SMS - Knowledge

977:(UDH) containing segmentation information. Since UDH is part of the payload, the number of available characters per segment is lower: 153 for 7-bit encoding, 134 for 8-bit encoding and 67 for 16-bit encoding. The receiving handset is then responsible for reassembling the message and presenting it to the user as one long message. While the standard theoretically permits up to 255 segments, 10 segments is the practical maximum with some carriers, and long messages are often billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages. In some cases 127 segments are supported, but software limitations in some SMS applications do not permit this. Some providers have offered length-oriented pricing schemes for messages, although that type of pricing structure is rapidly disappearing. 453: 891:", so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient, but delay or complete loss of a message is uncommon, typically affecting less than 5 percent of messages. Some providers allow users to request delivery reports, either via the SMS settings of most modern phones, or by prefixing each message with *0# or *N#. However, the exact meaning of confirmations varies from reaching the network, to being queued for sending, to being sent, to receiving a confirmation of receipt from the target device, and users are often not informed of the specific type of success being reported. 395:, limiting the usefulness of the service. This restriction was lifted in 1999. Over time, this issue was eliminated by switch billing instead of billing at the SMSC and by new features within SMSCs to allow blocking of foreign mobile users sending messages through it. By the end of 2000, the average number of messages reached 35 per user per month, and on Christmas Day 2006, over 205 million messages were sent in the UK alone. SMS had become a social phenomenon in Finland among teens and youngsters by 1999. SMS traffic across Europe reached 4 billion messages as of January 2000. 5300: 1353: 304:

contributors Kevin Holley, Eija Altonen, Didier Luizard and Alan Cox. The first action plan mentions for the first time the Technical Specification 03.40 "Technical Realisation of the Short Message Service". Responsible editor was Finn Trosby. The first and very rudimentary draft of the technical specification was completed in November 1987. However, drafts useful for the manufacturers followed at a later stage in the period. A comprehensive description of the work in this period is given in.

708: 6384: 5311: 195: 6394: 6373: 5288: 6404: 1250:(international number format, such as "+44 762 480 5000"), which can be used in place of short codes for SMS reception in several applications, such as TV voting, product promotions and campaigns. Long numbers work internationally, allow businesses to use their own numbers, rather than short codes, which are usually shared across many brands. Additionally, long numbers are nonpremium inbound numbers. 34: 1008:

messages can be sent directly to and from recipients without having to go through the SMSCs of other mobile operators. Therefore, it is possible to avoid delays and message losses, offering full delivery guarantees of messages and optimized routing. This model is particularly efficient when used in mission-critical messaging and SMS used in corporate communications. Moreover, these

259:. The definition that Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert brought into GSM called for the provision of a message transmission service of alphanumeric messages to mobile users "with acknowledgement capabilities". The last three words transformed SMS into something much more useful than the electronic paging services used at the time that some in GSM might have had in mind. 780:. These silent messages, also known as silent TMS, stealth SMS, stealth ping or Short Message Type 0, are used to locate a person and thus to create a complete movement profile. They do not show up on a display, nor trigger any acoustical signal when received. Their primary purpose was to deliver special services of the network operator to any cell phone. 150:), and for other commercial content. The SMS standard has been hugely popular worldwide as a method of text communication: by the end of 2010, it was the most widely used data application with an estimated 3.5 billion active users, or about 80% of all mobile phone subscribers. More recently, SMS has become increasingly challenged by newer proprietary 1000:, also known as "local termination model". Aggregators lack direct access into the SS7 protocol, which is the protocol where the SMS messages are exchanged. SMS messages are delivered to the operator's SMSC, but not the subscriber's handset; the SMSC takes care of further handling of the message through the SS7 network. 1238:

front to the carrier. The submission of the text to the SMSC is identical to a standard MO Short Message submission, but once the text is at the SMSC, the Service Center (SC) identifies the Short Code as a premium service. The SC will then direct the content of the text message to the VASP, typically using an

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message is US$ 0.11, while mobile networks charge each other interconnect fees of at least US$ 0.04 when connecting between different phone networks. In 2015, the actual cost of sending an SMS in Australia was found to be $ 0.00016 per SMS. The global SMS messaging business was estimated to be worth over

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and Motorola's ReFLEX protocol, SMS message delivery is not guaranteed, and many implementations provide no mechanism through which a sender can determine whether an SMS message has been delivered in a timely manner. SMS messages are generally treated as lower-priority traffic than voice, and various

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handsets only support incoming SMS, later models can also send messages. The price per message varies for different networks. Unlike some mobile phone networks, there is no extra charge for sending international SMS or to send one to a different satellite phone network. SMS can sometimes be sent from

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Most smart phone text-messaging-clients are able to create some contextual threading of "group messages" which narrows the context of the thread around the common interests shared by group members. On the other hand, advanced enterprise messaging applications which push messages from a remote server

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Threaded SMS is a visual styling orientation of SMS message history that arranges messages to and from a contact in chronological order on a single screen. It was first invented by a developer working to implement the SMS client for the BlackBerry, who was looking to make use of the blank screen left

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SMS has become a large commercial industry, earning $ 114.6 billion globally in 2010. In the year 2002, 366 billion SMS text messages were sent globally, a number that rose to 6.1 trillion (6.1 × 10) in 2010, which is an average of 193,000 messages per second. The global average price for an SMS

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The material elaborated in GSM and its WP1 subgroup was handed over in Spring 1987 to a new GSM body called IDEG (the Implementation of Data and Telematic Services Experts Group), which had its kickoff in May 1987 under the chairmanship of Friedhelm Hillebrand (German Telecom). The technical standard

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In an effort to limit telemarketers who had taken to bombarding users with hordes of unsolicited messages, India introduced new regulations in September 2011, including a cap of 3,000 SMS messages per subscriber per month, or an average of 100 per subscriber per day. Due to representations received

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provide for web-browsing. As one pervasive example, this technique is used to extend the functionality of many Instant Messenger (IM) applications such that they are able to communicate over two-way dialogues with the much larger SMS user-base. In cases where multiple reply numbers are used by the

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providers facilitate SMS traffic between businesses and mobile subscribers, including SMS for enterprises, content delivery, and entertainment services involving SMS, e.g. TV voting. Considering SMS messaging performance and cost, as well as the level of messaging services, SMS gateway providers can

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allows individuals to send an SMS message to a business phone number (traditional landline) and receive a SMS in return. Providing customers with the ability to text to a phone number allows organizations to offer new services that deliver value. Examples include chat bots, and text enabled customer

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does. For example, between 2010 and 2022, SMS telecom revenue in India dropped 94 percent, while "revenue share per user from data usage...grew over 10 times.", although in some regions such as North America SMS continues to be used by over 80 percent of the population as of 2023. In order to create

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characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. GSM 7-bit alphabet support is mandatory for GSM handsets and network elements, but characters in languages such as Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, or Cyrillic alphabet languages (e.g., Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc.)

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networks. SMS messaging has some extra security vulnerabilities due to its store-and-forward feature, and the problem of fake SMS that can be conducted via the Internet. When a user is roaming, SMS content passes through different networks, perhaps including the Internet, and is exposed to various

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While SMS reached its popularity as a person-to-person messaging, another type of SMS is growing fast: application-to-person (A2P) messaging. A2P is a type of SMS sent from a subscriber to an application or sent from an application to a subscriber. It is commonly used by businesses, such as banks,

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provider is based on SS7 connectivity to route SMS messages, also known as "international termination model". The advantage of this model is the ability to route data directly through SS7, which gives the provider total control and visibility of the complete path during SMS routing. This means SMS

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This is also backed by the fact that as of 2003, American internet users were spending on average five times more time online than Europeans, and many poorer countries in Europe and other regions around the world had significantly lower rates of internet access compared to the United States at the

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by 2001 and the country was dubbed the "texting capital of the world", partly helped by large numbers of free text messages offered by the mobile operators in monthly subscriptions. SMS adoption was limited to parts of Europe and Asia during these earlier years, with U.S. adoption being low partly

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WP4 created a Drafting Group Message Handling (DGMH), which was responsible for the specification of SMS. Finn Trosby of Telenor chaired the draft group through its first three years, in which the design of SMS was established. DGMH had five to eight participants, and Finn Trosby mentions as major

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The only sure way of detecting and blocking spoofed messages is to screen incoming mobile-originated messages to verify that the sender is a valid subscriber and that the message is coming from a valid and correct location. This can be implemented by adding an intelligent routing function to the

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from the telephone network operator, and subscribers send texts to that number. The payouts to the carriers vary by carrier; percentages paid are greatest on the lowest-priced premium SMS services. Most information providers should expect to pay about 45 percent of the cost of the premium SMS up

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as text messages. Subscribers can easily reply to these SMS messages, and the SMS reply is sent back to the original email address. Sending email to SMS is free for the sender, but the recipient is subject to the standard delivery charges. Only the first 160 characters of an email message can be

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The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of Germany and France in the GSM group meeting in February 1985 in Oslo. This proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services (Chairman Martine Alvernhe, France Telecom) based on a contribution from

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industry has identified a number of potential fraud attacks on mobile operators that can be delivered via abuse of SMS messaging services. The most serious threat is SMS Spoofing, which occurs when a fraudster manipulates address information in order to impersonate a user that has roamed onto a

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needed to control the telephone traffic during periods when no signalling traffic existed. In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport messages at minimal cost. However, it was necessary to limit the length of the messages to 128 bytes (later improved to 160 seven-bit

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was approved in December 1982, requesting that "The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks ... should be available in the mobile system." This plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or

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protocol included support for the transport of Short Messages through the Core Network from its inception. MAP Phase 2 expanded support for SMS by introducing a separate operation code for Mobile Terminated Short Message transport. Since Phase 2, there have been no changes to the Short Message

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branded phones could handle them. By 2002 the ringtone business globally had exceeded $ 1 billion of service revenues, and nearly US$ 5 billion by 2008. Today, they are also used to pay smaller payments online—for example, for file-sharing services, in mobile application stores, or VIP section

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SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software. Hence, a large base of SMS-capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS. A new network element required was a specialized short message service centre, and enhancements were required to the radio

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Germany. There were also initial discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad (Telenor). The result was approved by the main GSM group in a June 1985 document which was distributed to industry. The input documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand of

879:" mechanism. It attempts to send messages to the SMSC's recipients. If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where transmission is tried only once. Both mobile terminated (MT, for messages sent 1151:

to block the submission (MO) or delivery (MT) of Short Messages, route messages to destinations other than that specified by the user, and perform real-time billing for the use of the service. Prior to standardized CAMEL control of the Short Message Service, IN control relied on

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studies have shown that around 1% to 5% of messages are lost entirely, even during normal operation conditions, and others may not be delivered until long after their relevance has passed. The use of SMS as an emergency notification service in particular has been questioned.

1303:. However, recently multiple US carriers, including Verizon have announced plans to officially support A2P messages over long codes. In the United Kingdom A2P messages can be sent with a dynamic 11 character sender ID; however, short codes are used for OPTOUT commands. 3674: 369:

The first commercially sold SMS service was offered to consumers, as a person-to-person text messaging service by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa) in Finland in 1993. Most early GSM mobile phone handsets did not support the ability to send SMS text messages, and

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In 2014, Caktus Group developed the world's first SMS-based voter registration system in Libya. As of February 2015 more than 1.5 million people have registered using that system, providing Libyan voters with unprecedented access to the democratic process.

608:' phenomenon, where words are shortened in order to deal with the 160 character limit of SMS messages. Usage of SMS for mobile data services became increasingly prominent in the early 2000s due to its ubiquity, reliability, and cold reception of the newer 801:

SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, but is now available on a wide range of networks globally, including 3G, 4G and 5G networks. However, not all text messaging systems use SMS, and some notable alternative implementations of the concept include

1039:, also known as application-terminated. Subscriber-terminated messages are transported from the service center to the destination handset, and may originate from mobile users, from fixed network subscribers, or from other sources such as VASPs. 1242:

protocol such as SMPP or EMI. Subscribers are charged a premium for the sending of such messages, with the revenue typically shared between the network operator and the VASP. Short codes only work within one country, they are not international.

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published an analysis of vulnerabilities in SMS-capable cellular networks. The researchers speculated that attackers might exploit the open functionality of these networks to disrupt them or cause them to fail, possibly on a nationwide scale.

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in which every SMS message is considered entirely independent of other messages. Enterprise applications using SMS as a communication channel for stateful dialogue (where an MO reply message is paired to a specific MT message) requires that

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foreign network and is submitting messages to the home network. Frequently, these messages are addressed to destinations outside the home network—with the home SMSC essentially being "hijacked" to send messages into other networks.

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is unilateral and also vulnerable. There are also many other security vulnerabilities and shortcomings. Such vulnerabilities are inherent to SMS as one of the superior and well-tried services with a global availability in the

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to control aspects of the Mobile Originated Short Message Service, while CAMEL Phase 4, as part of 3GPP Release 5 and onwards, provides the IN with the ability to control the Mobile Terminated service. CAMEL allows the

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entrance. Outside the online world, one can buy a bus ticket or beverages from ATM, pay a parking ticket, order a store catalog or some goods (e.g., discount movie DVDs), make a donation to charity, and much more.

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attempted to fight increasing cell phone theft by sending an SMS every three minutes to a phone that has been reported stolen, with the message "This handset was nicked, buying or selling is a crime. The police."

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Initial growth was slow, with customers in 1995 sending on average only 0.4 messages per GSM customer per month. Initially, networks in the UK only allowed customers to send messages to other users on the same

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The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework of standards bodies. Through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the whole world.

2911: 1222:. The SMSC delivers the text using the normal Mobile Terminated delivery procedure. The subscribers are charged extra for receiving this premium content; the revenue is typically divided between the 307:

The work on the draft specification continued in the following few years, where Kevin Holley of Cellnet (now Telefónica O2 UK) played a leading role. Besides the completion of the main specification

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Short message mobile-originated (SMS-MO)/ Point-to-Point: the ability of a network to transmit a Short Message sent by a mobile phone. The message can be sent to a phone or to a software application.

690:. The first premium-rate media content delivered via the SMS system was the world's first paid downloadable ringing tones, as commercially launched by Saunalahti (later Jippii Group, now part of 3180: 2789: 281:

Short message mobile-terminated (SMS-MT)/ Point-to-Point: the ability of a network to transmit a Short Message to a mobile phone. The message can be sent by phone or by a software application.

1584: 1800: 221:. The GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was identified as its main application. The key idea for SMS was to use this telephone-optimized system, and to transport messages on the 1069:

delivered to a phone, and only 160 characters can be sent from a phone. However, longer messages may be broken up into multiple texts, depending upon the telephone service provider.

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data (as specified by SMS protocol) from which the client device can properly thread an incoming message to a specific dialogue, or even to a specific message within a dialogue.

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below the message on a device with a larger screen capable of displaying far more than the usual 160 characters, and was inspired by threaded Reply conversations in email.

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providers are providing branded SMS services with masking but after misuse of these gateways most countries' governments have taken serious steps to block these gateways.

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protocol. Messages are sent with the MAP MO- and MT-ForwardSM operations, whose payload length is limited by the constraints of the signaling protocol to precisely 140

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services owing to their lower overall cost. GPRS is offered by smaller telco players as a route of sending SMS text to reduce the cost of SMS texting internationally.

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However, not all modern devices support receiving of messages if the message storage (for instance the device's internal memory) is not accessible using AT commands.

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have to offer big “bundles” of minutes—up to 5,000 minutes per month—as part of their monthly pricing plans to persuade subscribers to use mobile phones instead.

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A Flash SMS is a type of SMS that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction and is not automatically stored in the inbox. It can be useful in

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Keep in mind that if you're trying to send a message that's more than 160 characters long, it will often be sent through the Multimedia Message Service (MMS).

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characters) so that the messages could fit into the existing signalling formats. Based on his personal observations and on analysis of the typical lengths of

4306: 1548:, allowing 160 7-bit (i.e. entirely alpha-numeric) characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 2-byte characters in languages such as Chinese when encoded using 1442:(HLR) before the message is submitted for delivery. This kind of intelligent routing function is beyond the capabilities of legacy messaging infrastructure. 777: 3938:"Use of Data Terminal Equipment – Data Circuit terminating Equipment (DTE – DCE) interface for Short Message Service (SMS) and Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)" 1035:

Subscriber-originated messages are transported from a handset to a service center, and may be destined for mobile users, subscribers on a fixed network, or

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to subscribers of a network. Mobile-terminated short messages can be used to deliver digital content such as news alerts, financial information, logos, and

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often display a dynamically changing reply number (multiple numbers used by the same sender), which is used along with the sender's phone number to create

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first took off in other parts of the world among cost-conscious teenagers who found that it was cheaper to text than to call Free local calls also make

3726: 1266:(as typical in blogs and online messaging boards) is not widely supported by SMS messaging clients. This limitation is due to the fact that there is no 91:

signalling protocol, SMS rolled out on digital cellular networks starting in 1993 and was originally intended for customers to receive alerts from their

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link, etc. Common AT commands include AT+CMGS (send message), AT+CMSS (send message from storage), AT+CMGL (list messages) and AT+CMGR (read message).

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alphabets. Depending on which alphabet the subscriber has configured in the handset, this leads to the maximum individual short message sizes of 160 7-

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when sending very long SMS messages (longer than 10 segments with Unicode characters) some mobile carriers may have trouble handling these messages.

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Text-enabled fixed-line handsets are required to receive messages in text format. However, messages can be delivered to non enabled phones using

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In 2010, almost half a million silent SMS messages were sent by the German federal police, customs and the federal domestic intelligence service

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Visually, this style of representation provides a back-and-forth chat-like history for each individual contact. Hierarchical-threading at the

2233: 1377:), with the greatest worldwide number of users, succumbs to several security vulnerabilities. In the GSM, only the airway traffic between the 4229: 4210: 2655: 1331:

Satellite phone networks usually have web-based or email-based SMS portals where one can send free SMS to phones on that particular network.

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services with effect from November 1, 2011. However, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Delhi high court, but there are some limitations.

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a modern successor to SMS that isn't run by a single company and is fully interoperable between devices, industry figures have created the

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vulnerabilities and attacks. Another concern arises when an adversary gets access to a phone and reads the previous unprotected messages.

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The aggregator model is based on multiple agreements with mobile carriers to exchange two-way SMS traffic into and out of the operator's

2673: 6433: 3937: 1153: 1029: 335:) using a personal computer to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone using an Orbitel 901 handset. The text of the message was "Merry Christmas." 95:. The service allows users to send and receive text messages of up to 160 characters, originally to and from GSM phones and later also 4368: 3391: 3365: 3339: 3313: 868:, which allows messages (advertising, public information, etc.) to be broadcast to all mobile users in a specified geographical area. 4943: 3842: 3436: 2267: 1287:

enterprise server to maintain the dialogue, the visual conversation threading on the client may be separated into multiple threads.

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and the VASP either through revenue share or a fixed transport fee. Submission to the SMSC is usually handled by a third party.

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An Analysis of Vulnerabilities in SMS-Capable Cellular Networks: Exploiting Open Functionality in SMS-Capable Cellular Networks

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was the only handset manufacturer whose total GSM phone line in 1993 supported user-sending of SMS text messages. According to

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that used standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1986 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (

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In the US, carriers have traditionally preferred that A2P messages must be sent using a short code rather than a standard

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Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the CEPT Group

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SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a possible service for the new digital cellular system. In GSM document "

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platforms) will have RCS texting capabilities, though this may also depend on if the network operator supports it.

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See the book Hillebrand, Trosby, Holley, Harris: SMS the creation of Personal Global Text Messaging, Wiley 2010

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operation packages in MAP, although other operation packages have been enhanced to support CAMEL SMS control.

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The connection between the terminal equipment and the transceiver can be realized with a serial cable (e.g.,

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For example, an AT&T subscriber whose phone number was 555-555-5555 would receive emails addressed to

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See GSM document 28/85rev.June 2, 85 and GSM WP1 document 66/86, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM

1669: 653: 155: 139: 3752: 1661: 6246: 6168: 6107: 5814: 5214: 5090: 4864: 3173:"Privacy Roundup: Mandatory Data Retention, Smart Meter Hacks, and Law Enforcement Usage of Silent SMS" 1498: 1021: 900: 661: 272: 266:" both mobile-originated and mobile-terminated short messages appear on the table of GSM teleservices. 3495: 2734: 1296:

e-gaming, logistic companies, e-commerce, to send SMS messages from their systems to their customers.

6018: 5979: 5824: 5724: 5653: 5586: 5413: 4856: 2348: 1320: 1973:. Orbitel 901 – the first GSM mobile and the first to receive a commercial SMS text message (1992). 382:, which was released in January 1994, was the first mobile phone to support composing SMSes easily. 362:) in the US, Telenor in Norway and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK) later in 1993. All first installations of 6377: 5619: 5554: 5507: 5467: 5292: 4671: 4612: 2237: 1382: 1084: 1692: 6443: 6428: 6216: 6201: 6045: 5996: 5919: 5819: 5497: 5383: 5378: 5257: 5252: 4676: 4143:"Motorola's ReFLEX Protocol Delivers Wireless Data With Unparelleled Nationwide Network Coverage" 3203:"Zoll, BKA und Verfassungsschutz verschickten 2010 über 440.000 "stille SMS" | heise online" 2540: 2384: 1239: 1229:

Mobile-originated short messages may also be used in a premium-rated manner for services such as

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These Message Handling Systems had been standardized in the ITU, see specifications X.400 series

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were for network notifications sent to mobile phones, usually to inform of voice mail messages.

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240 billion in 2013, accounting for almost half of all revenue generated by mobile messaging.

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messages, Hillebrand argued that 160 characters was sufficient for most brief communications.

6040: 5844: 5809: 5729: 5709: 5631: 5519: 5440: 5267: 5171: 5085: 4732: 4710: 4491: 2912:"Online apps slash telecoms revenue: 80% decline in voice calls, 94% drop in SMS in 10 years" 2683: 2096:"GSM and UMTS, the creation of Global Mobile Communication", Wiley 2002, chapters 10 and 16, 1324: 1148: 931: 311:, the detailed protocol specifications on the system interfaces also needed to be completed. 5373: 5954: 5914: 5884: 5641: 5576: 5398: 5189: 4654: 4555: 4481: 4414: 4378: 2093: 1678: 1456: 1102:) communication. For instance, there is an LED display machine controlled by SMS, and some 911:

Transmission of short messages between the SMSC and the handset is done whenever using the

214: 20: 3846: 3427: 8: 5964: 5904: 5663: 5625: 5423: 5408: 5078: 4998: 4846: 4508: 4280:"An overview on how to stop SMS Spoofing in mobile operator networks (September 9, 2008)" 1579: 1143: 1036: 673: 636: 256: 218: 3963: 1906:

GSM Doc 28/85 "Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System" rev2, June 1985

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Design and Implementation of a Short Message Service Data Channel for Mobile Systems

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Telenor leads in establishing GSM (2G) – the SMS service was a part of this platform

1717: 269:

The discussions on the GSM services were concluded in the recommendation GSM 02.03 "

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On some carriers nonsubscribers can send messages to a subscriber's phone using an

974: 970: 660:

18 came out in 2024, which will mean that virtually all new mobile phones (iOS and

252: 167: 135: 131: 103:; it has since been defined and supported on newer networks, including present-day 4283: 2317: 238:

capacity and network transport infrastructure to accommodate growing SMS traffic.

127:

was later introduced as an upgrade to SMS with "picture messaging" capabilities.

5864: 5719: 5487: 5462: 5450: 5038: 5028: 5003: 4986: 4963: 4793: 4788: 4681: 4267: 4255: 4199: 4038: 3990: 3964:"SMS Tutorial: Introduction to AT Commands, Basic Commands and Extended Commands" 3915: 3895: 3875: 3552: 2391: 2220: 2201: 2163: 1941: 1927: 1312: 803: 761: 691: 120: 4050:"Whitepaper: Market Opportunities for Text and MMS Messaging" ABI Research, 2011 3644: 3612:"Does Twilio support concatenated SMS messages or messages over 160 characters?" 1270:

or subject-line passed back and forth between sent and received messages in the

1172:

units support the sending and receiving of SMS using an extended version of the

860:—was originally defined in GSM recommendation 03.40, which is now maintained in 403:

due to incompatible networks and cheap voice calls relative to other countries.

186:, sent "Merry Christmas" to the Orbitel 901 phone of colleague Richard Jarvis. 6062: 5934: 5909: 5869: 5839: 5714: 5549: 5502: 5477: 5435: 5020: 4993: 4971: 4705: 4163: 2472: 1398: 1378: 1219: 461: 441: 423: 375: 296:

known today was largely created by IDEG (later WP4) as the two recommendations

288: 178:) series of standards. The first SMS message was sent on 3 December 1992, when 53: 27: 4019: 3675:"t-zones text messaging: send and receive messages with mobile text messaging" 3149: 2941: 1352: 647:

and typically don't provide cross-platform messaging capabilities like SMS or

213:

The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by

6422: 6211: 5984: 5974: 5889: 5779: 5774: 5764: 5749: 5571: 5430: 5134: 4783: 4747: 4698: 4686: 4248: 3927:

CAMEL Phase 4 specification, also available from the 3GPP specification page.

3586: 2739: 2720: 2609: 2552: 2447: 1386: 1092: 1055: 818:, both in Japan. Email messaging from phones, as popularized by NTT Docomo's 726: 604:

The popularity of SMS also led to the spontaneous creation of the so-called '

405: 324: 179: 65: 38: 1920: 414:

The short answer is that, in America, talk is cheap. Because local calls on

6089: 5929: 5874: 5804: 5769: 5704: 5603: 5593: 5445: 5166: 5129: 5063: 4773: 4664: 4451: 4337:"TRAI extends the 100 SMS per day per SIM limit to 200 SMS per day per SIM" 3814: 3416:

Gil Held: "Data over Wireless Networks." pages 105–11, 137–38. Wiley, 2001.

3011: 1519: 1424: 1247: 1051: 605: 100: 73: 3566: 3265:"CNN.com - SMS bombs nominated for crime-fighting prize - August 30, 2001" 707: 6289: 5939: 5849: 5834: 5794: 5754: 5613: 5154: 5119: 5068: 5043: 4605: 4545: 2966:"RCS Messaging Finally Lands on Your iPhone With the iOS 18 Public Betas" 2572: 1509: 1361: 1283: 1169: 1043: 1009: 1004: 985: 888: 399: 363: 355: 300:(the two point-to-point services merged) and GSM 03.41 (cell broadcast). 147: 130:

In addition to recreational texting between people, SMS is also used for

108: 2184:

GSM 03.40, WP4 document 152/87, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM

1488: 926:

Short messages can be encoded using a variety of alphabets: the default

6294: 6001: 5699: 5608: 5564: 5534: 5512: 5242: 5058: 5033: 4930: 4841: 4798: 4737: 4117:"Commercial Long Code SMS Product and Fee Structure Changes on Verizon" 2435: 1360:

attack through SMS, showing a fake message and URL claiming to be from

1234: 1230: 826: 811: 677: 434:” (IM) the preferred mode of electronic chat among American teenagers. 379: 328: 183: 143: 1795: 158:

has been designated as the potential open standard successor to SMS.

6279: 5744: 5559: 5326: 4778: 4540: 4373: 2763:"Cheaper mobile calls and text as ACCC moves to slash wholesale fees" 2702: 2468:"Towards the Full Roll-Out of Third Generation Mobile Communications" 1300: 1210:

content submits the message to the mobile operator's SMSC(s) using a

1184: 1107: 927: 789: 753: 687: 456:

SMS messages sent monthly in the U.S. from 2001 to 2008 (in billions)

308: 297: 57: 2166:, Teleservices Supported by a GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). 1801:

European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

1459:

services, and up to 6,000 SMS messages per SIM per month in case of

6274: 6264: 6181: 6006: 5829: 5149: 4921: 4528: 4518: 4513: 2678: 2175:

Document GSM IDEG 79/87r3, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM

1623: 1460: 1357: 1188: 1080: 963: 887:

the mobile handset) operations are supported. Message delivery is "

730: 715: 632: 415: 351: 343: 320: 227: 194: 116: 61: 4237: 4218: 1110:

needs. SMS usage for these purposes is slowly being superseded by

1062:, offer the ability to do this through their respective websites. 277:" Here a rudimentary description of the three services was given: 6269: 6254: 5472: 5048: 4826: 4503: 2131: 1607:"A short history of SMS for anyone working in Telecommunications" 959: 955: 712: 4420: 4417:– how the GSM 7-bit default alphabet characters map into Unicode 4230:

SSMS – A Secure SMS Messaging Protocol for the M-Payment Systems

4164:"Report Says That SMS is Not Ideal for Emergency Communications" 1994:

see GSM document 02/82, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM

6299: 6259: 5581: 5161: 4881: 4061:"What is A2P (Application-to-person) SMS Messaging? | Glossary" 1549: 1438:

network that can query originating subscriber details from the

939: 819: 656:'Universal Profile' initiative. It was supported by Apple when 640: 359: 347: 2258: 2121:

GSM document 28/85r2, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM

210:

transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time.

6284: 6221: 5529: 4259: 3991:"What are AT Commands : Different Types, and Their List" 2816:"BBC News | E-CYCLOPEDIA | Txt msging: Th shp of thngs 2 cm?" 1545: 1524: 1088: 948: 935: 883:

a mobile handset) and mobile originating (MO, for those sent

695: 648: 371: 231: 198: 171: 2112:

GSM document 19/85, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM

6226: 4523: 3571:(1st ed.). London: Springer. pp. 70, 79, 163–66. 3235: 1394: 1390: 1316: 1157: 1135: 920: 861: 718: 598: 323:

GSM network in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1992, from

111:, messages can be transmitted over the Internet through an 33: 3843:"10pText.co.uk help you text internationally for 10p/text" 1796:"Short Message Service (SMS) in Fixed and Mobile Networks" 430:

to the internet, for hours at a time, and using PC-to-PC “

5234: 4659: 3041: 2489:"The Philippine text messaging phenomenon | Philstar.com" 1430: 1403: 1374: 1328:

areas where the signal is too poor to make a voice call.

1233:. In this case, the VASP providing the service obtains a 1180: 943: 864:

as TS 23.040. GSM 03.41 (now 3GPP TS 23.041) defines the

657: 264:

Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System,

206: 175: 84: 76:

exchange short text messages, typically transmitted over

4403: 2351:[Creator of text messages Matti Makkonen died]. 2015: 1015: 4632: 4627: 4617: 4600: 4595: 4584: 4406:– the organization that maintains the SMS specification 3995:

ElProCus – Electronic Projects for Engineering Students

2699:

Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Competency Framework

1849:

Features, Chris Gayomali last updated in (2012-12-03).

725:

Additionally, an intermediary service can facilitate a

104: 829:, also typically uses standard mail protocols such as 3037:"OMG, The Text Message Turns 20. But has SMS peaked?" 2234:"First commercial deployment of Text Messaging (SMS)" 1385:(BTS) is optionally encrypted with a weak and broken 3780:"How to send a text message from your email account" 3289:"Dutch police fight cell phone theft with SMS bombs" 2696: 1851:"The text message turns 20: A brief history of SMS" 1369:

Mobile security § Attacks based on SMS and MMS

4091:"Long Code Vs Short Code – What's The Difference?" 2865:"It's a hamster on your mobile. Or possibly Kylie" 2674:"The Rise of Text Messaging [INFOGRAPHIC]" 1662:"Understanding GPRS: The GSM Packet Radio Service" 1451:from some of the service providers and consumers, 1290: 477:Monthly messages sent per mobile subscriber (2003) 4304: 4158: 4156: 3956: 2697:Matthews, Charles H.; Brueggemann, Ralph (2015). 2266:. Electronic Frontier Foundation). Archived from 1942:"'Merry Christmas': 30 years of the text message" 1660:Ghribi, Brahim; Logrippo, Luigi (November 2000). 1505:Short message service technical realisation (GSM) 1282:capabilities analogous to the functionality that 1117: 852:Short message service technical realisation (GSM) 358:) in Sweden in 1993, followed by Fleet Call (now 255:, with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert of 6420: 3907:CAMEL Phase 3 specification, available from the 2840:"SMS: Mobile data's dark horse hits its stride" 2573:"Europe, Asia embrace GR8 way to stay in touch" 1197: 1079:Short messages can send binary content such as 4153: 3887:MAP phase 2 specification, available from the 3867:MAP phase 1 specification, available from the 3555:, Alphabets and language-specific information. 3541: 3539: 1659: 1373:The Global Service for Mobile communications ( 1106:companies use SMS for their data transport or 5342: 4436: 4307:"3,000 SMS a Month Limit in India From Today" 3921: 3901: 3778:Hill, Simon; Revilla, Andre (28 April 2022). 2656:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2207: 1020:Message Service Centers communicate with the 866:Short Message Service—Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB) 858:Short Message Service—Point to Point (SMS-PP) 796: 115:, allowing communication to computers, fixed 3727:"Answers to FAQs – Verizon Wireless Support" 3229:"3GPP TS 51.010-1 version 12.5.0 Release 12" 2942:"SMS: Popularity, Statistics, and Use Cases" 2630:"Will instant messaging be the new texting?" 1916: 1914: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1572: 6357:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4032:Threaded Messaging definition (Phone Scoop) 3881: 3861: 3777: 3536: 3094:"Libya's Election Ushers in New Voter Tech" 2991: 2787: 2380: 2378: 1306: 1158:Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) 6393: 5349: 5335: 4443: 4429: 4193:Text Message Delivery Time and Reliability 3516: 3461:"Text Message Tips (not sent or received)" 2349:"Suri tekstisõnumite looja Matti Makkonen" 1748:"What is SMS 2FA? | Security Encyclopedia" 1339:Unlike dedicated texting systems like the 1246:An alternative to inbound SMS is based on 3801: 3645:"Simplifying Unicode punctuation for SMS" 3358: 3306: 3012:"BBC News | UK | Text messaging grows up" 2150: 1909: 1897: 1046:. Additionally, many carriers, including 923:(140 bytes × 8 bits / byte = 1120 bits). 667: 4305:Nirmala Ganapathy (September 27, 2011). 4211:Solutions to the GSM Security Weaknesses 3834: 3810:"BT trials mobile SMS to voice landline" 3753:"Is there a maximum SMS message length?" 3096:. World Policy Institute. Archived from 2375: 1848: 1351: 903:be maintained external to the protocol. 706: 643:. These services run independently from 623:SMS has been increasingly challenged by 451: 378:, an engineer at Nokia at the time, the 319:The first SMS message was sent over the 314: 201:, a common mobile keypad alphabet layout 193: 161: 32: 3988: 3703:. Support.sprintpcs.com. Archived from 3471:from the original on September 28, 2021 3170: 2649: 2511: 2402: 2029:from the original on September 30, 2021 1142:Phase 3 introduced the ability for the 409:wrote in 2003, as noted by an analyst: 398:It had become extremely popular in the 6421: 5356: 3944:from the original on February 16, 2020 3807: 3564: 3238:. September 2015. pp. 3418–3423. 2514:"The Philippines: SMS and Citizenship" 1813: 1811: 1573:O'Mahony, Jennifer (3 December 2012). 385: 5330: 4424: 4174:from the original on January 25, 2015 4123:from the original on October 18, 2019 4097:from the original on January 11, 2024 4071:from the original on January 25, 2017 3442:from the original on January 26, 2022 3183:from the original on 15 February 2015 3049:from the original on January 27, 2021 3034: 2987: 2985: 2790:"Mobile Messaging Futures 2014-20148" 2535: 2533: 2531: 2433: 2134:. Stephen Temple. February 24, 2013. 1878: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1715: 1587:from the original on 18 November 2022 1037:Value-Added Service Providers (VASPs) 1016:Interconnectivity with other networks 447: 444:), hence making SMS more accessible. 338:The first commercial deployment of a 6403: 3840: 3786:from the original on 3 December 2022 3622:from the original on 3 December 2022 3398:from the original on 3 December 2022 3372:from the original on 3 December 2022 3346:from the original on 7 December 2022 3320:from the original on 3 December 2022 2939: 2346: 2295:from the original on 3 December 2022 2259:US Department of Homeland Security. 2223:, December 2002, The Times of India. 1939: 1728:from the original on August 26, 2016 1479:Comparison of mobile phone standards 980: 840: 616:below). In the early and mid 2000s, 241: 6439:Mobile telecommunications standards 3245:from the original on April 24, 2017 3171:Reitman, Rainey (10 January 2012). 3035:Kelly, Heather (December 3, 2012). 2892:from the original on 9 January 2012 2760: 1808: 1216:short message peer-to-peer protocol 966:is additional to the payload size. 26:For text messaging in general, see 13: 5273:USA use restrictions while driving 5248:Legality of recording by civilians 4410:ISO Standards (In Zip file format) 4377:. January 26, 2012. Archived from 3822:from the original on June 29, 2017 3655:from the original on July 15, 2021 3425: 3209:from the original on March 2, 2013 2982: 2528: 2396: 2363:from the original on March 4, 2016 2328:from the original on April 9, 2022 1867: 1819:"The World Today – The rise of 3G" 1410:In October 2005, researchers from 1347: 1156:vendor specific extensions to the 189: 14: 6465: 6434:Mobile telecommunication services 4450: 4397: 3729:. Support.vzw.com. Archived from 3120:"SMS types on routomessaging.com" 2886:"The death of SMS is exaggerated" 2415:from the original on July 8, 2008 2195:"the strange duckling of GSM SMS" 2138:from the original on May 11, 2013 1716:Black, Ken (September 13, 2016). 1022:Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) 947:must be encoded using the 16-bit 6402: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6371: 5992:Free-space optical communication 5310: 5309: 5298: 5286: 4361: 4329: 4298: 4272: 4242: 4223: 4204: 4186: 4135: 4109: 4083: 4053: 4044: 4024: 4012: 3970:from the original on May 9, 2008 3759:from the original on May 8, 2017 3489: 2769:from the original on May 8, 2015 2682:. 17 August 2010. Archived from 2650:Kapitsa, L. (12 December 2007). 2598:"No text please, we're American" 2056: 1474:Process driven messaging service 1334: 1220:External Machine Interface (EMI) 989:be classified as aggregators or 896:stateless communication protocol 721:telephone that is capable of SMS 271:TeleServices supported by a GSM 16:Text messaging service component 4145:. July 17, 2012. Archived from 4030:From Phone Scoop definitions – 4001:from the original on 2022-05-16 3982: 3930: 3771: 3745: 3719: 3693: 3667: 3637: 3604: 3593:from the original on 2024-01-11 3558: 3510: 3483: 3453: 3419: 3410: 3384: 3332: 3281: 3257: 3221: 3195: 3164: 3138: 3112: 3086: 3075:from the original on 2017-02-22 3061: 3028: 3004: 2994:"SMS codes [Explained]" 2958: 2933: 2922:from the original on 2023-11-11 2904: 2878: 2857: 2832: 2808: 2781: 2754: 2735:"Etisalat launches MMS service" 2727: 2690: 2666: 2643: 2622: 2590: 2565: 2512:Celdran, David (January 2002). 2505: 2481: 2460: 2427: 2403:Crystal, David (July 5, 2008). 2340: 2310: 2277: 2252: 2226: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2132:"So who really did create SMS?" 2124: 2115: 2106: 2086: 2075:from the original on 2023-12-12 2050: 2041: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1977:from the original on 2016-01-26 1959: 1948:from the original on 2022-12-03 1933: 1842: 1831:from the original on 2022-12-03 1788: 1418: 1291:Application-to-person (A2P) SMS 1253: 906: 788:In March 2001, Dutch police in 166:SMS technology originated from 3677:. T-mobile.com. Archived from 3205:. Heise.de. 13 December 2011. 3177:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2992:Rossignuolo, Vincenza (2021). 2347:Nael, Merili (June 30, 2015). 1772:"Eurovision facts and figures" 1764: 1740: 1709: 1685: 1653: 1599: 1566: 1538: 1341:Simple Network Paging Protocol 1163: 1118:Support in other architectures 68:systems. It uses standardized 1: 4041:– Retrieved December 29, 2012 3989:Agarwal, Tarun (2019-09-18). 3845:. SMStextnews. Archived from 3808:Leyden, John (January 2004). 2318:"BT unveils new mobile brand" 2214:UK hails 10th birthday of SMS 1559: 1445: 1412:Pennsylvania State University 1028:via Interworking and Gateway 771: 702: 6378:Telecommunication portal 6159:Telecommunications equipment 5293:Telecommunication portal 3291:. 2001-04-13. Archived from 2842:. 2001-04-13. Archived from 2701:(First ed.). New York: 1611:www.dynamicmobilebilling.com 1204:Value-added service provider 1198:Premium-rated short messages 873:short message service center 783: 747: 694:), in 1998. Initially, only 618:Multimedia Messaging Service 340:short message service center 87:standards, and based on the 37:An SMS message written on a 7: 5895:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 3519:"Adventures in Unicode SMS" 2761:Han, Esther (May 6, 2015). 2200:September 25, 2007, at the 1670:Computer Networks (journal) 1575:"How SMS Changed the World" 1466: 1138:Releases 99 and 4 onwards, 682:SMS may be used to provide 10: 6470: 5599:Telecommunications history 5215:Phantom vibration syndrome 5210:Mental health from overuse 4266:December 10, 2005, at the 3841:Ewan (September 1, 2006). 2390:February 15, 2002, at the 2204:, Telektronikk Vol.3 2004. 1881:"RCS: Next Generation SMS" 1879:Junge, Jack (2017-02-27). 1499:Enhanced Messaging Service 1422: 1366: 1168:Many mobile and satellite 875:(SMSC), which provides a " 849: 797:Text messaging outside GSM 744:service and call centers. 671: 459: 56:service component of most 48:, commonly abbreviated as 25: 18: 6366: 6308: 6245: 6207:Public Switched Telephone 6167: 6131: 6088: 6029: 6019:telecommunication circuit 5980:Fiber-optic communication 5963: 5725:Francis Blake (telephone) 5672: 5520:Optical telecommunication 5364: 5281: 5233: 5180: 5110: 5019: 4962: 4929: 4916: 4894:Open-source mobile phones 4855: 4807: 4757: 4746: 4645: 4564: 4472: 4458: 3517:Chad Selph (2012-11-08). 1677:(5): 763–779 – via 1631:"When First SMS Was Sent" 1323:support SMS. While early 1074:text-to-speech conversion 729:conversion to be sent to 578: 562: 546: 530: 514: 498: 482: 475: 470: 140:two-factor authentication 83:Developed as part of the 6118:Orbital angular-momentum 5555:Satellite communications 5394:Communications satellite 3521:. Twilio. Archived from 3492:"Communication Networks" 3392:"Specification # 23.041" 3340:"Specification # 23.040" 1930:December 2002, BBC News. 1718:"What is SMS Marketing?" 1531: 1383:Base Transceiver Station 1307:Satellite phone networks 1144:Intelligent Network (IN) 1085:Over-the-air programming 645:mobile network operators 5997:Molecular communication 5820:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5649:Undersea telegraph line 5384:Cable protection system 5258:Photography and the law 5253:Mobile phones in prison 4311:Straits Times Indonesia 3366:"Specification # 03.41" 3314:"Specification # 03.40" 2385:GSM World press release 2357:Eesti Rahvusringhääling 2285:"Our history in Norway" 2261:"Cellular Technologies" 1693:"How SMS gateway works" 1224:mobile network operator 1124:Mobile Application Part 932:the 8-bit data alphabet 913:Mobile Application Part 871:Messages are sent to a 70:communication protocols 6139:Communication protocol 5925:Charles Sumner Tainter 5740:Walter Houser Brattain 5685:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5493:Information revolution 4369:"TRAI cap on SMS goes" 4198:July 12, 2011, at the 4020:US Patent 7028263 2001 1440:home location register 1364: 845: 722: 668:Premium-rated services 614:Premium-rated services 457: 436: 202: 182:, a test engineer for 146:, mobile banking (see 42: 6113:Polarization-division 5845:Narinder Singh Kapany 5810:Erna Schneider Hoover 5730:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5710:Alexander Graham Bell 5441:online video platform 5305:Telephones portal 5268:Texting while driving 5205:External power supply 4904:Windows Phone devices 4286:on September 26, 2008 3681:on September 17, 2008 2324:. September 3, 2001. 1355: 1214:protocol such as the 1098:SMS is used for M2M ( 1083:or logos, as well as 710: 684:premium rate services 455: 412: 315:Early implementations 197: 162:Developmental history 46:Short Message Service 36: 5955:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5915:Almon Brown Strowger 5885:Charles Grafton Page 5540:Prepaid mobile phone 5468:Electrical telegraph 5220:Radiation and health 4536:Standards comparison 4415:GSM 03.38 to Unicode 4381:on December 12, 2012 4349:on November 11, 2011 3733:on September 9, 2008 3565:Groves, Ian (1998). 3467:. December 9, 2018. 2940:Brouwers, Christel. 2777:– via The Age. 2518:Development Dialogue 2094:Friedhelm Hillebrand 1679:University of Ottawa 1044:Email-to-SMS gateway 215:Friedhelm Hillebrand 21:SMS (disambiguation) 19:For other uses, see 5905:Johann Philipp Reis 5664:Wireless revolution 5626:The Telephone Cases 5483:Hydraulic telegraph 4317:on February 4, 2013 3707:on October 20, 2008 3649:ssb22.user.srcf.net 2796:on December 8, 2015 1641:on December 1, 2017 1580:The Daily Telegraph 1552:character encoding. 764:, as in delivering 674:Reverse SMS billing 467: 386:Growth and adoption 219:Bernard Ghillebaert 6103:Frequency-division 6080:Telephone exchange 5950:Charles Wheatstone 5880:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5855:Innocenzo Manzetti 5790:Reginald Fessenden 5525:Optical telegraphy 5358:Telecommunications 4254:2009-05-30 at the 4037:2013-02-03 at the 3914:2007-05-01 at the 3894:2008-10-17 at the 3874:2008-10-17 at the 3782:. Digital Trends. 3551:2007-06-16 at the 3465:community.o2.co.uk 3152:on August 18, 2015 2541:"Je ne texte rien" 2434:Silberman, Steve. 2409:Guardian Unlimited 2219:2011-04-29 at the 2162:2008-12-05 at the 1926:2007-01-20 at the 1494:Data Coding Scheme 1365: 1268:session identifier 1264:conversation-level 1100:Machine to Machine 952:character encoding 928:GSM 7-bit alphabet 901:session management 766:one-time passwords 723: 629:Facebook Messenger 466: 458: 448:Contemporary usage 420:wireless operators 418:are usually free, 354:) with Telia (now 203: 43: 6416: 6415: 6154:Store and forward 6149:Data transmission 6063:Network switching 6014:Transmission line 5860:Guglielmo Marconi 5825:Internet pioneers 5690:Mohamed M. Atalla 5659:Whistled language 5324: 5323: 5263:Telephone tapping 5106: 5105: 5054:Instant messaging 4912: 4911: 4641: 4640: 4149:on July 17, 2012. 3578:978-1-4615-6377-8 2788:Portio Research. 2712:978-0-415-74252-8 2661:DOC file download 2240:on March 16, 2008 1967:"Vintage Mobiles" 1697:Ozeki SMS Gateway 1544:Specifically 140 1484:Instant messaging 1206:(VASP) providing 1174:Hayes command set 1048:AT&T Mobility 981:Gateway providers 934:, and the 16-bit 877:store and forward 841:Technical details 778:Verfassungsschutz 625:Internet Protocol 594: 593: 581: 565: 549: 533: 517: 501: 485: 478: 473: 432:instant messaging 242:Early development 152:instant messaging 78:cellular networks 6461: 6406: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6247:Notable networks 6237:Wireless network 6177:Cellular network 6169:Types of network 6144:Computer network 6031:Network topology 5945:Thomas A. Watson 5800:Oliver Heaviside 5785:Philo Farnsworth 5760:Daniel Davis Jr. 5735:Charles Bourseul 5695:John Logie Baird 5404:Data compression 5399:Computer network 5351: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5313: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5200:Electronic waste 5190:BlackBerry thumb 5140:Japanese culture 4927: 4926: 4887:iOS jailbreaking 4755: 4754: 4677:Operating system 4492:Network operator 4477:Channel capacity 4470: 4469: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4342:. Archived from 4341: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4313:. Archived from 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4282:. Archived from 4276: 4270: 4246: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4202: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3905: 3899: 3885: 3879: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3849:on March 4, 2016 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755:. TextAnywhere. 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3562: 3556: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3494:. Archived from 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3148:. Archived from 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3122:. Archived from 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2888:. 13 June 2011. 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2792:. Archived from 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2493:www.philstar.com 2485: 2479: 2478: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2436:"Just Say Nokia" 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2400: 2394: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2273:on May 24, 2012. 2272: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2236:. Archived from 2230: 2224: 2211: 2205: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1937: 1931: 1918: 1907: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1876: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1666: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1637:. Archived from 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1570: 1553: 1542: 1515:SMS home routing 1356:An example of a 1315:networks except 1280:session-tracking 1104:vehicle tracking 1060:Verizon Wireless 1003:Another type of 975:User Data Header 971:concatenated SMS 969:Larger content ( 589: 588: 579: 573: 572: 563: 557: 556: 547: 541: 540: 531: 525: 524: 515: 509: 508: 499: 493: 492: 483: 476: 471: 468: 465: 253:Deutsche Telekom 223:signalling paths 168:radio telegraphy 136:direct marketing 132:mobile marketing 93:carrier/operator 6469: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6372: 6370: 6362: 6304: 6241: 6163: 6127: 6084: 6033: 6025: 5966: 5959: 5865:Robert Metcalfe 5720:Tim Berners-Lee 5668: 5488:Information Age 5360: 5355: 5325: 5320: 5299: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5277: 5229: 5182: 5176: 5102: 5015: 4958: 4954:Cloud computing 4920: 4918: 4908: 4899:Symbian devices 4865:Android devices 4851: 4803: 4794:Satellite phone 4789:Projector phone 4749: 4742: 4647: 4637: 4560: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4268:Wayback Machine 4256:Wayback Machine 4247: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4209: 4205: 4200:Wayback Machine 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4065:www.infobip.com 4059: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4039:Wayback Machine 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3916:Wayback Machine 3906: 3902: 3896:Wayback Machine 3886: 3882: 3876:Wayback Machine 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3806: 3802: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3553:Wayback Machine 3544: 3537: 3528: 3526: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3498:on May 11, 2016 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3269:edition.cnn.com 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3100:on July 7, 2014 3092: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2948: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2916:Hindustan Times 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2713: 2695: 2691: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2477:. 11 June 2002. 2466: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2450: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2405:"2b or not 2b?" 2401: 2397: 2392:Wayback Machine 2383: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2355:(in Estonian). 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2322:BBC News Online 2316: 2315: 2311: 2298: 2296: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2221:Wayback Machine 2212: 2208: 2202:Wayback Machine 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2164:Wayback Machine 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2025:. May 3, 2009. 2021: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1940:Kleinman, Zoe. 1938: 1934: 1928:Wayback Machine 1921:Hppy bthdy txt! 1919: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1469: 1448: 1427: 1421: 1371: 1350: 1348:Vulnerabilities 1337: 1313:satellite phone 1311:All commercial 1309: 1293: 1256: 1200: 1166: 1120: 1093:Smart Messaging 1018: 983: 962:data and other 909: 854: 848: 843: 799: 786: 774: 762:confidentiality 750: 705: 680: 670: 612:standard. (see 590: 586: 585: 574: 570: 569: 558: 554: 553: 542: 538: 537: 526: 522: 521: 510: 506: 505: 494: 490: 489: 464: 450: 437: 388: 333:Mavenir Systems 317: 244: 192: 190:Initial concept 164: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6467: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6444:Text messaging 6441: 6436: 6431: 6429:3GPP standards 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6400: 6390: 6380: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6098:Space-division 6094: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6011: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935:Camille Tissot 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5910:Claude Shannon 5907: 5902: 5900:Tivadar Puskás 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5870:Antonio Meucci 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5840:Charles K. Kao 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815:Harold Hopkins 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Emile Berliner 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5654:Videotelephony 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5557: 5552: 5550:Radiotelephone 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436:Internet video 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5307: 5295: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Driving safety 5192: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4924: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4861: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4706:Text messaging 4703: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4398:External links 4396: 4393: 4392: 4360: 4328: 4297: 4271: 4241: 4222: 4203: 4185: 4152: 4134: 4108: 4082: 4052: 4043: 4023: 4011: 3981: 3955: 3929: 3920: 3900: 3880: 3860: 3833: 3800: 3770: 3744: 3718: 3692: 3666: 3636: 3616:Twilio Support 3603: 3577: 3568:Mobile systems 3557: 3546:3GPP TS 23.038 3535: 3509: 3490:Amri, Kuross. 3482: 3452: 3426:Oliver, Earl, 3418: 3409: 3383: 3357: 3331: 3305: 3280: 3256: 3220: 3194: 3163: 3137: 3126:on May 5, 2013 3111: 3085: 3069:"Caktus Group" 3060: 3027: 3016:news.bbc.co.uk 3003: 2981: 2957: 2932: 2918:. 2023-07-09. 2903: 2877: 2856: 2831: 2820:news.bbc.co.uk 2807: 2780: 2753: 2726: 2711: 2689: 2686:on 2010-08-18. 2665: 2642: 2621: 2589: 2564: 2527: 2504: 2480: 2473:European Union 2459: 2426: 2411:. London, UK. 2395: 2374: 2339: 2309: 2276: 2251: 2225: 2206: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2149: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2085: 2057:ETSI, TC-SMG. 2049: 2040: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1971:History of GSM 1958: 1932: 1908: 1896: 1866: 1841: 1807: 1787: 1763: 1739: 1708: 1684: 1652: 1622: 1598: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1447: 1444: 1423:Main article: 1420: 1417: 1399:authentication 1379:Mobile Station 1349: 1346: 1336: 1333: 1308: 1305: 1292: 1289: 1255: 1252: 1218:(SMPP) or the 1199: 1196: 1165: 1162: 1119: 1116: 1017: 1014: 982: 979: 908: 905: 850:Main article: 847: 844: 842: 839: 798: 795: 785: 782: 773: 770: 749: 746: 741:SMS enablement 704: 701: 669: 666: 592: 591: 584: 582: 576: 575: 568: 566: 560: 559: 552: 550: 544: 543: 536: 534: 528: 527: 520: 518: 512: 511: 504: 502: 496: 495: 488: 486: 480: 479: 474: 462:Text messaging 449: 446: 442:digital divide 411: 387: 384: 376:Matti Makkonen 342:(SMSC) was by 316: 313: 293: 292: 289:cell broadcast 287:Short message 285: 282: 257:France Télécom 243: 240: 191: 188: 170:in radio memo 163: 160: 54:text messaging 28:Text messaging 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6466: 6455: 6454:Communication 6452: 6450: 6449:Mobile phones 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6389: 6381: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6123:Code-division 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6108:Time-division 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034:and switching 6032: 6028: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5985:optical fiber 5983: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5975:Coaxial cable 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:Radia Perlman 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5780:Lee de Forest 5778: 5776: 5775:Thomas Edison 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765:Donald Davies 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5750:Claude Chappe 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Smoke signals 5592: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5572:Semiconductor 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5431:Digital media 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5317: 5308: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:BlackBerry 10 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:Feature phone 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4763:Manufacturers 4760: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4699:airplane mode 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4687:phone cloning 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4644: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 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