373:(Swedish Women's Left-wing Association, SKV). Activists from the SKV provided linen and sewing machines, raised funds for the OMA, and sent care packages which included used clothes, that could be given to those in need or sold. Among the many programs she fostered within the OMA were initiatives to organize laborers and teach them self-help processes to fight for equal pay of black and white workers. They organized village committees to tackle adult illiteracy, distribution problems for food and water, and in rural areas they also held courses on new methods of agriculture and hygiene. During the 1977 Congress of the MPLA, Neto was one of three women, including
338:, OMA), which had been created in December 1962 by the MPLA with a view to extending its work in rural areas. As most women lived in the countryside, the organization mobilized village women through seminars focused on building cooperation and practical skills, such as literacy campaigns, political and child care education, and sewing classes. In 1971 in Tanzania, Neto met with members of the Chicago Committee for the Liberation of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea, hoping to strengthen ties between the OMA and international women's groups. From the early 1970s, despite living abroad, Neto headed the OMA. After several years, she transferred to the MPLA office in
523:, who had succeeded her brother upon his death in 1979, for the lack of women in his administration. She noted that only 59 of the 700 congressional delegates were women, only one woman served in the Political Bureau, and the Central Committee had only six women members. Her comments were met by a "storm of applause" from the participants and a statement by Santos to encourage delegates to elect more women. Neto stepped down as PAWO secretary general in 1997 and was succeeded by
135:(WIDF) and from 1976 she served as a vice president on their executive committee and attended and spoke at many of the organization's conferences and seminars over the next decades. In 1977, she was elected to the Central Committee of the MPLA, and was re-elected in 1985. When the leadership of the OMA was restructured in 1983, she served as its secretary general until 1999. In 1986, she became the secretary general of the
2751:
405:, and pushed for amendments to the Family Code to equalize rights of men and women within families and other legislation to eliminate inequalities for women's rights in both the workplace and society in general. Neto urged institutions to make more efforts to protect women's rights. In March 1981, she met in
201:, who would become the first president of independent Angola. Their father, Agostinho Pedro Neto, was a Methodist minister, who worked at an American mission in Luanda, and their mother, Maria da Silva, was a school teacher. Neto was first educated at the Mission School in Luanda, along with her cousin,
167:. Her portrait was hung in the headquarters of the African Union in 2017 along with other women considered to be the founding mothers of the Pan-African Women's Organization. That year, the OMA hosted a tribute to honor her twenty-one years of service as the secretary general of the organization, and
396:
in 1979. That year, the OMA established the
Nadejda Krupskaya Creche in Luanda to provide child care for children and war orphans and devoted special attention to the well-being of children. They also urged the ministry of health to expand its training for midwives and develop centers in rural areas
445:
and reiterated that Cuban troops would not withdraw until South
African aggression ended. She traveled to London in 1984, to attend a protest rally denouncing South African intervention and US support for their actions. She called for peace across the continent of Africa. Neto, Café, and Neto's
2739:
397:
to address high infant-mortality rates. Neto expressed concerns that insufficient sex and family planning education and punishments for abortion led to the deaths of women and children, and that health institutions should make such programs a priority. OMA favored the elimination of
519:, to meet with various groups to discuss developing projects for economic cooperation and fostering commerce. At the 2nd Congress of the OMA, held in March 1988, she was re-elected as secretary general. During the 1990 Congress of the MLPA, Neto chastised President
487:, which was designed to create a platform for women to become political activists in the African nationalist movements, through opposition to colonialism and racist policies and in favor of equality. When African countries gained their independence and the
551:, Neto received the Son and Daughter of Africa Awards for the Promotion of Peace and Security in Africa in 2015 from the African Union. They were the second recipients of the distinction, which was first presented in 2014 to Tanzanian diplomats
498:
At the June 1987 WIDF Moscow congress, Neto was one of the featured speakers and gave a presentation on the organization and committees that participated in planning the event. In
December, she traveled with other representatives of the
362:. The executive committee of the WIDF was called the bureau and included the organization's elected officers. Neto was the vice president on the WIDF Bureau from Angola. That year, she traveled to Sweden to meet with activists of the
2090:
432:
At the First
Congress of the OMA, held between 2 and 8 March 1983, the organization was restructured and Neto was elected as the secretary general. She led the Angolan delegation which attended the Tenth Congress of the
2740:"The 6th Retreat of Special Envoys and Mediators on Africa Convenes in Windhoek, Namibia – President Sam Nujoma and Madam Maria Ruth Neto Receive Son and Daughter of Africa Award for the Promotion of Peace and Security"
589:) aired a 30-minute episode titled "Ruth Neto", presenting her biography. She was also honored that year in a tribute sponsored the OMA, marking her twenty-one years' service as secretary general of the organization.
2877:
302:, urging her to make use of her time there to research upcoming conferences and networks of international women's organizations in which Angolan women could participate. Fearing persecution from the
346:
in April 1974, suspended
Portugal's military involvement in Angola, leading to Angolan independence on 11 November 1975. Agostinho was proclaimed president on that day, and Neto returned to Luanda.
2399:
Proceedings of the
International Seminar On Leadership Training for Rural Women In Socio-Economic Development: Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines, 22–26, February 1979
567:
and other founding members, she appeared on a composite portrait that was unveiled in 2017 and is displayed alongside portraits of the heads of state of
African nations at the headquarters of the
429:
to attend a conference on early childhood development. She led the OMA delegation, which included Luisa
Chongololo and Luzia Paim and other officers of the organization, at the October Congress.
363:
605:
Scholar
Margarida Paredes noted that between 1961 and 1975, women's names that appeared on PIDE's lists included Maria Mambo Café, Margarida Chipenda, Guida Ferreira, Rodeth Gil, and Neto.
2082:
1844:
En este
Congreso se entregó por primera vez la Orden Ana Betancourt, máximo galardón que confiere la organización femenina a destacades en el que hacer revolucionario e internacionalista.
470:
354:
Upon her return to Angola, Neto became the national co-ordinator for OMA in 1976, when the first national executive body was established. In June, she was one of the main speakers at the
154:
99:(born 1936) is a former Angolan independence activist, political organizer, and women's rights campaigner. Although she studied nursing in Portugal and Germany, in 1968 she joined the
1933:
2807:
614:
Although Angola had not achieved independence, the MPLA sent Maria dos Anjos Nelumba and Maria Judith Santos as delegates to the founding congress of the PAWO held in July 1962, in
2987:
2046:
2106:
2778:
2398:
2607:
410:
291:
205:, niece of Maria da Silva, who had joined the Neto household in 1954 to further her education. In 1956, Neto received a scholarship to study in Portugal at the
1519:
447:
1898:
2059:"Media Statement by the Chancellor of the National Orders and Director-General in the Presidency, Dr Cassius Lubisi, at the Union Buildings, Pretoria"
564:
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2201:
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of South Africa in 2014. In 2015, she became the first woman to receive the Son and Daughter of Africa Awards for the Promotion of Peace from the
103:(People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA) and focused on securing Angola's independence from Portugal. Fearing retaliation from the
437:
in December 1983. Speaking at the congress, she stressed the need for Angola to develop as a socialist nation. She protested the involvement of
552:
355:
132:
2219:
1709:
2982:
1915:
1670:
Methodist Church: A Liberating Teaching and Training Laboratory; From English Origins to the Angolan Experience and Contemporary Challenges
1665:
Igreja metodista: um laboratório de ensino e formação libertadora:das origens inglesas à experiência angolana e aos desafios contemporâneos
417:, to co-ordinate their recommendations on nationalist and women's struggles to be presented at the 1981 Congress of the WIDF to be held in
378:
2797:
215:). Her brother Agostinho had been involved with the anti-colonialist movement since the early 1950s and in 1960 became president of the
1622:
1545:
2058:
2029:
3017:
2618:
Serbin, Sylvia; Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy, Ravaomalala (2015). Afonso Santana, Ana Elisa; Kim, Hyeon Ju; Plouin, Jacques (eds.).
368:
3007:
2916:
2461:
544:
160:
2767:
2852:
2722:
2633:
2601:
2573:
2559:
2548:
2357:
2285:
2250:
2147:
1993:
1966:
1871:
1837:
1770:"Women's International Democratic Federation, the 'Third World' and the Global Cold War from the Late-1950s to the Mid-1960s"
1754:
1630:
1576:
1499:
1485:
3012:
559:. Neto is recognized one of the founding mothers of the Pan-African Women's Organization. Along with other past presidents
438:
3002:
2584:
480:
256:
136:
2540:
2489:
2485:
1587:
576:
168:
547:
of South Africa for her contributions leading to the independence of Angola. Along with the first Namibian president,
2643:
Strippoli, Giulia (2023). "Arriving from the Revolution: International Women's Year in the Portuguese 'Hot Summer'".
2443:
1509:
2997:
2878:"Toward 2000--Without Nuclear Weapons! For Peace, Equality, Development": Congress Report, Moscow, USSR, June 23–27
2730:
1893:
1879:
414:
219:(People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA). This led to his arrest in Portugal and eventual exile to
1888:
1977:
1950:
535:
as secretary general of OMA in 1999, and until 2008, she served as the OMA's secretary of foreign relations.
335:
128:
2378:
2003:
299:
2932:
2703:
Violence and Gender in Africa's Iberian Colonies: Feminizing the Portuguese and Spanish Empire, 1950s–1970s
2505:
2183:
87:
2992:
2977:
2972:
2435:
532:
246:
2133:
1614:
619:
500:
434:
2306:
2157:
1640:
520:
2645:
1774:
232:
142:
Neto has been recognized with numerous honors. She received Cuba's highest recognition of women, the
131:, OMA) and became the organization's first national coordinator in 1976. OMA was an affiliate of the
381:, elected to serve on the Central Committee. She represented the MPLA, along with her sister-in-law
198:
2824:
2236:
2209:
1699:
2037:. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Committee for the Liberation of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea. 1976.
1673:
872:
870:
868:
2880:(Report). Berlin, German Democratic Republic: Women's International Democratic Federation. 1987.
2593:
2565:
2401:(Report). Berlin, German Democratic Republic: Women's International Democratic Federation. 1979.
2341:
2269:
1985:
1738:
495:
ended, the focus of PAWO shifted toward peace activism and the human rights of women and girls.
465:
149:
1564:
A Prophetic Trajectory: Ideologies of Place, Time and Belonging in an Angolan Religious Movement
77:
2967:
2898:
2619:
2419:
1982:
The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Self-Determination in the 20th Century
1730:
969:
865:
2429:
560:
2802:
2532:
2349:
2277:
1726:
1650:
1562:
484:
1221:
382:
121:
until 1975, when independence was achieved. From the early 1970s, she was the leader of the
2962:
1746:
1535:
343:
328:. In Tanzania, she worked in the office of the MPLA and became involved in the work of the
317:
8:
2692:
2066:
2008:
1815:
1491:
374:
223:. In response, large numbers of Angolan students studying in Portugal at Carcavelos and
2858:
2836:
2706:
2682:
1855:
1514:
1287:
1167:
202:
82:
450:, were elected to the MPLA Central Committee in 1985. That year, Neto, WIDF president
2881:
2862:
2848:
2828:
2718:
2686:
2674:
2666:
2629:
2597:
2569:
2544:
2439:
2402:
2353:
2281:
2246:
2143:
2038:
1989:
1962:
1925:
1920:
1867:
1833:
1805:
1797:
1750:
1626:
1572:
1540:
1495:
556:
442:
194:
45:
2908:
2453:
1957:. Vol. 1: Afghanistan to Guinea-Bissau (Revised ed.). New York, New York:
1824:
Guerra López, Dolores; González Plasencia, Yolanda; Hernández Denis, Amparo (2010).
2840:
2710:
2658:
2510:
2345:
2311:
2273:
2214:
2188:
2162:
2111:
1859:
1787:
1742:
1704:
1677:
1370:
1368:
1326:
2662:
1850:
Holness, Marga (2010). "9. Angolan Women's Congress". In Turshen, Meredeth (ed.).
1792:
1769:
1248:
1113:
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802:
1238:
1236:
1194:
1152:
996:
476:
2798:"The AU Honours African Women during Commemoration of International Women's Day"
1832:] (in Spanish). Vol. 1st. Havana, Cuba: Editora Historia. p. 343.
1365:
1265:
1263:
290:, Germany, and she found work in a factory. In 1961, she received a letter from
171:(Portuguese Radio and Television Service) featured her biography in its program
2678:
1605:
1568:
909:
695:
454:, and women representatives for Nicaragua and the Soviet Union were awarded by
422:
228:
72:
2844:
2714:
2533:"4. 'Men in our Country Behave Like Chiefs': Women and the Angolan Revolution"
2406:
1809:
1233:
1128:
283:
2956:
2885:
2747:
2670:
1958:
1929:
1823:
1801:
1260:
1227:
1083:
1055:
1053:
1035:
615:
568:
325:
164:
2825:
25. Vilma Espín (1930–2007): Forging a New Woman Within the Cuban Revolution
2477:
2460:(in Portuguese). Luanda, Angola: Associação Tchiweka de Documentação. 2021.
2431:
Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation
2245:] (in Portuguese) (1st ed.). Aveleda, Portugal: Verso da História.
1702:[Unprecedented Exhibition Reveals the Life of Neto and His Family].
2868:
2042:
1645:
1592:
1023:
504:
455:
386:
2705:. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Cham, Switzerland:
1863:
1446:
1068:
1050:
2777:(1). Johannesburg, South Africa: Phambili Collective: 57–62. April 1988.
572:
516:
451:
402:
1681:
1407:
1353:
548:
512:
295:
220:
212:
2915:(in Portuguese). Luanda, Angola: Associação Tchiweka de Documentação.
1916:"History: 'Unruly' African Women Who Made Their Mark on the Continent"
2654:
2139:
1783:
492:
475:), Cuba's highest distinction for women. Neto was elected to succeed
313:
1663:
2833:
The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World
488:
426:
398:
114:
2065:. Pretoria, South Africa: Republic of South Africa. Archived from
1830:
Fidel, Woman, Childhood and Family: Thematic Selection (1959–1981)
1209:
528:
406:
287:
2031:
Liberation in Southern Africa: The Organization of Angolan Women
1693:
Maria Ruth Neto, também em Portugal, no Seminário de Carcavelos.
392:
Neto attended the WIDF's Leadership Training for rural women in
320:
to study clinical analysis. In early 1968, Agostinho met her in
2625:
2617:
1891:[Joana Tomás Is the New Secretary General of the OMA].
1269:
1254:
1242:
418:
393:
359:
339:
321:
242:
224:
190:
118:
41:
2212:[The Remarkable Moments of the Tribute to Ruth Neto].
1978:"5. Women in National Liberation Struggles in the Third World"
312:, PIDE) Neto felt she could not return to Angola and moved to
2583:
Sellström, Tor (2002). "Ruth Neto". In Sellström, Tor (ed.).
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Political organizer, independence and women's rights activist
1826:
Fidel, mujer, niñez y famili: selección temática (1959–1981)
897:
853:
1887:
1588:"Angolan President Strengthens His Grip with New Politburo"
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1228:
Guerra López, González Plasencia & Hernández Denis 2010
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309:
216:
110:
100:
2935:. Luanda, Angola. Luanda Domestic Service. 31 January 1984
2381:. Luanda, Angola. Luanda Domestic Service. 9 December 1987
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1395:
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749:
747:
745:
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741:
739:
737:
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2537:
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2377:
2334:"Nationalism, Liberation, and Decolonization in Angola"
1293:
1173:
957:
773:
685:
683:
681:
679:
652:
259:, FNLA) and the MPLA, which were joined in 1966 by the
159:), in 1985 and was honored as a grand companion in the
2238:
Combater duas vezes: Mulheres na luta armada em Angola
1434:
984:
945:
921:
792:
790:
788:
761:
734:
710:
543:
In 2014, Neto was honored as a Grand Companion in the
324:, Austria, and in April Neto moved with his family to
231:
in December 1960, and were assisted in leaving by the
2621:
African Women, Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance
1302:
1275:
1182:
1140:
885:
829:
2371: – via Oxford Research Encyclopedias
2299: – via Oxford Research Encyclopedias
1708:(in Portuguese). Luanda, Angola. 12 September 2018.
1700:"Exposição inédita revela vida de Neto e da família"
1314:
817:
676:
579:(Portuguese Radio and Television Service)'s program
2822:
2089:(in Portuguese). Luanda, Angola. 14 February 2011.
2002:
1332:
1215:
1011:
841:
785:
664:
269:, UNITA), in the struggle against Portuguese rule.
267:
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
262:
União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola
2988:Women's International Democratic Federation people
2768:"The Angolan Women's Organisation in the Vanguard"
2452:
2243:Fight Twice: Women in the Armed Struggle in Angola
1508:
1383:
1341:
808:
722:
646:
316:. After taking nursing courses she transferred to
2823:Torres Santana, Ailynn; Chase, Michelle (2023). "
2305:
2156:
1672:] (Thesis) (in Portuguese). Évora, Portugal:
1119:
1104:
2954:
2504:
2210:"Os momentos marcantes da homenagem a Ruth Neto"
2208:
2182:
2105:
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1698:
1374:
1200:
1158:
1002:
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329:
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250:
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2338:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
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1976:Kuumba, M. Bahati; Dosunmu, Ona Alston (1995).
1461:
2085:[Luzia Inglês “Inga”, SG of the OMA].
1889:"Joana Tomás é a nova secretária-geral da OMA"
2738:
2514:. Luanda, Angola. 17 December 1983. p. 2
1975:
1913:
1428:
1401:
859:
459:
143:
2115:. Luanda, Angola. 21 October 1978. p. 1
1924:. Paris, France: Jeune Afrique Media Group.
1639:
1089:
236:
2166:. Luanda, Angola. 6 October 1981. p. 1
2138:. Translated by Holmes, Marga. London, UK:
1510:"African First Ladies Hold Summit in Gabon"
1270:Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015
1255:Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015
1243:Serbin & Rasoanaivo-Randriamamonjy 2015
563:, Bettahar, and the then current president
479:of Algeria as the secretary general of the
356:Women's International Democratic Federation
305:Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado
184:
133:Women's International Democratic Federation
106:Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado
2907:Trovoada, Maria Helena (1 February 1961).
2796:
2561:Formation of a Popular Opinion 1950 - 1970
2192:. Luanda, Angola. 12 March 1985. p. 1
1452:
249:was fought by opposing factions including
238:Comité inter-mouvements auprès des évacués
2642:
2582:
2557:
2427:
2379:"People's Assembly Delegation Visits FRG"
2315:. Luanda, Angola. 23 June 1981. p. 1
1791:
1767:
1724:
963:
939:
927:
903:
755:
689:
658:
217:Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola
101:Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola
16:Angolan independence activist (born 1936)
2906:
2766:
1661:
1623:United States Government Printing Office
1585:
1518:. Cape Town, South Africa. 17 May 2001.
1188:
1074:
1059:
1041:
823:
779:
767:
716:
358:(WIDF) Bureau meeting that assembled in
2331:
2259:
2234:
1914:Juompan-Yakam, Clarisse (18 May 2021).
1849:
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1653:. 28 March 1981. p. 2 – via
1586:Brittain, Victoria (14 December 1985).
1534:
1413:
1146:
990:
951:
835:
796:
728:
252:Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola
2955:
2909:"Carta de Helena Trovoada a Ruth Neto"
2700:
2653:(2). Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire:
2350:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.640
2278:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.485
2081:
2056:
1948:
1782:(2). Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire:
1612:
1560:
1544:. Windhoek, Namibia. 23 October 2015.
1389:
1347:
1320:
1308:
891:
670:
545:Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
342:in the border region with Angola. The
310:International and State Defense Police
161:Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
113:, PIDE), she lived abroad in Germany,
111:International and State Defense Police
2810:from the original on 16 November 2017
2530:
2093:from the original on 19 February 2023
2052:from the original on 7 November 2020.
847:
349:
243:Inter-Movement Committee for Evacuees
2876:
2754:from the original on 3 November 2017
2397:
2260:Paredes, Margarida (26 March 2019).
2222:from the original on 2 February 2022
1854:(1st ed.). New York, New York:
1747:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001
1281:
1017:
277:
189:Maria Ruth Neto was born in 1936 in
2919:from the original on 5 January 2024
2806:. Harare, Zimbabwe. 15 March 2017.
2784:from the original on 9 January 2024
2492:from the original on 5 January 2024
2484:(in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal:
2476:
2464:from the original on 5 January 2024
2127:, No. 2034, 8 December 1978, p. 26.
1712:from the original on 6 January 2024
1548:from the original on 9 January 2024
1536:"AU honours 'Son of Africa' Nujoma"
1522:from the original on 6 January 2024
1483:
1467:
1440:
257:National Liberation Front of Angola
13:
2933:"U.S., RSA 'Aggression' Denounced"
2613:from the original on 8 April 2023.
2541:University of South Carolina Press
2332:Péclard, Didier (31 August 2021).
2158:"OMA Delegation to Czechoslovakia"
2125:Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa
1901:from the original on 8 August 2022
1852:African Women: A Political Economy
1621:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
1135:Organization of Angolan Women 1984
1030:Organization of Angolan Women 1984
916:Organization of Angolan Women 1984
331:Organização das Mulheres de Angola
124:Organização das Mulheres de Angola
14:
3029:
2564:(2nd ed.). Uppsala, Sweden:
2135:Angolan Women Building the Future
2057:Lubisi, Cassius (16 April 2014).
1936:from the original on 7 April 2023
2983:Angolan women's rights activists
2535:. In Tétreault, Mary Ann (ed.).
2083:"Luzia Inglês "Inga", SG da OMA"
1360:Televisão Pública de Angola 2021
481:Pan-African Women's Organization
415:National Union of Algerian Women
139:and held that post until 1997.
137:Pan-African Women's Organization
2899:ASP: Women and Social Movements
2420:ASP: Women and Social Movements
2184:"OMA Secretary General Honored"
2004:"Lack of Female Representation"
1955:Encyclopedia of the Third World
1735:Dictionary of African Biography
1657:, No. 2328, 12 May 1981, p. 12.
1476:
1216:Torres Santana & Chase 2023
608:
599:
364:Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund
3018:Angolan independence activists
2063:The Presidency of South Africa
1984:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1980:. In Berberoglu, Berch (ed.).
1949:Kurian, George Thomas (1982).
1662:Domingos, Gaspar João (2019).
1:
3008:People from Portuguese Angola
2663:10.1080/09612025.2023.2277485
2526:, 24 January 1984, pp. 23–24.
2486:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
2428:Rothchild, Donald S. (1997).
2012:. London, UK. 6 December 1990
1793:10.1080/09612025.2019.1652440
1655:Near East/North Africa Report
1641:"Delegation of Angolan Women"
977:Liberation in Southern Africa
878:Liberation in Southern Africa
629:
577:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
336:Organization of Angolan Women
169:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
129:Organization of Angolan Women
2539:. Columbia, South Carolina:
2531:Scott, Catherine V. (1994).
2369:– via African History.
1617:. In Collelo, Thomas (ed.).
1615:"4. Government and Politics"
634:
282:Neto and her fiancé fled to
88:Roberto Francisco de Almeida
7:
3013:21st-century Angolan people
2436:Brookings Institution Press
2235:Paredes, Margarida (2015).
1894:Televisão Pública de Angola
1733:; Niven, Steven J. (eds.).
483:(PAWO) in 1986. PAWO is an
425:. In June, she traveled to
247:Angolan War of Independence
197:, as the younger sister of
38:1936 (age 87–88)
10:
3034:
3003:20th-century Angolan women
2947:, 13 February 1984, p. 27.
2307:"Party Officials' Travels"
1561:Blanes, Ruy Llera (2014).
435:Portuguese Communist Party
2945:Sub-Saharan Africa Report
2845:10.1007/978-3-031-13127-1
2746:. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:
2715:10.1007/978-3-030-17230-5
2594:Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
2566:Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
2524:Sub-Saharan Africa Report
2393:, 9 December 1987, p. 23.
2391:Sub-Saharan Africa Report
2325:Sub-Saharan Africa Report
2202:Sub-Saharan Africa Report
2178:, 2 November 1981, p. 28.
2176:Sub-Saharan Africa Report
2024:, 7 December 1990, p. 22.
2022:Sub-Saharan Africa Report
1768:Gradskova, Yulia (2020).
1487:Pan-Africanism: A History
860:Kuumba & Dosunmu 1995
575:, Ethiopia. In 2017, the
538:
460:
330:
304:
272:
261:
251:
237:
233:World Council of Churches
227:gathered in a protest at
207:
144:
123:
105:
68:
60:
52:
30:
23:
2701:Stucki, Andreas (2019).
1613:Byrnes, Rita M. (1991).
592:
185:Early life and education
2998:Angolan women activists
2902:(subscription required)
2872:(subscription required)
2734:(subscription required)
2696:(subscription required)
2558:Sellström, Tor (2003).
2423:(subscription required)
2373:(subscription required)
2342:Oxford University Press
2340:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
2301:(subscription required)
2270:Oxford University Press
2268:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
1986:Temple University Press
1883:(subscription required)
1819:(subscription required)
1763:(subscription required)
1739:Oxford University Press
1737:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
1619:Angola: A Country Study
1596:. London, UK. p. 5
1295:Luanda Domestic Service
1175:Luanda Domestic Service
647:Arquivo Lúcio Lara 2021
531:. She was succeeded by
521:José Eduardo dos Santos
466:Order of Ana Betancourt
208:Seminário de Carcavelos
150:Order of Ana Betancourt
2897: – via
2867: – via
2729: – via
2691: – via
2646:Women's History Review
2418: – via
2327:, 20 July 1981, p. 14.
1878: – via
1814: – via
1775:Women's History Review
1567:. New York, New York:
581:
533:Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem
344:Portuguese coup d'état
294:, later to become the
173:
2835:. Cham, Switzerland:
2262:"Rodrigues, Deolinda"
2204:, 14 May 1985, p. 16.
1864:10.1057/9780230114326
1674:Universidade de Évora
1651:Algeria Press Service
485:umbrella organization
411:Fatma-Zohra Djeghroud
389:the following year.
300:São Tomé and Príncipe
292:Maria Helena Trovoada
2839:. pp. 613–642.
2693:Taylor & Francis
2434:. Washington, D.C.:
1858:. pp. 129–136.
1816:Taylor & Francis
1731:Akyeampong, Emmanuel
1649:. Algiers, Algeria.
1625:. pp. 159–201.
461:Orden Ana Betancourt
439:South African troops
385:, in a visit to the
145:Orden Ana Betancourt
78:António Alberto Neto
2750:. 22 October 2015.
2592:. Uppsala, Sweden:
2543:. pp. 89–110.
2107:"Officials to USSR"
2069:on 29 November 2014
2009:BBC Focus on Africa
1988:. pp. 95–130.
1492:Bloomsbury Academic
1484:Adi, Hakim (2018).
1443:, pp. 153–154.
1334:BBC Focus on Africa
1257:, pp. 122–123.
906:, pp. 115–116.
561:Jeanne Martin Cissé
2993:Anti-war activists
2978:Angolan communists
2973:People from Luanda
2913:Arquivo Lúcio Lara
2837:Palgrave Macmillan
2829:de Haan, Francisca
2707:Palgrave Macmillan
2596:. pp. 21–23.
2458:Arquivo Lúcio Lara
1961:. pp. 63–74.
1856:Palgrave Macmillan
1727:Gates, Henry Louis
1515:Independent Online
1429:Juompan-Yakam 2021
1402:African Union 2015
918:, pp. 19, 93.
810:Independent Online
413:, the head of the
383:Maria Eugénia Neto
350:Angola (1975–2008)
245:). From 1961, the
203:Deolinda Rodrigues
83:Deolinda Rodrigues
2854:978-3-031-13126-4
2724:978-3-030-17229-9
2635:978-92-3-100130-7
2624:. Paris, France:
2603:978-91-7106-500-1
2575:978-91-7106-430-1
2550:978-1-57003-016-1
2359:978-0-19-027773-4
2287:978-0-19-027773-4
2252:978-989-8016-21-8
2149:978-0-86232-262-5
1995:978-1-56639-342-3
1968:978-0-87196-348-2
1921:The Africa Report
1873:978-1-349-29034-5
1839:978-959-7048-76-3
1756:978-0-19-538207-5
1632:978-0-16-030844-4
1578:978-1-78238-272-0
1501:978-1-4742-5428-1
1284:, pp. 44–47.
1137:, pp. 22–23.
1047:, pp. 59–60.
557:Salim Ahmed Salim
501:People's Assembly
443:Angolan Civil War
278:Exile (1960–1975)
195:Portuguese Angola
94:
93:
61:Years active
46:Portuguese Angola
3025:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2873:
2866:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2735:
2728:
2697:
2690:
2639:
2614:
2612:
2591:
2579:
2554:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2511:Jornal de Angola
2501:
2499:
2497:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2449:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2312:Jornal de Angola
2302:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2256:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2215:Jornal de Angola
2205:
2199:
2197:
2189:Jornal de Angola
2179:
2173:
2171:
2163:Jornal de Angola
2153:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2112:Jornal de Angola
2102:
2100:
2098:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2017:
1999:
1972:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1884:
1877:
1846:
1820:
1813:
1795:
1764:
1760:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1705:Jornal de Angola
1695:
1690:
1688:
1658:
1636:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1582:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1505:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1376:Jornal de Angola
1372:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1202:Jornal de Angola
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1160:Jornal de Angola
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1121:Jornal de Angola
1117:
1111:
1106:Jornal de Angola
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1004:Jornal de Angola
1000:
994:
988:
982:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
874:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
806:
800:
794:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
703:Jornal de Angola
699:
693:
687:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
623:
612:
606:
603:
584:
474:
463:
462:
375:Maria Mambo Café
372:
333:
332:
307:
306:
264:
263:
254:
253:
240:
239:
210:
209:
176:
158:
147:
146:
126:
125:
108:
107:
21:
20:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
2953:
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2890:
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2871:
2855:
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2787:
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2757:
2755:
2733:
2725:
2695:
2636:
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2604:
2589:
2576:
2551:
2517:
2515:
2495:
2493:
2467:
2465:
2446:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2266:African History
2253:
2225:
2223:
2195:
2193:
2169:
2167:
2150:
2118:
2116:
2096:
2094:
2072:
2070:
2049:
2034:
2015:
2013:
1996:
1969:
1939:
1937:
1904:
1902:
1882:
1874:
1840:
1818:
1762:
1757:
1715:
1713:
1686:
1684:
1633:
1599:
1597:
1579:
1551:
1549:
1525:
1523:
1502:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
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946:
938:
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922:
914:
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902:
898:
890:
886:
875:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
822:
818:
807:
803:
795:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
735:
727:
723:
715:
711:
700:
696:
688:
677:
669:
665:
657:
653:
645:
641:
637:
632:
627:
626:
613:
609:
604:
600:
595:
541:
477:Fathia Bettahar
468:
366:
352:
280:
275:
187:
152:
97:Maria Ruth Neto
86:
81:
76:
48:
39:
37:
36:
35:Maria Ruth Neto
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2950:
2949:
2929:
2904:
2874:
2853:
2820:
2794:
2764:
2736:
2723:
2698:
2640:
2634:
2615:
2602:
2580:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2528:
2502:
2474:
2450:
2444:
2425:
2395:
2375:
2358:
2329:
2303:
2286:
2257:
2251:
2232:
2206:
2180:
2154:
2148:
2129:
2103:
2079:
2054:
2026:
2000:
1994:
1973:
1967:
1946:
1911:
1885:
1872:
1847:
1838:
1821:
1765:
1755:
1722:
1696:
1659:
1637:
1631:
1610:
1606:Newspapers.com
1583:
1577:
1569:Berghahn Books
1558:
1532:
1506:
1500:
1490:. London, UK:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1325:
1313:
1311:, p. 182.
1301:
1286:
1274:
1259:
1247:
1245:, p. 124.
1232:
1230:, p. 343.
1220:
1218:, p. 627.
1208:
1193:
1181:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1112:
1097:
1082:
1067:
1049:
1034:
1022:
1020:, p. 110.
1010:
995:
993:, p. 288.
983:
968:
964:Sellström 2002
956:
954:, p. 135.
944:
942:, p. 271.
940:Gradskova 2020
932:
928:Strippoli 2023
920:
908:
904:Rothchild 1997
896:
894:, p. 264.
884:
864:
862:, p. 101.
852:
840:
828:
816:
801:
784:
782:, p. 188.
772:
770:, p. 169.
760:
756:Sellström 2002
733:
721:
719:, p. 162.
709:
694:
690:Gonçalves 2012
675:
663:
661:, p. 434.
659:Sellström 2003
651:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
625:
624:
607:
597:
596:
594:
591:
540:
537:
423:Czechoslovakia
351:
348:
279:
276:
274:
271:
229:Lisbon Airport
199:Agostinho Neto
186:
183:
92:
91:
73:Agostinho Neto
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
40:
34:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Living people
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2753:
2749:
2748:African Union
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2445:0-8157-7593-8
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2380:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1959:Facts on File
1956:
1952:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1323:, p. 74.
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1272:, p. 82.
1271:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1189:Brittain 1985
1185:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1149:, p. 60.
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1080:, p. 59.
1079:
1077:
1071:
1065:, p. 60.
1064:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1032:, p. 94.
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1005:
999:
992:
987:
981:, p. 11.
980:
978:
972:
966:, p. 22.
965:
960:
953:
948:
941:
936:
929:
924:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
882:, p. 10.
881:
879:
873:
871:
869:
861:
856:
850:, p. 95.
849:
844:
838:, p. 66.
837:
832:
825:
824:Trovoada 1961
820:
813:
811:
805:
798:
793:
791:
789:
781:
780:Domingos 2019
776:
769:
768:Domingos 2019
764:
758:, p. 21.
757:
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742:
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738:
730:
725:
718:
717:Domingos 2019
713:
706:
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673:, p. 47.
672:
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639:
621:
617:
616:Dar es Salaam
611:
602:
598:
590:
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583:
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570:
569:African Union
566:
565:Assetou Koité
562:
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211:(Seminary of
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165:African Union
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98:
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53:Occupation(s)
51:
47:
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33:
29:
22:
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2912:
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2869:SpringerLink
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2323:– via
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2265:
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2187:
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2161:
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2123:– via
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2067:the original
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1669:
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1593:The Guardian
1591:
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1539:
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1513:
1486:
1477:Bibliography
1463:
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1206:, p. 1.
1201:
1196:
1191:, p. 5.
1184:
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1169:
1164:, p. 2.
1159:
1154:
1147:Paredes 2015
1142:
1130:
1125:, p. 1.
1120:
1115:
1110:, p. 1.
1105:
1100:
1095:, p. 2.
1091:El Moudjahid
1090:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1008:, p. 1.
1003:
998:
991:Paredes 2015
986:
976:
971:
959:
952:Holness 2010
947:
935:
930:, p. 9.
923:
911:
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887:
877:
855:
843:
836:Paredes 2015
831:
819:
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797:Péclard 2021
775:
763:
729:Paredes 2019
724:
712:
702:
697:
666:
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610:
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586:
553:Hashim Mbita
542:
505:West Germany
497:
456:Fidel Castro
431:
403:dowry system
391:
387:Soviet Union
353:
281:
188:
178:
141:
96:
95:
18:
2963:1936 births
2679:10067548753
2478:"Ruth Neto"
2454:"Ruth Neto"
1786:: 270–288.
1682:10174/25478
1390:Lubisi 2014
1348:Club-K 2011
1321:Kurian 1982
1309:Byrnes 1991
892:Stucki 2019
671:Blanes 2014
573:Addis Ababa
517:West Berlin
507:, visiting
469: [
452:Freda Brown
367: [
284:Lüdenscheid
153: [
2957:Categories
2803:The Herald
2407:7962039644
1810:8535230666
1454:The Herald
848:Scott 1994
630:References
620:Tanganyika
549:Sam Nujoma
513:Dusseldorf
379:Rodeth Gil
296:first lady
221:Cape Verde
213:Carcavelos
2939:7 January
2923:6 January
2891:8 January
2886:827309852
2863:256216914
2814:8 January
2788:9 January
2758:9 January
2687:265238111
2671:0961-2025
2655:Routledge
2518:7 January
2496:8 January
2468:6 January
2412:9 January
2385:8 January
2365:6 January
2319:8 January
2293:6 January
2226:8 January
2196:8 January
2170:8 January
2140:Zed Books
2119:9 January
2097:9 January
2073:9 January
2016:8 January
1940:6 January
1930:1950-4810
1905:9 January
1802:0961-2025
1784:Routledge
1716:6 January
1687:6 January
1600:8 January
1552:9 January
1526:6 January
1282:WIDF 1987
1018:WIDF 1979
635:Citations
493:Apartheid
314:Frankfurt
75:(brother)
69:Relatives
64:1968–2008
25:Ruth Neto
2917:Archived
2808:Archived
2779:Archived
2775:Phambili
2752:Archived
2744:Peace AU
2657:: 1–15.
2608:Archived
2490:Archived
2488:. 2017.
2462:Archived
2220:Archived
2091:Archived
2047:Archived
1951:"Angola"
1934:Archived
1899:Archived
1710:Archived
1546:Archived
1520:Archived
1468:RTP 2017
1441:Adi 2018
1076:Phambili
1061:Phambili
1043:Phambili
489:Cold War
427:Bulgaria
401:and the
399:polygamy
318:Freiburg
235:and the
115:Tanzania
90:(cousin)
85:(cousin)
80:(nephew)
2831:(ed.).
2043:3208673
1541:New Era
1415:New Era
529:Senegal
446:sister
441:in the
407:Algiers
288:Cologne
286:, near
2884:
2861:
2851:
2827:". In
2721:
2685:
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2669:
2632:
2626:UNESCO
2600:
2572:
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2087:Club-K
2041:
1992:
1965:
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1753:
1629:
1575:
1498:
582:Rostos
539:Legacy
515:, and
419:Prague
394:Manila
360:Lisbon
340:Zambia
322:Vienna
273:Career
225:Lumiar
191:Luanda
174:Rostos
119:Zambia
42:Luanda
2859:S2CID
2782:(PDF)
2771:(PDF)
2683:S2CID
2611:(PDF)
2590:(PDF)
2241:[
2050:(PDF)
2035:(PDF)
1828:[
1668:[
1123:1981b
1108:1981a
593:Notes
587:Faces
473:]
448:Irene
409:with
371:]
179:Faces
157:]
2941:2024
2925:2024
2893:2024
2882:OCLC
2849:ISBN
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2172:2024
2144:ISBN
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2099:2024
2075:2024
2039:OCLC
2018:2024
1990:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1942:2024
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1806:OCLC
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1689:2024
1627:ISBN
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1573:ISBN
1554:2024
1528:2024
1496:ISBN
1456:2017
1417:2015
1378:2017
1336:1990
1297:1987
1204:1985
1177:1984
1162:1983
1093:1981
1078:1988
1063:1988
1045:1988
1006:1978
979:1976
880:1976
812:2001
705:2018
555:and
509:Bonn
491:and
458:the
377:and
117:and
31:Born
2841:doi
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2659:doi
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