Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3694:. This meant that the dictatorship of the proletariat in the Soviet Union could only be "won and maintained by the use of violence against the bourgeoisie". The main problem with this analysis is that the party came to view anyone opposing or holding alternate views of the party as bourgeois. Its worst enemy remained the moderates, which were considered to be "the real agents of the bourgeoisie in the working-class movement, the labor lieutenants of the capitalist class". The term "bourgeoisie" became synonymous with "opponent" and with people who disagreed with the party in general. These oppressive measures led to another reinterpretation of the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism in general; it was now defined as a purely economic system. Slogans and theoretical works about democratic mass participation and collective decision-making were now replaced with texts which supported authoritarian management. Considering the situation, the party believed it had to use the same powers as the bourgeoisie to transform Russia; there was no alternative. Lenin began arguing that the proletariat, like the bourgeoisie, did not have a single preference for a form of government and because of that, the dictatorship was acceptable to both the party and the proletariat. In a meeting with party officials, Lenin stated—in line with his economist view of socialism—that "Industry is indispensable, democracy is not", further arguing that "we do not promise any democracy or any freedom". 3289:

used to mobilize support for party policies. All CPSU members had to be a member of a local PPO. The size of a PPO varied from three people to several hundred, depending upon its setting. In a large enterprise, a PPO usually had several hundred members. In such cases, the PPO was divided into bureaus based upon production-units. Each PPO was led by an executive committee and an executive committee secretary. Each executive committee is responsible for the PPO executive committee and its secretary. In small PPOs, members met periodically to mainly discuss party policies, ideology, or practical matters. In such a case, the PPO secretary was responsible for collecting party dues, reporting to higher organs, and maintaining the party records. A secretary could be elected democratically through a secret ballot, but that was not often the case; in 1979, only 88 out of the over 400,000 PPOs were elected in this fashion. The remainder were chosen by a higher party organ and ratified by the general meetings of the PPO. The PPO general meeting was responsible for electing delegates to the party conference at either the district- or town-level, depending on where the PPO was located.

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grew rapidly to approximately 3.5 million members. However, party leaders suspected that the mass intake of new members had allowed "social-alien elements" to penetrate the party's ranks and document verifications of membership ensued in 1933 and 1935, removing supposedly unreliable members. Meanwhile, the party closed its ranks to new members from 1933 to November 1936. Even after the reopening of party recruiting, membership fell to 1.9 million by 1939. Nicholas DeWitt gives 2.307 million members in 1939, including candidate members, compared with 1.535 million in 1929 and 6.3 million in 1947. In 1986, the CPSU had over 19 million members—approximately 10% of the Soviet Union's adult population. Over 44% of party members were classified as industrial workers and 12% as collective farmers. The CPSU had party organizations in 14 of the Soviet Union's 15 republics. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic itself had no separate Communist Party until 1990 because the CPSU controlled affairs there directly.

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government and social organizations (e.g., trade unions and youth organizations), improvement to the party's structure, the distribution of information and reports within the party". The 19th Congress abolished the Orgburo and its duties and responsibilities were taken over by the Secretariat. At the beginning, the Orgburo held three meetings a week and reported to the Central Committee every second week. Lenin described the relation between the Politburo and the Orgburo as "the Orgburo allocates forces, while the Politburo decides policy". A decision of the Orgburo was implemented by the Secretariat. However, the Secretariat could make decisions in the Orgburo's name without consulting its members, but if one Orgburo member objected to a Secretariat resolution, the resolution would not be implemented. In the 1920s, if the Central Committee could not convene the Politburo and the Orgburo would hold a joint session in its place.

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relations so that, in the long run, the realm of necessity could be overcome and, with that, genuine social freedom realized". From 1920 to 1921, Soviet leaders and ideologists began differentiating between socialism and communism; hitherto the two terms had been used interchangeably and used to explain the same things. From then, the two terms had different meanings; Russia was in transition from capitalism to socialism—referred to interchangeably under Lenin as the dictatorship of the proletariat, socialism was the intermediate stage to communism and communism was considered the last stage of social development. By now, the party leaders believed that because of Russia's backward state, universal mass participation and true democracy could only take form in the last stage.

3968:, which led to the creation of an inner-party dictatorship. Other points were Russian nationalism, a lack of separation between the party and state bureaucracies, suppression of non-Russian ethnicities, distortion of the economy through the introduction of over-centralization and the collectivization of agriculture. According to CCP researcher Xiao Guisen, Stalin's policies led to "stunted economic growth, tight surveillance of society, a lack of democracy in decision-making, an absence of the rule of law, the burden of bureaucracy, the CPSU's alienation from people's concerns, and an accumulation of ethnic tensions". Stalin's effect on ideology was also criticized; several researchers accused his policies of being "leftist", "dogmatist" and a deviation "from true 3972:." He is criticized for initiating the "bastardization of Leninism", of deviating from true democratic centralism by establishing a one-man rule and destroying all inner-party consultation, of misinterpreting Lenin's theory of imperialism and of supporting foreign revolutionary movements only when the Soviet Union could get something out of it. Yu Sui, a CCP theoretician, said that "the collapse of the Soviet Union and CPSU is a punishment for its past wrongs!" Similarly, Brezhnev, Mikhail Suslov, Alexei Kosygin and Konstantin Chernenko have been criticized for being "dogmatic, ossified, inflexible, bureaucratic ideology and thinking", while Yuri Andropov is depicted by some of having the potential of becoming a new Khrushchev if he had not died early. 3821:. Khrushchev considered these "grey areas", in which the conflict between capitalism and socialism would be fought. He still stressed that the main contradiction in international relations were those of capitalism and socialism. The Soviet Government under Khrushchev stressed the importance of peaceful coexistence, saying that it had to form the basis of Soviet foreign policy. Failure to do, they believed, would lead to nuclear conflict. Despite this, Soviet theorists still considered peaceful coexistence to be a continuation of the class struggle between the capitalist and socialist worlds, but not based on armed conflict. Khrushchev believed that the conflict, in its current phase, was mainly economic. 502: 3849:, in which he stated that socialism in the Soviet Union would fail because of the backward state of economic development unless a world revolution began. Stalin responded to Trotsky's pamphlet with his article, "October and Comrade Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution". In it, Stalin stated that he did not believe an inevitable conflict between the working class and the peasants would take place, and that "socialism in one country is completely possible and probable". Stalin held the view common among most Bolsheviks at the time; there was a possibility of real success for socialism in the Soviet Union despite the country's backwardness and international isolation. While 1802: 3913:

one-party rule, and the Soviet Union was in its peak of influence in world affairs. The immediate causes for the Soviet Union's dissolution were the policies and thoughts of Mikhail Gorbachev, the CPSU General Secretary. His policies of perestroika and glasnost tried to revitalize the Soviet economy and the social and political culture of the country. Throughout his rule, he put more emphasis on democratizing the Soviet Union because he believed it had lost its moral legitimacy to rule. These policies led to the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and indirectly destabilized Gorbachev's and the CPSU's control over the Soviet Union. Archie Brown said:

1889:, which was predicated on the notion that the Soviet Union would not be able to survive in a socialist character when surrounded by hostile governments and therefore concluded that it was necessary to actively support similar revolutions in the more advanced capitalist countries. Stalin, however, argued that such a foreign policy would not be feasible with the capabilities then possessed by the Soviet Union and that it would invite the country's destruction by engaging in armed conflict. Rather, Stalin argued that the Soviet Union should, in the meantime, pursue peaceful coexistence and invite foreign investment in order to develop the country's economy and build 2545:. According to Lenin, the party and the oppressed classes could never become one because the party was responsible for leading the oppressed classes to victory. The basic idea was that a small group of organized people could wield power disproportionate to their size with superior organizational skills. Despite this, until the end of his life, Lenin warned of the danger that the party could be taken over by bureaucrats, by a small clique, or by an individual. Toward the end of his life, he criticized the bureaucratic inertia of certain officials and admitted to problems with some of the party's control structures, which were to supervise organizational life. 3947:

economy from socialism. Xu Zhixin from the CASS Institute of Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, argued that Soviet planners laid too much emphasis on heavy industry, which led to shortages of consumer goods. Unlike his counterparts, Xu argued that the shortages of consumer goods were not an error but "was a consciously planned feature of the system". Other CPSU failures were pursuing the policy of state socialism, the high spending on the military-industrial complex, a low tax base, and the subsidizing of the economy. The CCP argued that when Gorbachev came to power and introduced his economic reforms, they were "too little, too late, and too fast".

14755: 3236:, which was established in 1918. The HPS was established in 1939 as the Moscow Higher Party School and it offered its students a two-year training course for becoming a CPSU official. It was reorganized in 1956 to that it could offer more specialized ideological training. In 1956, the school in Moscow was opened for students from socialist countries outside the Soviet Union. The Moscow Higher Party School was the party school with the highest standing. The school itself had eleven faculties until a 1972 Central Committee resolution demanded a reorganization of the curriculum. The first regional HPS outside 1214: 3880:, Trotsky began countering Bukharin's and Stalin's arguments, writing that socialism in one country was only possible only in the short term, and said that without a world revolution it would be impossible to safeguard the Soviet Union from the "restoration of bourgeois relations". Zinoviev disagreed with Trotsky and Bukharin, and Stalin; he maintained Lenin's position from 1917 to 1922 and continued to say that only a defective form of socialism could be constructed in the Soviet Union without a world revolution. Bukharin began arguing for the creation of an 2319: 3865:

socialism in one country was feasible despite the capitalist blockade of the Soviet Union. After the conference, Stalin wrote "Concerning the Results of the XIV Conference of the RCP(b)", in which he stated that the peasantry would not turn against the socialist system because they had a self-interest in preserving it. Stalin said the contradictions which arose within the peasantry during the socialist transition could "be overcome by our own efforts". He concluded that the only viable threat to socialism in the Soviet Union was a military intervention.

3262:" party committee—commonly referred to as "raikom"—was vested with ultimate authority. It convened at least six times a year to discuss party directives and to oversee the implementation of party policies in their respective districts, to oversee the implementation of party directives at the PPO-level, and to issue directives to PPOs. 75–80 percent of raikom members were full members, while the remaining 20–25 were non-voting, candidate members. Raikom members were commonly from the state sector, party sector, Komsomol or the trade unions. 3674:. However, with the ensuing Russian Civil War and the social and material devastation that followed, its meaning altered from commune-type democracy to rule by iron-discipline. By now, Lenin had concluded that only a proletarian regime as oppressive as its opponents could survive in this world. The powers previously bestowed upon the Soviets were now given to the Council of People's Commissars, the central government, which was, in turn, to be governed by "an army of steeled revolutionary Communists ". In a letter to 3117:). In practice, the Secretariat had a major say in the running of the departments; for example, five of eleven secretaries headed their own departments in 1978. Normally, specific secretaries were given supervising duties over one or more departments. Each department established its own cells—called sections—which specialized in one or more fields. During the Gorbachev era, a variety of departments made up the Central Committee apparatus. The Party Building and Cadre Work Department assigned party personnel in the 1853:" and began a period of a market economy under Communist dictation. The Bolsheviks believed at this time that Russia, being among the most economically undeveloped and socially backward countries in Europe, had not yet reached the necessary conditions of development for socialism to become a practical pursuit and that this would have to wait for such conditions to arrive under capitalist development as had been achieved in more advanced countries such as England and Germany. On 30 December 1922, the Russian SFSR 1779: 3649:, Lenin argued that this did not necessarily have to change under the dictatorship of the proletariat. The reasoning came from practical considerations; the majority of the country's inhabitants were not communists, neither could the party reintroduce parliamentary democracy because that was not in synchronization with its ideology and would lead to the party losing power. He, therefore, concluded that the form of government has nothing to do with the nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat. 12645: 4884: 1163: 4856: 71: 2805:

Soviet leadership's source of legitimacy. The decline in the Central Committee's standing began in the 1920s; it was reduced to a compliant body of the Party leadership during the Great Purge. According to party rules, the Central Committee was to convene at least twice a year to discuss political matters—but not matters relating to military policy. The body remained largely symbolic after Stalin's consolidation; leading party officials rarely attended meetings of the Central Committee.

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was represented as the only truth in Soviet society; the party rejected the notion of multiple truths. Marxism–Leninism was used to justify CPSU rule and Soviet policy, but it was not used as a means to an end. The relationship between ideology and decision-making was at best ambivalent; most policy decisions were made in the light of the continued, permanent development of Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism as the only truth could not—by its very nature—become outdated.

3809:"Peaceful coexistence" was an ideological concept introduced under Khrushchev's rule. While the concept has been interpreted by fellow communists as proposing an end to the conflict between the systems of capitalism and socialism, Khrushchev saw it as a continuation of the conflict in every area except in the military field. The concept said that the two systems were developed "by way of diametrically opposed laws", which led to "opposite principles in foreign policy". 4870: 12657: 2429:, which overthrew Gorbachev but failed to preserve the Soviet Union. When Gorbachev resumed control (21 August 1991) after the coup's collapse, he resigned from the CPSU on 24 August 1991 and operations were handed over to Ivashko. On 29 August 1991 the activity of the CPSU was suspended throughout the country, on 6 November Yeltsin banned the activities of the party in Russia and Gorbachev resigned from the presidency on 25 December; the following day the 2921: 3515: 3487:(which views the state as an oppressive organ of the ruling class), had no qualms of forcing change upon the country. He viewed the dictatorship of the proletariat, rather than the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, to be the dictatorship of the majority. The repressive powers of the state were to be used to transform the country, and to strip of the former ruling class of their wealth. Lenin believed that the transition from the 4058: 14732: 4898: 3942:(CCP) examined "core (political) life and death issues" so that it could learn from them and not make the same mistakes. Following the CPSU's demise and the Soviet Union's collapse, the CCP's analysis began examining systematic causes. Several leading CCP officials began hailing Khrushchev's rule, saying that he was the first reformer and that if he had continued after 1964, the Soviet Union would not have witnessed the 6431:"Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 30 ноября 1992 г. N 9-П "По делу о проверке конституционности Указов Президента РФ от 23 августа 1991 года N 79 "О приостановлении деятельности Коммунистической партии РСФСР", от 25 августа 1991 года N 90 "Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР" и от 6 ноября 1991 года N 169 "О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР", а также о проверке конституционности КПСС и КП РСФСР"" 2130: 3923:

continued with economic reform. Nonetheless, Gorbachev accepted that the people sought a different road and consented to the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991. He said that because of its peaceful collapse, the fall of Soviet communism is "one of the great success stories of 20th-century politics". According to Lars T. Lih, the Soviet Union collapsed because people stopped believing in its ideology. He wrote:

4822: 4801: 4752: 4731: 4624: 4603: 4559: 4538: 4489: 4468: 4404: 4360: 4339: 4290: 4269: 4225: 4203: 3746:, also from the SDP, held a highly dogmatic view; he said that there was no crisis within Marxist theory. Both of them denied or belittled the role of class contradictions in society after the crisis. In contrast, Lenin believed that the resurgence was the beginning of a new phase of capitalism; this stage was created because of a strengthening of class contradiction, not because of its reduction. 4838: 4830: 4768: 4760: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4668: 4640: 4632: 4575: 4567: 4505: 4497: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4376: 4368: 4306: 4298: 4241: 4233: 4174: 4166: 3889:

country. He rationalized this by saying that the state could exist in a communist society as long as the Soviet Union was encircled by capitalism. However, with the establishment of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe, Stalin said that socialism in one country was only possible in a large country like the Soviet Union and that to survive, the other states had to follow the Soviet line.

2780:. It was mandated to meet at least twice a year to act as the party's supreme governing body. Membership of the Central Committee increased from 71 full members in 1934 to 287 in 1976. Central Committee members were elected to the seats because of the offices they held, not on their personal merit. Because of this, the Central Committee was commonly considered an indicator for 3953:

reform after Stalin's death brought fundamental changes to the Stalin–Soviet Socialist Model. This model, with its problems and contradictions accumulating by day, was finally in crisis, and the people of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe lost their confidence in it. The way out was to abandon the Stalin–Soviet Socialist Model and seek another road for social development.

1901:. In 1925, the name of the party was changed to the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), reflecting that the republics outside of Russia proper were no longer part of an all-encompassing Russian state. The acronym was usually transliterated as VKP(b), or sometimes VCP(b). Stalin sought to formalize the party's ideological outlook into a philosophical hybrid of the 3270:

district level was that the oblast had its own Secretariat and had more departments at its disposal. The oblast's party committee in turn elected delegates to the republican-level Congress, which was held every five years. The Congress then elected the Central Committee of the republic, which in turn elected a First Secretary and a Politburo. Until 1990, the

1727:) and condemned the provisional government, calling for the advancement of the revolution towards the transformation of the ongoing war into a war of the working class against capitalism. The rebellion proved not yet to be over, as tensions between the social forces aligned with the soviets (councils) and those with the provisional government now led by 3314:(Young Communist League). Ultimately, as an adult, if one had shown the proper adherence to party discipline—or had the right connections, one would become a member of the Communist Party itself. Membership of the party carried obligations as it expected Komsomol and CPSU members to pay dues and to carry out appropriate assignments and "social tasks" ( 3087:. In a bid to further centralize the powers of the CCC, a Presidium of the CCC, which functioned in a similar manner to the Politburo in relation to the Central Committee, was established in 1923. At the 18th Congress, party rules regarding the CCC were changed; it was now elected by the Central Committee and was subordinate to the Central Committee. 10763: 10758: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10753: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 3258:(PPO) was the district level. Every two years, the local PPO would elect delegates to the district-level party conference, which was overseen by a secretary from a higher party level. The conference elected a Party Committee and First Secretary and re-declared the district's commitment to the CPSU's program. In between conferences, the " 10781: 10710: 10735: 3021:

Secretariat concurrently held a seat in the Politburo. According to a Soviet textbook on party procedures, the Secretariat's role was that of "leadership of current work, chiefly in the realm of personnel selection and in the organization of the verification of fulfillment of party-state decisions". "Selections of personnel" (

3872:' writings on the subject. Stalin countered that Engels' writings reflected "the era of pre-monopoly capitalism, the pre-imperialist era when there were not yet the conditions of an uneven, abrupt development of the capitalist countries". From 1925, Bukharin began writing extensively on the subject and in 1926, Stalin wrote 3441:. Marxism–Leninism stressed the importance of the worldwide conflict between capitalism and socialism; the Soviet press wrote about progressive and reactionary forces while claiming that socialism was on the verge of victory and that the "correlations of forces" were in the Soviet Union's favor. The ideology professed 3266:

was responsible for the smooth running of operations. The raikom was headed by the local apparat—the local agitation department or industry department. A raikom usually had no more than 4 or 5 departments, each of which was responsible for overseeing the work of the state sector but would not interfere in their work.

2381:. The elections were democratic, but most elected CPD members opposed any more radical reform. The elections featured the highest electoral turnout in Russian history; no election before or since had a higher participation rate. An organized opposition was established within the legislature under the name 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 3619:

Lenin, supporting Marx's theory of the state, believed democracy to be unattainable anywhere in the world before the proletariat seized power. According to Marxist theory, the state is a vehicle for oppression and is headed by a ruling class. He believed that by his time, the only viable solution was

3579:

At the 1939 18th Congress, Stalin abandoned the idea that the state would wither away. In its place, he expressed confidence that the state would exist, even if the Soviet Union reached communism, as long as it was encircled by capitalism. Two key concepts were created in the latter half of his rule;

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rarely, if ever wrote about how the socialist mode of production would function, these tasks were left for Lenin to solve. Lenin's main contribution to Marxist thought is the concept of the vanguard party of the working class. He conceived the vanguard party as a highly knit, centralized organization

3428:

if it safeguarded the interests of a collective. For instance, the 1977 Constitution stated that every person had the right to express his or her opinion, but the opinion could only be expressed if it was in accordance with the "general interests of Soviet society". The number of rights granted to an

3347:

The All-Union Leninist Communist Youth League, commonly referred to as Komsomol, was the party's youth wing. The Komsomol acted under the direction of the CPSU Central Committee. It was responsible for indoctrinating youths in communist ideology and organizing social events. It was closely modeled on

3305:

Membership of the party was not open. To become a party member, one had to be approved by various committees, and one's past was closely scrutinized. As generations grew up having known nothing before the Soviet Union, party membership became something one generally achieved after passing a series of

3074:

in September 1920, but rules organizing its procedure were not enacted before the 10th Congress. The 10th Congress formally established the CCC on all party levels and stated that it could only be elected at a party congress or a party conference. The CCC and the CCs were formally independent but had

3055:

The Organizational Bureau, or Orgburo, existed from 1919 to 1952 and was one of three leading bodies of the party when the Central Committee was not in session. It was responsible for "organizational questions, the recruitment, and allocation of personnel, the coordination of activities of the party,

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as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During this period, the informal position of Second Secretary—later formalized as Deputy General Secretary—was established. The Second Secretary became responsible for chairing the Secretariat in place of the General Secretary. When the General Secretary could

2940:

The Political Bureau (Politburo), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, was the highest party organ when the Congress and the Central Committee were not in session. Until the 19th Conference in 1988, the Politburo alongside the Secretariat controlled appointments and dismissals nationwide. In the

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Under Lenin, the Central Committee functioned much as the Politburo did during the post-Stalin era, serving as the party's governing body. However, as the membership in the Central Committee increased, its role was eclipsed by the Politburo. Between Congresses, the Central Committee functioned as the

2540:

was that of the vanguard party. In a capitalist society, the party was to represent the interests of the working class and all of those who were exploited by capitalism in general; however, it was not to become a part of that class. Lenin decided that the party's sole responsibility was to articulate

2512:

Lenin believed that democratic centralism safeguarded both party unity and ideological correctness. He conceived of the system after the events of 1917 when several socialist parties "deformed" themselves and actively began supporting nationalist sentiments. Lenin intended that the devotion to policy

1961:

to the international community. The Western powers, however, remained committed to maintaining peace and avoiding another war breaking out, many considering the Soviet Union's warnings to be an unwanted provocation. After many unsuccessful attempts to create an anti-fascist alliance among the Western

1941:

came to power in Germany, violently suppressing the revolutionary organizers and posing a direct threat to the Soviet Union that ideologically supported them. The threat of fascist sabotage and imminent attack greatly exacerbated the already existing tensions within the Soviet Union and the Communist

1861:(USSR), of which Lenin was elected leader. On 9 March 1923, Lenin suffered a stroke, which incapacitated him and effectively ended his role in government. He died on 21 January 1924, only thirteen months after the founding of the Soviet Union, of which he would become regarded as the founding father. 11103: 11098: 11093: 10636: 10631: 3946:

begun under Brezhnev and continued under Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. The main economic failure was that the political leadership did not pursue any reforms to tackle the economic malaise that had taken hold, dismissing certain techniques as capitalist, and never disentangling the planned

3565:

became the highest state award and portraits of Lenin were hung in public squares, workplaces and elsewhere. The increasing bureaucracy which followed the introduction of a state socialist economy was at complete odds with the Marxist notion of "the withering away of the state". Stalin explained the

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Marxism–Leninism was the cornerstone of Soviet ideology. It explained and legitimized the CPSU's right to rule while explaining its role as a vanguard party. For instance, the ideology explained that the CPSU's policies, even if they were unpopular, were correct because the party was enlightened. It

3265:

Day-to-day responsibility of the raikom was handed over to a Politburo, which usually composed of 12 members. The district-level First Secretary chaired the meetings of the local Politburo and the raikom, and was the direct link between the district and the higher party echelons. The First Secretary

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system. The State and Legal Department supervised the armed forces, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the trade unions, and the Procuracy. Before 1989, the Central Committee had several departments, but some were abolished that year. Among these departments was the Economics Department that was

3020:

The Secretariat headed the CPSU's central apparatus and was solely responsible for the development and implementation of party policies. It was legally empowered to take over the duties and functions of the Central Committee when it was not in the plenum (did not hold a meeting). Many members of the

2500:

centralism", which referred to high-handed formulae without knowledge or discussion. In democratic centralism, decisions are taken after discussions, but once the general party line has been formed, discussion on the subject must cease. No member or organizational institution may dissent on a policy

2077:

held in 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's crimes, being careful to omit any reference to complicity by any sitting Presidium members. His economic policies, while bringing about improvements, were not enough to fix the fundamental problems of the Soviet economy. The standard of living for ordinary

1896:

Ultimately, Stalin gained the greatest support within the party, and Trotsky, who was increasingly viewed as a collaborator with outside forces in an effort to depose Stalin, was isolated and subsequently expelled from the party and exiled from the country in 1928. Stalin's policies henceforth would

1675:

in August 1903 at the Party's second conference. Martov's followers were called the Mensheviks (which means minority in Russian); and Lenin's, the Bolsheviks (majority). (The two factions were in fact of fairly equal numerical size.) The split became more formalized in 1914, when the factions became

3952:

In my opinion, the fundamental cause of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and East European countries at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s was the loss of dynamism of the Stalin–Soviet Socialist Model ... The demerits of this model were institutional and fundamental—not a single

3927:

When in 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed not with a bang but a whimper, this unexpected outcome was partly the result of the previous disenchantments of the narrative of class leadership. The Soviet Union had always been based on the fervent belief in this narrative in its various permutations. When

3794:

The loss by imperialism of its dominating role in world affairs and the utmost expansion of the sphere in which the laws of socialist foreign policy operate are a distinctive feature of the present stage of social development. The main direction of this development is toward even greater changes in

3749:

Lenin did not know when the imperialist stage of capitalism began; he said it would be foolish to look for a specific year, however, said it began at the beginning of the 20th century (at least in Europe). Lenin believed that the economic crisis of 1900 accelerated and intensified the concentration

3332:

and reducing their influence in the Party. In 1925, the party had 1,025,000 members in a Soviet population of 147 million. In 1927, membership had risen to 1,200,000. During the collectivization campaign and industrialization campaigns of the first five-year plan from 1929 to 1933, party membership

3005:

To be elected to the Politburo, a member had to serve in the Central Committee. The Central Committee elected the Politburo in the aftermath of a party Congress. Members of the Central Committee were given a predetermined list of candidates for the Politburo having only one candidate for each seat;

2800:

was also elected in the same manner as the Politburo and the Secretariat by the plenums of the Central Committee. In between Central Committee plenums, the Politburo and the Secretariat were legally empowered to make decisions on its behalf. The Central Committee or the Politburo and/or Secretariat

1916:

By the end of the 1920s, diplomatic relations with Western countries were deteriorating to the point that there was a growing fear of another allied attack on the Soviet Union. Within the country, the conditions of the NEP had enabled growing inequalities between increasingly wealthy strata and the

1757:

to eliminate the socialists from the provisional government. As the general consensus within the soviets moved leftward, less militant forces began to abandon them, leaving the Bolsheviks in a stronger position. By October, the Bolsheviks were demanding the full transfer of power to the soviets and

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The expectations of, again most notably, Lithuanians, Estonians, and Latvians were enormously enhanced by what they saw happening in the 'outer empire' , and they began to believe that they could remove themselves from the 'inner empire'. In truth, a democratized Soviet Union was incompatible with

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This system remained identical at all other levels of the CPSU hierarchy. The other levels were cities, oblasts (regions) and republics. The district-level elected delegates to a conference held at least every three years to elect the party committee. The only difference between the oblast and the

2996:

as Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars chaired the Politburo's meetings. This tradition lasted until Khrushchev's consolidation of power. In the first post-Stalin years, when Malenkov chaired Politburo meetings, Khrushchev as First Secretary signed all Central Committee documents

2945:

distributed the Politburo's orders to the Central Committee departments and through the personnel overlap which existed within the Politburo and the Secretariat. This personnel overlap gave the CPSU General Secretary a way of strengthening his position within the Politburo through the Secretariat.

2819:

The Central Auditing Commission (CAC) was elected by the party Congresses and reported only to the party Congress. It had about as many members as the Central Committee. It was responsible for supervising the expeditious and proper handling of affairs by the central bodies of the Party; it audited

2737:

The Congresses also provided the party leadership with formal legitimacy by providing a mechanism for the election of new members and the retirement of old members who had lost favor. The elections at Congresses were all predetermined and the candidates who stood for seats to the Central Committee

2517:

ills and bourgeois deformation of socialism. Lenin supported the notion of a highly centralized vanguard party, in which ordinary party members elected the local party committee, the local party committee elected the regional committee, the regional committee elected the Central Committee, and the

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However, Brown said that the system did not need to collapse or to do so in the way it did. The democratization from above weakened the party's control over the country and put it on the defensive. Brown added that a different leader than Gorbachev would probably have oppressed the opposition and

3824:

The emphasis on peaceful coexistence did not mean that the Soviet Union accepted a static world with clear lines. It continued to uphold the creed that socialism was inevitable and they sincerely believed that the world had reached a stage in which the "correlations of forces" were moving towards

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Peaceful coexistence was steeped in Leninist and Stalinist thought. Lenin believed that international politics were dominated by class struggle; in the 1940s Stalin stressed the growing polarization which was occurring in the capitalist and socialist systems. Khrushchev's peaceful coexistence was

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and needed to be educated to reach such a state. Lenin believed that the vanguard party could initiate policies in the name of the working class even if the working class did not support them. The vanguard party would know what was best for the workers because the party functionaries had attained

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The primary party organization (PPO) was the lowest level in the CPSU hierarchy. PPOs were organized cells consisting of three or more members. A PPO could exist anywhere; for example, in a factory or a student dormitory. They functioned as the party's "eyes and ears" at the lowest level and were

2901:

General Secretary of the Central Committee was the title given to the overall leader of the party. The office was synonymous with the leader of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s. Stalin used the office of General Secretary to create a strong power base for

2717:

The Congress, nominally the highest organ of the party, was convened every five years. Leading up to the October Revolution and until Stalin's consolidation of power, the Congress was the party's main decision-making body. However, after Stalin's ascension, the Congresses became largely symbolic.

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The Politburo did not want another elderly and frail leader after its previous three leaders, and elected Gorbachev as CPSU General Secretary on 11 March 1985, one day after Chernenko's death. When Gorbachev acceded to power, the Soviet Union was stagnating but was stable and might have continued

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system. Others criticized the special privileges bestowed on the CPSU elite, the nomenklatura system—which some said had decayed continuously since Stalin's rule—and the relationship between the Soviet military and the CPSU. Unlike in China, the Soviet military was a state institution whereas in

3912:

There were few, if any, who believed that the Soviet Union was on the verge of collapse by 1985. The economy was stagnating, but stable enough for the Soviet Union to continue. The political situation was calm because of twenty years of systematic repression against any threat to the country and

3628:

was replaced because of Russia's level of development with—according to their own assessments—dictatorship. The reasoning was Russia's lack of development, its status as the sole socialist state in the world, its encirclement by imperialist powers, and its internal encirclement by the peasantry.

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process. In their place, Gorbachev called for the creations of commissions with the same responsibilities as departments, but giving more independence from the state apparatus. This change was approved at the 19th Conference, which was held in 1988. Six commissions were established by late 1988.

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The powers of the Secretariat were weakened under Mikhail Gorbachev, and the Central Committee Commissions took over the functions of the Secretariat in 1988. Yegor Ligachev, a Secretariat member, said that the changes completely destroyed the Secretariat's hold on power and made the body almost

2349:

were visiting foreign countries. In their place, Yegor Ligachev led the party organization and told journalists that the article was "a benchmark for what we need in our ideology today". Upon Gorbachev's return, the article was discussed at length during a Politburo meeting; it was revealed that

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and his supporters suppressed the paragraph in the letter which called for Gorbachev's elevation. Andropov died on 9 February 1984 and was succeeded by Chernenko. The elderly Cherneko was in poor health throughout his short leadership and was unable to consolidate power; effective control of the

1921:

was implemented in 1928. The plan doubled the industrial workforce, proletarianizing many of the peasants by removing them from their land and assembling them into urban centers. Peasants who remained in agricultural work were also made to have a similarly proletarian relationship to their labor

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to develop. In contrast to Trotsky and Bukharin, in 1938, Stalin said that a world revolution was impossible and that Engels was wrong on the matter. At the 18th Congress, Stalin took the theory to its inevitable conclusion, saying that the communist mode of production could be conceived in one

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held in 1925, which stated that "we cannot complete the building of socialism due to our technological backwardness". Despite this cynical attitude, Zinoviev and Kamenev believed that a defective form of socialism could be constructed. At the 14th Conference, Stalin reiterated his position that

3710:

Imperialism is capitalism at the stage of development at which the dominance of monopolies and finance capital is established; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world among the international trusts as begun; in which divisions of all

3652:

Bukharin and Trotsky agreed with Lenin; both said that the revolution had destroyed the old but had failed to create anything new. Lenin had now concluded that the dictatorship of the proletariat would not alter the relationship of power between men, but would rather "transform their productive

2236:

during most of Brezhnev's reign. He had appointed several reformers to leadership positions in the KGB, many of whom later became leading officials under Gorbachev. Andropov supported increased openness in the press, particularly regarding the challenges facing the Soviet Union. Andropov was in

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The first research into the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc was very simple and did not take into account several factors. However, these examinations became more advanced by the 1990s, and unlike most Western scholarship, which focuses on the role of Gorbachev and his reform

3574:

We stand for the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which represents the mightiest and most powerful authority of all forms of State that have ever existed. The highest development of the State power for the withering away of State power —this is the Marxian formula. Is this

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would comprise and be led by the working class alone, Lenin argued that a socialist revolution did not necessarily need to be led or to comprise the working class alone. Instead, he said that a revolution needed to be led by the oppressed classes of society, which in the case of Russia was the

3090:

CCC members could not concurrently be members of the Central Committee. To create an organizational link between the CCC and other central-level organs, the 9th All-Russian Conference created the joint CC–CCC plenums. The CCC was a powerful organ; the 10th Congress allowed it to expel full and

2165:

held in 1966, the names of the office of First Secretary and the body of the Presidium reverted to their original names: General Secretary and Politburo, respectively. At the start of his premiership, Kosygin experimented with economic reforms similar to those championed by Malenkov, including

2109:

Khrushchev was ousted on 14 October 1964 in a Central Committee plenum that officially cited his inability to listen to others, his failure in consulting with the members of the Presidium, his establishment of a cult of personality, his economic mismanagement, and his anti-party reforms as the

1837:

and transferring estates and imperial lands to workers' and peasants' soviets. In this context, in 1918, RSDLP(b) became All-Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks). Outside of Russia, social-democrats who supported the Soviet government began to identify as communists, while those who opposed it

1734:

The Bolsheviks had rapidly increased their political presence from May onward through the popularity of their program, notably calling for an immediate end to the war, land reform for the peasants, and restoring food allocation to the urban population. This program was translated to the masses

434: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 3975:

While the CCP concur with Gorbachev's assessment that the CPSU needed internal reform, they do not agree on how it was implemented, criticizing his idea of "humanistic and democratic socialism", of negating the leading role of the CPSU, of negating Marxism, of negating the analysis of class

431: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10773: 10702: 9957: 3918:

denial of the Baltic states' independence for, to the extent that those Soviet republics became democratic, their opposition to remaining in a political entity whose center was Moscow would become increasingly evident. Yet, it was not preordained that the entire Soviet Union would break up.

2191:

held in 1976, political, economic and social problems within the Soviet Union began to mount, and the Brezhnev administration found itself in an increasingly difficult position. The previous year, Brezhnev's health began to deteriorate. He became addicted to painkillers and needed to take

422: 3963:

While most CCP researchers criticize the CPSU's economic policies, many have criticized what they see as "Soviet totalitarianism". They accuse Joseph Stalin of creating a system of mass terror and intimidation, annulling the democracy component of democratic centralism and emphasizing

439: 9962: 9937: 3537:" in 1924 was an important moment in Soviet ideological discourse. According to Stalin, the Soviet Union did not need a socialist world revolution to construct a socialist society. Four years later, Stalin initiated his "Second Revolution" with the introduction of state socialism and 3122:

responsible for the economy as a whole, one for machine building, one for the chemical industry, etc. The party abolished these departments to remove itself from the day-to-day management of the economy in favor of government bodies and a greater role for the market, as a part of the

442: 441: 440: 3644:

system since this did not change the overall situation. These systems, even if they were ruled by a small clique or ruled through mass participation, were all dictatorships of the bourgeoisie who implemented policies in defense of capitalism. However, there was a difference; after

2452:(CPRF). Today a wide range of parties in Russia present themselves as successors of CPSU. Several of them have used the name "CPSU". However, the CPRF is generally seen (due to its massive size) as the heir of the CPSU in Russia. Additionally, the CPRF was initially founded as the 2977:, Stalin ordered the creation of the Bureau of the Presidium, which acted as the standing committee of the Presidium. On 6 March 1953, one day after Stalin's death, a new and smaller Presidium was elected, and the Bureau of the Presidium was abolished in a joint session with the 426: 1954:, which had long been a political arm of Tsarism before the revolution, was ruthlessly repressed, organized religion was generally removed from public life and made into a completely private matter, with many churches, mosques and other shrines being repurposed or demolished. 3658:

the proletariat is still so divided, so degraded, so corrupted in parts ... that an organization taking in the whole proletariat cannot directly exercise proletarian dictatorship. It can be exercised only by a vanguard that has absorbed the revolutionary energy of the class.

9922: 2518:

Central Committee elected the Politburo, Orgburo, and the Secretariat. Lenin believed that the party needed to be ruled from the center and have at its disposal power to mobilize party members at will. This system was later introduced in communist parties abroad through the

429: 438: 430: 2413:, the CPSU Deputy General Secretary) were removed. Later that year, the party began work on a new program with a working title, "Towards a Humane, Democratic Socialism". According to Brown, the program reflected Gorbachev's journey from an orthodox communist to a European 432: 3730:(published in 1917). It was written in response to the theoretical crisis within Marxist thought, which occurred due to capitalism's recovery in the 19th century. According to Lenin, imperialism was a specific stage of development of capitalism; a stage he referred to as 1770:, had become socially isolated and had no enthusiastic support on the streets. On 7 November (25 October, old style), the Bolsheviks led an armed insurrection, which overthrew the Kerensky provisional government and left the soviets as the sole governing force in Russia. 425: 424: 1926:, which turned feudal-style farms into collective farms which would be in a cooperative nature under the direction of the state. These two shifts changed the base of Soviet society towards a more working-class alignment. The plan was fulfilled ahead of schedule in 1932. 437: 435: 433: 423: 421: 428: 9952: 9867: 2820:

the accounts of the Treasury and the enterprises of the Central Committee. It was also responsible for supervising the Central Committee apparatus, making sure that its directives were implemented and that Central Committee directives complied with the party Statute.

2753:

A Conference, officially referred to as an All-Union Conference, was convened between Congresses by the Central Committee to discuss party policy and to make personnel changes within the Central Committee. 19 conferences were convened during the CPSU's existence. The

436: 427: 443: 10204: 9877: 9927: 9892: 3075:

to make decisions through the party committees at their level, which led them in practice to lose their administrative independence. At first, the primary responsibility of the CCs was to respond to party complaints, focusing mostly on party complaints of

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contradictions and class struggle, and of negating the "ultimate socialist goal of realizing communism". Unlike the other Soviet leaders, Gorbachev is criticized for pursuing the wrong reformist policies and for being too flexible and too rightist. The

2350:

nearly half of its members were sympathetic to the letter and opposed further reforms which could weaken the party. The meeting lasted for two days, but on 5 April a Politburo resolution responded with a point-by-point rebuttal to Andreyeva's article.

1917:

remaining poor. The combination of these tensions led the party leadership to conclude that it was necessary for the government's survival to pursue a new policy that would centralize economic activity and accelerate industrialization. To do this, the

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The 1986 Party Program claimed the Tsarist regime collapsed because the contradictions of imperialism, which he held to be the gap "between the social nature of production and the private capitalist form of appropriation" manifesting itself in wars,

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Despite the deep-seated opposition to further reform, the CPSU remained hierarchical; the conservatives acceded to Gorbachev's demands in deference to his position as the CPSU General Secretary. The 19th Conference approved the establishment of the

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and unrest in Poland, where the local citizenry now felt confident enough to rebel against Soviet control. Khrushchev also failed to improve Soviet relations with the West, partially because of a hawkish military stance. In the aftermath of the

10872: 10435: 10312: 10307: 10302: 2315:, the democratization of the Soviet Union brought mixed blessings to Gorbachev; it helped him to weaken his conservative opponents within the party but brought out accumulated grievances which had been suppressed during the previous decades. 419: 3754:, Lenin wrote; "the twentieth century marks the turning point from the old capitalism to the new, from the domination of capital in general to the domination of finance capital". Lenin defines imperialism as the monopoly stage of capitalism. 10558: 10440: 10317: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 9887: 11030: 11025: 11020: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 2405:. Following this, the central party apparatus did not play a practical role in Soviet affairs. Gorbachev had become independent from the Politburo and faced few constraints from party leaders. In the summer of 1990 the party convened the 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 3366:. The First Secretary and the Second Secretary were commonly members of the Central Committee but were never elected to the Politburo. However, at the republican level, several Komsomol first secretaries were appointed to the Politburo. 10214: 10209: 1833:, the world's first constitutionally socialist state, was established. The Bolsheviks were the majority within the soviets and began to fulfill their campaign promises by signing a damaging peace to end the war with the Germans in the 456: 11289: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 1323:. This principle, conceived by Lenin, entails democratic and open discussion of policy issues within the party, followed by the requirement of total unity in upholding the agreed policies. The highest body within the CPSU was the 10445: 10322: 1382:, which allowed for capitalist practices to resume under the Communist Party dictation in order to develop the necessary conditions for socialism to become a practical pursuit in the economically undeveloped country. In 1929, as 11294: 11279: 11284: 10166: 2069:, in a power struggle. In 1955, Khrushchev achieved the demotion of Malenkov and secured his own position as Soviet leader. Early in his rule and with the support of several members of the Presidium, Khrushchev initiated the 3091:

candidate Central Committee members and members of their subordinate organs if two-thirds of attendants at a CC–CCC plenum voted for such. At its first such session in 1921, Lenin tried to persuade the joint plenum to expel

1942:

Party. A wave of paranoia overtook Stalin and the party leadership and spread through Soviet society. Seeing potential enemies everywhere, leaders of the government security apparatuses began severe crackdowns known as the

1703:, and a dual-power structure between the soviets and the provisional government was in place until such a time that their differences would be reconciled in a post-provisional government. Lenin was at this time in exile in 10847: 11314: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 3240:

was established in 1946 and by the early 1950s there were 70 Higher Party Schools. During the reorganization drive of 1956, Khrushchev closed 13 of them and reclassified 29 as inter-republican and inter-oblast schools.

13158: 2436:

On 30 November 1992, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized the ban on the activities of the primary organizations of the Communist Party, formed on a territorial basis, as inconsistent with the

10857: 10852: 10842: 10837: 3041:

superfluous. Because of this, the Secretariat rarely met during the next two years. It was revitalized at the 28th Party Congress in 1990, and the Deputy General Secretary became the official head of the Secretariat.

3006:

for this reason, the election of the Politburo was usually passed unanimously. The greater the power held by the sitting CPSU General Secretary, the higher the chance that the Politburo membership would be approved.

1745:

demonstrations so that even by the end of August, the principal paper of the Bolsheviks had a print run of only 50,000 copies. Despite this, their ideas gained them increasing popularity in elections to the soviets.

10902: 10897: 10892: 1699:, which was largely dominated by the interests of the military, former nobility, major capitalists business owners and democratic socialists. Alongside it, grassroots general assemblies spontaneously formed, called 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10887: 10882: 10877: 2733:

over the next five years to ordinary CPSU members and the general public. The information provided was general, ensuring that party leadership retained the ability to make specific policy changes as they saw fit.

3742:(SDP) considered capitalism's revitalization as proof that it was evolving into a more humane system, adding that the basic aims of socialists were not to overthrow the state but to take power through elections. 458: 14151: 3403:

was essential and from Stalin until Gorbachev, official discourse considered that private social and economic activity retarding the development of collective consciousness and the economy. Gorbachev supported

2208:

movement in Poland. As problems grew at home and abroad, Brezhnev was increasingly ineffective in responding to the growing criticism of the Soviet Union by Western leaders, most prominently by US Presidents

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in virtually every arena except one: continued opposition to Stalinist methods of terror and political violence. Khrushchev's policies were criticized as voluntarism, and the Brezhnev period saw the rise of

2400:

The CPSU's demise began in March 1990, when state bodies eclipsed party elements in power. From then until the Soviet Union's disestablishment, Gorbachev ruled the country through the newly created post of

1970:

with Germany, later jointly invading and partitioning Poland to fulfil a secret protocol of the pact, as well as occupying the Baltic States, this pact would be broken in June 1941 when the German military

8470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 3323:

In 1918, party membership was approximately 200,000. In the late 1920s under Stalin, the party engaged in an intensive recruitment campaign, the "Lenin Levy", resulting in new members referred to as the

418: 3669:

In early Bolshevik discourse, the term "dictatorship of the proletariat" was of little significance, and the few times it was mentioned it was likened to the form of government which had existed in the

2970:, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers under Gorbachev. Ryzhkov said that Politburo meetings lasted only 15 minutes because the people close to Brezhnev had already decided what was to be approved. 13363: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 2478:, the Central Committee, and the Council of Ministers to hinder any attempts to create a one-man dominance over the Soviet political system. By contrast, Stalin's period as leader was characterized by 3399:

referred to the party as "The leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state and public organizations, is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union".

10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10342: 10337: 10332: 3609:

Either the dictatorship of the landowners and capitalists or the dictatorship of the proletariat ... There is no middle course ... There is no middle course anywhere in the world, nor can there be.

2984:

Until 1990, the CPSU General Secretary acted as the informal chairman of the Politburo. During the first decades of the CPSU's existence, the Politburo was officially chaired by the Chairman of the

706: 14302: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10583: 10578: 10573: 3227: 10563: 10046: 3778:

presented as "the first people's revolution of the imperialist epoch" and the October Revolution is said to have been rooted in "the nationwide movement against imperialist war and for peace."

2266:

Gorbachev conducted a significant personnel reshuffling of the CPSU leadership, forcing old party conservatives out of office. In 1985 and early 1986 the new leadership of the party called for

10987: 2814: 2739: 2417:. The freedoms of thought and organization which Gorbachev allowed led to a rise in nationalism in the Soviet republics, indirectly weakening the central authorities. In response to this, a 12961: 11080: 10691: 10623: 9849: 3065: 2950:, Politburo member from 1965 to 1978, accused Brezhnev of turning the Politburo into a "second echelon" of power. He accomplished this by discussing policies before Politburo meetings with 2365:. In turn, conservative delegates attacked Gorbachev and the reformers. According to Brown, there had not been as much open discussion and dissent at a party meeting since the early 1920s. 3549:

by de-privatizing agriculture and creating peasant cooperatives rather than making it the responsibility of the state. With the initiation of his "Second Revolution", Stalin launched the "

2718:

CPSU leaders used Congresses as a propaganda and control tool. The most noteworthy Congress since the 1930s was the 20th Congress, in which Khrushchev denounced Stalin in a speech titled "

420: 10264: 2758:

held in 1952 removed the clause in the party's statute which stipulated that a party Conference could be convened. The clause was reinstated at the 23rd Congress, which was held in 1966.

166: 3588:

on the subject of "subjective factors"; Stalin said that party members of all ranks had to profess fanatic adherence to the party's line and ideology, if not, those policies would fail.

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socialism. With the establishment of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and Asia, Soviet foreign policy planners believed that capitalism had lost its dominance as an economic system.

3624:

was by 1917, already a failure according to its original aim, which was to act as an inspiration for a world revolution. The initial anti-statist posture and the active campaigning for

2659: 2453: 1514: 17: 1946:. In total, hundreds of thousands of people, many of whom were posthumously recognized as innocent, were arrested and either sent to prison camps or executed. Also during this time, a 11234: 2784:

to study the strength of the different institutions. The Politburo was elected by and reported to the Central Committee. Besides the Politburo, the Central Committee also elected the

2093:

but failed to establish the close, party-to-party relations that he wanted. While the Thaw reduced political oppression at home, it led to unintended consequences abroad, such as the

11564: 3682:

Dictatorship means nothing more nor less than authority untrammeled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever, and based directly on force. The term 'dictatorship'

2974: 2037:, causing conflict both with the Western powers and with the Stalin administration who opposed such a provocative move. Furthermore, the Yugoslav communists actively supported the 2334: 1493:

A number of causes contributed to CPSU's loss of control and the dissolution of the Soviet Union during the early 1990s. Some historians have written that Gorbachev's policy of "

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that was led by intellectuals rather than by the working class itself. The CPSU was open only to a small number of workers because the workers in Russia still had not developed

2603: 2192:

increasingly more potent medications to attend official meetings. Because of the "trust in cadres" policy implemented by his administration, the CPSU leadership evolved into a

14056: 2742:

were approved beforehand by the Politburo and the Secretariat. A Congress could also provide a platform for the announcement of new ideological concepts. For instance, at the

2225:

as the beginning of the end of capitalism, found its country falling far behind the West in its economic development. Brezhnev died on 10 November 1982, and was succeeded by

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The CPSU was also criticized for not taking enough care in building the primary party organization and not having inner-party democracy. Others, more radically, concur with

3328:, from both the working class and rural areas. This represented an attempt to "proletarianize" the party and an attempt by Stalin to strengthen his base by outnumbering the 2942: 1758:

for total rejection of the Kerensky led provisional government's legitimacy. The provisional government, insistent on maintaining the universally despised war effort on the

5104:

Marxism–Leninism remained the official ideology of the Communist Party from around the 1920s until 1991, but its practice varied throughout the history of the Soviet Union.

1735:

through simple slogans that patiently explained their solution to each crisis the revolution created. Up to July, these policies were disseminated through 41 publications,

1684:

of 1917, the party worked underground as organized anti-Tsarist groups. By the time of the revolution, many of the party's central leaders, including Lenin, were in exile.

11968: 11951: 11458: 10824: 9739: 9675: 5058: 5053: 2896: 2885: 2789: 2767: 2142: 1986:

was dissolved in 1943 after it was concluded that such an organization had failed to prevent the rise of fascism and the global war necessary to defeat it. After the 1945

1874: 1352: 1328: 985: 597: 582: 78: 5594:

However, the USSR created an entirely new dimension of interwar European reality, one in which Russia devised rules of the game and set the agenda, namely, the Comintern.

2832:—the forerunner of the CPSU. How the Statute was to be structured and organized led to a schism within the party, leading to the establishment of two competing factions; 2287:'acceleration'). Gorbachev reinvigorated the party ideology, adding new concepts and updating older ones. Positive consequences of this included the allowance of 1998:

that would be administered by communists loyal to Stalin's administration. The party also sought to expand its sphere of influence beyond the occupied territories, using

13830: 12995: 11998: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 3861: 3567: 2873: 2869: 857: 13349: 11349: 10832: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 5077: 2849: 2829: 2506: 2354: 3297: 3202:

was 130,000. This Vienna-based newspaper published its last issue in 1912 and was succeeded the same year by a new newspaper dominated by the Bolsheviks, also called

2828:

The Statute (also referred to as the Rules, Charter and Constitution) was the party's by-laws and controlled life within the CPSU. The 1st Statute was adopted at the

10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 2865: 2502: 14288: 13957: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10061: 10056: 10051: 6386: 3071: 2861: 2857: 2755: 2743: 2647: 2441:, but upheld the dissolution of the governing structures of the CPSU and the governing structures of its republican organization—the Communist Party of the RSFSR. 2406: 2188: 2162: 2074: 1849:(NEP), a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialization and post-war recovery. The NEP ended a brief period of intense rationing called " 2158:. While Stalin was never rehabilitated during this period, the most conservative journals in the country were allowed to highlight positive features of his rule. 15054: 11941: 11468: 11453: 2554: 1517:(RSFSR). After the CPSU's demise, the Communist Parties of the Union Republics became independent and underwent various separate paths of reform. In Russia, the 2541:

and plan the long-term interests of the oppressed classes. It was not responsible for the daily grievances of those classes; that was the responsibility of the

14106: 12461: 11961: 10427: 9859: 9839: 3977: 3104: 3015: 2785: 2102:, Khrushchev's position within the party was substantially weakened. Shortly before his eventual ousting, he tried to introduce economic reforms championed by 1336: 1200: 613: 152: 8480: 1913:. Stalin's position as General Secretary became the top executive position within the party, giving Stalin significant authority over party and state policy. 1749:

The factions within the soviets became increasingly polarized in the later summer after armed demonstrations by soldiers at the call of the Bolsheviks and an

11987: 11956: 10294: 9834: 8760: 8255: 3466:

In Marxist philosophy, Leninism is the body of political theory for the democratic organization of a revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of a

2925: 2915: 2496:

Democratic centralism is an organizational principle conceived by Lenin. According to Soviet pronouncements, democratic centralism was distinguished from "

2475: 2370: 1332: 1266: 694: 608: 35: 6387:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. № 2371-I «О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом»" 14974: 13923: 11946: 11898: 10013: 3375: 2841: 2833: 2777: 2712: 2249:, to important positions. He also supported a crackdown on absenteeism and corruption. Andropov had intended to let Gorbachev succeed him in office, but 1834: 1324: 882: 577: 3620:

dictatorship since the war was heading into a final conflict between the "progressive forces of socialism and the degenerate forces of capitalism". The

3584:

began making a direct link with Stalin and stability in society, saying that the country would crumble without the leader. Stalin deviated greatly from

3395:

Despite having evolved over the years, Marxism–Leninism had several central tenets. The main tenet was the party's status as the sole ruling party. The

2166:

prioritizing light industry over heavy industry to increase the production of consumer goods. Similar reforms were introduced in Hungary under the name

14969: 12693: 3902: 1534: 587: 5532:// «Майские чтения» 2006 – ежегодная Всероссийская конференция, проводимая кафедрой культурологии Пермского государственного технического университета 2021:, causing an extreme shift in the global balance of forces and greatly escalating tensions between the communists and the Western powers, fueling the 14939: 13918: 12195: 9651: 1509:

and subsequent loss of faith by the general populace in communist ideology. In the final years of the CPSU's existence, the Communist Parties of the

1398:, and Lenin, became formalized by Stalin as the party's guiding ideology and would remain so throughout the rest of its existence. The party pursued 1115: 3868:

In late 1925, Stalin received a letter from a party official which stated that his position of "Socialism in One Country" was in contradiction with

3002:

not chair the meetings of the Politburo, the Second Secretary would take his place. This system survived until the dissolution of the CPSU in 1991.

1470:

once again. Gorbachev and his allies envisioned the introduction of an economy similar to Lenin's earlier New Economic Policy through a program of "

15084: 15074: 15059: 12854: 2973:

The Politburo was abolished and replaced by a Presidium in 1952 at the 19th Congress. In the aftermath the 19th Congress and the 1st Plenum of the

15009: 13952: 13823: 8768: 1454:

and growing disillusionment. After the younger, vigorous Mikhail Gorbachev assumed leadership in 1985 (following two short-term elderly leaders,

654: 3152:) was the leading newspaper in the Soviet Union. The Organizational Department of the Central Committee was the only organ empowered to dismiss 14934: 14924: 12974: 8764: 3488: 3307: 3029:) in this instance meant the maintenance of general standards and the criteria for selecting various personnel. "Verification of fulfillment" ( 5430: 3580:

the "two camps" theory and the "capitalist encirclement" theory. The threat of capitalism was used to strengthen Stalin's personal powers and

3495:

would last for a long period. According to some authors, Leninism was by definition authoritarian. In contrast to Marx, who believed that the

1933:, to open diplomatic relations with the Soviet government. In 1933, after years of unsuccessful workers' revolutions (including a short-lived 457: 15079: 15069: 15049: 15044: 11893: 11506: 2373:(CPD) and allowed for contested elections between the CPSU and independent candidates. Other organized parties were not allowed. The CPD was 474: 225: 3750:

of industry and banking, which led to the transformation of the finance capital connection to industry into the monopoly of large banks. In

2254:

party organization remained with Gorbachev. When Chernenko died on 10 March 1985, his succession was already settled in favor of Gorbachev.

15064: 15039: 14979: 14919: 14831: 14046: 13995: 11559: 11378: 11194: 9644: 3726: 3271: 2609: 1830: 825: 5119:" The translation of the phrase in Russian is also the translation of the original phrase in German: "Proletarians of all nations, unite!" 3984:—but instead he, step-by-step, and ultimately, eroded the ruling party's dominance in ideological, political and organizational aspects". 14800: 14156: 12951: 12723: 12078: 12048: 4965: 15089: 14964: 14841: 14101: 13816: 12335: 12295: 12205: 12016: 11532: 3995:

was established within the central party leadership of the CPSU and that a "corrupt and privileged class" had developed because of the

3352:, Secretariat, and the Politburo. The Komsomol participated in nationwide policy-making by appointing members to the collegiums of the 1966:

in its struggle against a nationalist military coup which received supported from Germany and Italy, in 1939 the Soviet Union signed a

1360: 1193: 1110: 1000: 531: 14795: 12796: 12731: 12323: 12218: 12090: 11876: 11426: 11249: 11184: 11159: 4911: 3690:

Lenin justified these policies by claiming that all states were class states by nature and that these states were maintained through

3215: 2719: 2683: 2597: 2568: 2465: 2449: 1676:

named the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), and Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks). Prior to the

1518: 1331:

was the highest body. Because the Central Committee met twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in the

543: 170: 3804:, a Soviet foreign policy analyst, referring to series of events (which he believed) would lead to the ultimate victory of socialism 2725:

Despite delegates to Congresses losing their powers to criticize or remove party leadership, the Congresses functioned as a form of

2073:, which effectively ended the Stalinist mass terror of the prior decades and reduced socio-economic oppression considerably. At the 15019: 15014: 14994: 14201: 13271: 12768: 12228: 12145: 12038: 11473: 4975: 3575:

contradictory? Yes, it is contradictory. But this contradiction springs from life itself and reflects completely Marxist dialectic.

3161: 1947: 1368: 1120: 1085: 815: 553: 3857:—together with Stalin—opposed Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution, their views on the way socialism could be built diverged. 14445: 13207: 13189: 12168: 11975: 11842: 4037: 2448:

in 1991, Russian adherents to the CPSU tradition, particularly as it existed before Gorbachev, reorganized themselves within the

2346: 1741:

being the main paper, with a readership of 320,000. This was roughly halved after the repression of the Bolsheviks following the

1135: 1125: 795: 644: 2501:

after it has been agreed upon by the party's governing body; to do so would lead to expulsion from the party (formalized at the

2456:

in 1990 (sometime before the abolition of the CPSU) and was seen by critics as a "Russian-nationalist" counterpart to the CPSU.

13913: 12686: 11866: 11711: 4776: 4711: 4648: 4583: 4513: 4448: 4384: 4314: 4249: 4182: 4124: 2374: 1664: 1497:" (political openness) was the root cause, noting that it weakened the party's control over society. Gorbachev maintained that 1293: 869: 711: 156: 3734:. The Marxist movement was split on how to solve capitalism's resurgence after the great depression of the late 19th century. 3429:

individual was decided by the state, and the state could remove these rights if it saw fit. Soviet Marxism–Leninism justified

2997:

into force. From 1954 until 1958, Khrushchev chaired the Politburo as First Secretary, but in 1958 he dismissed and succeeded

2860:

adopted the 2nd Statute. It was nearly five times as long as the 1st Statute and contained 66 articles. It was amended at the

2801:

on its behalf could issue nationwide decisions; decisions on behalf of the party were transmitted from the top to the bottom.

2187:, a passive weakening of animosity with the West with the goal of improving political and economic relations. However, by the 1173: 15029: 15004: 14999: 14989: 14929: 14161: 14000: 13539: 13240: 13019: 12353: 11854: 11820: 11808: 11803: 11694: 9562: 9284: 8989: 4943: 3232:

The Higher Party School (HPS) was the organ responsible for teaching cadres in the Soviet Union. It was the successor of the

2291:

and a call for the establishment of "socialist pluralism" (literally, socialist democracy). Gorbachev introduced a policy of

1348: 1186: 12280: 3274:

was the only republic that did not have its own republican branch, being instead represented by the CPSU Central Committee.

2482:. Regardless of leadership style, all political power in the Soviet Union was concentrated in the organization of the CPSU. 2426: 1305: 15099: 15024: 14984: 14269: 14259: 14146: 13873: 13193: 12390: 12158: 11443: 9609: 5015: 3542: 3357: 1923: 1270: 1100: 344: 3839:

The concept of "Socialism in One Country" was conceived by Stalin in his struggle against Leon Trotsky and his concept of

15094: 14116: 13868: 13535: 13039: 13014: 12270: 11883: 11871: 9684: 5010: 4938: 2876:

respectively. The last party statute, which existed until the dissolution of the CPSU, was adopted at the 22nd Congress.

2123: 1858: 1344: 790: 521: 6393: 3980:

said, "What Gorbachev in fact did was not to transform the CPSU by correct principles—indeed the Soviet Communist Party

1885:, each with highly contrasting visions for the future direction of the country. Trotsky sought to implement a policy of 15034: 14496: 14181: 14036: 13721: 13277: 13078: 12717: 12318: 12313: 12033: 11981: 9364: 5587: 5375: 5354: 5025: 3739: 3353: 2390: 2201: 2090: 1882: 1854: 980: 820: 749: 664: 536: 5679: 2389:. An unintended consequence of these reforms was the increased anti-CPSU pressure; in March 1990, at a session of the 2311:) in 1986, which led to a wave of unintended democratization. According to the British researcher of Russian affairs, 14949: 14944: 14836: 14191: 14136: 13454: 13048: 12929: 12882: 12827: 12679: 12570: 12521: 12454: 12265: 11993: 11595: 11499: 11164: 9484: 9261: 5251: 4928: 3413: 3349: 2985: 1367:

chairman of the CPSU Politburo and chief executive of the Soviet Union. The tension between the party and the state (

852: 548: 14509: 14372: 14352: 14206: 13898: 13497: 12943: 12776: 12600: 12588: 12412: 12402: 12358: 12173: 11849: 11798: 11681: 11463: 11390: 8525: 5706: 4933: 2382: 1105: 1041: 864: 738: 3168:

was approached about the possibility of running the new paper because of his previous work on Ukrainian newspaper

14475: 14236: 14176: 14051: 13962: 13863: 13592: 13129: 12923: 12605: 12593: 12449: 12434: 12348: 12250: 11832: 11652: 11244: 4948: 3898: 3885: 3602: 3550: 3546: 3467: 2978: 2677: 2479: 2445: 2205: 1479: 1296:. In 1903, that party split into a Menshevik ("minority") and Bolshevik ("majority") faction; the latter, led by 975: 684: 8263: 3180:, where it continued until the publication of the sixth issue in November 1909, when the operation was moved to 2393:, the party was forced to relinquish its political monopoly of power, in effect turning the Soviet Union into a 14954: 14465: 14357: 14216: 14081: 13940: 13878: 13063: 13005: 12745: 12546: 12526: 12223: 11837: 11662: 11590: 11354: 11169: 9589: 9537: 9507: 9461: 9438: 9412: 9389: 9356: 9338: 9312: 9276: 9239: 9212: 9191: 9158: 9131: 9108: 9085: 9062: 9039: 9012: 8966: 8936: 8913: 8886: 8861: 8831: 5639: 5299: 2585: 2342: 1696: 1475: 1130: 1080: 785: 775: 13341: 9623: 2966:

among others, who held seats both in the Politburo and the Secretariat. Mazurov's claim was later verified by

14754: 13935: 13137: 12965: 12762: 12617: 12444: 12308: 12260: 12021: 11815: 11689: 11672: 11324: 11254: 11229: 4995: 3484: 3070:

The Central Control Commission (CCC) functioned as the party's supreme court. The CCC was established at the

2955: 2689: 2665: 2574: 2402: 2006:

and providing training and funding to promote communist elements abroad, leading to the establishment of the

1046: 1015: 526: 479: 13151: 1277:, which had previously granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system. The party's main ideology was 14585: 14221: 13893: 13168: 13054: 12819: 12213: 11888: 11783: 11584: 11492: 11239: 11214: 11204: 4980: 3492: 3449: 2671: 2641: 2615: 2438: 2418: 2094: 1759: 1363:, or two of the three offices concurrently, but never all three at the same time. The party leader was the 1304:

of 1917. Its activities were suspended on Soviet territory 74 years later, on 29 August 1991, soon after a

1061: 493: 469: 400: 244: 3614:— Lenin, claiming that people had only two choices between two different, but distinct class dictatorships 3470:

as a political prelude to the establishment of the socialist mode of production developed by Lenin. Since

14455: 14071: 14061: 13947: 13903: 13839: 13119: 13069: 12834: 12494: 12476: 12242: 12100: 12061: 12028: 11718: 11706: 11622: 11524: 11219: 5113:"Workers of the world, unite!" is the most common English translation of the original phrase in German: " 2653: 2377:; one-third of the seats were appointed by the CPSU and other public organizations to sustain the Soviet 2175: 2119: 1967: 1801: 1463: 1415: 1356: 1030: 990: 965: 805: 449: 12671: 14640: 14382: 14166: 14076: 14031: 13858: 13398: 13262: 13234: 13183: 13110: 12737: 12489: 12466: 12439: 11448: 11408: 11199: 11179: 11174: 10174: 9529: 9430: 9150: 9100: 9031: 9004: 8981: 8878: 8853: 7288: 5684: 5437: 5020: 5005: 4970: 3646: 3621: 3283: 3255: 2941:

post-Stalin period, the Politburo controlled the Central Committee apparatus through two channels; the

2868:, the 3rd Statute was adopted with only minor amendments being made. New statutes were approved at the 2621: 2591: 2580: 1510: 1051: 501: 8521: 5456: 3813:

based on practical changes which had occurred; he accused the old "two camp" theory of neglecting the

2049:, which marked the beginning of international sectarian division within the world communist movement. 14450: 14226: 14126: 13990: 13421: 13297: 12889: 12782: 12531: 12504: 12407: 11209: 7454: 7417: 6787: 6630: 5579: 4923: 3731: 3412:'s opinions of the New Economic Policy of the 1920s, and supported complete state ownership over the 2635: 2038: 1010: 14736: 13610: 12499: 5415: 3678:

in late 1920, Lenin explained his new interpretation of the term "dictatorship of the proletariat":

42: 14862: 14542: 14315: 14231: 14131: 14111: 14021: 13640: 13588: 13143: 13125: 12612: 11396: 9123: 8958: 8841: 8813: 8517: 4953: 3834: 3534: 3452:. All policies were justifiable if it contributed to the Soviet Union's achievement of that stage. 3396: 2312: 1934: 1890: 1286: 1274: 764: 759: 754: 46: 14280: 5553: 14392: 14141: 14086: 14026: 13312: 12914: 12873: 11861: 9077: 8823: 5798: 5171: 5136: 4990: 4985: 4085: 3939: 3775: 3641: 3637: 2519: 2085:, in part a consequence of his public denunciation of Stalin. Khrushchev improved relations with 2014: 1983: 1963: 1951: 1640: 1613: 1586: 1559: 847: 679: 9169: 5506: 3083:. At the 11th Congress, the brief of the CCs was expanded; it became responsible for overseeing 1308:

by conservative CPSU leaders against the reforming Soviet president and party general secretary

14882: 14857: 13648: 13211: 12541: 12133: 12071: 11360: 8905: 5631: 5625: 3360:

and, the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports. The organization's newspaper was the

2167: 1987: 13630: 3210:. The paper's main goal was to promote Marxist–Leninist philosophy and expose the lies of the 14959: 14826: 14805: 14562: 14186: 14121: 12660: 11632: 9618: 9550:

The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism

9404: 9381: 9185: 5241: 3425: 3092: 3084: 2929: 2853: 2747: 2730: 2514: 2491: 2329:

In reaction to these changes, a conservative movement gained momentum in 1987 in response to

2222: 2197: 2046: 1763: 1688: 1320: 31: 13754: 13547: 8781:

McDonough, Terrence (1995). "Lenin, Imperialism, and the Stages of Capitalist Development".

14041: 13764: 13706: 13467: 12813: 12422: 12285: 12105: 11903: 11617: 9801: 9722: 9204: 9054: 8783: 7642: 5709:[A Handbook on the History of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898–1991]. 4781: 3969: 3840: 3814: 3787: 3496: 3434: 3386: 3362: 2250: 2196:. At the end of Brezhnev's rule, problems continued to amount; in 1979 he consented to the 2110:

reasons he was no longer fit to remain as head of the party. He was succeeded in office by

2106:, a Soviet economist, which tried to implement market mechanisms into the planned economy. 2099: 1976: 1972: 1918: 1910: 1886: 1459: 1387: 1278: 898: 359: 305: 290: 256: 14759: 13658: 12509: 1213: 8: 14066: 13888: 13625: 12649: 12378: 12183: 12112: 11920: 11769: 11647: 11569: 11542: 9577: 7292: 6430: 5664: 4889: 4080: 3818: 3554: 3476: 3438: 3214:. In 1975, the paper reached a circulation of 10.6 million. It is currently owned by the 2773: 2726: 2471: 2430: 2362: 2282: 1846: 1677: 1506: 1379: 1167: 995: 674: 13744: 13562: 13472: 5203:

The Soviet Republics of Armenia, Estonia, and Georgia all boycotted the 1991 referendum.

2318: 2171: 2078:

citizens did increase; 108 million people moved into new housing between 1956 and 1965.

1929:

The success of industrialization in the Soviet Union led Western countries, such as the

14892: 14686: 14377: 14264: 14211: 13749: 12980: 12516: 12427: 11744: 11657: 11547: 11537: 9771: 9765: 9521: 9476: 9422: 9375: 9249: 9224: 9142: 9023: 8845: 8792: 5510: 5000: 4001: 3845: 3801: 3767: 2288: 1826: 1815: 1728: 1681: 1487: 1301: 1056: 412: 389: 319: 13784: 13620: 13600: 9636: 8817: 5793: 14620: 14527: 14470: 14196: 13850: 13774: 13711: 13691: 13567: 13477: 13174: 12624: 12564: 12343: 12129: 11825: 11627: 11612: 11554: 11366: 10199: 9807: 9783: 9728: 9704: 9585: 9558: 9533: 9503: 9480: 9457: 9453: 9434: 9408: 9385: 9360: 9334: 9308: 9298: 9280: 9257: 9235: 9208: 9154: 9127: 9104: 9081: 9058: 9035: 9008: 8985: 8962: 8932: 8909: 8898: 8882: 8872: 8857: 8827: 5645: 5635: 5583: 5502: 5371: 5350: 5295: 5247: 5083: 4319: 4042: 4000:

China it is a party (and state) institution. The CCP criticizes the CPSU of pursuing

3943: 3850: 3585: 3581: 3233: 3076: 2394: 2322: 2246: 2218: 2138: 2082: 2058: 2018: 1842: 1462:, who quickly died in succession), rapid steps were taken to transform the tottering 1443: 1431: 1423: 1309: 1005: 324: 294: 221: 109: 13808: 5541: 3095:

from the party; instead of expelling him, Shliapnikov was given a severe reprimand.

2848:). The 1st Statute was based upon Lenin's idea of a centralized vanguard party. The 2470:

The style of governance in the party alternated between collective leadership and a

14887: 14701: 14630: 14460: 13908: 13769: 13734: 13653: 13482: 13462: 13434: 11414: 11384: 9813: 9499: 5494: 5186: 4861: 3884:

economic model, while Trotsky said that the Soviet Union had to participate in the

3869: 3854: 3735: 3703: 3675: 3625: 3409: 3110: 3037:) of party and state decisions meant that the Secretariat instructed other bodies. 3030: 3022: 2998: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2296: 2273: 1906: 1767: 1700: 1692: 1631: 1604: 1577: 1550: 1439: 1411: 1407: 924: 893: 309: 216: 88: 13487: 5227:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»" 3988: 3533:, refers to Stalin's thoughts and policies. Stalin's introduction of the concept " 14575: 14547: 14537: 14517: 14410: 14254: 14241: 13729: 13696: 13686: 13515: 13429: 13373: 12536: 11749: 11701: 11607: 11420: 11372: 9789: 9710: 9613: 9548: 9517: 9348: 9120:

Closer to the Masses: Stalinist Culture, Social Revolution, and Soviet Newspapers

9097:

The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929

4875: 4518: 3711:

territories of the globe among the biggest capitalist powers has been completed.

3538: 3400: 3325: 3185: 2967: 2963: 2386: 2378: 2242: 2238: 2134: 2111: 2086: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2042: 2030: 1792: 1750: 1451: 1419: 1403: 1399: 1316: 1262: 1254: 1221:

with a large sign promoting the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Moscow, 1975

9606: 3928:

the binding power of the narrative dissolved, the Soviet Union itself dissolved.

3876:, which contains his best-known writings on the subject. With the publishing of 3632:

Marx and Lenin did not care if a bourgeois state was ruled in accordance with a

3424:

rather than the importance of the individual. Individuals only had the right to

1957:

The Soviet Union was the first to warn of the impending danger of invasion from

1566:

Rossiyskaya sotsial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya (bol'shevikov); RSDRP(b)

14706: 14681: 14676: 14580: 14552: 14532: 14400: 14096: 13676: 13552: 13520: 13510: 13444: 13371: 12556: 12484: 11764: 11754: 9753: 9692: 9628: 8978:

Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938

8950: 8788: 8475: 8471:"Everything You Think You Know About the Collapse of the Soviet Union Is Wrong" 5571: 5530:Индивидуальная форма политической презентации власти в позднюю сталинскую эпоху 3691: 3562: 3329: 3207: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2920: 2358: 2338: 2115: 2103: 2026: 1784: 1724: 1672: 1467: 1447: 1300:, is the direct ancestor of the CPSU and is the party that seized power in the 1297: 1218: 181: 99: 13779: 13759: 13572: 14913: 14691: 14666: 14635: 14625: 14615: 14522: 14425: 14420: 14405: 14347: 13701: 13681: 13615: 13505: 13439: 13248: 12988: 12417: 11402: 9795: 9777: 9759: 9747: 9716: 9698: 9322: 9294: 8946: 5576:

Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past

4903: 4129: 3860:

According to Bukharin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev supported the resolution of the

3763: 3716:— Lenin, citing the main features of capitalism in the age of imperialism in 3671: 3442: 3433:; the Soviet media portrayed every victory of the state as a victory for the 3405: 2989: 2781: 2330: 2226: 2214: 2155: 2150: 1930: 1870: 1850: 1754: 1731:(1881–1970, in power 1917), came into explosive tensions during that summer. 1708: 1668: 1483: 1455: 1435: 1383: 1375: 1327:, which convened every five years. When the Congress was not in session, the 1282: 1145: 1020: 916: 83: 7447: 7406: 6780: 6623: 5707:"Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898–1991" 5649: 5529: 5487:"Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences" 5279: 3198:, the government run newspaper. At the time, the average reading figure for 2345:". The publication was planned to occur when both Gorbachev and his protege 1994:, the Party held to a doctrine of establishing socialist governments in the 14696: 14671: 14610: 14492: 14091: 13739: 13605: 13377: 13317: 13220: 12937: 12790: 12300: 12121: 11515: 9581: 7443: 7402: 6776: 6619: 5606: 3996: 3743: 3165: 3118: 2992:, Molotov, Stalin, and Malenkov. After 1922, when Lenin was incapacitated, 2497: 2210: 2193: 1995: 1991: 1958: 1938: 1878: 1807: 1788: 1712: 1258: 70: 9074:

Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat 1986–1991

7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 5627:

Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design

5416:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?" 3561:, the town of Lenin's birth was renamed Ulyanov (Lenin's birth-name), the 2928:

resolution to execute 346 "enemies of the CPSU and Soviet Power" who led "

2425:. In reaction to this, conservative elements within the CPSU launched the 1778: 14645: 14590: 14367: 14171: 14016: 13406: 13322: 13201: 13102: 12701: 12163: 12125: 12117: 11739: 11723: 11637: 11579: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6905: 6903: 6890: 6888: 3771: 3430: 3211: 3123: 3080: 2993: 2542: 2531: 2409:. A new Politburo was elected, previous incumbents (except Gorbachev and 1943: 1716: 1704: 1471: 1090: 930: 8796: 5714: 5451: 4869: 3557:

centered upon himself. The name of the city of Petrograd was changed to

3420:, Marxism–Leninism stressed the role of the individual as a member of a 2856:

to Article 2 of the Statute. The 1st Statute lasted until 1919 when the

2421:, in which most of the union republics voted to preserve the union in a 2263:

largely unchanged into the 21st century if not for Gorbachev's reforms.

2178:", all non-conformist reform attempts in the Soviet Union were stopped. 1555:Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (большевиков); РСДРП(б) 14661: 13525: 13411: 12847: 12153: 9607:

Executive Bodies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1917–1991)

8529: 6991: 6970: 3965: 3421: 3417: 3348:

the CPSU; nominally the highest body was the Congress, followed by the

2933: 2268: 1999: 1660: 1374:

After the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, Lenin had introduced a

1140: 266: 204: 149: 14152:

People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption"

11484: 9273:

The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union

9141:

Lih, Lars T. (2006). "The Soviet Union and the road to communism". In

7010: 6958: 6946: 6915: 6900: 6885: 5514: 5486: 3724:

The Marxist theory on imperialism was conceived by Lenin in his book,

3664:— Lenin, explaining why the regime had become increasingly dictatorial 2815:

Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2183: 1707:

where he, with other dissidents in exile, managed to arrange with the

14570: 14415: 14311: 13883: 13557: 13307: 12373: 12368: 12190: 12083: 11913: 11574: 9991: 9967: 9554: 9330: 9304: 9231: 9226:

Education in the Soviet Union: Policies and Institutions since Stalin

3992: 3759: 3558: 3518: 3509: 3471: 3066:

Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2045:, further frustrating the Soviet government. These tensions led to a 2007: 2003: 1898: 1742: 1720: 1522: 1395: 911: 372: 366: 280: 252: 3795:

the correlation of forces in the world arena in favor of socialism.

3766:, were strongest in Russia. Imperialism was held to have caused the 3514: 2061:

rose to the top post by overcoming political adversaries, including

14310: 12804: 12363: 11908: 11642: 11602: 11319: 9947: 8928: 5498: 3881: 3633: 3461: 3342: 3311: 3194: 2537: 2325:, the last leader of the CPSU and the Soviet Union, as seen in 1986 2292: 2022: 1962:

countries, including trying to rally international support for the

1902: 1811: 1515:

Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

1494: 1427: 937: 906: 270: 209: 41:"VKP" redirects here. For a Serbian rowing club from Belgrade, see 5226: 3356:, the Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education, the 2852:, despite a majority of Menshevik delegates, added the concept of 2357:

in June 1988. He criticized leading party conservatives—Ligachev,

2237:

office briefly, but he appointed a number of reformers, including

1667:(RSDLP). This faction arose out of the split between followers of 14362: 13302: 13254: 13085: 12255: 11759: 10550: 9844: 9425:(2006). "Chronology/Introduction". In Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). 8623: 3445:

and party members were consequently not allowed to be religious.

3050: 2797: 2034: 1521:

emerged and has been regarded as the inheritor of the CPSU's old

1391: 1340: 618: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8203: 7231: 5304: 2129: 14810: 14731: 9984: 8570: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7248: 7246: 7053: 7051: 6661: 3237: 3181: 3144: 3138: 3109:

The leader of a department was usually given the title "head" (

2257: 1737: 1371:) for the shifting focus of power was never formally resolved. 196: 185: 8702: 8700: 8698: 7929: 7927: 7925: 6678: 6676: 6651: 6649: 3437:

as a whole. Largely, Soviet nationalism was based upon ethnic

2729:. They were occasions for the party leadership to express the 1620:

Vsesoyuznaya kommunisticheskaya partiya (bol'shevikov); VKP(b)

12865: 12178: 12056: 11330:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

9574:

The Twenty-fifth Congress of the CPSU: Assessment and Context

8200: 6482: 6480: 5893: 5891: 5866: 5864: 3259: 1593:

Rossiyskaya kommunisticheskaya partiya (bol'shevikov); RKP(b)

1442:

powers and unaddressed inefficiencies in the economy, led to

1095: 11459:

League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

8226: 8224: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8173: 8171: 7688: 7676: 7657: 7258: 7243: 7135: 7063: 7048: 5980: 5978: 2897:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2886:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2768:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

13332:

An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism

13329:

Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state

13031: 12996:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

12957: 12906: 12752: 12290: 12066: 9629:

Articles related to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

8739: 8717: 8715: 8695: 8671: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8594: 8558: 8441: 8417: 8141: 8102: 8069: 8009: 7980: 7968: 7922: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 6750: 6673: 6646: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6149: 6147: 6145: 5630:. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers. pp. 5187:[kəmʊnʲɪsʲˈtʲitɕɪskəjəˈpartʲɪjəsɐˈvʲetskəvəsɐˈjuzə] 4917: 3932: 3177: 2513:

required by centralism would protect the parties from such

14057:

Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom

11449:

General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia

8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8346: 8344: 8158: 8156: 8131: 8129: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8047: 8045: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8024: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 6873: 6861: 6477: 5927: 5903: 5888: 5876: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5813: 2830:

2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

1691:(1868–1918, reigned 1894–1917) abdicated in March 1917, a 12275: 12095: 8236: 8221: 8183: 8168: 7778: 7643:"Stalin: 50 years after the death of a tyrant – Part one" 7322: 6839: 6837: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6467: 6465: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6074: 6062: 6026: 6014: 5990: 5975: 5963: 5951: 2233: 1482:, the banning of the party by later last RSFSR President 9170:"The Soviet Union: Gorbachev, perestroika and socialism" 8727: 8712: 8683: 8654: 8635: 8606: 8582: 8522:"Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State" 8307: 8305: 8303: 8301: 7710: 7708: 7489: 7470: 7312: 7310: 7082: 7080: 7078: 6367: 6350: 6283: 6171: 6142: 5381: 2746:, Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would see " 2632:

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Central Committee)

2565:

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Central Committee)

2174:

in Czechoslovakia, who called for the establishment of "

1715:

back to Russia through the continent amidst the ongoing

1609:Всесоюзная коммунистическая партия (большевиков); ВКП(б) 1582:Российская коммунистическая партия (большевиков); РКП(б) 11469:

Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

11454:

League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad

9666: 9199:

Lowenhardt, John; van Ree, Erik; Ozinga, James (1992).

9198: 8429: 8396: 8379: 8356: 8341: 8329: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8153: 8126: 8114: 8081: 8057: 8042: 8021: 7992: 7956: 7939: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7565: 7563: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7370: 7368: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7004: 6985: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6909: 6894: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6300: 6298: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6217: 6215: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6115: 6113: 5776: 5774: 5624:

Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006).

5542:Избирательное законодательство и выборы в 1937–1987 гг. 5268:

The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers

2555:

Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1975:

in the largest land invasion in history, beginning the

1474:", or restructuring, but their reforms, along with the 14270:

Russian political movements and non-registered parties

8548: 8546: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7176: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7092: 6849: 6834: 6822: 6803: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6688: 6593: 6576: 6559: 6540: 6509: 6492: 6462: 6437: 5915: 5825: 5749: 5747: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 3105:

Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3016:

Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1402:, under which all industries were nationalized, and a 13958:

Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia

13838: 12702:

Current and former ruling parties of communist states

8256:"Program of the CPSU, 27th Congress, 1986 – Part One" 7833: 7705: 7452:[Higher Party School of the CC of the CPSU]. 7334: 7307: 7200: 7075: 6098: 6086: 6050: 6038: 6002: 5939: 5759: 5176: 5141: 1869:

After Lenin's death, a power struggle ensued between

1857:

former territories of the Russian Empire to form the

1645: 1618: 1591: 1564: 1505:

was doomed to failure anyway. Others have blamed the

1478:

led to a decline in the party's power, and after the

1426:. By 1980, various factors, including the continuing 13159:

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe

11320:

All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)

9572:

Zimmerman, William (1977). Dallin, Alexander (ed.).

8761:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

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Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

36:

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (disambiguation)

9471:White, Steven; Pravda, Alex; Gitelman, Zvi (1990). 9470: 8925:

Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology

8543: 7212: 7164: 7147: 7116: 6785:[Central Auditing Commission of the CPSU]. 6738: 6719: 6707: 6528: 5744: 5368:

Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology

5316: 5310: 3376:

Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2713:

Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1547:

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

18:

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

9223: 8897: 3903:Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union 3596: 3448:Marxism–Leninism believed in the feasibility of a 3408:to a degree but based his policies on Lenin's and 2341:, a university lecturer, wrote an article titled " 1647:Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza; KPSS 1535:History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 5623: 4959: 3228:Education system under the CPSU Central Committee 2137:era is commonly referred to by historians as the 1281:. The party was outlawed under Russian President 14911: 12855:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde 12364:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 5349:. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 17. 3525:, refers to the thoughts and policies of Stalin. 2474:. Collective leadership split power between the 2232:Andropov, a staunch anti-Stalinist, chaired the 2221:. The CPSU, which had wishfully interpreted the 2052: 1486:and subsequent first President of the successor 13953:Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists 9619:Program of the CPSU, 27th Party Congress (1986) 9353:China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation 9022:Hanson, Stephen (2006). "The Brezhnev Era". In 8773: 8769:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 15055:Defunct political parties in Georgia (country) 12753:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 9401:Soviet Politics: Continuity and Contradictions 9377:Soviet Politics: Continuity and Contradictions 8765:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 5662: 5554:"2nd International Congress of Brussels, 1891" 5266:Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher (1980). 3277: 2879: 2808: 2796:leader of the Soviet Union. In 1919–1952, the 1636:Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза; КПСС 1217:A neighborhood in the Kozhukhovsky Bay of the 14296: 13824: 13357: 12687: 11500: 11325:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 9652: 9001:The Origins of the Stalinist Political System 8516: 7397: 7395: 5740:. London: The Camelot Press ltd. p. 808. 5713:(in Russian). 4 February 2014. Archived from 5677: 5474:communism is a more radical leftist ideology. 5436:from the original on 21 May 2018 – via 5164: 5129: 3315: 3310:and, at the age of 14, might graduate to the 2505:). Because of this stance, Lenin initiated a 1711:government safe passage through Germany in a 1476:institution of free multi-candidate elections 1194: 27:Founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union 14832:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 14047:Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan 9943:Political Administration of the Armed Forces 8945: 7699: 7682: 7670: 7264: 7252: 7237: 7141: 7069: 7057: 6756: 6682: 6667: 6655: 6628:[All-Union Conference of the CPSU]. 5221: 5219: 5178:Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza 5114: 3752:Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism 3727:Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism 3718:Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism 3272:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2648:Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia 2258:Gorbachev and the party's demise (1985–1991) 1831:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 14801:Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 5667:. Fundamental'naya Elektronnaya Biblioteka. 5246:. Manchester University Press. p. 20. 4069: 3828: 3244: 2509:, which was approved at the 10th Congress. 2149:The Brezhnev era began with a rejection of 1845:was drawing to a close, Lenin proposed the 1406:was implemented. After recovering from the 30:"CPSU" redirects here. For other uses, see 14975:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 14842:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry 14303: 14289: 13831: 13817: 13364: 13350: 12694: 12680: 11507: 11493: 9659: 9645: 8468: 7438: 7436: 7392: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 3843:. In 1924, Trotsky published his pamphlet 2604:Communist Party of the Karelia-Finland SSR 1654: 1201: 1187: 69: 14970:1912 establishments in the Russian Empire 14796:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 11427:State Committee on the State of Emergency 9571: 9496:The Party Statutes of the Communist World 9347: 9270: 9201:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Politburo 8780: 8745: 8733: 8721: 8706: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8648: 8629: 8617: 8600: 8588: 8576: 8564: 8242: 8230: 8215: 8194: 8177: 7328: 6587: 6570: 6553: 5243:The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia 5216: 5116:Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch! 4912:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3216:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3188:. During the Russian Civil War, sales of 2720:The Personality Cult and its Consequences 2466:Collective leadership in the Soviet Union 2450:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 2081:Khrushchev's foreign policies led to the 1864: 1519:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 1292:The party started in 1898 as part of the 1285:'s decree on 6 November 1991, citing the 14940:Political parties disestablished in 1991 12724:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 11474:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad 9221: 7502: 7483: 7442: 7401: 7270: 6775: 6762: 6618: 5398: 5396: 5166:Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза 4966:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 4918:Communist parties within the Warsaw Pact 4012: 3933:According to the Chinese Communist Party 3513: 3296: 3162:Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party 2919: 2902:himself. The office was formally titled 2485: 2317: 2128: 1369:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union 1265:of the Soviet Union until 1990 when the 1212: 62:Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза 15085:Defunct political parties in Uzbekistan 15075:Defunct political parties in Tajikistan 15060:Defunct political parties in Kyrgyzstan 12835:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 11514: 9546: 9516: 9048: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8390: 8373: 8350: 8162: 8147: 8135: 8120: 8108: 8096: 8075: 8063: 8051: 8036: 8015: 8003: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7933: 7916: 7433: 6605: 6522: 6503: 6486: 6471: 6456: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5882: 5870: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5794:"Recognition of the Soviet Union, 1933" 5735: 5609:. "The Cominform and World Communism". 5570: 3781: 3541:. In the early 1930s, he initiated the 2333:'s dismissal as First Secretary of the 1829:, the soviets united federally and the 14: 15010:Communist parties in Georgia (country) 14912: 13914:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 13070:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 11533:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 9493: 9254:Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II 9071: 9021: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 7316: 7098: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6828: 6816: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5969: 5957: 5945: 3958:— Lu Nanqun, a Sovietologist from CASS 3221: 1838:retained the social-democratic label. 1695:was established and administered by a 1665:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 1601:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1294:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 14935:Political parties established in 1912 14925:Communist parties in the Soviet Union 14284: 13812: 13345: 13175:Seychelles People's Progressive Front 12769:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin 12675: 11488: 9640: 9627: 9447: 9398: 9373: 9321: 9293: 9248: 9167: 9117: 9094: 8975: 8922: 8895: 8870: 8840: 8812: 8335: 8323: 8311: 7897: 7874: 7862: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7731: 7714: 7645:. In Defence of Marxism. 20 July 2005 7629: 7617: 7588: 7569: 7554: 7531: 7386: 7374: 7359: 7340: 7206: 7110: 7086: 7042: 7028:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 7005:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6986:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6965:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6953:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6941:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6929:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6910:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6895:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992 6782:Центральная ревизионная комиссия КПСС 6744: 6732: 6713: 6701: 6599: 6534: 6417: 6373: 6361: 6344: 6325: 6304: 6289: 6277: 6256: 6233: 6221: 6206: 6194: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6136: 6119: 5413: 5402: 5393: 5387: 5333: 5290:Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov. 5239: 5185: 5089:May 1917 (separate VII congress held) 4976:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin 4089: 3892: 3647:the failures of the world revolutions 3160:began as a project by members of the 3059: 2170:; however, with the rise to power of 1420:liberalized Soviet society in general 15080:Defunct political parties in Ukraine 15070:Defunct political parties in Moldova 15050:Defunct political parties in Estonia 15045:Defunct political parties in Belarus 13874:Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion) 13194:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party 11444:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans 10868:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917) 9421: 8998: 8495: 7225: 7194: 7182: 7170: 7158: 7129: 5780: 5765: 5753: 5370:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–2. 5016:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party 4007: 2890: 2761: 2559: 2204:and supported the oppression of the 2181:During his rule, Brezhnev supported 1599:31 December 1925 – 14 October 1952: 1574:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1390:, a fusion of the original ideas of 345:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans 15065:Defunct political parties in Latvia 15040:Defunct communist parties in Russia 14980:Banned communist parties in Ukraine 14920:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 14791:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 14446:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair 14117:National Republican Party of Russia 14102:Mari National Rebirth Party "Ushem" 13669:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13227:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13055:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution 9668:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 9140: 8552: 8453: 5092:8 March 1918 (official name change) 3697: 3380: 3176:was published on 3 October 1908 in 2660:Communist Party of the Russian SFSR 2654:Communist Party of Moldavia–Moldova 2454:Communist Party of the Russian SFSR 1937:) and spiraling economic calamity, 1897:later become collectively known as 1859:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1628:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1626:14 October 1952 – 6 November 1991: 1245:, and sometimes referred to as the 1227:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 59:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 24: 14497:Commonwealth of Independent States 14182:Russian Democratic Reform Movement 14001:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 13722:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 13540:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 13278:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 13241:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 13020:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 7449:Высшая партийная школа при ЦК КПСС 5605: 5190:. Abbreviated in Russian as КПСС, 5026:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 4944:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 3740:Social Democratic Party of Germany 2459: 2391:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 2198:Soviet intervention in Afghanistan 2091:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1659:The origin of the CPSU was in the 1394:philosopher and economic theorist 1335:, (previously the Presidium), the 236: 45:. For the ISO 639-3 code vkp, see 25: 15111: 15090:Political parties in Turkmenistan 14965:Formerly ruling communist parties 14837:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 14202:Social Democratic Party of Russia 14192:Russian Party of Social Democracy 14147:Party of Workers' Self-Government 14137:Party of Russian Unity and Accord 13840:Defunct Russian political parties 13455:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 12930:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 9600: 9520:(2006). "The Khrushchev Era". In 5738:History of the Russian Revolution 5678:Jeff Berliner (6 November 1991). 5311:White, Pravda & Gitelman 1990 5233: 4929:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 3529:Stalinism, while not an ideology 3414:commanding heights of the economy 3250:Republican and local organization 1572:8 March 1918 – 31 December 1925: 14753: 14730: 14373:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 14353:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 13899:Party of Revolutionary Communism 13536:Hungarian Working People's Party 13498:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 13040:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 13015:Hungarian Working People's Party 12944:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 12656: 12655: 12643: 11464:Siberian Social-Democratic Union 9300:Soviet politics: an Introduction 8955:How the Soviet Union is Governed 8844:(2006). "The Gorbachev Era". In 8526:British Broadcasting Corporation 8248: 7635: 5665:"The International (in Russian)" 5011:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 4939:Hungarian Working People's Party 4934:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 4896: 4882: 4868: 4854: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4820: 4800: 4799: 4766: 4758: 4751: 4750: 4730: 4729: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4666: 4638: 4630: 4623: 4622: 4602: 4601: 4573: 4565: 4558: 4557: 4537: 4536: 4503: 4495: 4488: 4487: 4467: 4466: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4403: 4402: 4374: 4366: 4359: 4358: 4338: 4337: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4288: 4268: 4267: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4223: 4202: 4201: 4172: 4164: 4056: 3306:stages. Children would join the 2480:an extensive cult of personality 2383:Inter-Regional Group of Deputies 1800: 1777: 1762:because of treaty ties with its 1386:became the leader of the party, 1161: 500: 453: 416: 15020:Communist parties in Kyrgyzstan 15015:Communist parties in Kazakhstan 14995:Communist parties in Azerbaijan 14476:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 14177:Russian Communist Workers Party 14037:Buryat-Mongolian People's Party 13963:Zionist Socialist Workers Party 13864:Constitutional Democratic Party 9526:The Cambridge History of Russia 9473:Developments in Soviet Politics 9427:The Cambridge History of Russia 9147:The Cambridge History of Russia 9028:The Cambridge History of Russia 8871:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004). 8850:The Cambridge History of Russia 8754: 6423: 6379: 5786: 5729: 5699: 5671: 5656: 5617: 5599: 5564: 5546: 5535: 5520: 5479: 5444: 5407: 5360: 5197: 5157: 5148: 5122: 5107: 5098: 3907: 3899:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3886:international division of labor 3603:Dictatorship of the proletariat 3597:Dictatorship of the proletariat 3468:dictatorship of the proletariat 2979:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 2750:"— a position later retracted. 2678:Communist Party of Turkmenistan 2548: 2446:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1545:16 August 1917 – 8 March 1918: 1480:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1416:decentralized economic planning 1253:), was the founding and ruling 1233:), at some points known as the 14466:Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews 13941:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 13879:Jewish Socialist Workers Party 11355:Group of Democratic Centralism 9357:University of California Press 9327:Soviet politics in Perspective 9277:University of Pittsburgh Press 9118:Lenoe, Matthew Edward (2004). 8874:Daily Life in the Soviet Union 5680:"Yeltsin bans Communist Party" 5284: 5273: 5260: 5068: 5043: 4960:Other ruling communist parties 4837: 4829: 4767: 4759: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4667: 4639: 4631: 4574: 4566: 4504: 4496: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4375: 4367: 4305: 4297: 4240: 4232: 4173: 4165: 3098: 3009: 2986:Council of People's Commissars 2981:and the Council of Ministers. 2586:Communist Party of Byelorussia 2525: 2343:I Cannot Forsake My Principles 1378:, commonly referred to as the 1351:and held the office of either 13: 1: 14325: 13936:Socialist Revolutionary Party 13190:Supreme Revolutionary Council 12196:Political abuse of psychiatry 11988:Congress of People's Deputies 10863:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17) 10848:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06) 9963:Transportation-Communications 9958:Trade and Consumers' Services 9938:Planning and Financial Organs 7458:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com 7421:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com 6791:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com 6634:(in Russian). bse.sci-lib.com 3684:has no other meaning but this 3489:capitalist mode of production 3292: 3206:, which was headquartered in 2690:Communist Party of Uzbekistan 2666:Communist Party of Tajikistan 2610:Communist Party of Kazakhstan 2575:Communist Party of Azerbaijan 2419:referendum took place in 1991 2403:President of the Soviet Union 2371:Congress of People's Deputies 2223:financial crisis of the 1970s 2053:Post-Stalin years (1953–1985) 1996:post-war occupied territories 1719:. In April, Lenin arrived in 1525:legacy into the present day. 1267:Congress of People's Deputies 1116:Political abuse of psychiatry 695:Congress of People's Deputies 15030:Communist parties in Moldova 15005:Communist parties in Estonia 15000:Communist parties in Belarus 14990:Communist parties in Armenia 14930:Parties of one-party systems 13984:Communist Party of the RSFSR 13894:Party of Narodnik Communists 13593:Polish United Workers' Party 13130:Polish United Workers' Party 12820:Communist Party of Kampuchea 9174:Journal of Communist Studies 8787:. Vol. 59, no. 3. 8774:Articles and journal entries 5210: 5031: 4981:Communist Party of Kampuchea 4949:Polish United Workers' Party 3503: 3493:socialist mode of production 3450:communist mode of production 2909: 2772:The Central Committee was a 2672:Communist Party of Turkestan 2642:Communist Party of Lithuania 2433:dissolved the Soviet Union. 2095:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 2033:, acquired the territory of 494:Politics of the Soviet Union 470:Politics of the Soviet Union 401:Workers of the world, unite! 7: 15100:Far-left politics in Russia 15025:Communist parties in Latvia 14985:Communist parties in Russia 14107:Movement of Women of Russia 14062:Democratic Choice of Russia 13948:Union of the Russian People 12359:Academy of Medical Sciences 8469:Aron, Leon (20 June 2011). 7289:"Soviet Union: Secretariat" 6625:Всесоюзная конференция КПСС 5280:Britannica Komsomol article 5177: 5142: 5065:First Secretary (1953-1966) 4847: 3978:CCP Organization Department 3591: 3566:reasoning behind it at the 3455: 3369: 3336: 3301:CPSU membership card (1989) 3278:Primary party organizations 3254:The lowest organ above the 3114: 3034: 3026: 2880:Central Committee apparatus 2809:Central Auditing Commission 2740:Central Auditing Commission 2706: 2616:Communist Party of Kirgizia 2176:socialism with a human face 1646: 1619: 1592: 1565: 655:Central Executive Committee 450:Hymn of the Bolshevik Party 10: 15116: 15095:Far-left political parties 14641:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 14383:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 14217:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 14082:Future of Russia–New Names 14077:Fatherland Socialist Party 13869:Party of Democratic Reform 13399:Party of Labour of Albania 13263:Communist Party of Vietnam 12966:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 12797:African Independence Party 12738:Party of Labour of Albania 11409:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions 11403:Union of Marxist-Leninists 9530:Cambridge University Press 9431:Cambridge University Press 9271:Remington, Thomas (1988). 9190:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 9151:Cambridge University Press 9101:Cambridge University Press 9032:Cambridge University Press 9005:Cambridge University Press 8982:Cambridge University Press 8879:Greenwood Publishing Group 8854:Cambridge University Press 8758: 5685:United Press International 5663:A. V. Lunacharskiy (ed.). 5485:Kowalewski, David (1980). 5438:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 5292:Stalinism As A Way Of Life 5021:Communist Party of Vietnam 4996:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 4971:Party of Labour of Albania 3896: 3832: 3785: 3762:, and exploitation of the 3701: 3642:constitutional monarchical 3600: 3507: 3485:Marx's theory of the state 3459: 3384: 3373: 3340: 3284:Primary party organization 3281: 3256:primary party organization 3225: 3136: 3102: 3072:9th All-Russian Conference 3063: 3048: 3044: 3013: 2988:; first by Lenin, then by 2913: 2894: 2883: 2823: 2812: 2765: 2710: 2684:Communist Party of Ukraine 2622:Communist Party of Khorezm 2598:Communist Party of Georgia 2592:Communist Party of Estonia 2581:Communist Party of Bukhara 2569:Communist Party of Armenia 2552: 2529: 2489: 2463: 2335:CPSU Moscow City Committee 2029:, under the leadership of 2017:emerged victorious in the 1909:into what would be called 1532: 1528: 1511:federal subjects of Russia 40: 29: 15035:Defunct communist parties 14875: 14850: 14819: 14783: 14776: 14745: 14722: 14715: 14654: 14603: 14561: 14504: 14491: 14484: 14438: 14391: 14340: 14333: 14322: 14260:List of political parties 14250: 14127:Party of Economic Freedom 14009: 13971: 13846: 13720: 13667: 13639: 13587: 13534: 13496: 13453: 13422:Bulgarian Communist Party 13420: 13397: 13388: 13384: 13298:List of communist parties 13293: 13270: 13247: 13233: 13219: 13208:National Liberation Front 13200: 13182: 13167: 13150: 13136: 13118: 13100: 13077: 13062: 13047: 13029: 13004: 12987: 12973: 12950: 12936: 12922: 12904: 12890:Congolese Party of Labour 12881: 12863: 12846: 12826: 12812: 12803: 12789: 12783:Bulgarian Communist Party 12775: 12761: 12744: 12730: 12716: 12707: 12637: 12581: 12555: 12475: 12398: 12389: 12334: 12241: 12204: 12144: 12047: 12009: 11929: 11791: 11782: 11732: 11680: 11671: 11523: 11436: 11342: 11307: 11267: 11152: 11145: 11079: 10986: 10823: 10814: 10772: 10744: 10701: 10689: 10622: 10549: 10426: 10293: 10284: 10277: 10165: 10012: 10005: 9976: 9933:Organisational-party Work 9858: 9827: 9738: 9683: 9674: 9634: 9494:Williams, Simons (1984). 9222:Matthews, Marvyn (1983). 9072:Harris, Jonathan (2005). 7455:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 7418:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 6788:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 6631:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 5580:Columbia University Press 5366:Evans, Alfred B. (1993). 5345:Lansford, Thomas (2007). 5165: 5130: 4924:Bulgarian Communist Party 4517: 4318: 4128: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4004:in its foreign policies. 3732:state monopoly capitalism 3316: 3130: 2748:communism in twenty years 2636:Communist Party of Latvia 2300: 2277: 1948:campaign against religion 1680:, the first phase of the 1635: 1608: 1581: 1554: 1239:All-Union Communist Party 1011:Material balance planning 712:1989 Legislative election 465: 407: 395: 382: 352:International affiliation 351: 338: 330: 318: 243: 231: 215: 203: 191: 176: 162: 145: 125: 105: 95: 77: 68: 56: 14950:Soviet internal politics 14945:Banned communist parties 14316:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 14232:Union of Women of Russia 14162:People's Patriotic Union 14132:Party of Peace and Unity 14112:National Bolshevik Party 14052:Conceptual Party "Unity" 13996:Liberal Democratic Party 13641:Romanian Communist Party 13144:Romanian Communist Party 9923:Light- and Food Industry 9124:Harvard University Press 9078:Rowman & Littlefield 8959:Harvard University Press 8896:Eisen, Jonathan (1990). 8805: 7700:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7683:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7671:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7448: 7407: 7265:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7253:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7238:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7142:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7070:Fainsod & Hough 1979 7058:Fainsod & Hough 1979 6781: 6757:Fainsod & Hough 1979 6683:Fainsod & Hough 1979 6668:Fainsod & Hough 1979 6656:Fainsod & Hough 1979 6624: 5052:Presiding member of the 5036: 4954:Romanian Communist Party 4070:Supreme Soviet elections 3991:assessment, saying that 3874:On Questions of Leninism 3835:Socialism in one country 3829:Socialism in one country 3535:Socialism in One Country 3521:, while not an ideology 3245:Lower-level organization 2727:elite-mass communication 2217:, and UK Prime Minister 1973:invaded the Soviet Union 1935:Bavarian Soviet Republic 1922:through the policies of 1891:socialism in one country 1825:In the aftermath of the 1814:and a key figure in the 1444:stagnant economic growth 1412:reforms were implemented 1287:1991 Soviet coup attempt 1275:1977 Soviet Constitution 826:Administrator of Affairs 47:Korlai Portuguese Creole 14456:Jackson–Vanik amendment 14142:Party of Social Justice 14072:Fatherland – All Russia 14027:Baltic Republican Party 13847:Constitutional monarchy 13111:Workers' Party of Korea 12915:Communist Party of Cuba 12874:Chinese Communist Party 12650:Soviet Union portal 9168:White, Stephen (1992). 8824:Oxford University Press 8632:, pp. 63 & 65. 5799:Office of the Historian 5457:Encyclopædia Britannica 5006:Workers' Party of Korea 4991:Communist Party of Cuba 4986:Chinese Communist Party 4086:Soviet of Nationalities 3940:Chinese Communist Party 3776:1905 Russian Revolution 3483:Lenin, in light of the 2906:between 1953 and 1966. 2520:Communist International 2353:Gorbachev convened the 2114:as First Secretary and 1984:Communist International 1952:Russian Orthodox Church 1950:was waged in which the 1903:original ideas of Lenin 1835:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1768:Imperial German victory 1751:attempted military coup 1655:Early years (1898–1924) 1539: 1235:Russian Communist Party 1168:Soviet Union portal 680:Soviet of Nationalities 320:Political position 112:; 112 years ago 14883:Russian Jews in Israel 14207:Socialist United Party 13649:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 13372:Leaders of the ruling 13212:Yemeni Socialist Party 12542:Stalinist architecture 12296:Science and technology 12206:Ideological repression 12134:Soviet Airborne Forces 12072:Destruction battalions 9828:Decision-making bodies 9547:van Ree, Erik (2003). 9399:Smith, Gordon (1991). 9374:Smith, Gordon (1988). 9049:Harding, Neil (1996). 8923:Evans, Alfred (1993). 8906:University of Michigan 8260:eurodos.home.xs4all.nl 5736:Trotsky, Leon (1934). 5154:Used from 1939 to 1952 5115: 5080:(faction of the RSDLP) 5061:(1922-1952, 1966-1991) 5056:(1912-1922, 1952-1953) 3955: 3930: 3920: 3797: 3713: 3688: 3661: 3611: 3577: 3526: 3302: 2975:19th Central Committee 2937: 2776:elected at the annual 2439:Constitution of Russia 2326: 2289:"pluralism of thought" 2202:communist regime there 2200:to save the embattled 2168:New Economic Mechanism 2146: 2143:CPSU General Secretary 2057:After Stalin's death, 1865:Stalin era (1924–1953) 1791:and the leader of the 1697:provisional government 1466:in the direction of a 1464:Soviet economic system 1247:Soviet Communist Party 1222: 1111:Ideological repression 1001:Science and technology 132:; 32 years ago 43:Veslački Klub Partizan 14955:Neo-Stalinist parties 14827:Jewish Defense League 14806:Moscow Helsinki Group 14187:Russian Party of Life 13589:Polish Workers' Party 13152:São Tomé and Príncipe 13126:Polish Workers' Party 12324:List of metro systems 11877:Collective leadership 9992:Bolshevik / Kommunist 9953:Science and Education 9868:Administrative Organs 9835:Politburo / Presidium 9448:Swain, Geoff (2006). 9095:Kenez, Peter (1985). 8999:Gill, Graeme (2002). 8784:Science & Society 8579:, pp. 51–52, 54. 5611:International Affairs 4013:Presidential election 3982:needed transformation 3950: 3925: 3915: 3897:Further information: 3792: 3708: 3680: 3656: 3607: 3572: 3517: 3426:freedom of expression 3358:Ministry of Education 3300: 3172:. The first issue of 3093:Alexander Shliapnikov 2930:counter-revolutionary 2923: 2895:Further information: 2854:democratic centralism 2492:Democratic centralism 2486:Democratic centralism 2355:19th Party Conference 2321: 2132: 1513:were united into the 1321:democratic centralism 1216: 544:Collective leadership 32:CPSU (disambiguation) 13707:Konstantin Chernenko 12286:Net material product 12229:Censorship of images 12146:Political repression 12106:Soviet Border Troops 12039:First Deputy Premier 11623:1965 economic reform 11618:Soviet space program 10843:3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905) 10559:7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919) 9802:Konstantin Chernenko 9723:Konstantin Chernenko 9055:Macmillan Publishers 8976:Getty, John (1987). 8819:The Gorbachev Factor 8791:. pp. 339–367. 8520:(17 February 2011). 5414:March, Luke (2009). 5240:March, Luke (2002). 4782:Konstantin Chernenko 3841:permanent revolution 3819:liberation movements 3815:non-aligned movement 3788:Peaceful coexistence 3782:Peaceful coexistence 3497:socialist revolution 3363:Komsomolskaya Pravda 3035:proverka ispolneniia 2337:. On 13 March 1988, 2251:Konstantin Chernenko 2124:Council of Ministers 2100:Cuban Missile Crisis 1919:first five-year plan 1887:permanent revolution 1460:Konstantin Chernenko 1263:sole governing party 1121:Political repression 1086:Censorship of images 816:First Deputy Premier 554:Presidential Council 360:Second International 340:National affiliation 306:Democratic socialism 291:Socialist patriotism 130:6 November 1991 14067:Dignity and Charity 13889:Union of October 17 13631:Mieczysław Rakowski 13626:Wojciech Jaruzelski 12354:Academy of Sciences 12169:Population transfer 12113:Soviet Armed Forces 11976:Congress of Soviets 11957:Presidium/Politburo 11921:Soviet anti-Zionism 11770:West Siberian Plain 11648:Revolutions of 1989 11585:Great Patriotic War 11570:New Economic Policy 11361:Workers' Opposition 10988:Auditing Commission 10278:Leadership sittings 9740:General Secretaries 9578:Stanford University 9522:Suny, Ronald Grigor 9423:Suny, Ronald Grigor 9250:Motyl, Alexander J. 9143:Suny, Ronald Grigor 9024:Suny, Ronald Grigor 8900:The Glasnost Reader 8846:Suny, Ronald Grigor 8450:, pp. 134–135. 8426:, pp. 129–130. 8218:, pp. 344–347. 8150:, pp. 165–166. 8111:, pp. 162–163. 8078:, pp. 160–161. 8018:, pp. 158–159. 7989:, pp. 157–158. 7977:, pp. 155–156. 7936:, pp. 154–155. 7787:, pp. 206–212. 7293:Library of Congress 7240:, pp. 417–418. 6882:, pp. 404–408. 6870:, pp. 399–404. 6670:, pp. 455–456. 6376:, pp. 344–349. 6364:, pp. 344–348. 6292:, pp. 327–328. 6180:, pp. 319–320. 6156:, pp. 317–318. 6083:, pp. 310–314. 6071:, pp. 309–310. 6035:, pp. 235–238. 6023:, pp. 299–230. 5987:, pp. 297–298. 5972:, pp. 296–299. 5960:, pp. 292–296. 5912:, pp. 288–289. 5900:, pp. 284–287. 5885:, pp. 282–284. 5873:, pp. 278–280. 5858:, pp. 268–269. 5846:, pp. 274–276. 5822:, pp. 274–275. 5717:on 9 September 2014 5390:, pp. 501–502. 4890:Soviet Union portal 4081:Soviet of the Union 3760:economic recessions 3555:cult of personality 3477:class consciousness 3439:Russian nationalism 3354:Ministry of Culture 3317:общественная работа 3222:Higher Party School 2692:(Central Committee) 2686:(Central Committee) 2680:(Central Committee) 2674:(Central Committee) 2668:(Central Committee) 2662:(Central Committee) 2656:(Central Committee) 2650:(Central Committee) 2644:(Central Committee) 2638:(Central Committee) 2618:(Central Committee) 2612:(Central Committee) 2606:(Central Committee) 2600:(Central Committee) 2594:(Central Committee) 2588:(Central Committee) 2577:(Central Committee) 2571:(Central Committee) 2536:A central tenet of 2472:cult of personality 2431:Soviet of Republics 2363:Mikhail Solomentsev 2141:, a term coined by 1977:Great Patriotic War 1968:non-aggression pact 1883:Minister of Defence 1847:New Economic Policy 1753:by commanding Gen. 1682:Russian Revolutions 1678:February Revolution 1507:economic stagnation 1450:, and further with 1380:New Economic Policy 1261:. The CPSU was the 1136:Suppressed research 1126:Population transfer 996:New Economic Policy 675:Soviet of the Union 645:Congress of Soviets 110:5 January 1912 14687:Benjamin Netanyahu 14265:Politics of Russia 14212:Spiritual Heritage 14010:Post-Soviet period 13904:Popular Socialists 13755:Dragoslav Marković 13659:Nicolae Ceaușescu 12981:New Jewel Movement 11999:Military Collegium 11867:Capital punishment 11745:Caucasus Mountains 11658:Post-Soviet states 11538:Russian Revolution 11146:Wider organisation 11081:Control Commission 10694:Control Commission 9850:Control Commission 9772:Vyacheslav Molotov 9766:Nikolay Krestinsky 9612:8 May 2021 at the 9477:Palgrave MacMillan 9405:St. Martin's Press 9382:St. Martin's Press 9256:. Academic Press. 7415:(newspaper)]. 6489:, p. 183–184. 5999:, p. 296–297. 5936:, p. 289–290. 5493:. 39 (4): p. 426. 5491:The Russian Review 5086:(split with RSDLP) 5001:New Jewel Movement 4002:Soviet imperialism 3893:Reasons for demise 3853:, Lev Kamenev and 3846:Lessons of October 3802:Nikolay Inozemtsev 3768:Russo-Japanese War 3622:Russian Revolution 3547:Soviet agriculture 3527: 3435:communist movement 3303: 3192:were curtailed by 3156:editors. In 1905, 3060:Control Commission 2943:General Department 2938: 2347:Alexander Yakovlev 2327: 2147: 1827:October Revolution 1816:October Revolution 1729:Alexander Kerensky 1488:Russian Federation 1349:head of government 1343:(until 1952). The 1306:failed coup d'état 1302:October Revolution 1223: 870:Procurator General 858:Military Collegium 413:The Internationale 14907: 14906: 14901: 14900: 14871: 14870: 14772: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14760:Nicolae Ceaușescu 14737:Władysław Gomułka 14621:George H. W. Bush 14599: 14598: 14528:Mikhail Gorbachev 14471:Operation Solomon 14434: 14433: 14278: 14277: 14122:Our Home – Russia 14032:Beer Lovers Party 13929:internationalists 13806: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13712:Mikhail Gorbachev 13692:Nikita Khrushchev 13611:Władysław Gomułka 13581: 13580: 13374:Communist parties 13339: 13338: 13288: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13094: 13093: 12898: 12897: 12842: 12841: 12669: 12668: 12633: 12632: 12625:Hammer and sickle 12567:and their groups 12565:Soviet dissidents 12344:Communist Academy 12261:Economic planning 12237: 12236: 12130:Soviet Air Forces 12049:Security services 11969:General Secretary 11952:Central Committee 11894:Political parties 11826:Brezhnev Doctrine 11821:Foreign relations 11778: 11777: 11719:Autonomous okrugs 11633:Soviet–Afghan War 11613:Sino-Soviet split 11555:Russian Civil War 11482: 11481: 11391:United Opposition 11338: 11337: 11303: 11302: 11263: 11262: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11136: 10825:Central Committee 10810: 10809: 10685: 10684: 10624:Control Committee 10287:Central Committee 10273: 10272: 10006:National meetings 10001: 10000: 9878:Chemical Industry 9808:Mikhail Gorbachev 9784:Nikita Khrushchev 9729:Mikhail Gorbachev 9705:Nikita Khrushchev 9676:Central Committee 9564:978-1-135-78604-5 9454:Pearson Education 9286:978-0-8229-3590-2 9205:St Martin's Press 8991:978-0-521-33570-6 8748:, pp. 74–75. 8709:, pp. 67–69. 8680:, pp. 65–66. 8603:, pp. 60–61. 8567:, pp. 49–51. 8338:, pp. 71–72. 7877:, pp. 78–79. 7408:"Правда" (газета) 7185:, pp. 84–85. 6943:, pp. 37–38. 6704:, pp. 25–26. 6602:, pp. 62–64. 5768:, pp. 22–24. 5613:. 24, 3: 339–349. 5175: 5140: 5059:General Secretary 5054:Central Committee 4845: 4844: 4320:Nikita Khrushchev 4206: 4067: 4066: 4043:Mikhail Gorbachev 4008:Electoral history 3944:Era of Stagnation 3851:Grigoriy Zinoviev 3817:and the national 3586:classical Marxism 3582:Soviet propaganda 3397:1977 Constitution 3350:Central Committee 3234:Communist Academy 2891:General Secretary 2790:General Secretary 2762:Central Committee 2703: 2702: 2395:liberal democracy 2323:Mikhail Gorbachev 2286: 2247:Mikhail Gorbachev 2219:Margaret Thatcher 2139:Era of Stagnation 2083:Sino-Soviet split 2059:Nikita Khrushchev 2047:Tito–Stalin split 2019:Chinese Civil War 1875:General Secretary 1810:, founder of the 1787:, founder of the 1644: 1617: 1590: 1563: 1432:nuclear arms race 1424:Nikita Khrushchev 1353:General Secretary 1329:Central Committee 1310:Mikhail Gorbachev 1211: 1210: 1153: 1152: 1006:Era of Stagnation 948: 947: 833: 832: 721: 720: 627: 626: 598:General Secretary 583:Central Committee 488: 487: 475:Political parties 459: 444: 235:19,487,822 (1989 222:Little Octobrists 163:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 15107: 14888:Yisrael BaAliyah 14781: 14780: 14758: 14757: 14735: 14734: 14720: 14719: 14702:Nehemiah Levanon 14631:Henry M. Jackson 14586:Eduard Kuznetsov 14502: 14501: 14489: 14488: 14461:Helsinki Accords 14338: 14337: 14327: 14305: 14298: 14291: 14282: 14281: 13991:Democratic Union 13909:Russian Assembly 13833: 13826: 13819: 13810: 13809: 13770:Milanko Renovica 13745:Dušan Dragosavac 13735:Stevan Doronjski 13654:Gheorghe Apostol 13585: 13584: 13473:Alexander Dubček 13463:Klement Gottwald 13435:Valko Chervenkov 13395: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13386: 13385: 13366: 13359: 13352: 13343: 13342: 13161: 13098: 13097: 12998: 12902: 12901: 12857: 12837: 12810: 12809: 12714: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12673: 12672: 12659: 12658: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12396: 12395: 12304: 12159:Collectivization 11904:Marxism–Leninism 11789: 11788: 11678: 11677: 11509: 11502: 11495: 11486: 11485: 11415:Anti-Party Group 11385:Right Opposition 11305: 11304: 11265: 11264: 11153:Republican-level 11150: 11149: 10821: 10820: 10699: 10698: 10291: 10290: 10282: 10281: 10225:11th (Dec. 1921) 10010: 10009: 9928:Machine Industry 9893:Defence Industry 9814:Vladimir Ivashko 9762:(Mar.–Dec. 1919) 9681: 9680: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9638: 9637: 9625: 9624: 9595: 9568: 9543: 9518:Taubman, William 9513: 9500:BRILL Publishers 9490: 9467: 9444: 9418: 9403:(2nd ed.). 9395: 9370: 9349:Shambaugh, David 9344: 9318: 9290: 9267: 9245: 9229: 9218: 9195: 9189: 9181: 9164: 9137: 9114: 9091: 9068: 9045: 9018: 8995: 8972: 8942: 8919: 8903: 8892: 8867: 8837: 8800: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8710: 8704: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8652: 8646: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8514: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8483:on 11 April 2014 8479:. 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4060: 4059: 4023:Party candidate 4017: 4016: 3970:Marxism–Leninism 3959: 3870:Friedrich Engels 3855:Nikolai Bukharin 3805: 3736:Eduard Bernstein 3720: 3704:Anti-imperialism 3698:Anti-imperialism 3676:Gavril Myasnikov 3665: 3626:direct democracy 3615: 3543:collectivization 3539:central planning 3410:Nikolai Bukharin 3387:Marxism–Leninism 3381:Marxism–Leninism 3319: 3318: 3085:party discipline 2999:Nikolai Bulganin 2956:Andrei Kirilenko 2934:right-Trotskyite 2560: 2427:August 1991 coup 2411:Vladimir Ivashko 2302: 2281: 2279: 2229:on 12 November. 2172:Alexander Dubček 2039:Greek communists 1964:Spanish Republic 1924:collectivization 1911:Marxism–Leninism 1907:orthodox Marxism 1841:In 1921, as the 1804: 1781: 1723:(renamed former 1649: 1639: 1637: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1440:Western European 1408:Second World War 1388:Marxism–Leninism 1279:Marxism–Leninism 1203: 1196: 1189: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1101:Collectivization 961: 960: 925:De-Stalinization 899:Marxism–Leninism 894:Soviet democracy 888: 887: 791:State Committees 734: 733: 640: 639: 572: 571: 504: 490: 489: 461: 460: 446: 445: 388: 363: 341: 310:Market socialism 257:Marxism–Leninism 238: 146:Preceded by 141: 140: 138: 133: 120: 118: 113: 89:Vladimir Ivashko 73: 54: 53: 21: 15115: 15114: 15110: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15104: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14903: 14902: 14897: 14867: 14846: 14815: 14764: 14752: 14741: 14729: 14711: 14650: 14595: 14576:Natan Sharansky 14557: 14548:Adolf Shayevich 14538:David Dragunsky 14518:Leonid Brezhnev 14495: 14480: 14430: 14387: 14329: 14318: 14309: 14279: 14274: 14255:Portal:Politics 14246: 14242:Women of Russia 14227:Union of Greens 14005: 13979:Communist Party 13967: 13848: 13842: 13837: 13807: 13798: 13789: 13785:Milan Pančevski 13765:Vidoje Žarković 13730:Josip Broz Tito 13716: 13697:Leonid Brezhnev 13687:Georgy Malenkov 13663: 13635: 13621:Stanisław Kania 13601:Bolesław Bierut 13591: 13577: 13538: 13530: 13516:Walter Ulbricht 13492: 13468:Antonín Novotný 13449: 13430:Georgi Dimitrov 13416: 13380: 13370: 13340: 13335: 13289: 13280: 13266: 13252: 13243: 13229: 13215: 13196: 13178: 13163: 13157: 13146: 13132: 13114: 13090: 13073: 13058: 13043: 13025: 13024: 13000: 12994: 12983: 12969: 12946: 12932: 12918: 12894: 12877: 12859: 12853: 12838: 12833: 12822: 12799: 12785: 12771: 12757: 12740: 12726: 12703: 12700: 12670: 12665: 12644: 12642: 12629: 12577: 12551: 12471: 12385: 12330: 12302: 12276:Internet domain 12271:Five-year plans 12233: 12200: 12140: 12043: 12005: 11937:Communist Party 11925: 11884:Passport system 11774: 11750:European Russia 11728: 11667: 11608:Khrushchev Thaw 11587:(World War II) 11565:Creation treaty 11519: 11513: 11483: 11478: 11432: 11397:Left-Right Bloc 11373:Left Opposition 11350:Ban on factions 11334: 11299: 11259: 11133: 11075: 10982: 10833:1st (1898–1903) 10816: 10806: 10768: 10740: 10693: 10690:Elected by the 10681: 10618: 10545: 10422: 10286: 10269: 10220:10th (May 1921) 10190:4th (Nov. 1907) 10185:3rd (Aug. 1907) 10161: 9997: 9972: 9854: 9823: 9790:Leonid Brezhnev 9734: 9711:Leonid Brezhnev 9670: 9665: 9630: 9614:Wayback Machine 9603: 9598: 9592: 9565: 9540: 9528:. Vol. 3. 9510: 9487: 9464: 9441: 9429:. Vol. 3. 9415: 9392: 9367: 9341: 9315: 9287: 9264: 9242: 9215: 9183: 9182: 9161: 9149:. Vol. 3. 9134: 9111: 9088: 9065: 9042: 9030:. Vol. 3. 9015: 8992: 8969: 8951:Hough, Jerry F. 8939: 8916: 8889: 8864: 8852:. Vol. 3. 8834: 8808: 8803: 8776: 8771: 8757: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8664: 8655: 8647: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8563: 8559: 8551: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8515: 8496: 8486: 8484: 8467: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8397: 8389: 8380: 8372: 8357: 8349: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8222: 8214: 8201: 8193: 8184: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8134: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8095: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7940: 7932: 7923: 7915: 7904: 7896: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7738: 7730: 7721: 7713: 7706: 7698: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7669: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7595: 7587: 7576: 7568: 7561: 7553: 7538: 7530: 7509: 7501: 7490: 7482: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7409: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7197:, pp. 167. 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7049: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7011: 7003: 6992: 6984: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6916: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6689: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6577: 6569: 6560: 6552: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6510: 6502: 6493: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6399:on 14 July 2021 6396: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6351: 6343: 6332: 6324: 6311: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6263: 6255: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6143: 6135: 6126: 6118: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5783:, p. xvii. 5779: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5745: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5676: 5672: 5661: 5657: 5642: 5622: 5618: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5582:. p. 408. 5572:Legvold, Robert 5569: 5565: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5536: 5527:Кимерлинг А. С. 5525: 5521: 5484: 5480: 5471: 5463: 5461: 5460:. 15 April 2009 5450: 5449: 5445: 5433: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5365: 5361: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5182: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5127: 5123: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5034: 4962: 4920: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4876:Politics portal 4874: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4817: 4814: 4796: 4793: 4747: 4744: 4726: 4723: 4683: 4680: 4663: 4660: 4619: 4616: 4598: 4595: 4554: 4551: 4533: 4530: 4519:Leonid Brezhnev 4484: 4481: 4463: 4460: 4420: 4417: 4399: 4396: 4355: 4352: 4334: 4331: 4285: 4282: 4264: 4261: 4220: 4217: 4197: 4194: 4159: 4156: 4144: 4141: 4072: 4061: 4057: 4015: 4010: 3961: 3957: 3935: 3910: 3905: 3895: 3862:14th Conference 3837: 3831: 3807: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3772:First World War 3722: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3667: 3663: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3594: 3512: 3506: 3500:peasant class. 3480:consciousness. 3464: 3458: 3401:State socialism 3389: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3345: 3339: 3326:Lenin Enrolment 3295: 3286: 3280: 3252: 3247: 3230: 3224: 3186:Austria-Hungary 3141: 3135: 3115:zaveduiuschchii 3107: 3101: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3047: 3018: 3012: 2968:Nikolai Ryzhkov 2964:Dmitriy Ustinov 2918: 2912: 2904:First Secretary 2899: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2874:18th Congresses 2826: 2817: 2811: 2774:collective body 2770: 2764: 2715: 2709: 2704: 2557: 2551: 2534: 2528: 2507:ban on factions 2494: 2488: 2468: 2462: 2460:Governing style 2415:social democrat 2387:Andrei Sakharov 2379:one-party state 2375:elected in 1989 2260: 2243:Nikolay Ryzhkov 2112:Leonid Brezhnev 2087:Josip Broz Tito 2067:Georgy Malenkov 2063:Lavrentiy Beria 2055: 2031:Josip Broz Tito 1867: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1805: 1797: 1796: 1793:Bolshevik party 1782: 1709:Imperial German 1663:faction of the 1657: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1452:Leonid Brezhnev 1404:command economy 1400:state socialism 1317:communist party 1315:The CPSU was a 1255:political party 1243:Bolshevik Party 1207: 1178: 1174:Other countries 1162: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1066: 958: 950: 949: 921: 885: 875: 874: 843: 835: 834: 769: 731: 723: 722: 637: 629: 628: 623: 569: 567:Communist Party 559: 558: 517: 484: 454: 447: 417: 386: 378: 358: 339: 314: 308: 304: 289: 279: 269: 265: 255: 169: 136: 134: 131: 129: 116: 114: 111: 87: 64: 63: 60: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15113: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14898: 14896: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14879: 14877: 14873: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14865: 14860: 14854: 14852: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14787: 14785: 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13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13677:Vladimir Lenin 13673: 13671: 13665: 13664: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13645: 13643: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13597: 13595: 13582: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13544: 13542: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13521:Erich Honecker 13518: 13513: 13511:Otto Grotewohl 13508: 13502: 13500: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13459: 13457: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13445:Petar Mladenov 13442: 13437: 13432: 13426: 13424: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13403: 13401: 13389: 13382: 13381: 13369: 13368: 13361: 13354: 13346: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13330: 13326: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13286: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13276: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13260: 13258: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13231: 13230: 13225: 13223: 13217: 13216: 13206: 13204: 13198: 13197: 13188: 13186: 13180: 13179: 13173: 13171: 13165: 13164: 13156: 13154: 13148: 13147: 13142: 13140: 13134: 13133: 13124: 13122: 13116: 13115: 13108: 13106: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13083: 13081: 13075: 13074: 13068: 13066: 13060: 13059: 13053: 13051: 13045: 13044: 13037: 13035: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12993: 12991: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12977: 12971: 12970: 12956: 12954: 12948: 12947: 12942: 12940: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12926: 12924:Czechoslovakia 12920: 12919: 12912: 12910: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12887: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12871: 12869: 12861: 12860: 12852: 12850: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12832: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12816: 12807: 12801: 12800: 12795: 12793: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12767: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12750: 12748: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12720: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12676: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12653: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12585: 12583: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12573: 12561: 12559: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12481: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12410: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12340: 12338: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12319:Rail transport 12316: 12314:Railway system 12306: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12247: 12245: 12239: 12238: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12210: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12150: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12136: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12103: 12093: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12064: 12059: 12053: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12034:Deputy Premier 12031: 12026: 12025: 12024: 12017:Heads of state 12013: 12011: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11991: 11985: 11982:Supreme Soviet 11979: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11949: 11944: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11899:State ideology 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11818: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11795: 11793: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11767: 11765:Ural Mountains 11762: 11757: 11755:North Caucasus 11752: 11747: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11686: 11684: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11593: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11535: 11529: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11512: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11489: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11412: 11406: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11382: 11379:Workers' Group 11376: 11370: 11367:Workers' Truth 11364: 11358: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11311: 11309: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11235:Transcaucasian 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11190:Karelo-Finnish 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11156: 11154: 11147: 11143: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11129:28th (1990–91) 11126: 11124:16th (1930–34) 11121: 11119:15th (1927–30) 11116: 11114:14th (1925–27) 11111: 11109:13th (1924–25) 11106: 11104:12th (1923–24) 11101: 11099:11th (1922–23) 11096: 11094:10th (1921–22) 11091: 11085: 11083: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11071:27th (1986–90) 11068: 11066:26th (1981–86) 11063: 11061:25th (1976–81) 11058: 11056:24th (1971–76) 11053: 11051:23rd (1966–71) 11048: 11046:22nd (1961–66) 11043: 11041:20th (1956–61) 11038: 11036:19th (1952–56) 11033: 11031:18th (1939–52) 11028: 11026:17th (1934–39) 11023: 11021:16th (1930–34) 11018: 11016:15th (1927–30) 11013: 11011:14th (1925–27) 11008: 11006:13th (1924–25) 11003: 11001:10th (1921–24) 10998: 10992: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10978:28th (1990–91) 10975: 10973:27th (1986–90) 10970: 10968:26th (1981–86) 10965: 10963:25th (1976–81) 10960: 10958:24th (1971–76) 10955: 10953:23rd (1966–71) 10950: 10948:22nd (1961–66) 10945: 10943:20th (1956–61) 10940: 10938:19th (1952–56) 10935: 10933:18th (1939–52) 10930: 10928:17th (1934–39) 10925: 10923:16th (1930–34) 10920: 10918:15th (1927–30) 10915: 10913:14th (1925–27) 10910: 10908:13th (1924–25) 10905: 10903:12th (1923–24) 10900: 10898:11th (1922–23) 10895: 10893:10th (1921–22) 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10829: 10827: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10802:16th (1930–34) 10799: 10797:15th (1927–30) 10794: 10792:14th (1925–27) 10789: 10787:13th (1924–25) 10784: 10782:12th (1923–24) 10778: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10764:14th (1925–27) 10761: 10759:13th (1924–25) 10756: 10754:12th (1923–24) 10750: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10736:28th (1990–91) 10733: 10731:16th (1930–34) 10728: 10726:15th (1927–30) 10723: 10721:14th (1925–27) 10718: 10716:13th (1924–25) 10713: 10711:12th (1923–24) 10707: 10705: 10696: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10677:27th (1986–90) 10674: 10672:26th (1981–86) 10669: 10667:25th (1976–81) 10664: 10662:24th (1971–76) 10659: 10657:23rd (1966–71) 10654: 10652:22nd (1961–66) 10649: 10647:20th (1956–61) 10644: 10642:19th (1952–56) 10639: 10637:18th (1939–52) 10634: 10632:17th (1934–39) 10628: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10614:18th (1939–52) 10611: 10609:17th (1934–39) 10606: 10604:16th (1930–34) 10601: 10599:15th (1927–30) 10596: 10594:14th (1925–27) 10591: 10589:13th (1924–25) 10586: 10584:12th (1923–24) 10581: 10579:11th (1922–23) 10576: 10574:10th (1921–22) 10571: 10566: 10561: 10555: 10553: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10541:28th (1990–91) 10538: 10536:27th (1986–90) 10533: 10531:26th (1981–86) 10528: 10526:25th (1976–81) 10523: 10521:24th (1971–76) 10518: 10516:23rd (1966–71) 10513: 10511:22nd (1961–66) 10508: 10506:20th (1956–61) 10503: 10501:19th (1952–56) 10498: 10496:18th (1939–52) 10493: 10491:17th (1934–39) 10488: 10486:16th (1930–34) 10483: 10481:15th (1927–30) 10478: 10476:14th (1925–27) 10473: 10471:13th (1924–25) 10468: 10466:12th (1923–24) 10463: 10461:11th (1922–23) 10458: 10456:10th (1921–22) 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10418:28th (1990–91) 10415: 10413:27th (1986–90) 10410: 10408:26th (1981–86) 10405: 10403:25th (1976–81) 10400: 10398:24th (1971–76) 10395: 10393:23rd (1966–71) 10390: 10388:22nd (1961–66) 10385: 10383:20th (1956–61) 10380: 10378:19th (1952–56) 10375: 10373:18th (1939–52) 10370: 10368:17th (1934–39) 10365: 10363:16th (1930–34) 10360: 10358:15th (1927–30) 10355: 10353:14th (1925–27) 10350: 10348:13th (1924–25) 10345: 10343:12th (1923–24) 10340: 10338:11th (1922–23) 10335: 10333:10th (1921–22) 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10308:Oct.–Dec. 1917 10305: 10303:Aug.–Oct. 1917 10299: 10297: 10288: 10285:Elected by the 10279: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10171: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10018: 10016: 10007: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9908:Heavy Industry 9905: 9900: 9898:Foreign Cadres 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9864: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9831: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9754:Yakov Sverdlov 9751: 9744: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9726: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9693:Vladimir Lenin 9689: 9687: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9664: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9602: 9601:External links 9599: 9597: 9596: 9590: 9569: 9563: 9544: 9538: 9514: 9508: 9491: 9485: 9468: 9462: 9445: 9439: 9419: 9413: 9396: 9390: 9371: 9366:978-0520254923 9365: 9345: 9339: 9323:Sakwa, Richard 9319: 9313: 9295:Sakwa, Richard 9291: 9285: 9268: 9262: 9246: 9240: 9219: 9213: 9196: 9165: 9159: 9138: 9132: 9115: 9109: 9092: 9086: 9069: 9063: 9046: 9040: 9019: 9013: 8996: 8990: 8973: 8967: 8947:Fainsod, Merle 8943: 8937: 8920: 8914: 8893: 8887: 8868: 8862: 8838: 8832: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8789:Guilford Press 8777: 8775: 8772: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8746:Shambaugh 2008 8738: 8734:Shambaugh 2008 8726: 8722:Shambaugh 2008 8711: 8707:Shambaugh 2008 8694: 8690:Shambaugh 2008 8682: 8678:Shambaugh 2008 8670: 8666:Shambaugh 2008 8653: 8649:Shambaugh 2008 8634: 8630:Shambaugh 2008 8622: 8618:Shambaugh 2008 8605: 8601:Shambaugh 2008 8593: 8589:Shambaugh 2008 8581: 8577:Shambaugh 2008 8569: 8565:Shambaugh 2008 8557: 8555:, p. 731. 8542: 8494: 8476:Foreign Policy 8452: 8440: 8438:, p. 130. 8428: 8416: 8414:, p. 129. 8395: 8393:, p. 128. 8378: 8376:, p. 127. 8355: 8353:, p. 126. 8340: 8328: 8316: 8277: 8266:on 27 May 2019 8247: 8245:, p. 354. 8243:McDonough 1995 8235: 8233:, p. 353. 8231:McDonough 1995 8220: 8216:McDonough 1995 8199: 8197:, p. 339. 8195:McDonough 1995 8182: 8180:, p. 352. 8178:McDonough 1995 8167: 8165:, p. 166. 8152: 8140: 8138:, p. 165. 8125: 8123:, p. 163. 8113: 8101: 8099:, p. 162. 8080: 8068: 8066:, p. 160. 8056: 8054:, p. 161. 8041: 8039:, p. 159. 8020: 8008: 8006:, p. 158. 7991: 7979: 7967: 7965:, p. 156. 7955: 7953:, p. 155. 7938: 7921: 7919:, p. 133. 7902: 7879: 7867: 7844: 7842:, p. 767. 7832: 7820: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7736: 7719: 7717:, p. 212. 7704: 7702:, p. 407. 7687: 7685:, p. 405. 7675: 7673:, p. 406. 7656: 7634: 7622: 7593: 7574: 7559: 7536: 7507: 7505:, p. 186. 7488: 7486:, p. 185. 7469: 7432: 7391: 7379: 7364: 7345: 7343:, p. 202. 7333: 7331:, p. 106. 7329:Remington 1988 7321: 7306: 7269: 7267:, p. 420. 7257: 7255:, p. 418. 7242: 7230: 7211: 7209:, p. 246. 7199: 7187: 7175: 7163: 7146: 7144:, p. 249. 7134: 7115: 7103: 7101:, p. 121. 7091: 7089:, p. 185. 7074: 7072:, p. 432. 7062: 7060:, p. 430. 7047: 7032: 7009: 7007:, p. 102. 6990: 6988:, p. 101. 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6914: 6899: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6858:, p. 398. 6848: 6846:, p. 396. 6833: 6831:, p. 394. 6821: 6819:, p. 393. 6802: 6761: 6759:, p. 462. 6749: 6737: 6718: 6706: 6687: 6685:, p. 458. 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 455. 6645: 6604: 6592: 6588:Zimmerman 1977 6575: 6571:Zimmerman 1977 6558: 6554:Zimmerman 1977 6539: 6527: 6525:, p. 181. 6508: 6506:, p. 179. 6491: 6476: 6474:, p. 187. 6461: 6459:, p. 186. 6436: 6422: 6420:, p. 349. 6410: 6378: 6366: 6349: 6347:, p. 330. 6330: 6328:, p. 329. 6309: 6307:, p. 328. 6294: 6282: 6280:, p. 327. 6261: 6259:, p. 326. 6238: 6236:, p. 325. 6226: 6224:, p. 323. 6211: 6209:, p. 322. 6199: 6197:, p. 320. 6182: 6170: 6168:, p. 319. 6158: 6141: 6139:, p. 317. 6124: 6122:, p. 316. 6109: 6107:, p. 315. 6097: 6095:, p. 313. 6085: 6073: 6061: 6059:, p. 309. 6049: 6047:, p. 308. 6037: 6025: 6013: 6011:, p. 299. 6001: 5989: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5948:, p. 292. 5938: 5926: 5924:, p. 289. 5914: 5902: 5887: 5875: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5834:, p. 276. 5824: 5812: 5785: 5770: 5758: 5756:, p. xvi. 5743: 5728: 5698: 5670: 5655: 5640: 5616: 5598: 5589:978-0231512176 5588: 5563: 5545: 5534: 5519: 5499:10.2307/128810 5478: 5443: 5406: 5392: 5380: 5376:978-0275947637 5359: 5355:978-0761426288 5338: 5336:, p. 206. 5315: 5303: 5283: 5272: 5259: 5252: 5232: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5196: 5156: 5147: 5143:Internatsionál 5131:Интернациона́л 5121: 5106: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4893: 4879: 4865: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4834: 4826: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4364: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 3983: 3949: 3934: 3931: 3909: 3906: 3894: 3891: 3833:Main article: 3830: 3827: 3791: 3786:Main article: 3783: 3780: 3707: 3702:Main article: 3699: 3696: 3692:class struggle 3685: 3655: 3606: 3601:Main article: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3570:held in 1930; 3563:Order of Lenin 3508:Main article: 3505: 3502: 3460:Main article: 3457: 3454: 3385:Main article: 3382: 3379: 3374:Main article: 3371: 3368: 3341:Main article: 3338: 3335: 3330:Old Bolsheviks 3308:Young Pioneers 3294: 3291: 3282:Main article: 3279: 3276: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3226:Main article: 3223: 3220: 3208:St. Petersburg 3170:Kyivan Thought 3137:Main article: 3134: 3129: 3103:Main article: 3100: 3097: 3064:Main article: 3061: 3058: 3049:Main article: 3046: 3043: 3014:Main article: 3011: 3008: 2960:Fyodor Kulakov 2952:Mikhail Suslov 2948:Kirill Mazurov 2914:Main article: 2911: 2908: 2892: 2889: 2884:Main article: 2881: 2878: 2825: 2822: 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2782:Sovietologists 2778:party congress 2766:Main article: 2763: 2760: 2711:Main article: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2558: 2553:Main article: 2550: 2547: 2530:Main article: 2527: 2524: 2490:Main article: 2487: 2484: 2464:Main article: 2461: 2458: 2423:different form 2359:Andrei Gromyko 2339:Nina Andreyeva 2259: 2256: 2239:Yegor Ligachev 2116:Alexei Kosygin 2104:Evsei Liberman 2054: 2051: 1873:, the party's 1866: 1863: 1806: 1799: 1798: 1785:Vladimir Lenin 1783: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1725:St. Petersburg 1687:After Emperor 1673:Vladimir Lenin 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1624: 1597: 1570: 1541: 1538: 1533:Main article: 1530: 1527: 1468:market economy 1448:Alexei Kosygin 1430:, and ongoing 1325:Party Congress 1298:Vladimir Lenin 1209: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1191: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 991:Kosygin reform 988: 986:Five-Year Plan 983: 981:Consumer goods 978: 970: 969: 959: 956: 955: 952: 951: 946: 945: 944: 943: 942: 941: 927: 922: 920: 919: 914: 909: 903: 901: 896: 886: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 867: 865:People's Court 862: 861: 860: 850: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 831: 830: 829: 828: 823: 821:Deputy Premier 818: 810: 809: 801: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 780: 779: 771: 770: 768: 767: 762: 757: 752: 750:Official names 746: 743: 742: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 719: 718: 717: 716: 715: 714: 709: 699: 698: 690: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 669: 668: 665:Supreme Soviet 660: 659: 658: 657: 649: 648: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 624: 622: 621: 616: 611: 605: 602: 601: 593: 592: 591: 590: 585: 580: 570: 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 551: 546: 541: 540: 539: 537:Vice President 534: 524: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 506: 505: 497: 496: 486: 485: 483: 482: 477: 472: 466: 463: 462: 409: 405: 404: 397: 393: 392: 384: 380: 379: 377: 376: 370: 364: 355: 353: 349: 348: 342: 336: 335: 332: 328: 327: 322: 316: 315: 313: 312: 298: 283: 273: 259: 249: 247: 241: 240: 233: 229: 228: 226:Young Pioneers 219: 213: 212: 207: 201: 200: 193: 189: 188: 182:Staraya Square 178: 174: 173: 164: 160: 159: 147: 143: 142: 127: 123: 122: 107: 103: 102: 100:Vladimir Lenin 97: 93: 92: 81: 75: 74: 66: 65: 61: 58: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15112: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14880: 14878: 14874: 14864: 14863:Jewish Agency 14861: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14853: 14849: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14820:United States 14818: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14777:Organisations 14775: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14744: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14692:Simcha Dinitz 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14667:Yitzhak Rabin 14665: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14636:Charles Vanik 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14626:George Shultz 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14616:Ronald Reagan 14614: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14604:United States 14602: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14560: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14543:Yakov Fishman 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14523:Yuri Andropov 14521: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14494: 14490: 14487: 14483: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14427: 14426:Georgian Jews 14424: 14422: 14421:Bukharan Jews 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14406:Mountain Jews 14404: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14393:Jewish groups 14390: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14378:Slánský trial 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14358:Joseph Stalin 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14348:The Holocaust 14346: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14336: 14332: 14321: 14317: 14314:movement and 14313: 14306: 14301: 14299: 14294: 14292: 14287: 14286: 14283: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14008: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13972:Soviet period 13970: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13934: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13852: 13845: 13841: 13834: 13829: 13827: 13822: 13820: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13750:Mitja Ribičič 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13723: 13719: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13702:Yuri Andropov 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13682:Joseph Stalin 13680: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13666: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13616:Edward Gierek 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13598: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13583: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13548:Mátyás Rákosi 13546: 13545: 13543: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13506:Wilhelm Pieck 13504: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13489: 13488:Karel Urbánek 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13440:Todor Zhivkov 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13400: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13367: 13362: 13360: 13355: 13353: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13279: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13264: 13259: 13257: 13256: 13250: 13249:North Vietnam 13246: 13242: 13238: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13176: 13172: 13170: 13166: 13160: 13155: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13096: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13071: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13056: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13034: 13033: 13028: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13003: 12997: 12992: 12990: 12989:Guinea-Bissau 12986: 12982: 12978: 12976: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12903: 12900: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12875: 12870: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12856: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12836: 12831: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12815: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12755: 12754: 12749: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12697: 12692: 12690: 12685: 12683: 12678: 12677: 12674: 12662: 12654: 12652: 12651: 12640: 12639: 12636: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12599: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12522:Printed media 12520: 12518: 12515: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12455:Cyrillisation 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12423:Working class 12421: 12419: 12418:Soviet people 12416: 12415: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12333: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12311: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12266:Energy policy 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12240: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12147: 12143: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12008: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11994:Supreme Court 11992: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11731: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11596:The Holocaust 11594: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11517: 11510: 11505: 11503: 11498: 11496: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11428: 11425: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11374: 11371: 11368: 11365: 11362: 11359: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11306: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11089:9th (1920–21) 11087: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10996:8th (1919–21) 10994: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10888:9th (1920–21) 10886: 10884: 10883:8th (1919–20) 10881: 10879: 10878:7th (1918–19) 10876: 10874: 10873:6th (1917–18) 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10858:5th (1907–12) 10856: 10854: 10853:4th (1906–07) 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10838:2nd (1903–05) 10836: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10813: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10688: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10569:9th (1920–21) 10567: 10565: 10564:8th (1919–20) 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10451:9th (1920–21) 10449: 10447: 10446:8th (1919–20) 10444: 10442: 10441:7th (1918–19) 10439: 10437: 10436:6th (1917–18) 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10328:9th (1920–21) 10326: 10324: 10323:8th (1919–20) 10321: 10319: 10318:7th (1918–19) 10316: 10314: 10313:6th (1917–18) 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10289: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10008: 10004: 9994: 9993: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9918:International 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9797: 9796:Yuri Andropov 9794: 9791: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9779: 9778:Joseph Stalin 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9760:Elena Stasova 9758: 9755: 9752: 9749: 9748:Elena Stasova 9746: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9721: 9718: 9717:Yuri Andropov 9715: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9699:Joseph Stalin 9697: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9657: 9655: 9650: 9648: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9633: 9626: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9551: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9486:9781349208197 9482: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9265: 9263:0-12-227230-7 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8842:Brown, Archie 8839: 8835: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8814:Brown, Archie 8811: 8810: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8747: 8742: 8736:, p. 72. 8735: 8730: 8724:, p. 71. 8723: 8718: 8716: 8708: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8692:, p. 67. 8691: 8686: 8679: 8674: 8668:, p. 65. 8667: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8651:, p. 66. 8650: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8631: 8626: 8620:, p. 64. 8619: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8602: 8597: 8591:, p. 60. 8590: 8585: 8578: 8573: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8549: 8547: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8518:Brown, Archie 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8449: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8392: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8352: 8347: 8345: 8337: 8332: 8326:, p. 71. 8325: 8320: 8314:, p. 72. 8313: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8244: 8239: 8232: 8227: 8225: 8217: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8196: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8179: 8174: 8172: 8164: 8159: 8157: 8149: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8053: 8048: 8046: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8017: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7900:, p. 79. 7899: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7876: 7871: 7865:, p. 78. 7864: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7841: 7836: 7830:, p. 77. 7829: 7824: 7818:, p. 76. 7817: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7786: 7781: 7775:, p. 83. 7774: 7769: 7763:, p. 82. 7762: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7734:, p. 81. 7733: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7684: 7679: 7672: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7644: 7638: 7632:, p. 67. 7631: 7626: 7620:, p. 66. 7619: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7591:, p. 65. 7590: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7572:, p. 70. 7571: 7566: 7564: 7557:, p. 69. 7556: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7534:, p. 68. 7533: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7504: 7503:Matthews 1983 7499: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7485: 7484:Matthews 1983 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7389:, p. 27. 7388: 7383: 7377:, p. 45. 7376: 7371: 7369: 7362:, p. 37. 7361: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7342: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7319:, p. 53. 7318: 7313: 7311: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7247: 7239: 7234: 7228:, p. 95. 7227: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7173:, p. 84. 7172: 7167: 7161:, p. 83. 7160: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7143: 7138: 7132:, p. 81. 7131: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7113:, p. 58. 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7045:, p. 26. 7044: 7039: 7037: 7030:, p. 87. 7029: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7006: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6967:, p. 45. 6966: 6961: 6955:, p. 38. 6954: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6931:, p. 99. 6930: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6912:, p. 98. 6911: 6906: 6904: 6897:, p. 85. 6896: 6891: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6838: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6753: 6747:, p. 94. 6746: 6741: 6735:, p. 93. 6734: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6716:, p. 27. 6715: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6555: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6537:, p. 71. 6536: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6395: 6388: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6306: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6046: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5892: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5607:Healey, Denis 5602: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5475: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5313:, p. 68. 5312: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5276: 5270:. pp. 242–249 5269: 5263: 5255: 5253:9780719060441 5249: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5179: 5173: 5163:Russian: 5160: 5151: 5144: 5138: 5128:Russian: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4904:Russia portal 4894: 4891: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4866: 4863: 4852: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4798: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4502: 4494: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4437: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4373: 4365: 4357: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4266: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4171: 4163: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Joseph Stalin 4126: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4095:Party leader 4094: 4093: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989:Milovan Đilas 3985: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938:efforts, the 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764:working class 3761: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3672:Paris Commune 3666: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3638:parliamentary 3635: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3568:16th Congress 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551:Cult of Lenin 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3443:state atheism 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3406:privatization 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3290: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3081:bureaucratism 3078: 3073: 3067: 3057: 3052: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:podbor kadrov 3024: 3017: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2990:Aleksey Rykov 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:11th Congress 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2816: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2756:19th Congress 2751: 2749: 2745: 2744:22nd Congress 2741: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2714: 2699: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2523: 2522:(Comintern). 2521: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2503:10th Congress 2499: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:28th Congress 2404: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2385:by dissident 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331:Boris Yeltsin 2324: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2227:Yuri Andropov 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:Ronald Reagan 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2189:25th Congress 2186: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2163:23rd Congress 2159: 2157: 2156:neo-Stalinism 2152: 2151:Khrushchevism 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2075:20th Congress 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041:during their 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025:. In Europe, 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013:In 1949, the 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:United States 1927: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:Joseph Stalin 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:war communism 1848: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1766:and fears of 1765: 1761: 1760:Eastern Front 1756: 1755:Lavr Kornilov 1752: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1669:Julius Martov 1666: 1662: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484:Boris Yeltsin 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Yuri Andropov 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:United States 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Joseph Stalin 1381: 1377: 1376:mixed economy 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:head of state 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1289:as a reason. 1288: 1284: 1283:Boris Yeltsin 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1215: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1159: 1158: 1147: 1146:Soviet Empire 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021:War communism 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 968: 967: 963: 962: 954: 953: 940: 939: 935: 934: 933: 932: 928: 926: 923: 918: 917:Khrushchevism 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 891: 890: 889: 884: 879: 878: 871: 868: 866: 863: 859: 856: 855: 854: 853:Supreme Court 851: 849: 846: 845: 839: 838: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 811: 808: 807: 803: 802: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 781: 778: 777: 773: 772: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 745: 744: 741: 740: 736: 735: 727: 726: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 701: 700: 697: 696: 692: 691: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 670: 667: 666: 662: 661: 656: 653: 652: 651: 650: 647: 646: 642: 641: 633: 632: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 604: 603: 600: 599: 595: 594: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 574: 573: 568: 563: 562: 555: 552: 550: 549:State Council 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 513: 512: 508: 507: 503: 499: 498: 495: 492: 491: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 464: 451: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 391: 385: 381: 374: 371: 368: 365: 361: 357: 356: 354: 350: 346: 343: 337: 333: 329: 326: 323: 321: 317: 311: 307: 302: 299: 296: 292: 287: 284: 282: 277: 274: 272: 268: 263: 260: 258: 254: 251: 250: 248: 246: 242: 234: 230: 227: 223: 220: 218: 214: 211: 208: 206: 202: 199: 198: 194: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 128: 124: 121: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 90: 85: 84:Elena Stasova 82: 80: 76: 72: 67: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 14960:Eastern Bloc 14790: 14784:Soviet Union 14697:Avraham Burg 14672:Shimon Peres 14611:Jimmy Carter 14505: 14493:Soviet Union 14451:1970s aliyah 14328:1970 – 2000) 14092:Khostug Tyva 13978: 13884:Labour Group 13775:Boško Krunić 13740:Lazar Mojsov 13668: 13606:Edward Ochab 13568:Károly Grósz 13478:Gustáv Husák 13378:Eastern Bloc 13318:Eastern Bloc 13261: 13253: 13226: 13221:Soviet Union 13109: 13101: 13084: 13038: 13030: 12938:East Germany 12913: 12905: 12888: 12872: 12864: 12791:Burkina Faso 12751: 12641: 12413:Demographics 12403:Antisemitism 12256:Central Bank 12174:Forced labor 12122:Spetsnaz GRU 11942:organisation 11936: 11850:Human rights 11799:Constitution 11682:Subdivisions 11560:Russian SFSR 11516:Soviet Union 11308:Other organs 11225:Russian SFSR 11170:Byelorussian 9990: 9983: 9977:Publications 9883:Construction 9820:, Aug. 1991) 9817: 9667: 9582:Hoover Press 9573: 9549: 9525: 9495: 9472: 9449: 9426: 9400: 9376: 9352: 9326: 9299: 9272: 9253: 9225: 9200: 9186:cite journal 9177: 9173: 9146: 9119: 9096: 9073: 9050: 9027: 9000: 8977: 8954: 8924: 8899: 8873: 8849: 8818: 8782: 8755:Bibliography 8741: 8729: 8685: 8673: 8625: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8533:. Retrieved 8485:. Retrieved 8481:the original 8474: 8448:van Ree 2003 8443: 8436:van Ree 2003 8431: 8424:van Ree 2003 8419: 8412:van Ree 2003 8391:van Ree 2003 8374:van Ree 2003 8351:van Ree 2003 8331: 8319: 8268:. Retrieved 8264:the original 8259: 8250: 8238: 8163:Harding 1996 8148:Harding 1996 8143: 8136:Harding 1996 8121:Harding 1996 8116: 8109:Harding 1996 8104: 8097:Harding 1996 8076:Harding 1996 8071: 8064:Harding 1996 8059: 8052:Harding 1996 8037:Harding 1996 8016:Harding 1996 8011: 8004:Harding 1996 7987:Harding 1996 7982: 7975:Harding 1996 7970: 7963:Harding 1996 7958: 7951:Harding 1996 7934:Harding 1996 7917:van Ree 2003 7870: 7835: 7823: 7780: 7768: 7678: 7647:. Retrieved 7637: 7625: 7460:. Retrieved 7453: 7444:Staff writer 7423:. Retrieved 7416: 7412: 7403:Staff writer 7382: 7336: 7324: 7297:. Retrieved 7260: 7233: 7202: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7137: 7106: 7094: 7065: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6824: 6793:. Retrieved 6786: 6777:Staff writer 6752: 6740: 6709: 6663: 6636:. Retrieved 6629: 6620:Staff writer 6595: 6590:, p. 3. 6573:, p. 2. 6556:, p. 1. 6530: 6523:Harding 1996 6504:Harding 1996 6487:Harding 1996 6472:Harding 1996 6457:Harding 1996 6425: 6413: 6401:. Retrieved 6394:the original 6381: 6369: 6285: 6229: 6202: 6173: 6161: 6100: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5934:Taubman 2006 5929: 5922:Taubman 2006 5917: 5910:Taubman 2006 5905: 5898:Taubman 2006 5883:Taubman 2006 5878: 5871:Taubman 2006 5856:Taubman 2006 5851: 5844:Taubman 2006 5839: 5832:Taubman 2006 5827: 5820:Taubman 2006 5815: 5803:. Retrieved 5797: 5788: 5761: 5737: 5731: 5719:. Retrieved 5715:the original 5710: 5701: 5689:. Retrieved 5683: 5673: 5658: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5593: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5537: 5526: 5522: 5490: 5481: 5469: 5462:. Retrieved 5455: 5446: 5426: 5422: 5409: 5383: 5367: 5362: 5346: 5341: 5306: 5291: 5286: 5275: 5267: 5262: 5242: 5235: 5199: 5191: 5159: 5150: 5124: 5109: 5100: 5084:January 1912 5070: 5049: 5045: 4807:183,892,271 4786:183,897,278 4737:174,770,398 4716:174,734,459 4673:161,443,605 4653:161,355,959 4609:152,843,228 4588:152,771,739 4544:143,595,678 4523:143,570,976 4474:139,391,455 4453:139,210,431 4410:133,431,524 4389:133,214,652 4345:120,539,860 4324:120,479,249 4275:110,782,009 4254:110,788,377 4210:100,603,567 4187:100,621,225 4053: 3997:nomenklatura 3986: 3974: 3962: 3956: 3951: 3936: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3908:Western view 3877: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3844: 3838: 3823: 3811: 3808: 3798: 3793: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3744:Karl Kautsky 3725: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3689: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3631: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3578: 3573: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3482: 3465: 3447: 3394: 3390: 3361: 3346: 3322: 3304: 3287: 3268: 3264: 3253: 3231: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3166:Leon Trotsky 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774: 739:Constitution 737: 693: 663: 643: 596: 566: 300: 285: 275: 261: 217:Pioneer wing 195: 177:Headquarters 51: 14646:Meir Kahane 14591:Iosif Begun 14510:antisemitic 14368:Six-Day War 14172:Right Cause 14042:Civic Union 14017:Adyghe Hase 13780:Stipe Šuvar 13760:Ali Šukrija 13573:Rezső Nyers 13563:János Kádár 13483:Miloš Jakeš 13407:Enver Hoxha 13323:Warsaw Pact 13202:South Yemen 13103:North Korea 12718:Afghanistan 12517:Phraseology 12462:Prohibition 12450:Linguistics 12435:Drug policy 12428:1989 census 12349:Cybernetics 12251:Agriculture 12164:Great Purge 12126:Soviet Navy 12118:Soviet Army 11990:(1989–1991) 11984:(1938–1991) 11978:(1922–1936) 11962:Secretariat 11833:Gun control 11740:Caspian Sea 11724:Closed city 11653:Dissolution 11638:Perestroika 11580:Great Purge 11268:Local-level 11165:Azerbaijani 10746:Secretariat 10428:Secretariat 10265:19th (1988) 10260:18th (1941) 10255:17th (1932) 10250:16th (1929) 10245:15th (1926) 10240:14th (1925) 10235:13th (1924) 10230:12th (1922) 10157:28th (1990) 10152:27th (1986) 10147:26th (1981) 10142:25th (1976) 10137:24th (1971) 10132:23rd (1966) 10127:22nd (1961) 10122:21st (1959) 10117:20th (1956) 10112:19th (1952) 10107:18th (1939) 10102:17th (1934) 10097:16th (1930) 10092:15th (1927) 10087:14th (1925) 10082:13th (1924) 10077:12th (1923) 10072:11th (1922) 10067:10th (1921) 9913:Information 9873:Agriculture 9860:Departments 9840:Secretariat 7649:24 February 7317:Harris 2005 7099:Harris 2005 6880:Simons 1984 6868:Simons 1984 6856:Simons 1984 6844:Simons 1984 6829:Simons 1984 6817:Simons 1984 6105:Hanson 2006 6093:Hanson 2006 6081:Hanson 2006 6069:Hanson 2006 6057:Hanson 2006 6045:Hanson 2006 6033:Hanson 2006 6021:Hanson 2006 6009:Hanson 2006 5997:Hanson 2006 5985:Hanson 2006 5970:Hanson 2006 5958:Hanson 2006 5946:Hanson 2006 5805:16 February 5429:: 126–143. 5078:August 1903 4149:89,063,169 4134:89,844,271 3993:a new class 3774:, with the 3431:nationalism 3212:bourgeoisie 3124:perestroika 3099:Departments 3010:Secretariat 2994:Lev Kamenev 2844:(literally 2836:(literally 2786:Secretariat 2532:Vanguardism 2526:Vanguardism 2515:revisionist 1990:victory of 1944:Great Purge 1705:Switzerland 1689:Nicholas II 1499:perestroika 1472:perestroika 1337:Secretariat 1091:Great Purge 1057:Phraseology 976:Agriculture 931:Perestroika 806:Premiership 636:Legislature 614:Secretariat 14914:Categories 14746:Pro-Jewish 14723:Pro-Soviet 14662:Golda Meir 14401:Ashkenazim 14334:Background 14222:Styr Nyxas 14197:Sakha Omuk 13924:mensheviks 13919:bolsheviks 13526:Egon Krenz 13412:Ramiz Alia 13272:Yugoslavia 13169:Seychelles 13079:Mozambique 13049:Madagascar 12848:Cape Verde 12557:Opposition 12547:Television 12527:Propaganda 12500:Literature 12374:Naukograds 12369:Sharashkas 12303:(currency) 12281:Inventions 12224:Censorship 12154:Red Terror 11838:Government 11712:Autonomous 11695:Autonomous 11628:Stagnation 11591:Evacuation 11240:Turkestani 11215:Lithuanian 10815:Elected by 10215:9th (1920) 10210:8th (1919) 10205:7th (1917) 10200:6th (1912) 10195:5th (1908) 10180:2nd (1906) 10175:1st (1905) 10167:Conference 10062:9th (1920) 10057:8th (1919) 10052:7th (1918) 10047:6th (1917) 10042:5th (1907) 10037:4th (1906) 10032:3rd (1905) 10027:2nd (1903) 10022:1st (1898) 9948:Propaganda 9591:0817968431 9539:0521811449 9509:9024729750 9463:0582771900 9440:0521811449 9414:0333535766 9391:0312007957 9340:0415071534 9314:041500506X 9241:0043701140 9214:0312047843 9160:0521811449 9133:0674013190 9110:0521313988 9087:074252678X 9064:0333664825 9041:0521811449 9014:0674410300 8968:0674410300 8938:0275947637 8915:0453006957 8888:0313316287 8863:0521811449 8833:0192880527 8759:See also: 8530:BBC Online 8336:Evans 1993 8324:Evans 1993 8312:Evans 1993 8270:12 January 7898:Smith 1991 7875:Smith 1991 7863:Smith 1991 7840:Smith 1991 7828:Smith 1991 7816:Smith 1991 7785:Sakwa 1990 7773:Smith 1991 7761:Smith 1991 7732:Smith 1991 7715:Sakwa 1990 7630:Smith 1988 7618:Smith 1988 7589:Smith 1988 7570:Smith 1988 7555:Smith 1988 7532:Smith 1988 7387:Swain 2006 7375:Kenez 1985 7360:Swain 2006 7341:Lenoe 2004 7295:. May 1989 7207:Eisen 1990 7111:Eaton 2004 7087:Brown 1996 7043:Getty 1987 6745:Sakwa 1998 6733:Sakwa 1998 6714:Getty 1987 6702:Getty 1987 6600:Evans 1993 6535:Smith 1988 6418:Brown 2006 6403:22 October 6374:Brown 2006 6362:Brown 2006 6345:Brown 2006 6326:Brown 2006 6305:Brown 2006 6290:Brown 2006 6278:Brown 2006 6257:Brown 2006 6234:Brown 2006 6222:Brown 2006 6207:Brown 2006 6195:Brown 2006 6178:Brown 2006 6166:Brown 2006 6154:Brown 2006 6137:Brown 2006 6120:Brown 2006 5721:24 January 5691:24 January 5641:159253192X 5403:White 1992 5388:Motyl 2001 5334:Sakwa 1990 5300:0300084803 5294:. p. 374. 3966:centralism 3634:republican 3422:collective 3418:liberalism 3293:Membership 2842:Mensheviks 2834:Bolsheviks 2731:party line 2444:After the 2303:, meaning 2301:гла́сность 2278:ускоре́ние 2269:uskoreniye 2206:Solidarity 2145:Gorbachev. 2027:Yugoslavia 2015:communists 2000:proxy wars 1438:and other 1141:Red Terror 1131:Propaganda 1081:Censorship 1072:Repression 786:Ministries 776:Government 730:Governance 516:Leadership 267:Bolshevism 232:Membership 205:Youth wing 137:1991-11-06 117:1912-01-05 79:Leadership 14893:Channel 9 14876:Aftermath 14571:Ida Nudel 14416:Krymchaks 14312:Refusenik 13851:Civil War 13558:Imre Nagy 13553:Ernő Gerő 13313:Comintern 13308:Cominform 12618:Republics 12606:Republics 12594:Republics 12445:Languages 12309:Transport 12191:Holodomor 12084:Militsiya 12022:President 11914:Stalinism 11816:Elections 11690:Republics 11673:Geography 11663:Nostalgia 11575:Stalinism 11423:(1990–91) 11411:(1932–33) 11393:(1926–27) 11387:(1924–33) 11381:(1923–30) 11375:(1923–27) 11369:(1921–23) 11363:(1920–21) 11357:(1919–21) 11343:Groupings 11250:Ukrainian 11220:Moldavian 10774:Collegium 10703:Presidium 10295:Politburo 9810:(1985–91) 9804:(1984–85) 9798:(1982–84) 9792:(1964–82) 9786:(1953–64) 9780:(1922–52) 9774:(1921–22) 9768:(1919–21) 9756:(1918–19) 9750:(1917–18) 9731:(1985–91) 9725:(1984–85) 9719:(1982–84) 9713:(1964–82) 9707:(1953–64) 9701:(1924–53) 9695:(1912–24) 9555:Routledge 9331:Routledge 9305:Routledge 9232:Routledge 7226:Gill 2002 7195:Gill 2002 7183:Gill 2002 7171:Gill 2002 7159:Gill 2002 7130:Gill 2002 5781:Suny 2006 5766:Suny 2006 5754:Suny 2006 5507:0036-0341 5347:Communism 5211:Citations 5172:romanized 5137:romanized 5032:Footnotes 4815:521 / 750 4794:551 / 750 4745:526 / 750 4724:549 / 750 4681:534 / 750 4661:562 / 767 4617:534 / 750 4596:562 / 767 4552:568 / 750 4531:573 / 767 4482:490 / 750 4461:604 / 791 4418:485 / 640 4397:563 / 738 4353:485 / 639 4332:565 / 708 4283:519 / 638 4262:580 / 678 4218:509 / 657 4195:576 / 682 4157:409 / 574 4142:461 / 569 4090:Position 4077:Election 4020:Election 3738:from the 3559:Leningrad 3519:Stalinism 3510:Stalinism 3504:Stalinism 3472:Karl Marx 3416:. Unlike 3150:The Truth 2926:Politburo 2910:Politburo 2864:. At the 2476:Politburo 2043:civil war 2010:in 1947. 2008:Cominform 2004:espionage 1899:Stalinism 1843:Civil War 1743:July Days 1721:Petrograd 1717:World War 1661:Bolshevik 1641:romanized 1614:romanized 1587:romanized 1560:romanized 1523:Bolshevik 1434:with the 1396:Karl Marx 1333:Politburo 1319:based on 1271:Article 6 1269:modified 1047:Education 1016:Transport 912:Stalinism 842:Judiciary 685:Presidium 609:Politburo 527:President 480:Elections 375:(1947–56) 373:Cominform 369:(1919–43) 367:Comintern 362:(1912–14) 347:(1936–91) 301:1985-1991 286:1961–1991 281:Stalinism 276:1924–1956 262:1903-1924 253:Communism 192:Newspaper 150:Bolshevik 13064:Mongolia 12952:Ethiopia 12805:Cambodia 12777:Bulgaria 12661:Category 12214:Religion 12101:Chairmen 11947:Congress 11909:Leninism 11889:Propiska 11784:Politics 11643:Glasnost 11603:Cold War 11543:February 11437:See also 11280:Okrugkom 11200:Khorezmi 11185:Georgian 11180:Estonian 11175:Bukharan 11160:Armenian 10817:Congress 10014:Congress 9610:Archived 9351:(2008). 9325:(1998). 9297:(1990). 9252:(2001). 9051:Leninism 8953:(1979). 8929:ABC-CLIO 8816:(1996). 8797:40403507 8553:Lih 2006 7462:27 March 7425:27 March 7299:28 March 6795:27 March 6638:27 March 5650:60393965 5574:(2007). 5431:Archived 5050:De facto 4848:See also 3882:autarkic 3878:Leninism 3770:and the 3592:Concepts 3462:Leninism 3456:Leninism 3370:Ideology 3343:Komsomol 3337:Komsomol 3312:Komsomol 3195:Izvestia 2846:minority 2838:majority 2794:de facto 2788:and the 2738:and the 2707:Congress 2538:Leninism 2305:openness 2293:glasnost 2135:Brezhnev 2120:Chairman 2023:Cold War 1812:Red Army 1693:republic 1503:glasnost 1501:without 1495:glasnost 1428:Cold War 1365:de facto 1347:was the 1339:and the 1062:Religion 938:Glasnost 907:Leninism 883:Ideology 796:Cabinets 578:Congress 331:Religion 325:Far-left 271:Leninism 245:Ideology 210:Komsomol 167:UCP–CPSU 14363:Zionism 13376:of the 13303:Comecon 13255:Vietnam 13184:Somalia 13138:Romania 13086:FRELIMO 13006:Hungary 12975:Grenada 12732:Albania 12582:Symbols 12495:Fashion 12477:Culture 12391:Society 12336:Science 12301:Rouble 12243:Economy 12219:Science 12029:Premier 12010:Offices 11872:Leaders 11792:General 11760:Siberia 11733:Regions 11707:Oblasts 11548:October 11525:History 11315:Statute 11295:Partkom 11245:Turkmen 11210:Latvian 11205:Kirghiz 10692:Central 10551:Orgburo 9903:General 9888:Culture 9845:Orgburo 9685:Leaders 9524:(ed.). 9450:Trotsky 9145:(ed.). 9026:(ed.). 8848:(ed.). 8535:4 April 8487:4 April 4810:99.95% 4789:99.94% 4054:Elected 4032:Result 3491:to the 3111:Russian 3051:Orgburo 3045:Orgburo 3031:Russian 3023:Russian 2824:Statute 2798:Orgburo 2297:Russian 2285: 2274:Russian 2184:détente 2161:At the 2122:of the 2035:Trieste 1701:soviets 1643:: 1632:Russian 1616:: 1605:Russian 1589:: 1578:Russian 1562:: 1551:Russian 1529:History 1357:Premier 1341:Orgburo 1273:of the 1257:of the 1031:Culture 966:Economy 957:Society 707:Speaker 619:Orgburo 588:History 522:Leaders 383:Colours 155:of the 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