Indians

6176:. American Heritage Publishing Co. pp. 188–189. 6171: 5152:"Brotherton statement of refusal to leave New Jersey" 2805:

to Chief Tatamy—not to the tribe as a collectivity."

1367:. The Lenape were major producers of labor intensive 921:

who lived to their south and west in present western

373: 324: 5865:

Brinton, Daniel G., C.F. Denke, and Albert Anthony.

5564:. Associated Press. September 19, 2000. p. B-10 3207: 379: 367: 347: 330: 315: 6805:

The White Deer and Other Stories Told by the Lenape

6628:New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1972. 6411:. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004: 18–40. 6060:

The Indians of New Jersey: Dickon Among the Lenapes

5487:, Oklahoma Historical Society, accessed May 6, 2017 4198:

Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640–1840

3991:

LENAPE TALKING DICTIONARY By English WORD or PHRASE

3004: 2816: 2767:

The Delaware Nation v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

2527:never officially ratified by the Texas government. 552:, which means "genuine, pure, real, original", and 364: 321: 6869:The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. 6263:Middleton, Sam (Chief Mountain, "Neen Ees To-ko). 3799:. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 3792: 2626:A Lenape farm on a Delaware Indian Reservation in 2118:to oppose selling any more land to white settlers: 1926:. The missionaries pressured Indigenous people to 1272:, in which women cultivated many varieties of the 755:, Ontario. The Delaware of Six Nations shares the 6407:". Daniel K. Richter and William A. Pencak, eds. 5961:Blackfoot Dictionary of Stems, Roots, and Affixes 4627: 2748:Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania 1958:, favored the British. They believed that by the 1890:Western theater of the American Revolutionary War 8140:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 8111: 7102:History of Native Americans in the United States 5073: 4871:Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492–1890, 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 2867:in the late 18th century settled in what is now 1898:During the early 1770s, missionaries, including 1263: 5769:"Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania Cultural Center" 5305:Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West 5008:Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 2642:in exchange for lands on the James Fork of the 1866:region of Pennsylvania.. Many Lenape joined in 412:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands 16:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands 6933:Council Oak Books: San Francisco, 2002, 2007. 6901:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996) 6899:Delaware-English / English-Delaware dictionary 3433:shores from the river's eastern mouth and the 747:Today, the Munsee-Delaware Nation has its own 706:. Their lands also extended west from western 678:), was a large territory that encompassed the 562: 560:, meaning "real person" or "original person". 546: 7717: 7059: 6322:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012. 5323:Page lv of the introduction by Frank McNitt, 4704:. St. Clair Shoes, MI: Somerset. p. 72. 2086: 1873: 1752:region from the Iroquois Mohawk of New York. 7073: 5500:"Delaware Tribe regains federal recognition" 5204:Heart of the Lakes Publishing (March 1997). 5156:Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 5067: 4368:Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, 1999, p.5 3883:"Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians" 3753: 3540:One big cultural change occurred during the 2230:, New York. He collectively called them the 2025:. Like the other bands, they also spoke the 1280:. In the 17th century, the Lenape practiced 889: 554: 8200:Native Americans in the American Revolution 7436:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 6491:A Brief Account of the Indians of Delaware. 5882:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1989. 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 4875:The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635–1796, 4537:Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations, 4506: 3478:Regions south of there through the eastern 3408: 2993:for recognition. One of these includes the 2021:, lived in several mission villages run by 1767:. Led by Reverend John Brainerd, colonists 1523:'s 1682 treaty with the Lenape depicted in 862: 854: 846: 838: 28:Category:Native American tribes in Delaware 8170:Native American tribes in New York (state) 7724: 7710: 7066: 7052: 7023:Lenape (Southern Unami) Talking Dictionary 6718:(Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2012. 6538:. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. 6265:Blackfoot Confederacy, Ancient and Modern. 6092:(Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2012. 5959:Frantz, Donald G. and Norma Jean Russell. 5925:De Valinger, Leon, Jr. and C.A. Weslager. 5624: 5622: 4610: 4608: 4526: 4522:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 3822: 3820: 3818: 3732: 2314: 1771:200 people to Indian Mills, then known as 1600:peoples in the north and west such as the 1437:which were used to cure ringworm and with 7569:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 6352:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 6220:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell 4772:. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press. 4763: 4761: 4560: 4548:see Mari Minato research on Lenape tribe 3394:Learn how and when to remove this message 3179:(1700–1763), leader of the eastern Lenape 2858: 2457:Learn how and when to remove this message 1503:rivers, and included the western part of 1385: 6800:, Hope Farm Press (Saugerties, NY 1995) 5852:Mythology of the Lenape: Guide and Texts 5698: 5696: 5694: 5369: 5363:A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans 4718: 4215:New England and New York Areas 1580–1800 3887:Wisconsin Department of Public Education 2920:State-recognized and unrecognized groups 2621: 2071:. Then the troop, aided by Lenape chief 1702: 1515: 893: 645: 624:colonists also settled in the area, and 285: 8155:Native American history of Pennsylvania 7584:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum 6817:Brown, James W. and Rita T. Kohn, eds. 6222:. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2007. 5989: 5884:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 5674:"Removal History of the Delaware Tribe" 5654:. National Congress of American Indians 5632:. National Congress of American Indians 5619: 5599: 5597: 5521: 5382:Carol A. Lipscomb, "DELAWARE INDIANS," 4928: 4926: 4605: 4512: 4161: 3841: 3815: 3790: 3502:, and further south along a stretch of 3145:(fl. 1740–1763), Turkey clan war leader 2757:filed suit against Pennsylvania in the 2273:again, over 900 miles' travel away, to 1332:, the first European explorer to enter 488:relocated most Lenape remaining in the 8175:Native American tribes in Pennsylvania 8112: 6840: 6656:The English on the Delaware: 1610–1682 6030:Religion and Ceremonies of the Lenape. 6015:A Preliminary Sketch of Lenape Culture 5880:Burrows, Edward G. and Mike. Wallace. 5603: 5495: 5493: 4815:Washington Valley, an informal history 4808: 4806: 4804: 4767: 4758: 4727:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4516:(1978). Sturtevant, William C. (ed.). 4298: 4072:Carman, Alan E. (September 16, 2013). 4071: 4013:"Northeast Indian Social Organization" 3612: 3610: 3608: 2765:to build a casino. In the suit titled 2280: 2242:across Long Island Sound, such as the 2219:In the early 19th century the amateur 2004:attacks by British-allied Indians and 1441:which were used to cure ear problems. 913:At the time of European settlement in 726:and a sliver of the upper edge of the 397: 8150:Native American history of New Jersey 7705: 7098:Native Americans in the United States 7047: 6871:New Jersey Historical Society, 1987. 6798:The Delaware Indians, a brief history 6429:Van Doren, Carl, and Julian P. Boyd. 6337:. Kent State University Press, 1991. 6174:The American Heritage Book of Indians 6107:. University of Delaware Press, 1995. 5963:. University of Toronto Press, 1995. 5854:. University of Arizona Press, 1995. 5708:National Congress of American Indians 5691: 5666: 5547:7 Aug 2009 (retrieved 11 August 2009) 5477: 5134:"Treaty With The Wyandot, Etc., 1795" 5098: 5026: 5024: 4914:"The History of the Kansas Munsee..." 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4697: 4654:. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912, p. 9 4399: 4397: 4245:, Vol. 64, no. 1 (Feb. 1983): 78, 88. 4213:, Vol. 34, #2 (April 1953): 329–346. 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 3795:The American Heritage Book of Indians 3562: 3560: 2812:Contemporary tribes and organizations 2617: 2299:in Missouri near its confluence with 1481: 8165:Native American tribes in New Jersey 6252:University of Nebraska Press, 2014. 6192:University of Illinois Press, 2006. 5753:"Petitions for Federal Recognition." 5594: 5512:4 Aug 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009. 4923: 4724: 4657: 4472: 4431:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 4418:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 4282:"The Munsee-Speaking Lenape Indians" 4031:"The Nanticoke Indian Tribe History" 3675:from the original on August 13, 2019 3601:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 3332:adding citations to reliable sources 3303: 3029:(c. 1720–1805), Wolf clan war leader 2939:Nanticoke-Lenni Lenape Tribal Nation 2395:adding citations to reliable sources 2366: 2188:, and westward and southward of the 2075:, traveled to the nearby village of 1841:colonial authorities. Lenape leader 1391:Additionally, both sexes might wear 686:regions of eastern Pennsylvania and 102:Regions with significant populations 8205:Native American tribes in Wisconsin 8145:Native American history of Delaware 7610:Native American place names in Ohio 6686:The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle. 6172:Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., ed. (1961). 5490: 4801: 4377: 4268:Handbook of North American Indians, 3913:Southern Plains Tribal Health Board 3636:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 3605: 3035:(died after 1775), Wolf clan leader 2957:More than a dozen organizations in 2932:Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware in 2897:Moravian of the Thames First Nation 2681:The main body of Lenape arrived in 2203:invited the Munsee Lenape to their 2173:settled in 1792 following the war. 1837:shifted to building alliances with 1801:Beginning in the 18th century, the 1462: 1415: 522:Moravian of the Thames First Nation 13: 8190:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 8160:Native American tribes in Delaware 8039:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 6919:(New York: Berghahn Books, 2006). 6837:. Indiana University Press (2007). 6790: 6778:. Harvard University Press, 1887. 6658:. Rutgers University Press, 1967. 6564:Weslager, C.A., and A. R. Dunlap. 6523:. Rutgers University Press, 1968. 6160:University of Pennsylvania, 1911. 6062:. Rutgers University Press, 1963. 6047:. New Era Printing Company, 1908. 6017:. New Era Printing Company, 1913. 5992:Handbook of North American Indians 5224:Columbia University Press (2002). 5021: 4829: 4519:Handbook of North American Indians 4394: 4146: 3557: 3263:Native American tribes in Maryland 1215:clan system and historically were 14: 8221: 8180:Native American tribes in Indiana 6952: 6568:. Literary Licensing, LLC, 2011. 6489:Weslager, Clinton, Alfred (C.A). 6144:Syracuse University Press, 1995. 5437:"12 Indian Claims Commission 404" 5202:Algonquian Peoples of Long Island 5099:Micty, Joseph (January 6, 1780). 4670:. New York: Berghahn Press, 2006. 4353: 3638:2010: 13. Retrieved 10 June 2010. 2981:. Organizations in Pennsylvania, 2871:. Canada recognizes three Lenape 2566: 2530: 2036:The British made plans to attack 2008:. The Americans agreed and built 1928:abandon their traditional customs 765:Six Nations Indian Reserve No. 40 7733: 7457:Prehistoric communities or sites 6626:The Delaware Indians: A History. 6416:Delaware Indian Language of 1824 6307:. University of Michigan, 1956. 6129:W. W. Norton and Company, 1990. 6114:W. W. Norton and Company, 1990. 5929:. Literary Licensing LLC, 2013. 5795: 5786: 5761: 5746: 5721: 5644: 5576: 5550: 5534: 5515: 5465: 5429: 5401:"9 Indian Claims Commission 346" 5393: 4950: 3308: 3210: 3125:(died 1762), chief who assisted 3005:Notable historical Lenape people 2817:U.S. federally recognized tribes 2495: 2469: 2371: 1988:across the river in present-day 1821:The Lenape initially sided with 1571:, on June 3, 1631, and named it 360: 343: 311: 57: 8195:Native American tribes in Texas 6989:Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware 6643:. Middle Atlantic Press, 1978. 6598:(Middle Atlantic Press, 1988). 6508:. Middle Atlantic Press, 1990. 6493:Literary Licensing, LLC, 2012. 6277:. Middle Atlantic Press, 1981. 5802:Killbuck, Ohio History Central. 5729:"Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania" 5604:Cooper, Kenny (July 30, 2021). 5354: 5341: 5317: 5297: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5235: 5214: 5194: 5169: 5144: 5126: 5114: 5092: 5049: 4996: 4971: 4944: 4935: 4906: 4893: 4880: 4863: 4776: 4745: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4644: 4554: 4542: 4497: 4488: 4466: 4457: 4436: 4423: 4410: 4405:The Delaware Indians: A History 4371: 4362: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4311: 4299:Krykew, Sarah (July 15, 2016). 4292: 4274: 4260: 4248: 4235: 4220: 4203: 4190: 4132: 4118: 4104: 4090: 4065: 4041: 4023: 4005: 3979: 3966: 3940: 3927: 3901: 3875: 3866: 3829: 3726: 3648:"Art on the Prairies: Delaware" 3534: 3319:needs additional citations for 2733: 2720: 2522:The situation changed when the 2382:needs additional citations for 2214: 1882:Brodhead's Coshocton expedition 1711:depicted in a 1735 portrait by 1684: 1681:government to take precedence. 1511: 898:Susie Elkhair, a member of the 670:The historical Lenape country, 63:The Lenape territory, known as 8185:Native American tribes in Ohio 7036:New International Encyclopedia 6841:Grumet, Robert Steven (2009). 6581:Magic Medicines of the Indians 6127:The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire. 4788:archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu 4305:Chadds Ford Historical Society 3836:"Online Etymology Dictionary." 3700: 3687: 3657: 3641: 3619: 3593: 3590:2000 (retrieved July 19, 2011) 3569: 3486:lands through the present-day 3110:(16th century), sachem of the 3090:(18th century), Lenape prophet 2912:), two Canadian reserves near 2910:Six Nations of the Grand River 2689:of Lenape in Oklahoma are the 2513:adapted to the Mexican culture 1910:sent these men to convert the 1665:colonists created the English 1526:Penn's Treaty with the Indians 1424: 944:-speaking peoples originated. 728:North Branch Susquehanna River 628:sources called the Lenape the 606:for the first governor of the 602:. English colonists named the 544:originates from two autonyms, 1: 7001:Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Nation 6995:Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania 6843:The Munsee Indians: a history 6807:. New York: W. Morrow, 1995. 6688:Middle Atlantic Press, 1990. 6476:Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. 6288:Myers, Albert Cook (editor). 5944:Wennawoods Publishing, 1997. 5867:A Lenâpé – English Dictionary 5810: 5108:The Gilder Lehrman Collection 4768:Harper, Steven Craig (2006). 4575:10.2307/pennhistory.74.1.0001 3299: 2995:Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania 2291:, signed October 3, 1818, in 1642:of newly introduced European 1606:Confederation of the Iroquois 1444:The Lenape carry the nuts of 1264:Hunting, fishing, and farming 873:The Lenape Talking Dictionary 792:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes 94: 7554:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 7469:Archaeological sites in Ohio 6971:Stockbridge-Munsee Community 5914:Powerkids Publishing, 2005. 5471:Pages 401 to 409. Weslager, 5269:, accessed September 8, 2010 4635:Colonial Delaware: A History 4076:. Trafford. pp. 88–90. 3848:"Lenape Talking Dictionary." 2848:Stockbridge-Munsee Community 2589:Chihuahua-El Paso Expedition 797: 568:may be translated as "man". 510:Stockbridge–Munsee Community 32:List of people from Delaware 7: 7574:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 7276:Two Mile Square Reservation 7271:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation 7007:Ramapo Munsee Lenape Nation 6553:. Hambleton Company, 1947. 6367:. Retrieved March 15, 2012. 6267:Kainai Chieftainship, 1951. 5899:Trafford Publishing, 2013. 5758:Retrieved January 20, 2012. 5528:Oklahoma Historical Society 4641:: KTO Press; 1978; pp. 9–12 4614:William Christie MacLeod. " 4319:"Lenni Lenape Indian Tribe" 3948:"Lunaape (Munsee-Delaware)" 3863:Retrieved December 2, 2013. 3838:Retrieved October 10, 2019. 3739:. Philadelphia: James Kay. 3714:. Delaware Tribe of Indians 3463:Regions west of there from 3239:(Lenape settlement in Ohio) 3203: 2796:, including in the case of 2741:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 2725:In 1979, the United States 2687:federally recognized tribes 2676: 2610:in the vicinity of present 786:, that they share with the 694:along the west bank of the 690:from the north bank of the 175:traditional tribal religion 10: 8226: 8210:People from New Netherland 8130:Eastern Algonquian peoples 7549:Flint Ridge State Memorial 7281:Upper Sandusky Reservation 6596:New Sweden on the Delaware 6446:Oral Tradition as History. 6077:. Uhlan Publishing, 2012. 5704:"Tribal Directory: Lenape" 5243:"Green Bay to Stockbridge" 5078:. McFarland. p. 107. 4344:Dreibelbis, 1978 , page 33 3733:Zeisberger, David (1827). 3273:Ramapough Mountain Indians 2548:Lenape remained in Texas. 2499: 2473: 2087:Late 18th century treaties 2045:during and after the war. 2014:Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778) 1960:Royal Proclamation of 1763 1940:American Revolutionary War 1879: 1874:American Revolutionary War 1688: 1585:. The Lenape who produced 1488:sustained European contact 1457: 1412:as to advance gradually". 1399: 1001:Dog standing by fireside, 882: 878: 780:tribal jurisdictional area 639: 635: 478:American Revolutionary War 461:. Today they are based in 25: 18: 7957: 7750: 7602: 7541: 7504: 7456: 7404: 7368: 7297: 7251: 7233: 7108: 7079: 7018:Lenape/English dictionary 6982:October 15, 2018, at the 6965:Delaware Tribe of Indians 6733:. Forgotten Books, 2012. 6611:Red Men on the Brandywine 6372:English-Lenape Dictionary 5678:Delaware Tribe of Indians 5181:collections.dartmouth.edu 4698:Ricky, Donald B. (1999). 4356:Food, Farming and Hunting 4164:American Indian Quarterly 4052:www.nanticoke-lenape.info 3859:Delaware Tribe of Indians 3712:Lenape Talking Dictionary 3577:"A Place Called Whippany" 3043:Delaware Tribe of Indians 2839:Delaware Tribe of Indians 2802:Indian Nonintercourse Act 2699:Delaware Tribe of Indians 2600:Brazos Indian Reservation 2571:In 1845, the Republic of 2506:In 1828, Mexican General 2061:Moravian Christian Lenape 1964:Native American territory 1765:Morris County, New Jersey 1229:marry outside of his clan 900:Delaware Tribe of Indians 890:Clans and kinship systems 830:, fluently speak Munsee. 812:Algonquian language group 654:, comprising present-day 502:Delaware Tribe of Indians 443:Northeastern Pennsylvania 262: 240: 218: 196: 184: 179: 165: 160: 144: 139: 128: 117: 106: 101: 93: 88: 56: 49: 8135:First Nations in Ontario 7673:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 7615:Battle of Fallen Timbers 7559:Fort Hill State Memorial 7261:Blanchard's Fork Reserve 7074:Native Americans in Ohio 7013:Museum of Indian Culture 6946:The Light In The Forest. 6188:Kalter, Susan (editor). 5385:Handbook of Texas Online 5247:Green Bay to Stockbridge 3697:". Dictionary.com. 2023. 3551: 3127:Christian Frederick Post 2899:, Canadian reserve near 2890:, Canadian reserve near 2821:Three Lenape tribes are 2727:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2515:, sent their request to 2362: 1938:In the beginning of the 1679:Province of Pennsylvania 1616:added the Lenape to the 1579:Dutch West India Company 1357:Dutch West India Company 1301:(or Ackingsah-sack, the 594:The tribe's common name 8004:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 7626:Indian removals in Ohio 7589:SunWatch Indian Village 7579:New Indian Ridge Museum 7528:Thunderbird (mythology) 7289:Indian removals in Ohio 6826:August 8, 2010, at the 6796:Adams, Richard Calmit, 6461:Indians in Pennsylvania 6088:Heckewelder, John G.E. 6073:Heckewelder, John G.E. 6032:Forgotten Books, 2012. 5869:. Biblio Bazaar, 2009. 5562:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5505:March 19, 2016, at the 5177:"New Stockbridge Tribe" 4679:Jennings (2000), p. 117 4621:American Anthropologist 4196:Stevenson W. Fletcher, 4049:"Our Tribal History..." 4017:Encyclopedia Britannica 3654:Retrieved 19 July 2011. 2991:U.S. federal government 2948:Ramapough Lenape Nation 2926:state-recognized tribes 2906:Delaware of Six Nations 2315:Role in western history 2255:Oneida County, New York 2253:Two groups migrated to 1956:Wolf Clan of the Lenape 1732:According to historian 1669:beginning at the lower 863: 855: 847: 839: 563: 555: 547: 535: 526:Delaware of Six Nations 486:U.S. federal government 21:Lenape (disambiguation) 7740:Native American tribes 7667:Siege of Fort Recovery 7266:Moravian Indian Grants 6886:. Lenape Books, 1996. 5792:S. H. Mitchell (1895) 5522:Stiefmiller, Helen M. 5483:Helen M. Stiefmiller, 5360:William E. Connelley. 4941:Schutt, (2007), p. 119 4739:10.1006/jaar.1996.0006 4475:"DELAWARE ETHNOBOTANY" 3665:"Definition of Lenape" 3582:July 27, 2013, at the 3575:Fariello, Leonardo A. 3443:colonial New York City 3187:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 3084:(died 1756), war chief 3062:Chief William Anderson 3045:, 1907–1984), linguist 2888:Munsee-Delaware Nation 2859:Canadian First Nations 2843:Bartlesville, Oklahoma 2825:in the United States: 2703:Bartlesville, Oklahoma 2685:in the 1860s. The two 2631: 2508:Manuel de Mier y Terán 2337:conquest of California 2327:in events such as the 2325:army guides and scouts 2309:Chief William Anderson 2154: 1715: 1667:colony of Pennsylvania 1533: 1493:Northeastern Woodlands 1472:Giovanni da Verrazzano 1386:Clothing and adornment 1330:Giovanni da Verrazzano 1234:As in the case of the 910: 810:belong to the Eastern 784:Caddo County, Oklahoma 667: 518:Munsee-Delaware Nation 299: 171:Native American Church 7690:Yellow Creek massacre 6105:New Sweden in America 5630:"Tribal Directory: D" 5545:Indian Country Today. 4932:Schutt, (2007), p.118 4873:1999, p. 234; Moore, 4850:www.gilderlehrman.org 4473:Hill, George (2015). 4335:Mark Kurlansky, 2006 4037:. September 16, 2023. 3492:colonial Pennsylvania 3171:Tamaqua, Pennsylvania 3076:Killbuck (Gelelemend) 2879:. Each is located in 2625: 2335:expeditions, and the 2167:Moraviantown, Ontario 2120: 2029:branch of Lenape, an 1886:Gnadenhutten massacre 1816:French and Indian War 1742:French and Indian War 1706: 1689:Further information: 1622:French and Indian War 1592:During the resulting 1529:, a 1771 portrait by 1519: 1361:Swedish South Company 1155:Moo-har-mo-wi-kar'-nu 1076:Ole-har-kar-me'kar-to 897: 828:Moraviantown, Ontario 816:mutually intelligible 771:peoples in Ontario. 649: 490:Eastern United States 289: 270: ( 248: ( 226: ( 204: ( 180:Related ethnic groups 8125:Algonquian ethnonyms 8034:Mescalero-Chiricahua 7789:Cheyenne and Arapaho 7684:Treaty of Grouseland 7678:Treaty of Greenville 7655:Raid on Pickawillany 7643:Northwest Indian War 7594:Zane Shawnee Caverns 7523:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 7479:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 7424:Glacial Kame culture 7405:Prehistoric cultures 7369:Historic communities 7243:Algonquian languages 6929:Pritchard, Evan T., 6763:. Ulan Press, 2012. 6748:. Ulan Press, 2012. 6474:Wallace, Paul, A.W. 6459:Wallace, Paul, A.W. 6433:. Nabu Press, 2011. 6303:Newcomb, William W. 6292:. Nabu Press, 2012. 6273:Myers, Albert Cook. 6237:. Arno Press, 1979. 6207:Lenape Books, 2001. 6058:Harrington, Mark R. 6043:Harrington, Mark R. 5485:"Delaware, Eastern." 5473:The Delaware Indians 5292:The Delaware Indians 4983:Ohio History Central 4956:William Dean Howells 4650:Cook, Albert Myers. 4563:Pennsylvania History 4226:Emily W.B. Russell, 3652:All About the Shoes. 3328:improve this article 3104:), Ohio in the 1760s 3078:, Turtle clan leader 3070:Treaty of St. Mary's 3066:Treaty of Greenville 2999:Easton, Pennsylvania 2989:have petitioned the 2881:Southwestern Ontario 2863:The Lenape who fled 2823:federally recognized 2783:Tatamy, Pennsylvania 2661:, which created the 2391:improve this article 2357:Edwardsville, Kansas 2341:Mexican–American War 2288:Treaty of St. Mary's 2275:Green Bay, Wisconsin 2267:forcefully displaced 2178:Treaty of Greenville 1769:forcefully relocated 1614:Iroquois Confederacy 1027:Long-ush-har-kar'-to 608:Province of Virginia 276: 254: 232: 210: 156:as a second language 19:For other uses, see 7441:Monongahela culture 7391:Muskingum (village) 7253:Former reservations 7225:Western Confederacy 7090:Northwest Territory 6774:Zeisberger, David. 6759:Zeisberger, David. 6744:Zeisberger, David. 6729:Zeisberger, David. 6714:Zeisberger, David. 6699:Zeisberger, David. 6396:Soderlund, Jean R. 6348:Pritzker, Barry M. 6140:Jennings, Francis. 6125:Jennings, Francis. 6110:Jennings, Francis. 5940:Donehoo, George P. 5524:"Delaware, Eastern" 5220:Bragdon, Kathleen. 5036:Fort Laurens Museum 4903:. Kent, Ohio. 1991 4817:. Edward Brothers. 4701:Indians of Maryland 4354:Keoke, Emory Dean. 3889:. September 5, 2017 3626:"Pocket Pictorial." 3588:Whippanong Library, 3454:Western Connecticut 3447:colonial New Jersey 3197:Treaty of Fort Pitt 3129:in negotiating the 3055:Charles Journeycake 2979:unrecognized tribes 2892:St. Thomas, Ontario 2781:, near the town of 2701:, headquartered in 2693:, headquartered in 2663:Territory of Kansas 2659:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2329:Second Seminole War 2281:Indiana to Missouri 2169:, where the Turtle 1746:Sir William Johnson 1644:infectious diseases 1068:Drawing Down Hill, 1019:Pulling up Stream, 716:Lower Hudson Valley 402:), also called the 245:Lënapei èlixsuwakàn 46: 7804:Citizen Potawatomi 7661:St. Clair's defeat 7631:Lord Dunmore's War 7533:Underwater panther 7449:(Late Prehistoric) 7447:Whittlesey culture 7420:(Late Prehistoric) 7381:Lenape settlements 7082:Prehistory of Ohio 7009:, official website 7003:, official website 6997:, official website 6991:, official website 6973:, official website 6967:, official website 6961:, official website 6703:Nabu Press, 2012. 6333:Olmstead, Earl P. 6155:Johnson, Amandus. 6112:Empire of Fortune. 6028:Harrington, Mark. 6013:Harrington, Mark. 5998:Grumet, Robert S. 5839:Ulan Press, 2011. 5822:Natur & Kultur 5652:"Tribal Directory" 5294:, pp. 375, 378–380 4899:Olmstead, Earl P. 4639:Millwood, New York 4378:Utz, Axel (2011). 4286:The Watering Place 3853:2013-12-03 at the 3708:"Delaware Indians" 3631:2010-04-06 at the 3504:Atlantic sea coast 3482:outside the rival 3456:up to present-day 3435:Atlantic sea coast 3283:Unalachtigo Lenape 3248:Lenape settlements 3039:Nora Thompson Dean 2914:Brantford, Ontario 2834:Anadarko, Oklahoma 2779:Northampton County 2771:Moses Tunda Tatamy 2714:Curtis Act of 1898 2695:Anadarko, Oklahoma 2632: 2618:Kansas reservation 2612:Anadarko, Oklahoma 2585:Texas Hill Country 2184:, eastward of the 2105:forcibly displaced 1912:Indigenous peoples 1809:to share Moravian 1716: 1713:Gustavus Hesselius 1534: 1482:Early colonial era 1476:Lower New York Bay 1450:in the pocket for 1270:companion planting 1211:The Lenape have a 1201:Ground Scratcher, 1179:Nool-a-mar-lar'-mo 1153:Scratch the Path, 1149:Moo-kwung-wa-ho'ki 1088:Toosh-ki-pa-kwis-i 989:Across the River, 934:Algonquian peoples 911: 776:Indian reservation 767:, shared with six 761:Brantford, Ontario 668: 585:Lower New York Bay 414:, who live in the 300: 256:Wënami èlixsuwakàn 250:Monsii èlixsuwakàn 187:Algonquian peoples 42: 8107: 8106: 8029:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 7769:Alabama-Quassarte 7699: 7698: 7432:(Middle Woodland) 7386:Lower Shawneetown 6944:Richter, Conrad, 6892:978-0-935137-01-9 6877:978-0-911020-14-4 6852:978-0-8061-4062-9 6835:978-0-253-34968-2 6820:Long Journey Home 6803:Bierhorst, John. 6709:978-1-278-79951-3 6694:978-0-912608-50-1 6664:978-0-8135-0548-0 6649:978-0-912608-06-8 6574:978-1-258-17789-8 6544:978-0-8122-1983-8 6514:978-0-9625563-1-9 6499:978-1-258-23895-7 6484:978-0-89271-090-4 6469:978-0-89271-017-1 6439:978-1-178-59363-1 6424:978-1-935228-06-6 6414:Trowbridge, C.C. 6391:978-0-8122-2024-7 6374:. N.P., N.D. See 6370:Rice, Phillip W. 6358:978-0-19-513877-1 6343:978-0-87338-434-6 6328:978-0-8032-3986-9 6298:978-1-279-95624-3 6283:978-0-912608-13-6 6258:978-0-8032-4840-3 6243:978-0-405-11648-3 6228:978-0-345-47639-5 6218:Kurlansky, Mark. 6213:978-0-935137-03-3 6198:978-0-252-03035-2 6150:978-0-8156-2650-3 6135:978-0-393-30302-5 6120:978-0-393-30640-8 6098:978-1-4400-5862-2 6068:978-0-8135-0425-4 6008:978-0-7910-0385-5 5984:978-0-8122-2205-0 5969:978-0-8020-7136-1 5950:978-1-889037-11-0 5935:978-1-258-62207-7 5920:978-1-4042-2872-6 5905:978-1-4669-0742-3 5895:Carman, Alan, E. 5875:978-1-103-14922-3 5860:978-0-8165-1573-8 5850:Bierhorst, John. 5349:Blood and Thunder 5313:978-0-385-50777-6 5230:978-0-231-11452-3 5210:978-1-55787-148-0 5085:978-1-4766-7997-6 5061:The Kansas Munsee 4917:The Kansas Munsee 4633:Munroe, John A.: 4514:Trigger, Bruce C. 4482:Delawaretribe.org 4083:978-1-4669-0742-3 4035:Nanticoke Indians 3954:. Original Voices 3909:"Delaware Nation" 3746:978-0-404-15803-3 3508:colonial Delaware 3469:Susquehanna River 3441:, including both 3404: 3403: 3396: 3378: 3268:Okehocking people 2852:Bowler, Wisconsin 2537:Republic of Texas 2467: 2466: 2459: 2441: 2307:, is named after 2305:Anderson, Indiana 2261:who had moved to 2259:Washington Valley 2101:Washington Valley 2097:community leaders 2043:American pioneers 2019:Christian Munsees 1833:near present-day 1761:Washington Valley 1268:Lenape practiced 1185:Muh-krent-har'-ne 1177:Living in Water, 1167:Muh-ho-we-kä'-ken 1112:Kwis-aese-kees'to 1104:Snapping Turtle, 1092:Smallest Turtle, 1070:See-har-ong'-o-to 1062:High Bank Shore, 852:and "friend" was 399:[lənaːpe] 396: 284: 283: 192: 191: 8217: 7959:Tribal languages 7939:United Keetoowah 7869:Muscogee (Creek) 7829:Fort Sill Apache 7764:Absentee Shawnee 7738: 7737: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7414:(Early Woodland) 7298:Historic figures 7068: 7061: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7032: 6882:Kraft, Herbert. 6867:Kraft, Herbert: 6864: 6583:. Signet, 1974. 6318:Newman, Andrew. 6203:Kraft, Herbert. 6185: 5995: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5765: 5759: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5733:lenapenationofpa 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5700: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5626: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5601: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5519: 5513: 5497: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5453:on March 3, 2016 5452: 5446:. Archived from 5441: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5417:on March 3, 2016 5416: 5410:. Archived from 5405: 5397: 5391: 5380: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5345: 5339: 5325:Simpson, James H 5321: 5315: 5303:Sides, Hampton, 5301: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5239: 5233: 5218: 5212: 5200:Strong, John A. 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5028: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4975: 4969: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4842: 4827: 4826: 4810: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4631: 4625: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4539:SUNY Press, 2009 4530: 4524: 4523: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4159: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3915:. April 10, 2017 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3813: 3812: 3798: 3788: 3751: 3750: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3661: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3545: 3538: 3526: 3494:, south through 3465:Albany, New York 3412: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3336: 3312: 3304: 3288:Walking Purchase 3243:Lenape mythology 3220: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3131:Treaty of Easton 3015:Richard C. Adams 2790:aboriginal title 2763:Walking Purchase 2683:Indian Territory 2640:Indian Territory 2524:Texas Revolution 2462: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2399: 2375: 2367: 2293:St. Mary's, Ohio 2152: 1904:John Heckewelder 1900:David Zeisberger 1829:in the east and 1784:Treaty of Easton 1734:Steven C. Harper 1727:Walking Purchase 1699:Walking Purchase 1695:Treaty of Easton 1675:Penn Treaty Park 1626:Seven Years' War 1583:upstate New York 1463:European contact 1416:Units of measure 1303:Hackensack River 1159:Opossum Ground, 1082:Ma-har-o-luk'-ti 1031:Bringing Along, 985:We-yar-nih'kä-to 927:eastern Maryland 919:Nanticoke people 885:Lenape mythology 866: 858: 850: 844:, "brother" was 842: 824:John Heckewelder 814:and are largely 808:Munsee languages 732:Schuylkill River 566: 558: 550: 494:Indian Territory 453:, and the lower 401: 393:Lenape languages 391: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 310: 194: 193: 96: 89:Total population 61: 47: 41: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8103: 7961: 7953: 7824:Eastern Shawnee 7814:Delaware Nation 7755: 7753: 7746: 7732: 7730: 7700: 7695: 7598: 7537: 7500: 7496:Wilderness Road 7452: 7443:(Late Woodland) 7400: 7376:Hell Town, Ohio 7364: 7293: 7247: 7229: 7110:Historic tribes 7104: 7086:History of Ohio 7075: 7072: 7027: 6984:Wayback Machine 6959:Delaware Nation 6955: 6948:New York: 1953. 6897:O'Meara, John, 6853: 6828:Wayback Machine 6793: 6791:Further reading 6684:Weslager, C.A. 6669:Weslager, C.A. 6654:Weslager, C.A. 6639:Weslager, C.A. 6624:Weslager, C.A. 6609:Weslager, C.A. 6594:Weslager, C.A. 6579:Weslager, C.A. 6549:Weslager, C.A. 6534:Weslager, C.A. 6519:Weslager, C.A. 6504:Weslager, C.A. 6403:Spady, James. " 6381:Schutt, Amy C. 6248:Marsh, Dawn G. 5974:Fur, Gunglong. 5813: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5701: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5539: 5535: 5520: 5516: 5507:Wayback Machine 5498: 5491: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5381: 5370: 5359: 5355: 5346: 5342: 5322: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5289: 5285: 5279:"Delaware Town" 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5219: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5072: 5068: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4890:. Ithaca. 1956 4885: 4881: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4830: 4811: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4766: 4759: 4750: 4746: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4688:Goddard 213–216 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4662: 4658: 4649: 4645: 4632: 4628: 4613: 4606: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4531: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4395: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4297: 4293: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4225: 4221: 4208: 4204: 4195: 4191: 4160: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3855:Wayback Machine 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3826:Josephy 188–189 3825: 3816: 3789: 3754: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3669:Merriam Webster 3663: 3662: 3658: 3646: 3642: 3633:Wayback Machine 3624: 3620: 3615: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3584:Wayback Machine 3574: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3337: 3335: 3325: 3313: 3302: 3297: 3237:Hell Town, Ohio 3218:Delaware portal 3216: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3155:, and for whom 3007: 2922: 2877:Indian reserves 2861: 2830:Delaware Nation 2819: 2814: 2755:Delaware Nation 2736: 2723: 2710:Cherokee Nation 2691:Delaware Nation 2679: 2620: 2569: 2533: 2504: 2498: 2478: 2472: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2400: 2398: 2388: 2376: 2365: 2317: 2283: 2271:white colonists 2217: 2201:New Stockbridge 2163:Western Ontario 2159:Indian reserves 2153: 2150: 2093:Munsee-speaking 2089: 2081:Coshocton, Ohio 2057:Daniel Brodhead 1908:Moravian Church 1896: 1880:Main articles: 1876: 1803:Moravian Church 1701: 1687: 1624:(a part of the 1569:Lewes, Delaware 1545:in present-day 1514: 1486:At the time of 1484: 1465: 1460: 1447:Aesculus glabra 1427: 1418: 1402: 1388: 1363:to promote the 1334:New York Harbor 1322:hunter-gatherer 1266: 1209: 1191:Mur-karm-huk-se 1118: 1100:We-lung-ung-sil 1098:Little Turtle, 1094:Tung-ul-ung'-si 1064:Ta-ko-ong'-o-to 1039: 1015:Moon-har-tar'ne 991:Toosh-war-ka'ma 979:Pä-sakun'a'-mon 892: 887: 881: 800: 737:with the rival 644: 638: 612:Lord De La Warr 600:French language 598:comes from the 538: 498:Delaware Nation 437:regions of the 410:people, are an 363: 359: 346: 342: 314: 308: 307: 292:Delaware Nation 275: 269: 253: 247: 231: 225: 209: 203: 174: 84: 52: 45:Delaware people 44: 40: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8223: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7962:(still spoken) 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7879:Otoe-Missouria 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7819:Delaware Tribe 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7748: 7747: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7706: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7518:Mounds in Ohio 7515: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7474:Mounds in Ohio 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7141: 7131: 7121: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6954: 6953:External links 6951: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6927: 6910: 6895: 6880: 6865: 6851: 6838: 6815: 6801: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6772: 6757: 6742: 6727: 6712: 6697: 6682: 6667: 6652: 6637: 6622: 6607: 6592: 6577: 6562: 6547: 6532: 6517: 6502: 6487: 6472: 6457: 6448:Oxford, 1985. 6444:Vansina, Jan. 6442: 6427: 6412: 6401: 6394: 6379: 6368: 6361: 6346: 6331: 6316: 6301: 6286: 6271: 6268: 6261: 6246: 6231: 6216: 6201: 6186: 6169: 6153: 6138: 6123: 6108: 6101: 6086: 6071: 6056: 6041: 6026: 6011: 5996: 5987: 5972: 5957: 5953: 5938: 5923: 5910:Dalton, Anne. 5908: 5893: 5878: 5863: 5848: 5833: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5794: 5785: 5760: 5745: 5720: 5690: 5665: 5643: 5618: 5593: 5575: 5549: 5533: 5514: 5489: 5476: 5464: 5428: 5392: 5368: 5353: 5340: 5316: 5296: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5234: 5213: 5193: 5168: 5143: 5125: 5113: 5091: 5084: 5066: 5048: 5020: 4995: 4979:"Fort Detroit" 4970: 4965:Three Villages 4943: 4934: 4922: 4905: 4892: 4879: 4862: 4828: 4800: 4775: 4757: 4744: 4733:(2): 160–182. 4717: 4710: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4656: 4643: 4626: 4604: 4553: 4541: 4525: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4465: 4456: 4435: 4422: 4409: 4393: 4370: 4361: 4358:. p. 103. 4346: 4337: 4328: 4323:Comanche Lodge 4310: 4291: 4273: 4259: 4247: 4234: 4219: 4202: 4189: 4145: 4131: 4117: 4103: 4089: 4082: 4064: 4040: 4022: 4004: 3978: 3965: 3952:CBC Indigenous 3939: 3926: 3900: 3874: 3865: 3840: 3828: 3814: 3752: 3745: 3725: 3699: 3686: 3656: 3640: 3618: 3604: 3592: 3568: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3512: 3511: 3500:Delaware River 3476: 3461: 3450: 3431:Delaware River 3424:drainage basin 3420:Delaware River 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3316: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3190: 3180: 3174: 3160: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3120: 3114: 3105: 3094:Chief Newcomer 3091: 3085: 3082:Captain Jacobs 3079: 3072: 3060:Kikthawenund ( 3058: 3052: 3049:Hannah Freeman 3046: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2955: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2903: 2894: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2836: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2794:nonjusticiable 2775:Forks Township 2735: 2732: 2722: 2719: 2678: 2675: 2619: 2616: 2581:John Meusebach 2568: 2567:State of Texas 2565: 2532: 2531:Texas Republic 2529: 2500:Main article: 2497: 2494: 2474:Main article: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2316: 2313: 2282: 2279: 2221:anthropologist 2216: 2213: 2148: 2103:that had been 2099:native to the 2088: 2085: 2067:also known as 2063:settlement of 1875: 1872: 1864:Wyoming Valley 1686: 1683: 1671:Delaware River 1618:Covenant Chain 1602:Susquehannocks 1555:New Netherland 1513: 1510: 1483: 1480: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1401: 1398: 1387: 1384: 1353:Susquehannocks 1341:New Netherland 1299:Achinigeu-hach 1295:David de Vries 1282:slash and burn 1265: 1262: 1253:mound builders 1240:Susquehannocks 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1173:Tong-o-nä-o-to 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1086:Green Leaves, 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 983:Care Enterer, 981: 977:Pulling Corn, 975: 969: 960: 959: 958: 891: 888: 880: 877: 864:mattá ne hattá 799: 796: 757:Glebe Farm 40B 749:Indian reserve 696:Delaware River 662:, and eastern 640:Main article: 637: 634: 604:Delaware River 587:, and eastern 540:The full name 537: 534: 482:Indian removal 459:New York state 433:, the eastern 282: 281: 264: 260: 259: 242: 238: 237: 220: 216: 215: 198: 190: 189: 182: 181: 177: 176: 163: 162: 158: 157: 142: 141: 137: 136: 133: 126: 125: 122: 115: 114: 111: 104: 103: 99: 98: 91: 90: 86: 85: 75:(center), and 62: 54: 53: 50: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8222: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7919:Seneca-Cayuga 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7649:Pontiac's War 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7637:Nanfan Treaty 7635: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7564:Fort Recovery 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7341:Little Turtle 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7311:Buckongahelas 7309: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7038: 7037: 7031: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6977:Lenape Center 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6939:1-57178-107-2 6936: 6932: 6928: 6926: 6925:1-57181-672-0 6922: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6907:0-8020-0670-1 6904: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6814: 6813:0-688-12900-5 6810: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6785: 6784:1-104-25351-8 6781: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6634:0-8135-0702-2 6631: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6604:0-912608-65-X 6601: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454:0-85255-007-3 6451: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890:0-19-514049-4 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830:91-27-01909-8 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5803: 5798: 5789: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5754: 5749: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5653: 5647: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5607: 5600: 5598: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5337:0-8061-3570-0 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5268: 5267:"Removal Era" 5263: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5057:"Our History" 5052: 5037: 5033: 5032:"Our History" 5027: 5025: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4877:1900, p. 151. 4876: 4872: 4866: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4711:9780403098774 4707: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4365: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3869: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515:Susquehannock 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3488:Lehigh Valley 3485: 3484:Susquehannock 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3458:Massachusetts 3455: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3418:flanking the 3417: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3395: 3387: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3345: – 3344: 3340: 3339:Find sources: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3317:This section 3315: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232:Esopus people 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3208: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3167:Pontiac's War 3164: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3102:Newcomerstown 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3027:Buckongahelas 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873:First Nations 2870: 2866: 2865:United States 2853: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:In 2004, the 2751: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2731: 2728: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:U.S. Congress 2653:In 1854, the 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2608:Washita River 2605: 2604:Graham, Texas 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Indian Bureau 2574: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2502:Mexican Texas 2496:Mexican Texas 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2476:Spanish Texas 2470:Spanish Texas 2461: 2458: 2450: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: – 2407: 2403: 2402:Find sources: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2380:This section 2378: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2360: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:Wilsons Creek 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195:In 1796, the 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2079:now known as 2078: 2077:Goschachgunk, 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051:, the Lenape 2050: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1868:Pontiac's War 1865: 1860: 1859:Juniata River 1856: 1855:Fort Sandusky 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782:In 1758, the 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1707:Lenape chief 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1565:New York City 1562: 1561:New Amsterdam 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1531:Benjamin West 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1397: 1394: 1383: 1380: 1379:Susquehannock 1376: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:New York City 1323: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Three Sisters 1271: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1246:counting coup 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1195:Pine Region, 1194: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183:Root Digger, 1182: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161:O-ping-ho'-ki 1158: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1143:Le-le-wa'-you 1140: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 992: 988: 986: 982: 980: 976: 974: 971:Yellow Tree, 970: 968: 964: 963: 962: 961: 957: 953: 950: 949: 948: 945: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:North America 909: 905: 901: 896: 886: 876: 874: 869: 867: 865: 859: 857: 851: 849: 843: 841: 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 769:Haudenosaunee 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 742:Susquehannock 740: 736: 733: 729: 725: 722:to the lower 721: 717: 714:, across the 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Lehigh Valley 681: 677: 673: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 643: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 565: 559: 557: 551: 549: 543: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455:Hudson Valley 452: 448: 444: 440: 439:Lehigh Valley 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 416:United States 413: 409: 405: 400: 394: 387: 355: 338: 305: 297: 293: 288: 279: 273: 268: 265: 261: 257: 251: 246: 243: 239: 235: 229: 224: 221: 217: 213: 207: 202: 199: 195: 188: 183: 178: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113:11,195 (2010) 112: 109: 105: 100: 92: 87: 82: 81:United States 78: 74: 70: 66: 60: 55: 48: 37: 33: 29: 22: 7929:Thlopthlocco 7639:(1701, 1726) 7603:Other topics 7488: 7418:Fort Ancient 7396:Pickawillany 7335:Kakowatcheky 7329:Joseph Brant 7285: 7221: 7127: 7118:Chalahgawtha 7094:Ohio Country 7034: 6945: 6930: 6916: 6898: 6883: 6868: 6842: 6819: 6804: 6797: 6775: 6760: 6745: 6730: 6715: 6700: 6685: 6670: 6655: 6640: 6625: 6610: 6595: 6580: 6565: 6550: 6535: 6520: 6505: 6490: 6475: 6460: 6445: 6430: 6415: 6408: 6397: 6382: 6371: 6349: 6334: 6319: 6304: 6289: 6274: 6264: 6249: 6234: 6219: 6204: 6189: 6173: 6156: 6141: 6126: 6111: 6104: 6089: 6074: 6059: 6044: 6029: 6014: 5999: 5991: 5975: 5960: 5941: 5926: 5911: 5896: 5881: 5866: 5851: 5836: 5817: 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