History of the Jews in Russia

3221: 4426: 4930: 4942: 4250: 4918: 3209: 2770:, although individual soldiers committed antisemitic abuses, had a policy of opposing antisemitism, and as a result, it won the support of much of the Jewish population. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals and even disbanding the army units whose men had attacked Jews. Although pogroms were still perpetrated after this, in general the Jews regarded the Red Army as the only force which was able and willing to defend them. The Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, strengthening the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, and dissolved many Jewish communities. The 2962: 5651: 5235: 10678: 5989: 5459: 5673:. However, the Jewish community continues to decrease rapidly, going from 232,267 people in the 2002 census to 83,896 in 2021, not counting 500 Crimean Karaites, of which 28,119 lived in Moscow and 5,111 lived in the surrounding Moscow Oblast for a total of 33,230, or 39.61% of the entire Russian Jewish population. A further 9,215 lived in Saint-Petersburg with 851 in the surrounding Leningrad Oblast for a total of 10,066, or 12.00% of the entire Russian Jewish population; thus, Russia's two largest cities and surrounding areas hosted 51.61% of the total Russian Jewish population. 5853: 4787:"), Germany's occupation of Western Poland was a disaster for Eastern European Jews. Evidence suggests that some, at least, of the Jews in the eastern Soviet zone of occupation welcomed the Russians as having a more liberated policy towards their civil rights than the preceding antisemitic Polish regime. Jews in areas annexed by the Soviet Union were deported eastward in great waves; as these areas would soon be invaded by Nazi Germany, this forced migration, deplored by many of its victims, paradoxically also saved the lives of several hundred thousand Jewish deportees. 4668:

languages, alongside Belarusian, Russian, and Polish. The equality of the official languages was taken seriously. A visitor arriving at main train station of the Belarusian capital Minsk saw the city's name written in all four languages above the main station entrance. Yiddish was a language of newspapers, magazines, book publishing, theater, radio, film, the post office, official correspondence, election materials, and even a Central Jewish Court. Yiddish writers like Sholem Aleichem and Mendele Mocher Seforim were celebrated in the 1920s as Soviet Jewish heroes.

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enemies of the working people. The enemies of the workers are the capitalists of all countries. Among the Jews there are working people, and they form the majority. They are our brothers, who, like us, are oppressed by capital; they are our comrades in the struggle for socialism. Among the Jews there are kulaks, exploiters and capitalists, just as there are among the Russians, and among people of all nations... Rich Jews, like rich Russians, and the rich in all countries, are in alliance to oppress, crush, rob and disunite the workers... Shame on accursed

5939: 4187: 95: 8506: 5763: 3574: 5023: 3507: 4629:, Stalin described Jews as "not a living and active nation, but something mystical, intangible and supernatural. For, I repeat, what sort of nation, for instance, is a Jewish nation which consists of Georgian, Daghestanian, Russian, American and other Jews, the members of which do not understand each other (since they speak different languages), inhabit different parts of the globe, will never see each other, and will never act together, whether in time of peace or in time of war?!" According to Stalin, who became the 8190: 5677: 3780: 4684:), the Yevsekstia's leaders in the 1920s were largely former Bundists, who pursued as Bolsheviks their campaign for secular Jewish education and culture. Although for example only a bit over 40 percent of Minsk's population was Jewish at the time, 19 of its 25 Communist Party cell secretaries were Jewish in 1924. Jewish predominance in the party cells was such that several cell meetings were held in Yiddish. In fact, Yiddish was spoken at citywide party meetings in Minsk into the late 1930s. 2786:("Yid") being punished by up to one year of imprisonment, and tried to modernize the Jewish community by establishing 1,100 Yiddish-language schools, 40 Yiddish-language daily newspapers and by settling Jews on farms in Ukraine and Crimea; the number of Jews working in the industry had more than doubled between 1926 and 1931. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population but 12–15 percent of all university students. In 1934 the Soviet state established the 6108: 6096: 4672:

city's Jewish primary school students attended Yiddish-language schools in 1927. At its peak, the Soviet Yiddish-language school system had 160,000 students in it. Such was the prestige of Minsk's Yiddish scholarship that researchers trained in Warsaw and Berlin applied for faculty positions at the university. All this leads historian Elissa Bemporad to conclude that this “very ordinary Jewish city” was in the 1920s “one of the world capitals of Yiddish language and culture."

3264:(the latter was later excluded). Jews were required to live within the Pale and could not migrate elsewhere in Russia without special permission. Within the Pale, the Jewish residents were permitted to vote in municipal elections, but their vote was limited to one third of the total number of voters, even though their proportion in many areas was much higher, even a majority. This served to provide an aura of democracy, while institutionalizing local inter-ethnic conflict. 6084: 5815: 2719:

time, the Jewish people were restricted to an area of what is current day Belarus, Lithuania, eastern Poland and Ukraine. Where Western Europe was experiencing emancipation at this time, in Russia the laws for the Jewish people were getting more strict. They were allowed to move further east, towards a less crowded region, though it was only a minority of Jews who took to this migration option. The sporadic and often impoverished communities formed were known as

3548:

restrictions upon secondary education by combining private tuition with examination as an "outside student". Accordingly, within the Pale such outside pupils were almost entirely young Jews. The restrictions placed on education, traditionally highly valued in Jewish communities, resulted in ambition to excel over the peers and increased emigration rates. Special quotas restricted Jews from entering profession of law, limiting number of Jews admitted to the bar.

4520: 15158: 15168: 3799: 3082: 4564:, and the 1921 campaign against religion saw the seizure of many synagogues (whether this should be regarded as antisemitism is a matter of definition—since Orthodox Christian churches received the same treatment). In any event, there was still a fair degree of tolerance for Jewish religious practice in the 1920s: in the Belarusian capital Minsk, for example, of the 657 synagogues existing in 1917, 547 were still functioning in 1930. 8651: 6019: 4760: 16939: 8665: 7807: 13108: 4637: 4791: 8765: 3143: 2878: 3220: 4850: 5514: 4052: 13100: 3349:

young as eight or nine years old. At the age of twelve, they would be placed for their six-year military education in cantonist schools. They were then required to serve in the Imperial Russian army for 25 years after the completion of their studies, often never seeing their families again. Strict quotas were imposed on all communities and the

3456: 5074:"The Hitlerist bandits committed brutal mass extermination of the Jewish population. They announced that on September 29, 1941, all Jews were required to arrive to the corner of Melnikov and Dokterev streets and bring their documents, money and valuables. The butchers herded them to Babi Yar, took away their valuables, then shot them." 4425: 4568: 3597:, and fought side by side with their Slavic fellows. When hundreds of thousands of refugees from Poland and Lithuania, among them innumerable Jews, fled in terror before enemy invasion, the Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist. Most of the education restrictions on the Jews were removed with the appointment of count 4783:—created further suspicion regarding the Soviet Union's position toward Jews. According to the pact, Poland, the nation with the world's largest Jewish population, was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939. While the pact had no basis in ideological sympathy (as evidenced by Nazi propaganda about " 3514:, 1899. The painting does not depict a pogrom, but actually documents an event in Ukraine, that the artist read about: a Jewish woman was attacked by members of her community for falling in love with a Christian man. The townspeople are raising sticks and objects, and her parents are shown to the right, denouncing her. 2714:(1791–1917) within Russia, the territory where they could live or to which they could immigrate. The three partitions of Poland brought much additional territory to Russia, along with the Jews who were long settled in those lands. Alexander III of Russia escalated anti-Jewish policies. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of 8014:, the Jewish Agency reported in March 2022 that hundreds of Jewish refugees sheltering in Poland, Romania and Moldova were scheduled to leave for Israel the following week. Of an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 Jews in Ukraine, over 26.3% have fled the country; between 10,000 and 15,200 refugees had arrived in Israel. 5324: 6006:

Attacks against Jews made by extremist Islamic groups are rare in Russia although there has been increase in the scope of the attacks mainly in Muslim populated areas. On July 25, 2013, the rabbi of Derbent was attacked and badly injured by an unknown person near his home, most likely by a terrorist.

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was to become a "Soviet Zion". Despite a massive domestic and international state propaganda campaign, however, the Jewish population in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast never reached 30% (in 2003 it was only about 1.2%). The experiment ground to a halt in the mid-1930s, during Stalin's first campaign of

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The 'decree of August 26, 1827' made Jews liable for military service, and allowed their conscription between the ages of twelve and twenty-five. Each year, the Jewish community had to supply four recruits per thousand of the population. However, in practice, Jewish children were often conscripted as

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although they were not always rabbis and often were not respected by members of their own communities because their main job qualification was fluency in Russian, and they often had no education in, or knowledge of Jewish law. The beginning of the 19th century was marked by intensive movement of Jews

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Hundreds of Russian Jews have moved to Finland since 1990 and have helped to stem the negative population growth of the Jewish community there. The total number of Jews in Finland have grown from 800 in 1980 to 1,200 in 2006. Of all the schoolgoing Jewish children, 75% have at least one Russian born

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In the 1991–2006 period, approximately 230,000 ethnic Jews from the FSU immigrated to Germany. In the beginning of 2006, Germany tightened the immigration program. A survey conducted among approximately 215,000 enlarged Russian Jewish population (taking natural decrease into consideration) indicated

6038:

Today, the Jewish population of Russia is shrinking due to small family sizes, and high rates of assimilation and intermarriage. This shrinkage has been slowed by some Russian-Jewish emigrants having returned from abroad, especially from Germany. The great majority of up to 90% of children born to a

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allowed unlimited Jewish emigration, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991. As a result, a mass emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union took place. Since the 1970s, over 1.1 million Russians of Jewish origin immigrated to Israel, of whom 100,000 emigrated to third countries such

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was used almost exclusively, so as to paint its harsh criticism not as antisemitism but anti-Zionism. More controversially, the Soviet media, when depicting political events, sometimes used the term 'fascism' to characterise Israeli nationalism (e.g. calling Jabotinsky a 'fascist', and claiming 'new

5118:

The revival of Jewish identity after the war, stimulated by the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, was cautiously welcomed by Stalin as a means to put pressure on Western imperialism in the Middle East, but when it became evident that many Soviet Jews expected the revival of Zionism to enhance

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Minsk had a public, state-supported Yiddish-language school system, extending from kindergarten to the Yiddish-language section of the Belarusian State University. Although Jewish students tended to switch to studying in Russian as they moved on to secondary and higher education, 55.3 percent of the

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comprised mostly untrained workers and peasants with no overarching command structure, leaving the state with virtually no control over the volunteer forces. Between March and May 1918, various Red Guard squadrons, embittered by their military defeat and animated by revolutionary sentiment, attacked

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In August 1919 Jewish properties, including synagogues, were seized and many Jewish communities were dissolved. New laws against all expressions of religion and religious education were imposed upon Jews and other religious groups. Many Rabbis and other religious officials were forced to resign from

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Antisemitic incidents are mostly conducted by extremist, nationalist, and Islamist groups. Most of the antisemitic incidents are against Jewish cemeteries and buildings (such as community centers and synagogues) such as the assault against the Jewish community's center in Perm in March 2013 and the

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region, and the largest single community still in Russia (84, 31.58%) is found in Moscow. Of the Jewish populations remaining in the northern Caucasus, most are now Ashkenazi, with only a few being Mountain Jews. There are still 145 Mountain Jews scattered throughout the northern Caucasus, of which

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raised fears of internal dissent and opposition. During the later parts of the Cold War, Soviet Jews were suspected of being possible traitors, Western sympathisers, or a security liability. The Communist leadership closed down various Jewish organizations and declared Zionism an ideological enemy.

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published sensational long lists of Soviet Jews who had perished before and after the Holocaust. The world press began demanding answers from Soviet leaders, as well as inquiring about the current condition of the Jewish education system and culture. The same autumn, a group of leading Jewish world

3642:

Even though the persecutions provided the impetus for mass emigration, there were other relevant factors that can account for the Jews' migration. After the first years of large emigration from Russia, positive feedback from the emigrants in the U.S. encouraged further emigration. Indeed, more than

3547:

placed on the number of Jews allowed into secondary and higher education were tightened down to 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale, except Moscow and Saint Petersburg, held at 3%, even though the Jewish population was a majority or plurality in many communities. It was possible to evade these

5595:

to the West. Although Jews now made up less than 1% of the population, some surveys have suggested that around one-third of the emigrating Jews had achieved some form of higher education. Furthermore, Jews holding positions requiring specialized training tended to be highly concentrated in a small

5402:

The fact that no Western European State has been able to ensure the defence of the elementary rights of the Jewish people and to safeguard it against the violence of the fascist executioners explains the aspirations of the Jews to establish their own State. It would be unjust not to take this into

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terms. According to Lenin, antisemitism was an "attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews". Linking antisemitism to class struggle, he argued that it was merely a political technique used by the tsar to exploit religious fanaticism, popularize the

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is first found in the chronicles of 1471. The relatively small population of them were subject to discriminatory laws, but these laws do not appear to have been enforced at all times. Jews residing in Russian and Ukrainian towns suffered numerous religious persecutions. Converted Jews occasionally

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swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States and Palestine. The Pale of Settlement took away many of the rights that the Jewish people of the late 17th century Russia had enjoyed. At this

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allegation in 1953 was a deliberately antisemitic policy: Stalin targeted "corrupt Jewish bourgeois nationalists", eschewing the usual code words like "rootless cosmopolitans" or "cosmopolitans". Stalin died, however, before this next wave of arrests and executions could be launched in earnest. A

4560:'s troops, though the whole issue was effectively ignored. Volkogonov writes that "While condemning antisemitism in general, Lenin was unable to analyze, let alone eradicate, its prevalence in Soviet society". Likewise, the hostility of the Soviet regime towards all religion made no exception for 4555:

argue that the record of his government in this regard was highly uneven. A former official Soviet historian (turned staunch anti-communist), Volkogonov claims that Lenin was aware of pogroms carried out by units of the Red Army during the war with Poland, particularly those carried out by Semyon

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against the Jews. The landowners and capitalists tried to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants who were tortured by want against the Jews. ... Only the most ignorant and downtrodden people can believe the lies and slander that are spread about the Jews. ... It is not the Jews who are the

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for the assassination of Alexander II. In the 1881 outbreak, there were pogroms in 166 Ukrainian towns, thousands of Jewish homes were destroyed, many families reduced to extremes of poverty; large numbers of men, women, and children were injured and some killed. Disorders in the south once again

8487:

Jews from the former Soviet Union settled in Australia in two migration waves in the 1970s and 1990s. About 5,000 immigrated in the 1970s and 7,000 to 8,000 in the 1990s. The estimated population of Jews from the former Soviet Union in Australia is 10,000 to 11,000, constituting about 10% of the

7990:

moved to Israel, while 70,000 of them emigrated from Israel to countries like the U.S. and Canada—bringing the total population to 1,150,000 by January 2007. The natural increase was around 0.3% in the late 1990s. For example, 2,456 in 1996 (7,463 births to 5,007 deaths), 2,819 in 1997 (8,214 to

6010:

After the passage of some anti-gay laws in Russia in 2013 and the incident with the "Pussy-riot" band in 2012 causing a growing criticism on the subject inside and outside Russia a number of verbal antisemitic attacks were made against Russian gay activists by extremist activists and antisemitic

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Overall, in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s, levels of antisemitism in Russia have been reportedly low, and steadily decreasing. In 2019, Ilya Yablogov wrote that many Russians were keen on antisemitic conspiracy theories in 1990s but it declined after 2000 and many high-ranking

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In fact the Bolshevik Party's Yiddish-language Yevsekstia was dissolved in 1930, as part of the regime's overall turn away from encouraging minority languages and cultures and towards Russification. Many Jewish leaders, especially those with Bundist backgrounds, were arrested and executed in the

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In 1989 a record 71,000 Soviet Jews were granted exodus from the USSR, of whom only 12,117 immigrated to Israel. At first, American policy treated Soviet Jews as refugees and allowed unlimited numbers to emigrate, but this policy eventually came to an end. As a result, more Jews began moving to

4751:

Antisemitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at capitalism. Antisemitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle. Hence Communists, as

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The repressive legislation was repeatedly revised. Many historians noted the concurrence of these state-enforced antisemitic policies with waves of pogroms that continued until 1884, with at least tacit government knowledge and in some cases policemen were seen inciting or joining the mob. The

5785:

Most Crimean Karaites lived in Crimea (215, or 43.00%) or Moscow (60); most Krymchaks lived in Crimea (864, or 90.57% of the total) or Sebastopol (35, or 3.68%) meaning 899, or 94.23% of the Russian Krymchak population, still lives on the Crimean peninsula, largely rurally. The Crimean Karaite

3298:, decrees were put forth requiring a Russian-speaking member of a Jewish community to be named to act as an intermediary between his community and the Imperial government to perform certain civil duties, such as registering births, marriages, and divorces. This position came to be known as the 2807:

population. The share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, "We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position,

5482:

As a result of the persecution, both state-sponsored and unofficial, antisemitism was ingrained in the society and remained for years: ordinary Soviet Jews often suffered hardships, epitomized by often not being allowed to enlist in universities, work in certain professions, or participate in

4445:

Continuing the policy of the Bolsheviks before the Revolution, Lenin and the Bolshevik Party strongly condemned the pogroms, including official denunciations in 1918 by the Council of People's Commissars. Opposition to the pogroms and to manifestations of Russian antisemitism in this era were

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would replace Judaism as the quintessence of culture. The use of Yiddish was strongly encouraged in the 1920s in areas of the USSR with substantial Jewish populations, especially in the Ukrainian and Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republics. Yiddish was one of the Belarusian SSR's four official

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complicated by both the official Bolshevik policy of assimilationism towards all national and religious minorities, and concerns about overemphasizing Jewish concerns for fear of exacerbating popular antisemitism, as the White forces were openly identifying the Bolshevik regime with Jews.

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in 1795, from a Jewish family of Polish origin. He had extraordinary knowledge of foreign languages and served as the chief translator in the Russian Foreign Office, subsequently he began to accompany Tsar Peter on his international travels. Following this, he was raised to the rank of

3559:) and a newly built synagogue was closed by the city's authorities headed by the Tsar's brother. Tsar Alexander III refused to curtail repressive practices and reportedly noted: "But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood." 3470:

The cultural and habitual isolation of the Jews gradually began eroding. An ever-increasing number of Jewish people adopted Russian customs and the Russian language. Russian education was spread among the Jewish population. A number of Jewish-Russian periodicals appeared.

5339:

Lenin, who claimed to be deeply committed to egalitarian ideals and the universality of all humanity, rejected Zionism as a reactionary movement, "bourgeois nationalism", "socially retrogressive", and a backward force that deprecates class divisions among Jews. Moreover,

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Decline for the same reason as 2010. However, this census included Crimea, which including Sevastopol had 3,039 Jews; this means the population increased in one respect due to border changes. The population as compared to 2010 was thus only 80,857, a drop of around 50%.

2781:

Following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik government's policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. The Soviet government outlawed all expressions of antisemitism, with the public use of the ethnic slur

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As we know, the aspirations of a considerable part of the Jewish people are linked with the problem of Palestine and of its future administration. This fact scarcely requires proof... During the last war, the Jewish people underwent exceptional sorrow and suffering...

7937:. In 2011 Russians were around 15% of Israel's 7.7 million population (including Halakhally non-Jews who constituted about 30% of immigrants from the former Soviet Union). The Aliyah in the 1990s accounts for 85–90% of this population. The population growth rate for 4490:

and cede large swaths of territory in eastern Russia to the German Empire. Even after the signing of the treaty, however, the Germans continued to advance and seize territory, as the Soviets had no choice but to retreat across Ukraine. At this point in the war, the

8009:

from the Former Soviet Union. In 2014 4,685 Russian citizens relocated to Israel, more than double than usual in any of the previous 16 years. In 2015, nearly 7,000 or just over twenty percent of all olim came from the former Soviet Union. As a consequence of the

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attack on Jewish nursery school in Volgograd in August 2013. Nevertheless, there were several violent attacks against Jews in Moscow in 2006 when a neo-Nazi stabbed 9 people at the Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue, the failed bomb attack on the same synagogue in 1999.

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The chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Civil War were fertile ground for the antisemitism that was endemic to tsarist Russia. During the World War, Jews were often accused of sympathizing with Germany and often persecuted.

5778:, who numbered 954, or 1.14% of the Jewish population. There were 266 Mountain Jews (0.32%) and only remnants of the formerly significant Bukharan and Georgian communities, who numbered 18 (0.02%) and 14 (0.02%) respectively. In addition to this, there were 500 4117:

factions. A notable number of Bolshevik party members were ethnically Jewish, especially in the leadership of the party, and the percentage of Jewish party members among the rival Mensheviks was even higher. Both the founders and leaders of Menshevik faction,

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The fifth largest Russian Jewish community is in Canada. The core Russian Jewish population in Canada numbers 30,000 and the enlarged Russian Jewish population numbered 50,000+, mostly in Montreal and Toronto. Notable Russian Jewish residents include judoka

12928: 4280:

Pogroms were unleashed throughout the Russian Civil War, perpetrated by virtually every competing faction, from Polish and Ukrainian nationalists to the Red and White Armies. 31,071 civilian Jews were killed during documented pogroms throughout the former

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were among the lowest for any Israeli groups, with a Fertility rate of 1.70 and natural increase of just +0.5% per year. The increase in Jewish birth rate in Israel during the 2000–2007 period was partly due to the increasing birth rate among the FSU

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their way out of having their children conscripted, fewer potential conscripts were available; the adopted policy deeply sharpened internal Jewish social tensions. Seeking to protect the socio-economic and religious integrity of Jewish society, the

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Apart from the Krymchaks, all Jewish communities were heavily urbanised - 100% of Bukharan and Georgian Jew, 95.39% of Ashkenazim, 94.74% of Mountain Jews and 91.00% of Crimean Karaites lived in urban areas, whereas only 34.91% of Krymchaks did.

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that about 81% of the enlarged population was religiously Jewish or Atheist, while about 18.5% identified as Christian. That gives a core Russian Jewish population of 111,800 (religiously Jewish, 52%) or 174,150 (religiously Jewish or Atheist).

3413:), as many potential conscripts preferred to run away rather than voluntarily submit. In the case of unfulfilled quotas, younger Jewish boys of eight and even younger were frequently taken. The official Russian policy was to encourage the 2843:). During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish; about 200,000 were killed in battle. About 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated 4883:. Only around 800,000 Jews lived outside the occupied territory, and 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 Jews were eventually evacuated eastwards. Of the three million left in occupied areas, the vast majority is thought to have perished in German 3007:

Expelled en masse from England, France, Spain and most other Western European countries at various times, and persecuted in Germany in the 14th century, many Western European Jews migrated to Poland upon the invitation of Polish ruler

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had created social disruption that led to antisemitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922, 125,000 of them in Ukraine, 25,000 in Belarus. The pogroms were mostly perpetrated by anti-communist forces; sometimes,

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The second largest Russian Jewish population is in the United States. According to RINA, there is a core Russian Jewish population of 350,000 in the U.S. The enlarged Russian Jewish population in the U.S. is estimated to be 700,000.

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In 1972, the USSR imposed the so-called "diploma tax" on would-be emigrants who received higher education in the USSR. In some cases, the fee was as high as twenty annual salaries. This measure was possibly designed to combat the

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also have small populations of Russian Jews. The addition of Russian Jews have neutralized the negative Jewish population trends in some European countries like the Netherlands and Austria. Notable Russian Jews in France include

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figures publicly requested the heads of Soviet state to clarify the situation. Since no cohesive answer was received, their concern was only heightened. The fate of Soviet Jews emerged as a major human rights issue in the West.

3279:), constituted in every town or hamlet possessing a Jewish population. These councils had jurisdiction over Jews in matters of internal litigation, as well as fiscal transactions relating to the collection and payment of taxes ( 4675:

Jews also played a disproportionate role in Belarusian politics through the Bolshevik Party's Yiddish-language branch, the Yevsekstsia. Because there were few Jewish Bolsheviks before 1917 (with a few prominent exceptions like

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unequivocally supported various Arab regimes against Israel. The official position of the Soviet Union and its satellite states and agencies was that Zionism was a tool used by the Jews and Americans for "racist imperialism".

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The EuroStars young adults program provides Jewish learning and social activities in 32 cities across Russia. Some have described a 'renaissance' in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century.

4214:, who expounded Lenin's critique of antisemitism. However, this did not prevent the widely publicized repressions of Jewish intellectuals during 1948–1953 when Stalin increasingly associated Jews with "cosmopolitanism" and 5483:

government. However, it should be mentioned that this was not always the case and this kind of persecution varied depending on the region. Still many Jews felt compelled to hide their identities by changing their names.

15133: 11542: 12232: 3581:

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire had not only the largest Jewish population in the world, but actually a majority of the world's Jews living within its borders. In 1897, according to

15445: 11926: 11132: 5312:, which allowed Soviet minorities to have separate oblasts, autonomous regions, or republics, which were nonetheless symbolic until its later years. Jews, however, did not fit such a theoretical model; Jews in the 4141:—many enemies of Bolshevism, as well as contemporary antisemites, draw a picture of Communism as a political slur at Jews and accuse Jews of pursuing Bolshevism to benefit Jewish interests, reflected in the terms 2851:

in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many Soviet Jews took the opportunity of liberalized emigration policies, with more than half of the population leaving, most for

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has only 837 self-identifying Jews, or 0.56% of the total population of the Autonomous Oblast. This is down 64.03% from the 2,327 recorded in the 2002 census, or 1.22% of the Oblast's population at the time.

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in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalin's purges as "counterrevolutionaries" and "reactionary nationalists", although in the 1930s the Jews were underrepresented in the

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did their best to include “non-useful Jews” in the draft lists so that the heads of tax-paying middle-class families were predominantly exempt from conscription, whereas single Jews, as well as "heretics"

2677:

Many analysts have noted a "renaissance" in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century; however, the Russian Jewish population has experienced precipitous decline since the

5837:

Jewish Movement has been active in this sector, setting up synagogues and Jewish kindergartens in Russian cities with Jewish populations. In addition, most Russian Jews have relatives who live in Israel.

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influenced individuals), paupers, outcasts, and orphaned children were drafted. They used their power to suppress protests and intimidate potential informers who sought to expose the arbitrariness of the

4755:

In the U.S.S.R. antisemitism is punishable with the utmost severity of the law as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet system. Under U.S.S.R. law active antisemites are liable to the death penalty.

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Three of the Jewish deputies, Bramson, Chervonenkis and Yakubson, joined the Labour faction; nine others joined the Kadet fraction. According to Rufus Learsi, five of them were Zionists, including Dr.

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A result of border changes (namely the fall of Soviet Union, with only Russia considered in the 2002 census rather than the entire USSR) mass emigration, natural population decline, and assimilation.

14741: 5000:, and Lithuanians marched Jews to their death at Ponary. Even as some assisted the Germans, a significant number of individuals in the territories under German control also helped Jews escape death ( 3768:(1906–1907), falling to three or four in the Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907), two in the Third Duma (1907–1912) and again three in the fourth, elected in 1912. Converts to Christianity like 4833:

were an era of rapid change for Soviet Jews, leaving behind the dreadful poverty of the Pale of Settlement. Forty percent of the population in the former Pale left for large cities within the USSR.

15128: 5883:) is reserved for denoting a follower of the Jewish religion, whether he or she is ethnically Jewish or ethnically Gentile; this term has largely fallen out of use in favor of the equivalent term 9486:Спектор Р., руководитель Департамента Евро-Азиатского Еврейского конгресса (ЕАЕК) по связям с общественностью и СМИ (2008). Гуревич В.С.; Рабинович А.Я.; Тепляшин А.В.; Воложенинова Н.Ю. (eds.). 5545:. This synagogue has never been closed. The great majority of the Leningrad Jews were not religious, but several thousand used to visit the synagogue on great holidays, mostly on Simchat Torah. 4285:; the number of Jewish orphans exceeded 300,000. A majority of pogroms in Ukraine during 1918–1920 were perpetrated by the Ukrainian nationalists, miscellaneous bands and anti-Communist forces. 5193:

These cases may have reflected Stalin's paranoia, rather than state ideology—a distinction that made no practical difference as long as Stalin was alive, but which became salient on his death.

10316: 5935:

party, demanded that the state prosecutor investigate ancient Jewish texts as "anti-Russian" and ban Judaism. An investigation was in fact launched, but halted after an international outcry.

4814:

and participated in the purges of the 1930s. Kaganovich's loyalty endured even after Stalin's death, when he and Molotov were expelled from the party ranks in 1957 due to their opposition to

3624: 14962: 5420: 5344:

entailed contact between Soviet citizens and westerners, which was dangerous in a closed society. Soviet authorities were likewise fearful of any mass-movement which was independent of the

5081:"The Hitlerist bandits herded thousands of Soviet citizens to the corner of Melnikov and Dokterev streets. The butchers marched them to Babi Yar, took away their valuables, then shot them." 4989:

in the Crimea. Although mass shootings continued through 1942, most notably 16,000 Jews shot at Pinsk, Jews were increasingly shipped to concentration camps in German Nazi-occupied Poland.

4868:

and Moscow. The migration of many Jews farther East from the Jewish Pale, which would become occupied by Nazi Germany, saved at least 40 percent of the Pale's original Jewish population.

3974:

declares openly that 'Real Russians' assassinated Herzenstein and Iollos with knowledge of officials, and expresses regret that only two Jews perished in crusade against revolutionaries.

4992:

Local residents of German-occupied areas, especially Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and Latvians, sometimes played key roles in the genocide of other Latvians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Slavs,

2901:. Records exist from the 4th century showing that there were Armenian cities possessing Jewish populations ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 along with substantial Jewish settlements in the 9452: 11506: 3056:

populated almost entirely by Jews, or in the middle-sized town where Jews constituted a significant part of population, Jewish communities traditionally ruled themselves according to

13738: 5030:

about the military decorations of Jews during the war (1.8% of the total number). Some antisemites attempted to accuse Jews of lack of patriotism and of hiding from military service.

4871:

By 1941, it was estimated that the Soviet Union was home to 4.855 million Jews, around 30% of all Jews worldwide. However, the majority of these were residents of rural western

4547:

and also participated in the October Revolution (and in the Soviet political scene afterwards until being banned by Stalin in 1928). While Lenin remained opposed to outward forms of

14766: 12578: 8889: 14736: 13610: 9499: 12258: 3016:, although restricted to commercial, middleman services in an agricultural society for the Polish king and nobility between 1330 and 1370, during the reign of Casimir the Great. 14852: 14847: 5316:

did not even have an agricultural base, as Stalin often asserted when he attempted to deny the existence of a Jewish nation, and they certainly did not have a territorial unit.

12271:

The delegation is part of the Russian Jewish community's Eurostars program, in which participants learn about Europe's Jewish communities and then travel to visit some of them.

11532: 15143: 12906: 6062:, left Russia after he refused a request from state officials to publicly support the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 30 June 2023, Goldschmidt was designated in Russia as a 2905:. The presence of Jewish people in the territories corresponding to modern Belarus, Ukraine, and the European part of Russia can be traced back to the 7th–14th centuries CE. 13309: 13132: 12689: 12617: 12228: 11918: 3787: 3539:

systematic policy of discrimination banned Jewish people from rural areas and towns of fewer than ten thousand people, even within the Pale, assuring the slow death of many

3240:

acquired large Lithuanian and Polish territories which historically included a high proportion of Jewish residents, especially during the second (1793) and the third (1795)

5134:, was killed in a suspicious car accident. Mass arrests of prominent Jewish intellectuals and suppression of Jewish culture followed under the banners of campaign against " 12875: 9213: 3666:

The Tsarist government sporadically encouraged Jewish emigration. In 1890, it approved the establishment of "The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in

11618: 12017: 5548:

A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. As increasing numbers of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in the period following the 1967

3951: 1294: 16569: 15352: 9066: 17007: 5440: 5399:

The United Nations cannot and must not regard this situation with indifference, since this would be incompatible with the high principles proclaimed in its Charter...

4098: 3818: 2809: 2731: 16728: 13340: 5304:

emphasizes the belief in "self-determination", this fact did not make the Soviet state more accepting of Zionism. Leninism defines self-determination by territory or

16997: 12946: 8990: 12283: 17140: 13842:

Kershner, Isabel (23 March 2022). "Ukraine War Ignites Israeli Debate Over Purpose of a Jewish State". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2022.

9729: 5385: 5011:, particularly, the number of Nazi-collaborators was only slightly more than that of Jewish saviours. It is estimated that up to 1.4 million Jews fought in 4504:, where it was reported that 88 Jews were killed and 11 injured in a pogrom incited by Red Guard soldiers. Similarly, after the successful capture of the city of 2694:

The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in

12165: 9303: 7998:

An estimated 45,000 illegal immigrants from the Former Soviet Union lived in Israel at the end of 2010, but it is not clear how many of them are actually Jews.

4210:

despotic, unpopular regime, and divert popular anger toward a scapegoat. The Soviet Union also officially maintained this Marxist-Leninist interpretation under

3466:

in the 1880s, the largest Jewish education organization in the Russian Empire, perpetuating a vocational education program influenced by the values of Haskalah.

17234: 17145: 16723: 13636: 3925: 3586:, the total Jewish population of Russia was 5,189,401 persons of both sexes (4.13% of total population). Of this total, 93.9% lived in the 25 provinces of the 2913:

In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population may have been restricted to a separate quarter in Kiev, known as the Jewish Town (Old East Slav: Жидове,

1872: 11710: 10083: 5265:

had a mixed effect on Soviet Jews. Jews were the immediate benefactors, but they were also long-term victims, of the Marxist notion that any manifestation of

17084: 15440: 11169: 10562: 10348: 10137: 9759: 7971:

in Israel is given in the table below. The TFR increased with time, peaking in 1997, then slightly decreased after that and then again increased after 2000.

1527: 1222: 11956: 5931:

members demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned from Russia. In 2005, 500 prominent Russians, including some 20 members of the nationalist

17039: 14393: 3998: 10291: 4449:

Lenin recorded eight of his speeches on gramophone records in 1919. Only seven of these were later re-recorded and put on sale. The one suppressed in the

2941:

from the 12th century on. Few products of Kievan Jewish intellectual activity exist, however. Other communities, or groups of individuals, are known from

1414: 13415: 11572: 11069: 5371:

pro-Zionist foreign policy, apparently believing that the new country would be socialist and hasten the decline of British influence in the Middle East.

4017: 3913: 11470:

You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics

17089: 4164:) was incompatible with Jewish traditionalism. Bolsheviks such as Trotsky echoed sentiments dismissing Jewish heritage in place of "internationalism". 4040: 3990: 3679: 3643:

two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920. While a large majority emigrated to the United States, some turned to Zionism. In 1882, members of

3308: 2622: 15459: 12441: 8411:

The fourth largest Russian-Jewish community exists in Germany with a core Russian-Jewish population of 119,000 and an enlarged population of 250,000.

17301: 17120: 16987: 15204: 14232: 14124: 11986: 9264: 5704:, for a total of 3,039 (of which 29.58% Krymchaks), not counting 215 Crimean Karaites. This amounts to 3.62% of the total Russian Jewish population. 5542: 4731:

purges later in the 1930s, and Yiddish schools were shut down. The Belasusian SSR shut down its entire network of Yiddish-language schools in 1938.

4470:

Despite the Soviet state's official opposition to antisemitism, the spring of 1918 saw widespread anti-Jewish violence perpetrated by members of the

4006: 3978: 3940: 3921: 3773: 386: 13399: 10634: 4074:

Many Jews were prominent in Russian revolutionary parties. The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was attractive to many members of the Jewish

3634:

in 1849, what would become the largest tea manufacturer in the Russian Empire and the world. In response to the pogroms of the 1880s, he funded the

13855: 13241: 13038: 9643: 9485: 8743: 3917: 1409: 16927: 15658: 15454: 15047: 9697: 9121: 5320:

notions even denied the existence of a Jewish identity beyond the existence of a religion and caste; Marx defined Jews as a "chimerical nation".

4917: 3994: 2778:"reactionary" and "elitist" and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks. 1657: 13488: 12303: 11260: 10969: 10159: 9045: 2860:

than any other country. Russia's Jewish population is still the third biggest in Europe, after France and United Kingdom. In November 2012, the

14521: 14268: 12763: 9443: 7991:

5,395), 2,959 in 1998 (8,926 to 5,967) and 2,970 in 1999 (9,282 to 6,312). In 1999, the natural growth was +0.385%. (Figures only for FSU-born

5219: 4996:, homosexuals and Jews alike. Under the Nazi occupation, some members of the Ukrainian and Latvian Nazi police carried out deportations in the 4633:

for Nationalities Affairs after the revolution, to qualify as a nation, a minority was required to have a culture, a language, and a homeland.

3982: 3909: 3527:

recalled the government attention to the Jewish question. A conference was convened at the Ministry of Interior and on May 15, 1882, so-called

3377: 3203: 3103: 10525: 9238: 4829:, the Soviet Union did grant official "equality of all citizens regardless of status, sex, race, religion, and nationality". The years before 4734:

In his January 12, 1931, letter "Antisemitism: Reply to an Inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States" (published domestically by

3638:

movement to encourage immigration to Ottoman Palestine. The family tea company itself was seized and confiscated by the Bolsheviks after 1917.

16232: 15092: 14451: 9487: 4036: 1911: 11498: 11403: 8488:

Australian Jewish population. About half of the Jews from the former Soviet Union are from Ukraine and a third from the Russian Federation.

2734:, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917; thousands joined after the Revolution. The chaotic years of 13734: 10835: 8803: 16905: 13372: 12601: 12562: 9819: 9789: 8900: 6220:

A result of natural population decline (death rates being greater than birth rates), emigration, and assimilation (such as intermarriage)

5019:. In total, at least 142,500 Soviet soldiers of Jewish nationality lost their lives fighting against the German invaders and their allies 3178:

vice-chancellor because of his many diplomatic talents and skills, but was later imprisoned, sentenced to death, and eventually banished.

15221: 13606: 12073: 11376: 11322: 10883:

Bemporad, Elissa. Legacy of Blood: Jews, Pogroms, and Ritual Murder in the Lands of the Soviets. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

10601: 10492: 10453: 9878: 9562: 9420: 5842: 5229: 4953:

Over two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust, second only to the number of Polish Jews who fell victim to

4815: 3441:

boys were subject to similar pressure to convert and assimilate as the Russian Empire was hostile to Catholicism and Polish nationalism.

2989:

Although northeastern Russia had a low Jewish population, countries just to its west had rapidly growing Jewish populations, as waves of

896: 859: 11442: 11045: 10382: 9604: 9381: 9342: 5611:, but after the mid-1970s, most of those allowed to leave for Israel actually chose other destinations, most notably the United States. 4508:, the Red Guard murdered at least 100 Jews, whom the soldiers accused of being 'exploiters of the proletariat.' In all, Jewish activist 3779: 3208: 17296: 15647: 13769: 13072: 12970: 12543: 12503: 12463: 12254: 11151: 10065: 9901: 7797: 7793: 6159: 4846:

allowed many Soviet Jews to enjoy overall advances under Stalin and to become one of the most educated population groups in the world.

4591: 2974: 13584: 9932: 4587:: "Never before in Russian history—and never subsequently has a government made such an effort to uproot and stamp out antisemitism." 14658: 14471: 14064: 13712: 13688: 13301: 13129: 12191: 10478:

Fulfillment – The Epic Story of Zionism: The Authoritative History of the Zionist Movement from the Earliest Days to the Present Time

5774:

As of the 2021 census, most Russian Jews are Ashkenazi (82,644 of the 83,896 total, or 98.51%). The second largest community are the

5751:

with 1,150 (1.37%). The remaining 20,565 (24.52%) of Russian Jews lived in regions with communities numbering fewer than 1,000 Jews.

5579:

in 1970 and the crackdown that followed, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration

4551:(and all forms of racism), allowing Jewish people to rise to the highest offices in both party and state, certain historians such as 4466:, which tortured and persecuted the Jews. Shame on those who foment hatred towards the Jews, who foment hatred towards other nations. 3519: 3187: 2715: 1835: 13366:"Fertility behaviour of recent immigrants to Israel: A comparative analysis of immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union" 12890: 5913:, even among some groups of politicians, despite laws against fomenting hatred based on ethnic or religious grounds (Article 282 of 5867:

A linguistic distinction remains to this day in the Russian language where there are two distinct terms that correspond to the word

14882: 14496: 14386: 13513: 11802: 11756: 10233: 4744:

In answer to your inquiry: National and racial chauvinism is a vestige of the misanthropic customs characteristic of the period of

1858: 12730: 12668: 12404: 11672: 9673: 8855: 7952:, who now form 20% of the Jewish population of Israel. 96.5% of the enlarged Russian Jewish population in Israel either belong to 15072: 14668: 13189: 11734: 8683: 5681: 5604:

was introduced in the leading institutions of higher education by subjecting Jewish applicants to harsher entrance examinations.

5576: 5182:

number of historians claim that the Doctors' Plot was intended as the opening of a campaign that would have resulted in the mass

4900: 4401: 1208: 13905: 13792: 13271: 12321: 12135: 9210: 3562:

In 1892, new measures banned Jewish participation in local elections despite their large numbers in many towns of the Pale. The

15087: 14992: 14756: 14708: 14583: 14578: 13953: 13927: 13545: 13219: 11844: 11610: 11131:, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, vol.10, Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 1980, pp. 70–89, p. 75, footnote 15. 11108: 9473: 5875:("yevrey" – Hebrew) typically denotes a Jewish ethnicity, as "Hebrew" did in English up until the early 20th century. The word 5119:

their own aspirations for separate cultural and religious development in the Soviet Union, a wave of repression was unleashed.

4226: 4106: 3357:

members, agricultural colonists, factory mechanics, clergy, and all Jews with secondary education were exempt, and the wealthy

2856:

and the West: Germany, the United States, Canada and Australia. For many years during this period, Russia had a higher rate of

2615: 1785: 1720: 1602: 13662: 12521: 12481: 12009: 11779: 11599:

ANYA BERNSTEIN, Comparative Studies in Society and History Vol. 53, No. 3 (JULY 2011), pp. 623–653, Cambridge University Press

5436: 17012: 15197: 14310: 14284: 14248: 14222: 14194: 14140: 12900: 12611: 12572: 11478: 11436: 11204: 10949: 10595: 10486: 10447: 10376: 10022: 9950: 9872: 9598: 9556: 9375: 9336: 9297: 9183: 9076: 5270: 3496: 3478: 3344:. After 1827, Jewish boys were forcibly conscripted to military service at the age of twelve and placed in cantonist schools. 906: 12339: 11351: 11239: 11210: 10414: 10028: 9189: 8209:

Notable Russia, Imperial Russia, Soviet Union, and former Soviet Union, born Jewish Americans (living and deceased) include

15097: 14799: 14713: 14543: 13817: 13332: 12369: 10696:"The Makhnovists on The National and Jewish Questions", History of The Makhnovist Movement by Peter Arshinov, Freedom Press 5841:

There are several major Jewish organizations in the territories of the former USSR. The central Jewish organization is the

5650: 2961: 2917:, i.e. "The Jews"), the gates probably leading to which were known as the Jewish Gates (Old East Slavic: Жидовская ворота, 2836: 1344: 14007: 13986: 13156: 12953: 8982: 7956:

or are non-religious, while 3.5% (35,000) belong to other religions (mostly Christianity) and about 10,000 identifying as

5829:

Most Russian Jews are secular and identify themselves as Jews via ethnicity rather than religion, although interest about

3776:

were still considered as Jews by the public (and antisemitic) opinion and are most of the time included in these figures.

16920: 15042: 15007: 14718: 14379: 11825: 11181: 8688: 4512:

estimated that the Red forces were responsible for about 8.6% of pogroms during the years 1918–1922, while Ukrainian and

4172: 1612: 1429: 1419: 659: 16158: 12804: 9719: 8929: 14932: 14927: 14822: 14643: 14332: 14114: 11300: 6190:

A result of the annexation of Western Ukraine and Belarus, Baltic republics, and inflow of Jewish refugees from Poland

5957:

In Russia, both historical and contemporary antisemitic materials are frequently published. For example, a set (called

4860:

Because of Stalinist emphasis on its urban population, interwar migration inadvertently rescued countless Soviet Jews;

3195: 3174: 3020: 2861: 2008: 1958: 1923: 1617: 1482: 1349: 100: 14337: 12157: 11003: 10782:

Naomi Blank "Redefining the Jewish Question from Lenin to Gorbachev: Terminology or Ideology"!, in Yaacov Ro'i, (ed.)

5269:

is "socially retrogressive". On one hand, Jews were liberated from the religious persecution of the Tsarist years of "

15052: 15027: 14942: 14922: 14872: 14842: 14832: 14613: 14573: 14553: 14533: 14436: 13632: 10104: 10058: 9414: 9287: 8826: 8718: 8698: 5530: 4912: 4625: 3481:. Under his rule Jewish people could not hire Christian servants, could not own land, and were restricted in travel. 3320:

category, special ethnicity-based category of non-Slavic population that received a special treatment under the law.

3267:

Jewish communities in Russia were governed internally by local administrative bodies, called the Councils of Elders (

3129: 2608: 1700: 1662: 1637: 1557: 1542: 1389: 1329: 1284: 5811:(2.24%). There are no Mountain Jews remaining in Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia-Alania or Karachay-Cherkessia. 3570:. Only a small number of Jews were allowed to be members of a town Duma, through appointment by special committees. 3111: 15190: 15138: 15017: 15012: 14892: 14746: 14548: 13451: 12826: 11702: 10729: 10554: 10080: 9751: 8733: 5113: 4411: 4407: 3765: 3376:

to the Russian government. In some cases, communal elders had the most threatening informers murdered (such as the

1993: 1975: 1881: 1775: 1627: 1622: 1547: 1512: 1379: 14164: 11166: 10345: 10129: 9100: 15082: 15032: 14987: 14967: 14957: 14857: 14751: 14698: 14673: 14628: 14623: 14598: 14456: 11948: 8368: 5981: 5408: 5171: 3857: 2640: 2511: 2410: 1965: 1948: 1901: 1800: 1710: 1647: 1597: 1577: 1572: 1492: 1466: 1441: 1319: 1309: 1299: 1279: 1274: 240: 13020: 11085:

Joseph Stalin. Works, Vol. 13, July 1930 – January 1934, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955, p. 30

9496:Биробиджанский проект (опыт межнационального взаимодействия): сборник материалов научно-практической конференции 16913: 16448: 15057: 14972: 14952: 14837: 14827: 14663: 14653: 14603: 14563: 14516: 14511: 14501: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14461: 14446: 14441: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 11568: 11334: 10276: 8723: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8693: 8589: 5109: 3827:), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (non-Bundist) candidates in the Lithuanian provinces: Dr. 3590:. The total population of the Pale of Settlement amounted to 42,338,367—of these, 4,805,354 (11.5%) were Jews. 3499:. His escalation of anti-Jewish policies sought to ignite "popular antisemitism", which portrayed the Jews as " 3287:, etc.). Later, this right of collecting taxes was much abused, and the councils lost civil authority in 1844. 3199: 3107: 2790:

in the Russian Far East. This region never came to have a majority Jewish population. The JAO is Russia's only

1984: 1970: 1938: 1918: 1886: 1830: 1805: 1780: 1760: 1750: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1705: 1695: 1690: 1667: 1582: 1567: 1487: 1446: 1399: 1394: 1314: 1259: 17: 13426: 11066: 5596:

set of specialties, including medicine, mathematics, biology and music. Following international protests, the

3353:

were given the unpleasant task of implementing conscription within the Jewish communities. Since the merchant-

16785: 15911: 15839: 15102: 15037: 14937: 14917: 14907: 14867: 14761: 14703: 14648: 14638: 14618: 14593: 14588: 14568: 14538: 14506: 14491: 14466: 14402: 13881: 8951: 8728: 7129: 6287: 6076: 5697: 5131: 5094: 5027: 4843: 4270: 4234: 4222: 4102: 4063: 2970: 2683: 2405: 1943: 1928: 1891: 1853: 1825: 1815: 1795: 1790: 1770: 1755: 1740: 1715: 1681: 1652: 1552: 1537: 1461: 1451: 1369: 1339: 1264: 1250: 12848:"UNdata | record view | Population by national and/Or ethnic group, sex and urban/Rural residence" 5508: 16935: 16474: 15062: 15022: 14997: 14977: 14912: 14887: 14877: 14862: 14678: 14633: 14558: 14528: 14356: 12437: 11298:

UN Debate Regarding the Special Committee on Palestine: Gromyko Statement. 14 May 1947 77th Plenary Meeting

10856:

McGeever, Brendan. Antisemitism and the Russian Revolution. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

8282: 8210: 5583:. From 1960 to 1970, only 4,000 people left the USSR; in the following decade, the number rose to 250,000. 5568:, was that persons who had been given access at some point in their careers to information vital to Soviet 5541:

numbered 169,000 and the Great Choral synagogue was open in the 1960s with some 1,200 seats. The rabbi was

4896: 4702:

and to successfully categorize Soviet Jews under Stalin's definition of nationality, an alternative to the

4156: 2791: 2013: 1933: 1896: 1820: 1765: 1632: 1607: 1532: 1507: 1497: 1436: 1359: 1354: 1334: 1324: 1304: 1289: 1182: 886: 650: 645: 11978: 11348:"Refworld | Soviet Union: Whether synagogues in Leningrad were open and functioning during the 1960s" 6058:, called Russia to withdraw and for an end to the war, and offered to mediate. The Chief Rabbi of Moscow, 5234: 17259: 16758: 14982: 14947: 14902: 14897: 13396: 12105: 10623: 8011: 7801: 6055: 6031: 5639: 5293: 5250: 5143: 5127: 5003: 4822: 4776: 4269:

entitled them to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous

4190: 3944: 3885: 2794:

and, outside of Israel, the world's only Jewish territory with an official status. The observance of the

2003: 1998: 1953: 1906: 1592: 1562: 1522: 1517: 1374: 680: 13852: 13249: 13045: 12642: 10658:

Gitelman, Zvi "Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU", Princeton, 1972

9902:"Rabbonim, Rebbes, and Crown Rabbis of Lyakhovichi-An Original Publication of Lyakovichi Shtetl Website" 9640: 5786:

population in Crimea has declined by well over 50% since the Ukrainian census of 2001. Conversely, most

5150:

writers, poets, actors and other intellectuals were executed on the orders of Joseph Stalin, among them

5038:

against Soviet citizens, not emphasizing the genocide of the Jews. For example, after the liberation of

4977:, 20,000 Jews killed in Kharkiv at Drobnitzky Yar, 36,000 Jews machine-gunned in Odessa, 25,000 Jews of 4262:

their posts under the threat of violent persecution. This type of persecution continued into the 1920s.

17094: 14352: 14276: 14240: 14214: 11056:'s online exhibition "Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland." 10514: 9014: 8799: 8536: 8400: 8364: 8310: 5921:). In 2002, the number of antisemitic neo-Nazi groups in the republics of the former Soviet Union, led 5600:

soon revoked the tax, but continued to sporadically impose various limitations. Besides, an unofficial

5186:

of Soviet Jews had Stalin not died on March 5, 1953. Days after Stalin's death the plot was declared a

4748:. Antisemitism, as an extreme form of racial chauvinism, is the most dangerous vestige of cannibalism. 3986: 3897: 3040: 2847:, the highest award in the country. More than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during 2477: 2322: 2030: 1424: 620: 610: 346: 14041: 10966: 9113: 5479:

Synagogues were often placed under police surveillance, both openly and through the use of informers.

17183: 17059: 16660: 16513: 14186: 13991: 13481: 11268: 11261:"Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (Introduction)" 10167: 9042: 8360: 6063: 5447: 5432: 5098: 3068:

with a unique set of religious beliefs and practices, as well as an ethnically unique economic role.

2953:(1169–1174), although it is uncertain to which degree they would have been living there permanently. 2591: 2284: 2135: 2076: 967: 12755: 11640: 9992: 9235: 3064:). These Jews were not assimilated into the larger eastern European societies, and identified as an 17150: 16823: 16488: 15468: 14814: 14792: 14206: 14132: 9694: 9531: 8738: 5996: 5932: 5755: 5553: 5332: 4715: 4691: 3627: 3092: 3044: 2844: 2787: 2294: 2274: 1384: 864: 405: 11399: 11373: 9067:"Table of Ratios of Jewish to Total Population in the Principal Countries and Cities of the World" 4237:. The Russian Anarchist movement also included many prominent Jewish revolutionaries. In Ukraine, 17216: 16543: 15213: 12040: 8396: 8352: 7983: 6039:

Jewish parent are the offspring of mixed marriages, and most Jews have only one or two children.

6007:

The incident sparked concerns among the local Jews of further acts against the Jewish community.

5662: 4958: 4908: 4483: 4415: 3484: 3422: 3096: 2679: 2435: 2425: 2390: 2269: 2259: 2042: 1213: 1155: 989: 668: 625: 340: 12876:"Rv0222U: Rahvastik Soo, Rahvuse Ja Maakonna Järgi, 1. Jaanuar. Haldusjaotus Seisuga 01.01.2018" 12701: 12213: 10941: 10935: 10827: 10263:

Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

9811: 9781: 4137:

supports a policy of promoting international proletarian revolution—most notably in the case of

17135: 16304: 16140: 14106: 13365: 10672: 9260: 8678: 8062: 7818: 7789: 5736: 5375: 5135: 5012: 4315: 3474: 3257: 3233: 3170: 2949:. At that time, Jews were probably found also in northeastern Russia, in the domains of Prince 2707: 2667: 2554: 2289: 2203: 1269: 821: 440: 410: 191: 12065: 11317: 10585: 10476: 10437: 9862: 9546: 9404: 17049: 16977: 16943: 16596: 16309: 16280: 16217: 13951:Новое о еврейских иммигрантах из б. СССР в Германию. Результаты государственного обследования 11426: 11285: 11042: 10366: 9942: 9588: 9518: 9365: 9326: 8356: 7742: 7118: 6206: 6047: 6015:

who viewed the "Pussy-riot" incident as the war of Judaism on the Christian Orthodox church.

5927:

to declare in 2002 that "Anti-Semitism is booming in Russia". In January 2005, a group of 15

5458: 5289: 4630: 4500:

region of Ukraine. One of the most brutal instances of this violence occurred in the city of

4160: 3850:, chairman of the League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia ( 3806: 3583: 3531:

were introduced that stayed in effect for more than thirty years and came to be known as the

3291: 3245: 3225: 3157: 3009: 2763:

was a bastion of antisemitism, using "Strike at the Jews and save Russia!" as its motto. The

2703: 2445: 2440: 2385: 2173: 1088: 816: 803: 698: 415: 13761: 13065: 11149: 10062: 9909: 5628:

as the United States and Canada soon afterward and 240,000 were not considered Jewish under

4035:

Friedman was the only one reelected to the Fourth Duma in 1912, joined by two new deputies,

3000:, a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of 2798:

was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Party's Yiddish-language

17099: 17024: 16982: 16743: 16354: 15545: 14008:"Russian-speaking Jews in Australia: more difficulties at first but more satisfied at last" 13576: 12861: 11232: 11167:

Draft report by the Commission for Crimes Committed by the Nazis in Kiev from February 1944

10219: 10189: 9964: 8983:"Russian-speaking Jews in Australia: more difficulties at first but more satisfied at last" 8808: 8464: 8427: 8376: 8086: 6242: 4752:

consistent internationalists, cannot but be irreconcilable, sworn enemies of antisemitism.

4101:(The Bund), was formed. Many Jews joined the ranks of two principal revolutionary parties: 3414: 3299: 3295: 3244:. Under the Commonwealth's legal system, Jews endured economic restrictions euphemised as " 3241: 3191: 2984: 2898: 2516: 2468: 2208: 2066: 879: 744: 733: 691: 187: 14072: 13709: 13684: 13659:"Aliyah Hits Ten-Year High: Approximately 26,500 New Immigrants Arrived in Israel in 2014" 12187: 5988: 5661:

today is officially designated as one of Russia's four "traditional religions", alongside

8: 17130: 17125: 17064: 17002: 16992: 16957: 16611: 16601: 16588: 16406: 16299: 16285: 15112: 14785: 13902: 13818:"In time for Passover: Israeli immigration minister visits Ukraine to get Jews to Israel" 10406: 9071: 8322: 8090: 8066: 8038: 7938: 7687: 6930: 6059: 5412: 5223: 4471: 3959: 3769: 2946: 2739: 2569: 2264: 942: 809: 712: 705: 635: 523: 398: 13520: 12847: 11799: 11753: 10241: 5852: 5273:". On the other, this notion was threatening to Jewish cultural institutions, the Bund, 4961:). Among some of the larger massacres which were committed in 1941 were: 33,771 Jews of 4032:

province, Kadet). Ossip Pergament was reelected and died before the end of his mandate.

17249: 17169: 17079: 17044: 16894: 16818: 16763: 16655: 16582: 16498: 15982: 12722: 12660: 12412: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11865: 11680: 11385: 11053: 9980: 9724: 9447: 8863: 8585: 8476: 8447: 8162: 8122: 8098: 8074: 8070: 5938: 5800: 5748: 5724: 5174:'s session a high Soviet official still denied the "rumors" about their disappearance. 4884: 4544: 4501: 4475: 3877: 3865: 3810: 3671: 3656: 3618: 3587: 3341: 3249: 3213: 2980: 2950: 2934: 2743: 2711: 2420: 2370: 2317: 2312: 2226: 2096: 1364: 1193: 952: 872: 726: 292: 14151:

A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present

14129:

Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk (The Modern Jewish Experience)

13181: 11731: 11110:Эвакуация и национальные отношения в советском тылу в годы Великой Отечественной Войны 10051:

A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present

9665: 8565: 6107: 6095: 5439:. At the time, the U.S. maintained an arms embargo on both sides in the conflict. See 4186: 3791: 2663:'s most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, while also facing periods of 17239: 17193: 17164: 17115: 17074: 16970: 16529: 16523: 16503: 16459: 16270: 15989: 15167: 14306: 14280: 14244: 14218: 14190: 14136: 14110: 13720: 13279: 12964: 12896: 12607: 12568: 12537: 12497: 12457: 12127: 11897: 11703:"Fourteenth periodic reports of States parties due in 1994 : Russian Federation" 11474: 11432: 11330: 11200: 10945: 10591: 10482: 10443: 10372: 10100: 10054: 10018: 9956: 9946: 9868: 9594: 9552: 9548:

The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939

9410: 9371: 9332: 9293: 9179: 8635: 8468: 8451: 8439: 8384: 8334: 8246: 8218: 8178: 8166: 8154: 8126: 8118: 8058: 8054: 8046: 7961: 7407: 7132:

and former SSR by year (using 1989 SSR borders) as a percent of the total population

6730: 5708: 5624: 5569: 5274: 4922: 4784: 4745: 4664: 4660: 4552: 4450: 4202: 4142: 4079: 4025: 3802: 2996:

and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the

2894: 2828: 2824: 2747: 2702:, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in 2564: 2506: 2486: 2303: 1863: 1502: 962: 833: 763: 640: 553: 420: 179: 94: 14362: 13950: 13924: 13553: 13211: 12984: 12892:

Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival – Nora Levin – Google Books

11114: 8505: 7778: 6245:. Final census in the entire Soviet Union. Decline for the same reason as for 1970. 6083: 5762: 5403:

consideration and to deny the right of the Jewish people to realize this aspiration.

3573: 3248:", which also continued following the Russian occupation. Catherine established the 17254: 17229: 17209: 17069: 16748: 16606: 16550: 16334: 16207: 16035: 15801: 15608: 13658: 12517: 12477: 11877: 11841: 11776: 11767:. Volume 5, Number 4. January 28, 2005. Published by UCSJ. Editor: Charles Fenyvesi 10624:"Ossip. Y. Pergament dead. Leader of Jews and Duma Member, He Was Under Indictment" 8623: 8617: 8605: 8581: 8509: 8443: 8431: 8392: 8250: 8114: 7232: 6410: 5992: 5942: 5910: 5819: 5779: 5685: 5607:

At first almost all of those who managed to get exit visas to Israel actually made

5353: 5328: 5262: 5258: 5246: 5200: 5178: 5123: 5022: 4982: 4865: 4807: 4723: 4677: 4656: 4641: 4599: 4524: 4457:

The Tsarist police, in alliance with the landowners and the capitalists, organized

4438: 4302: 3675: 3511: 3462:, nicknamed the "most famous railroad king" of the 19th century. He co-founded the 3404: 3275: 2647:

in Russia have historically constituted a large religious and ethnic diaspora; the

2534: 2415: 2375: 2339: 2037: 1587: 1098: 854: 758: 673: 563: 355: 260: 167: 163: 80: 65: 11985:. Volgograd: The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. August 27, 2013. 11597:

The Post-Soviet Treasure Hunt: Time, Space, and Necropolitics in Siberian Buddhism

7978:

lived in Israel, of whom about 738,900 made aliyah after 1989. The second largest

5035: 3506: 2937:

in the 10th and 11th centuries, but appears to have been increasingly open to the

17244: 17224: 17054: 16889: 16838: 16813: 16733: 16689: 16637: 16563: 16171: 16118: 16090: 16083: 16062: 16012: 15948: 15786: 15771: 15552: 14257: 14168: 13957: 13931: 13909: 13859: 13716: 13403: 13136: 12347: 12229:"'Eurostars' Program Shines, Seen in the Effect on Russian Youth Visiting Europe" 11848: 11829: 11806: 11790:. Volume 5, Number 24. June 17, 2005. Published by UCSJ. Editor: Charles Fenyvesi 11783: 11760: 11738: 11611:"'Eurostars' Program Shines, Seen in the Effect on Russian Youth Visiting Europe" 11537: 11468: 11464: 11380: 11347: 11326: 11304: 11243: 11236: 11194: 11173: 11155: 11138: 11073: 11049: 10973: 10408: 10352: 10087: 10069: 10010: 9701: 9647: 9289:

In the Golden Land: A Century of Russian and Soviet Jewish Immigration in America

9242: 9217: 9173: 9049: 9018: 8748: 8629: 8601: 8597: 8577: 8318: 8266: 8234: 8230: 8198: 8189: 8170: 8150: 8146: 8082: 8030: 6023: 5961:) consisting of twenty five antisemitic titles was recently published, including 5946: 5900: 5830: 5313: 5242: 5167: 5090: 4764: 4215: 3936: 3828: 3644: 3551:

In 1886, an Edict of Expulsion was enforced on the historic Jewish population of

3459: 3253: 3166: 3150: 3028: 2775: 2652: 2496: 2455: 2450: 2430: 2352: 2346: 2279: 2231: 2071: 2052: 1203: 932: 844: 827: 371: 244: 220: 216: 159: 50: 15814: 14371: 13973: 13514:"Table 1. - Immigrant population from USSR (former) (1), by year of immigration" 12827:"Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības" 12377: 11813:. Volume 5, Number 26. July 1, 2005. Published by UCSJ. Editor: Charles Fenyvesi 10407:

Frumkin, Jacob G.; Gregor Aronson; Alekseĭ Aleksandrovich Golʹdenveĭzer (1966).

5676: 4244: 17029: 16803: 16793: 16493: 16453: 16419: 16388: 16381: 16319: 16245: 16222: 16076: 16041: 15791: 15671: 15559: 15347: 15321: 15316: 13149: 11709:. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. July 28, 1997. CERD/C/299/Add.15. 11528: 11494: 10756:, Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920, 10753: 8793: 8656: 8593: 8569: 8528: 8513: 8419: 8345: 8341: 8326: 8258: 8238: 8226: 8194: 8158: 8142: 8134: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8042: 7957: 7933: 7810: 7473: 7369: 6609: 6489: 5744: 5732: 5728: 5597: 5592: 5526: 5428: 5388: 5159: 5151: 4946: 4703: 4613:

Russians, and such categorization was solidified when ethnic minorities in the

4610: 4567: 4282: 4198: 4083: 4075: 3967: 3667: 3660: 3614: 3598: 3500: 3418: 3237: 3162: 3146: 3001: 2832: 2656: 2648: 2596: 2395: 2250: 2130: 2109: 2086: 2081: 2059: 2047: 1642: 1123: 1057: 1022: 1000: 937: 775: 753: 615: 594: 570: 336: 318: 232: 212: 204: 183: 14777: 14179: 6119:

Demographic data for Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Post-Soviet states Jews

5972: 5486:

The word "Jew" was also avoided in the media when criticising undertakings by

2815:

In the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command: Generals

17290: 17275: 17156: 17017: 16965: 16828: 16779: 16665: 16626: 16621: 16577: 16466: 16401: 16396: 16374: 16349: 16329: 16212: 16111: 16104: 16097: 16069: 15975: 15968: 15954: 15776: 15757: 15752: 15739: 15629: 15622: 15497: 15388: 15357: 15161: 14338:

Russian Jews Face Continual Challenges As Country Seeks To Be A Global Player

14174: 12796: 12304:"Moscow's former chief rabbi: 'The best option for Russian Jews is to leave'" 11822: 11237:

evidence that the assassination was organized by L.M. Tsanava and S. Ogoltsov

10892: 9960: 8925: 8670: 8561: 8557: 8388: 8330: 8306: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8174: 8138: 8130: 8110: 8078: 8050: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7266: 7198: 7110: 7106: 7102: 6687: 6369: 6130: 6027: 6012: 5860: 5856: 5833:

as well as practice of Jewish tradition amongst Russian Jews is growing. The

5740: 5720: 5712: 5635: 5364: 4997: 4993: 4934: 4904: 4853: 4830: 4649: 4595: 4532: 4266: 4211: 4123: 4119: 4091: 3901: 3847: 3783: 3631: 3488: 3455: 3060:, and were limited by the privileges granted them by local rulers. (See also 2848: 2756: 2544: 2539: 1745: 1672: 1198: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1027: 1005: 957: 719: 558: 463: 425: 376: 280: 276: 272: 268: 252: 208: 14103:

In the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Germany

12797:"OSS Report on Wartime Population Changes in the Baltic [1939–1944]" 11881: 11297: 9406:

In the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Germany

8549: 4810:, who came to Stalin's attention in the 1920s as a successful bureaucrat in 4609:

Russian Jews were long considered to be a non-native ethnic group among the

2659:

communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern

16879: 16616: 16202: 16125: 16055: 16025: 15896: 15881: 15876: 15866: 15747: 15691: 15595: 15582: 15517: 15429: 15424: 15410: 15259: 14098: 13935: 11428:

They Did Not Dwell Alone: Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union 1967–1990

10999: 10099:

The World of Hasidism: H. Rabinowicz, 1970, p. 132, Hartmore House, London

10006: 8553: 8423: 8372: 8274: 8242: 8214: 8034: 7683: 7512: 7438: 7403: 7300: 7166: 6926: 6846: 6810: 6726: 6648: 6331: 5976: 5814: 5770:. Judaism is officially designated as one of Russia's four state-religions. 5601: 5580: 5360: 5297: 5238: 5163: 5139: 4954: 4861: 4826: 4780: 4614: 4603: 4584: 4548: 4540: 4509: 4430: 4138: 3966:), both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by the 3929: 3836: 3652: 3648: 3635: 3623: 3610: 3544: 3280: 3065: 3013: 2990: 2820: 2664: 2574: 2400: 2241: 2236: 2194: 2147: 1241: 1108: 1093: 1052: 1017: 630: 472: 256: 248: 224: 15182: 10277:"Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis" 9867:. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 298. 4594:, the total number of Jews in the USSR was 2,672,398—of whom 59% lived in 3433:

food was unavailable, they were faced with the necessity of abandoning of

2864:, one of the world's biggest museums of Jewish history, opened in Moscow. 17202: 16869: 16859: 16798: 16715: 16537: 16433: 16291: 16132: 16048: 15961: 15901: 15886: 15781: 15524: 15434: 15326: 15231: 15171: 14302: 13903:

Foreigners in Wonderland: Jewish immigration from the former Soviet Union

12558: 11919:"Russia bans Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' over fears it fuels rise of far-Right" 9628:

Fighters Among the Ruins: The Story of Jewish Heroism During World War II

8573: 8544: 8540: 8472: 8435: 8314: 8302: 8222: 7613: 7508: 7334: 6806: 6766: 6529: 6051: 5846: 5767: 5620:

Israel, as it was the only country willing to take them unconditionally.

5591:

caused by the growing emigration of Soviet Jews and other members of the

5588: 5549: 5266: 5205: 5183: 5155: 4799: 4795: 4719: 4487: 4434: 4168: 4130: 3678:" headed by Leon Pinsker) dedicated to practical aspects in establishing 3594: 3523: 3384: 3304: 2997: 2771: 2735: 2559: 2501: 2166: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1032: 236: 13459: 11800:

Russia to Drop Probe of Jewish Law Code Accused of Stoking Ethnic Hatred

11076:

Published in: Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe, 2004, No. 1 (52). p. 51

10017:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 195. 9444:"Birobidzhan Journal; A Promised Land in Siberia? Well, Thanks, but ..." 5490:, which the Soviets often accused of racism, chauvinism etc. Instead of 5323: 4879:—populations that suffered greatly due to the German occupation and the 4519: 2965:

Number of Jews in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth per voivodeship in 1764

16738: 16671: 16645: 16631: 16426: 16324: 16265: 15935: 15891: 15711: 15701: 15416: 15362: 14294: 14161: 13150:"The Consequences of the Second World War and the Stalinist Repression" 12284:"Russian Chief Rabbi, Seen as Putin Ally, Calls for End to Ukraine War" 11564: 8278: 8270: 8254: 7814: 7652: 7648: 7617: 7582: 7547: 7477: 6890: 6770: 6573: 6569: 6493: 6453: 6164: 5963: 5928: 5918: 5701: 5522: 5055: 5034:

The typical Soviet policy regarding the Holocaust was to present it as

4986: 4645: 4536: 4513: 4238: 4230: 4134: 3852: 3556: 2938: 2926: 2840: 2816: 2799: 2760: 2217: 1231: 1160: 1118: 947: 927: 486: 393: 313: 228: 13003:"HISTORY AND GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE TURKMENISTAN JEWISH COMMUNITY" 6267:

Further mass emigration, natural population decline and assimilation.

5887:("iudaist"-Judaist). For example, according to a 2012 Russian survey, 5859:, Russia's most decorated artist, was often described as the 'Russian 5766:

President Putin lighting a Hannukah Menorah with Russia's Chief Rabbi

5462:

A Soviet birth certificate from 1972 indicating the person's parents'

4864:

penetrated the entire former Jewish Pale—but were kilometers short of

3821:

had made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers' Party (

3039:, which were to become part of the expanding Russian Empire. In 1495, 16874: 16704: 16679: 16558: 16412: 16275: 16240: 15924: 15809: 15763: 15615: 15511: 15503: 15377: 15372: 15272: 15244: 14065:"In Finland, immigrants from FSU revitalize a dying Jewish community" 11842:Президент ФЕОР: Россия — "остров спокойствия" на фоне Западной Европы 10787: 10721: 8780: 8380: 7738: 7578: 7543: 7373: 7114: 6886: 6613: 6449: 6202: 6179:

A result of natural growth, emigration, assimilation and repressions

5834: 5804: 5775: 5716: 5565: 5538: 5537:

According to the census of 1959 the Jewish population of the city of

5463: 5380: 4880: 4497: 4492: 4479: 4114: 4110: 3823: 3463: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3316: 3036: 2942: 2930: 2922: 2764: 2380: 2365: 1455: 1403: 1165: 1113: 1103: 784: 780: 770: 685: 445: 264: 13735:"Aliyah Numbers Rise, but Majority Coming From Just Three Countries" 13607:"Aliyah on the Rise: 19,200 New Immigrants Arrive in Israel in 2013" 13302:"YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I" 5799:(amounting to 6.49% of the republic's Jewish population), 47 are in 4543:, which was fighting for the creation of a Jewish workers' state in 3798: 3081: 1133: 16884: 16699: 16508: 16314: 16194: 16187: 15919: 15871: 15853: 15824: 15726: 15696: 15538: 15532: 15476: 15332: 15302: 15292: 15265: 15251: 15237: 12862:"Gyventojų ir būstų surašymai - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas" 11949:"Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2013" 11177: 11176:. The page 14 shows changes made by G. F. Aleksandrov, head of the 9936: 8959: 8349: 8298: 8262: 8026: 5796: 5791: 5670: 5499:

fascist organisations were emerging in Israel in the 1970s' etc.).

5451: 5349: 5345: 5309: 5301: 5051: 5016: 4974: 4966: 4811: 4698:

To offset the growing Jewish national and religious aspirations of

4687: 4636: 4557: 4183:

and replace traditional Jewish culture with "proletarian culture".

4087: 4021: 3963: 3869: 3532: 3492: 3450: 3438: 3368: 3284: 3061: 2767: 2752: 2706:

is first documented in the chronicles of 1471. During the reign of

2549: 2159: 2091: 922: 430: 381: 14211:

The Golden Age Shtetl: A New History of Jewish Life in East Europe

12637: 12635: 12322:"Russia brands exiled former Moscow chief rabbi a 'foreign agent'" 6018: 5696:, which had a population of 2,522 (of which 864 Krymchaks) in the 5435:, even though this conflict took place after the Soviet-supported 4759: 3764:

In total, there were at least twelve Jewish deputies in the First

16854: 16833: 16753: 16694: 16650: 16176: 16151: 16145: 16020: 16002: 15997: 15829: 15721: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15590: 15482: 15395: 15367: 15297: 15287: 15279: 13873: 13002: 12288: 12255:"500 Russian Jews to shop at Paris market where Jews were killed" 11499:"The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union" 8524: 8520: 7953: 7806: 7779:

Russian Jewish aliyah and immigration to countries outside Israel

7442: 7304: 7270: 7236: 7202: 6850: 6691: 6652: 6414: 6373: 5967:

translated to Russian (2002), which although was banned in 2010,

5954:

officials were forced to apologize for the antisemitic behavior.

5787: 5658: 5630: 5475: 5424: 5341: 5317: 5305: 5282: 5278: 5147: 5050:) was set out to investigate Nazi crimes. The description of the 4970: 4876: 4872: 4699: 4681: 4561: 4505: 4478:. In February 1918, as Russian forces advanced on the capital of 4463: 4206: 4180: 4176: 4150: 4059: 4002: 3955: 3832: 3555:. Most Jews were expelled from Moscow in 1891 (except few deemed 3434: 3426: 3409: 3057: 3032: 3024: 2890: 2882: 2795: 2727: 2699: 2660: 2525: 2491: 2360: 2154: 1143: 1138: 1010: 901: 796: 792: 788: 537: 532: 509: 491: 366: 361: 351: 329: 304: 14237:

The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority

14156:

Goldenweiser, E.A. "Economic Conditions of the Jews in Russia,"

13793:"Hundreds of Jews fleeing Ukraine to arrive in Israel next week" 12929:"Republic of Moldova 2014 - Census de facto complete tabulation" 11649:(in Russian). Sreda.org, Среда. October 19, 2012. Archived from 11592: 11590: 10771:

The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority

9590:

The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority

8850: 8848: 6030:

from 2013 to 2018. He was arrested in 2022 after denouncing the

5707:

After Crimea, the most numerically significant populations were

4849: 4205:

disc. Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of antisemitism in

4094:, were disproportionately represented in the party leaderships. 3593:

About 450,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Russian Army during

17175: 16938: 16808: 16709: 16684: 16344: 16339: 16181: 16166: 15847: 15716: 15706: 15666: 15637: 15600: 15576: 15568: 15489: 15405: 15382: 15339: 13871: 12632: 11096:

The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945

8025:(עוֹלות) from the Former Soviet Union include notables such as 7986:) numbered just 1,000,000. From 2000 to 2006, 142,638 FSU-born 7942: 7338: 6533: 5923: 5914: 5808: 5693: 5608: 5487: 5471: 5416: 5197: 5008: 4838: 4736: 4707: 4576: 4458: 4254: 4067: 4029: 4010: 4005:

Social Democrat), plus a convert to Christianity, the attorney

3881: 3840: 3540: 3430: 3261: 3052: 3031:), the population expanded into the lightly populated areas of 2993: 2902: 2857: 2853: 2720: 2671: 2185: 2180: 2140: 2125: 1236: 1128: 548: 514: 500: 435: 12095: 11777:

Prosecutor Drops Charges of Antisemitism Against Duma Deputies

10587:

The Life and Times of Vladimir Jabotinsky: Rebel and statesman

9849:

Jews and Christians in Medieval Russia – Assessing the Sources

9292:(First ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 49. 5638:

due to Jewish ancestry or marriage. Since the adoption of the

3566:

prohibited Jews from the right to elect or be elected to town

3161:

rose to important positions in the Russian State, for example

16480: 16440: 16368: 16360: 16030: 15943: 15929: 15861: 15819: 15732: 15308: 13685:"Aliyah Figures at Highest in a Decade; France Leads the Way" 13333:"Israel's former Soviet immigrants transform adopted country" 13130:

YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I

12014:

j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California, Jweekly.com

11587: 10710:. Vol. 17. Keter Publishing House Ltd. pp. 531–553. 9367:

Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule

8845: 8774: 8532: 5666: 5253:

and rehabilitated posthumously in 1955, after Stalin's death.

4790: 4768: 4571:

A Jewish kolkhoz. To promote Jewish agriculture, in 1925 the

4245:

Dissolution and seizure of Jewish properties and institutions

3889: 3788:

Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews of Russia

3358: 3354: 3323: 3269: 2804: 1148: 577: 481: 450: 14357:

Russian Jews: Trilogy by Leonid Parfenov / English Subtitles

14299:

The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917: Paradox of Survival

14273:

Yiddish and the Creation of Soviet Jewish Culture: 1918–1930

13934:(In Germany, Depopulation of Jewish Community Has Begun) by 12158:"Russia is now scapegoating Jews in its battle against gays" 10801:

Russian Anti-semitism, Pamyat, and the Demonology of Zionism

9328:

Yiddish and the Creation of Soviet Jewish Culture: 1918–1930

9030: 9011: 6163:

A result of border change (secession of Poland and union of

4051: 3314:

In 19th century, legally the Jews were a subcategory of the

3012:

to settle in Polish-controlled areas of Eastern Europe as a

16864: 12066:"После покушения на раввина евреи Дагестана живут в страхе" 10317:"The Hovevei Zion in Russia-The Odessa committee 1889–1890" 8890:"Russian Jews in America: Status, Identity and Integration" 8786: 8611: 7927: 5895:

in Russia, with nearly half (49.8%) being Ethnic Russians (

5431:

to continue supplying arms to the Jewish forces during the

5187: 5039: 4978: 4962: 4711: 4572: 3567: 3552: 3487:

was a staunch reactionary and an antisemite (influenced by

3142: 2877: 2695: 2644: 300: 13577:"Oz unit far from hitting deportation target for illegals" 11067:

The Post-Soviet Jewish Population in Russia and the World.

5509:

Aliyah § From the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states

5288:

Political Zionism was officially stamped out as a form of

4539:) movement, then under the leadership of Marxist theorist 4516:

forces were responsible for 40% and 17.2%, respectively.

3387:, when conscription became annual. During this period the 2710:

in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the

14033: 12564:

The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization

11650: 11247: 9357: 7925:

In present times, the largest number of Russian Jews are

7725:

The Jewish population data for all of the years includes

5879:("iudey" – Judean, etymologically related to the English 5561: 5513: 5249:

in the United States in 1943. Feffer was executed on the

4925:, one of the Red Army's most influential tank commanders. 4265:

In 1921, a large number of Jews opted for Poland, as the

4167:

Soon after seizing power, the Bolsheviks established the

4078:

because of the oppression of non-Russian nations and non-

3391:

leaders would employ informers and kidnappers (Russian: "

2730:

in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization,

10240:. Jewish Agency for Israel. May 15, 2005. Archived from 9804: 4016:

The two Jewish members of the Third Duma were the Judge

13822:

Israel365 News | Latest News. Biblical Perspective

13397:

Wayne State University Press – Jewish Studies: – Page 1

11823:В Москве представлен отчет об антисемитизме в 2014 году 11754:

Deputies Urge Ban on Jewish Organizations, Then Retract

10987:

Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk

10922:

Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk

9582: 9580: 9103:

November 23, 2001, By John Daniszewski, Chicago Tribune

8512:

receives a governmental award from President of Russia

5949:. He is considered a close confidant of Vladimir Putin. 5688:, among the largest synagogues in Europe and the world. 5654:

Tomsk Choral Synagogue, the oldest synagogue in Siberia

4086:. For much the same reason, many non-Russians, notably 3503:" and the oppressors of the Slavic, Christian victims. 11186: 9031:

Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia

9012:

Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia

5909:

Antisemitism is one of the most common expressions of

5441:

Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949

3232:

Their situation changed radically during the reign of

14327: 11397: 11002:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 10368:

The Litvaks: a short history of the Jews in Lithuania

9860: 9839: 9837: 9396: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9159: 5474:

was emerging as a close Western ally, the specter of

4937:. Burned down in 1942, during the Great Patriotic War 4046: 3813:, before conducting operations in the Ottoman Empire. 14347: 14158:

Publications of the American Statistical Association

12989:

National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic

12100:[Israel Shamir – The Church: a break over]. 11673:"Anti-Semitism in Russia: Anti-Semitism in Politics" 11319:

The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 1948–1967

9854: 9666:"One, two, three, four – we opened up the Iron Door" 9577: 9318: 9152:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 163–190. 8926:"German Jews more than victims, community head says" 8646: 4836:

Emphasis on education and movement from countryside

4821:

Beyond longstanding controversies, ranging from the

4740:

in 1936), Stalin officially condemned antisemitism:

4257:. It was shut down by the Soviet Government in 1929. 2164: 2145: 568: 13633:"Immigration to Israel Rises by 7% – Led by French" 12041:"World Briefing: Asia, Europe, Americas and Africa" 11866:"Anti-Jewish Conspiracy Theories in Putin's Russia" 11400:"How A Quest To Save Soviet Jews Changed The World" 10784:

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

4486:, which stipulated that Russia would withdraw from 4441:, later executed or assassinated on Stalin's orders 4153:

and internationalistic ideology of the Bolsheviks (

3156:Documentary evidence as to the presence of Jews in 14178: 13360: 13358: 13095: 13093: 13060: 13058: 12216:. The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 12010:"Rabbi's son foils bombing attempt at Moscow shul" 11851:11:0007.11.2014 (обновлено: 11:42 7 November 2014) 11533:"More migrants please, especially the clever ones" 10117:Czars: Russia's Rulers for Over One Thousand Years 9834: 9619: 9156: 9096: 9094: 5906:, Jew), also remains in widespread use in Russia. 5446:By the end of 1957 the USSR switched sides in the 5348:Communist Party, and not tied to the state or the 5331:dominating the main square in Birobidzhan, in the 5103: 2682:which continues to this day, although it is still 2651:at one time hosted the largest population of Jews 14401: 13264: 9538: 5807:(1.80%), 6 are in Krasnodar (0.37%) and 3 are in 5754:Despite being designated as a Jewish oblast, the 4890: 4201:delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pogroms" on a 3444: 2956: 17288: 14205: 14181:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 13999: 13962:New About Jewish Immigrants from FSU to Germany. 13862:, American Jewish Year Book, 102, New York, 2002 13732: 13139:. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14. 11196:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 10005: 9479: 9175:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 8883: 8881: 8744:Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast 6290:and former SSR by year (using 1989 SSR borders) 5782:, who have historically not identified as Jews. 5142:. On August 12, 1952, in the event known as the 3977:The Second Duma included seven Jewish deputies: 3004:and Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. 14807: 13925:В Германии началась депопуляция еврейских общин 13355: 13294: 13234: 13090: 13055: 12214:"Studies Begin for 1000 EuroStars participants" 11617:. Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 11463: 11431:. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 10265:, Geoffrey Jones, Oxford University Press, 2000 9938:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 9091: 8899:. The American Jewish Committee. Archived from 5700:in addition to 517 (including 35 Krymchaks) in 5614: 5564:department responsible for the provisioning of 5213: 4453:era recorded Lenin's feelings on antisemitism: 3477:was known as the "Tsar liberator" for the 1861 103:in Moscow, the largest Jewish museum in Russia. 14262:The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History 12750: 12748: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12097:Исраэль Шамир – Церковь: передышка закончилась 11527: 11493: 4644:(centre), reading the 1937 indictment against 4241:anarchist leaders also included several Jews. 3204:List of Jews born in the former Russian Empire 16921: 15198: 14793: 14387: 13974:http://jewishtoronto.org/getfile.asp?id=13787 12257:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. April 28, 2015. 11860: 11192: 10901: 9223:, April 3, 2008, retrieved September 9, 2015. 8974: 8878: 5026:1946. The official response to an inquiry by 4618: 3759: 3398: 3392: 2921:). The Kievan community was oriented towards 2616: 72: 57: 12556: 10760:, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 542–550 10015:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 9930: 9409:. Gefen Publishing House, Ltd. p. 133. 6167:with Romania), emigration and assimilation. 5945:, a billionaire businessman and co-owner of 4316:Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic 4129:Because some of the leading Bolsheviks were 42: 15212: 14328:Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS 14062: 13759: 13182:"Holocaust in Belorussia [Page 27]" 12791: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12781: 12745: 12717: 12715: 12392: 10749: 10747: 9711: 9435: 7813:, one of the Soviet Union's most prominent 5843:Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS 5642:, over 600,000 Soviet Jews have emigrated. 5572:could not be allowed to leave the country. 5411:was critical to the UN partitioning of the 5230:Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public 4018:Leopold Nikolayevich (or Lazar) Nisselovich 3805:, the most decorated Jewish soldier in the 3110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 860:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 16928: 16914: 15205: 15191: 14800: 14786: 14394: 14380: 14348:RJCF – Russian Jewish Community Foundation 13546:"Mmigrant Population From The Former Ussr" 13021:"Turkmenistan Virtual Jewish History Tour" 12190:. Israel National News. October 25, 2010. 12007: 11854: 11563: 11398:All Things Considered (October 30, 2010). 11235:, recently opened Soviet archives contain 10583: 10548: 10546: 10402: 10400: 9924: 9654:, 2002-07-30, retrieved September 7, 2015. 9331:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. 9052:. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012. 9024: 7798:Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s 7794:Russian immigration to Israel in the 1970s 6160:First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union 6069: 5899:). An ethnic slur, жид (borrowed from the 5529:said that as Soviet Jews they opposed the 5220:Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict 5048:Chrezv'chaynaya Gosudarstvennaya Komissiya 3928:. There was also a Crimean Karaim deputy, 3577:Distribution of Jews in Europe around 1900 3324:Forcible conscription of Jewish cantonists 3216:, showing percentage of Jewish populations 2975:History of the Jews in 19th-century Poland 2689: 2655:. Within these territories, the primarily 2623: 2609: 93: 13984: 12370:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года" 12340:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года" 11744:, 2002-07-30, retrieved October 17, 2005. 11374:History of Dissident Movement in the USSR 10992: 10043: 9720:"Peres inaugurates Russian Jewish museum" 9490:[Birobidzhan – terra incognita?] 9005: 8827:Learn how and when to remove this message 8638:, Prime Minister of Russia (2020–present) 8340:Large Russian Jewish communities include 8001:In 2013, 7,520 people, nearly 40% of all 5423:, the Soviet Union legally recognized it 5335:, founded in the Russian Far East in 1936 4665:proletarian socialist literature and arts 4617:were categorized according to ethnicity ( 3383:The zoning rule was suspended during the 3188:Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 3130:Learn how and when to remove this message 17302:History of the Jews in Europe by country 14123: 13710:Jews Are Fleeing Russia Because Of Putin 13703: 13574: 13330: 13204: 12868: 12778: 12712: 12432: 12430: 12226: 11876:(2). Indiana University Press: 291–316. 11608: 11418: 11199:. W.W Norton Company, Inc. p. 568. 10989:, Indiana University Press, 2013, p. 110 10934:Gutelman, Zvi (1986). Curtis, M. (ed.). 10933: 10924:, Indiana University Press, 2013, p. 119 10744: 10346:Jewish Emigration from Russia: 1880–1928 9999: 9899: 9851:(Lund Slavonic Monographs, 5), Lund 2002 9370:. Harvard University Press. p. 60. 9363: 8612:Russian Prime Ministers of Jewish origin 8504: 8418:Notable Russian Jews in Germany include 8188: 7821:(Israel's parliament) from 2013 to 2020. 7805: 6231:Decline for the same reason as for 1970 6075:Jewish % of the population in each 6017: 5987: 5937: 5851: 5813: 5761: 5675: 5649: 5623:In the 1980s, the liberal government of 5556:to leave. A typical excuse given by the 5512: 5457: 5322: 5233: 5046:(Чрезвычайная Государственная Комиссия; 5021: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4848: 4789: 4758: 4686: 4635: 4566: 4518: 4424: 4248: 4185: 4050: 3797: 3778: 3622: 3572: 3505: 3454: 3333: 3219: 3207: 3141: 2960: 2876: 13494:from the original on September 12, 2008 13487:. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 12834:Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde 12723:"Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009" 11989:from the original on September 30, 2013 11832:Москва, 13 Февраля 2015, 21:46 – REGNUM 11713:from the original on September 26, 2007 11424: 10543: 10397: 10234:"The Jewish Agency for Israel Timeline" 10188: 9676:from the original on September 17, 2016 9147: 9036: 8684:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union 4901:History of the Jews during World War II 4402:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union 4175:in order to destroy the rival Bund and 3522:swept Ukraine in 1881, after Jews were 2889:Jews have been present in contemporary 2668:discriminatory policies and persecution 14: 17289: 14267: 14231: 14044:from the original on February 23, 2011 13884:from the original on December 26, 2017 13733:Eylon Aslan-Levy (December 30, 2015). 13661:. The Jewish Agency. January 2, 2015. 12969:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12600:Cohen, Susan Sarah (January 1, 2005). 12542:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12502:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12462:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12261:from the original on December 22, 2015 12039:Kramer, Andrew E. (January 12, 2006). 12038: 11258: 11129:World War II: Jews as Prisoners of War 10937:Antisemitism in the Contemporary World 10732:from the original on November 15, 2017 10640:from the original on February 25, 2021 10565:from the original on September 6, 2015 10474: 10435: 9931:Kaplan Appel, Tamar (August 3, 2010). 9893: 9881:from the original on February 17, 2017 9861:Fruma Mohrer; Marek Web, eds. (1998). 9812:"Ukraine: Virtual Jewish History Tour" 9792:from the original on September 5, 2015 9782:"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour" 9762:from the original on September 5, 2015 9625: 9607:from the original on December 27, 2019 9586: 9565:from the original on December 26, 2019 9544: 9505:from the original on February 14, 2019 9474:Constitution of the Russian Federation 9423:from the original on December 21, 2019 9384:from the original on December 25, 2019 9345:from the original on December 24, 2019 9324: 9231: 9229: 8887: 8632:, Prime Minister of Russia (2004–2007) 8626:, Prime Minister of Russia (1998–1999) 8580:. Some other notable Russian Jews are 7967:The Total Fertility Rate for FSU-born 7741:(all per the 1959 Soviet census), and 7721: 7117:(all per the 1959 Soviet census), and 6982: 5692:The third most populous community was 4798:made after his arrest during Stalin's 4420: 4107:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 16909: 15186: 14781: 14375: 14293: 14173: 13872:Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland. 13587:from the original on January 20, 2011 13331:Sherwood, Harriet (August 17, 2011). 13312:from the original on January 22, 2021 13192:from the original on October 24, 2012 12888: 12807:from the original on January 11, 2013 12671:from the original on October 25, 2012 12599: 12444:from the original on October 16, 2013 12427: 12016:. Moscow. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 11929:from the original on November 8, 2017 11213:from the original on February 6, 2017 11180:Department, Central Committee of the 10825: 10364: 10274: 9822:from the original on October 17, 2015 9732:from the original on January 25, 2017 9717: 9441: 9285: 9192:from the original on February 6, 2017 9171: 9143: 9141: 9139: 8932:from the original on October 31, 2018 5271:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 3846:Among the other Jewish deputies were 3497:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 3047:, but reversed his decision in 1503. 2772:Jewish section of the Communist Party 14097: 13874:"Central Council of Jews in Germany" 13762:"Aliyah to Israel increases in 2015" 13212:"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009" 12620:from the original on October 7, 2021 12138:from the original on October 5, 2013 12108:from the original on October 5, 2013 11959:from the original on August 22, 2013 11732:Explosion of anti-Semitism in Russia 11545:from the original on 4 February 2012 11509:from the original on 7 December 2015 11391: 11354:from the original on October 7, 2021 9641:Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies 9455:from the original on August 16, 2017 9402: 9249:, 2008, retrieved September 9, 2015. 9221:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 9101:Renaissance of Jewish life in Russia 8952:"All-Russian population census 2020" 8798:, as they are easily broken. Please 8758: 7101:The Jewish population data includes 6969:Historical Russian Jewish population 5845:under the leadership of Chief Rabbi 5645: 5374:In a May 14, 1947 speech during the 4806:Jews who escaped the purges include 4606:and 3.8% in other Soviet republics. 4523:Soviet politician and administrator 4496:Jews in cities and towns across the 4193:on police information card from 1912 3108:adding citations to reliable sources 3075: 3071: 2641:areas historically connected with it 109:Regions with significant populations 13741:from the original on April 29, 2016 13639:from the original on March 11, 2014 13613:from the original on April 10, 2014 13343:from the original on March 12, 2020 12756:"Ethnicities in Latvia. Statistics" 12168:from the original on April 10, 2014 12076:from the original on August 5, 2013 11406:from the original on April 22, 2013 11329:, Cambridge University Press 2003, 11182:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 10838:from the original on March 19, 2020 10552: 10456:from the original on April 26, 2016 10327:from the original on March 31, 2006 10115:Duffy, James P., Vincent L. Ricci, 9900:Glassman, Deborah (December 2004). 9226: 9150:History of the Jews in Modern Times 9124:from the original on August 5, 2013 8928:. Jewish Journal. January 5, 2011. 8689:History of the Jews in Central Asia 8379:, a predominantly-Jewish suburb of 7769: 5577:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair 5415:, which led to the founding of the 4779:—the 1939 non-aggression pact with 4763:1938 NKVD arrest photo of the poet 4659:, rather than Hebrew, would be the 4575:set up a government committee (the 4482:, the Soviet government signed the 4221:Jews were prominent in the Russian 141:83,896 according to the 2021 census 73: 43: 24: 14333:Chabad-Lubavitch centers in Russia 14090: 14005:Gruzman, Emmanuel (May 12, 2018). 13985:Headapohl, Jackie (May 17, 2018). 13772:from the original on April 6, 2016 13687:. Arutz Sheva. December 31, 2014. 13575:Friedman, Ron (January 18, 2011). 13378:from the original on July 12, 2007 13222:from the original on June 16, 2020 13162:from the original on July 20, 2013 13078:from the original on July 21, 2020 12733:from the original on July 29, 2013 12411:. January 15, 2013. Archived from 12235:from the original on July 22, 2015 12194:from the original on June 27, 2013 11006:from the original on June 25, 2018 10773:. Cambridge University Press, 1988 10531:from the original on June 13, 2010 10495:from the original on June 10, 2016 10417:from the original on July 25, 2020 10385:from the original on June 24, 2016 10297:from the original on July 21, 2020 10140:from the original on July 18, 2011 9267:from the original on March 8, 2021 9258: 9211:Pogroms in the Ukraine (1919–1921) 9136: 8993:from the original on June 12, 2018 8980:Gruzman, Emmanuel (May 12, 2018). 8500: 7974:In 1999, about 1,037,000 FSU-born 6977: 5715:, with 2,266 (2.70%), followed by 5363:stance, from late 1944 until 1948 5126:, a popular actor-director of the 4856:, field commander of the Red Army. 4579:) and a public society (the OZET). 4047:Jews in the revolutionary movement 3604: 3510:Victim of fanaticism. Painting by 3491:) who strictly adhered to the old 3196:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 3149:, vice-chancellor of Russia under 2862:Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center 2839:and Commander at the front in the 2755:units engaged in pogroms as well. 101:Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center 25: 17313: 17297:Jewish Russian and Soviet history 14321: 14034:"Australian Bureau of Statistics" 13790: 13760:Omri Efraim (December 29, 2015). 13691:from the original on June 1, 2015 13665:from the original on July 2, 2015 13609:. Algemeiner. December 30, 2013. 13111:from the original on June 2, 2021 12909:from the original on June 2, 2021 12766:from the original on May 24, 2013 12581:from the original on June 2, 2021 12524:from the original on May 18, 2013 12484:from the original on May 18, 2013 12128:"Pussy Riot ответят за все грехи" 12020:from the original on July 6, 2015 12008:Krichevsky, Lev (July 30, 1999). 11621:from the original on July 8, 2015 11575:from the original on 16 June 2017 11445:from the original on June 2, 2021 10967:Marxism and the National Question 10130:"Antisemitism in Imperial Russia" 10031:from the original on May 14, 2016 9908:. Jewish Gen, Inc. Archived from 9663: 9306:from the original on June 2, 2021 9261:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour" 8719:History of the Jews in Kazakhstan 8699:History of the Jews in Azerbaijan 8620:, Prime Minister of Russia (1998) 7762: 7755: 7748: 5531:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry 5450:and throughout the course of the 5146:, thirteen of the most prominent 5067:Censored version (February 1944) 5064:Draft report (December 25, 1943) 4985:, and 10,000 Jews slaughtered in 4913:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 4706:was established with the help of 4626:Marxism and the National Question 3970:antisemite terrorist group. "The 3181: 651:Historical population comparisons 16937: 15166: 15157: 15156: 14056: 14026: 13978: 13967: 13941: 13915: 13896: 13865: 13845: 13836: 13810: 13784: 13753: 13726: 13677: 13651: 13625: 13599: 13568: 13538: 13506: 13474: 13452:"Monthly Bulletin of Statistics" 13444: 13408: 13390: 13324: 13174: 13142: 13123: 13031: 13013: 12995: 12977: 12939: 12921: 12889:Levin, Nora (December 1, 1990). 12882: 12854: 12840: 12819: 12694: 12683: 12653: 12643:"Jewish Population of the World" 12593: 12550: 12510: 12470: 12362: 12332: 12314: 12296: 12276: 12247: 12227:Margolin, Dovid (May 22, 2015). 12220: 12206: 12180: 12150: 12120: 12088: 12058: 12032: 12001: 11979:"Jewish nursery school attacked" 11971: 11941: 11911: 11835: 11816: 11793: 11770: 11747: 11725: 11695: 11665: 11647:Главная страница проекта 'Арена' 11633: 11609:Margolin, Dovid (May 25, 2015). 11602: 11557: 11521: 11487: 11457: 11366: 11043:OZET lottery posters and tickets 10604:from the original on May 2, 2016 10207:But Were They Good for the Jews? 8856:"Monthly Bulletin of Statistics" 8763: 8734:History of the Jews in Lithuania 8663: 8649: 8184: 6106: 6094: 6082: 5911:xenophobia in post-Soviet Russia 5437:Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 5427:. In addition, the USSR allowed 5421:Israel declared its independence 5114:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 4623:). In his 1913 theoretical work 4412:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 4408:Pogroms of the Russian Civil War 3425:and Jewish boys were coerced to 3080: 3019:After settling in Poland (later 2872: 2643:goes back at least 1,500 years. 1295:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1209:Historical population by country 13066:"World Jewish Population, 2002" 11340: 11310: 11291: 11275: 11252: 11225: 11160: 11143: 11121: 11101: 11088: 11079: 11059: 11036: 11027: 11018: 10979: 10958: 10927: 10914: 10886: 10877: 10868: 10859: 10850: 10819: 10806: 10793: 10776: 10763: 10714: 10699: 10690: 10661: 10652: 10616: 10577: 10507: 10468: 10429: 10371:. Berghahn Books. p. 283. 10358: 10339: 10309: 10268: 10256: 10226: 10212: 10200: 10182: 10152: 10122: 10109: 10093: 10074: 9774: 9744: 9718:Sokol, Sam (November 8, 2012). 9688: 9657: 9634: 9488:"Биробиджан – terra incognita?" 9467: 9279: 9252: 9204: 9106: 8303:Markus Rothkovich (Mark Rothko) 5982:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 5818:Saint-Petersburg Mathematician 5409:United Nations Security Council 5172:United Nations General Assembly 5104:Stalinist antisemitic campaigns 4395: 4227:Russian Social Democratic Party 3858:Constitutional Democratic Party 3686:Jewish emigration from Russia, 3680:agricultural Jewish settlements 3651:made what came to be known the 3256:, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, 3043:expelled Jewish residents from 2726:Before 1917 there were 300,000 15353:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan 15124:British Indian Ocean Territory 14403:History of the Jews in Europe 14160:9#70 (1905), pp. 238–248 14063:Matt Siegel (March 12, 2007). 13853:"World Jewish Population 2002" 13635:. Forward. December 29, 2013. 13425:. May 15, 2005. Archived from 11645:[Population Density]. 11000:"The Jews of the Soviet Union" 10832:Speeches on Gramophone Records 10814:Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask 10726:Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia 10671:("О погромной травле евреев": 10584:Schechtman, Joseph B. (1986). 10413:. New York City: T. Yoseloff. 9708:, retrieved September 9, 2015. 9695:Jewish Population of the World 9593:. Cambridge University Press. 9442:Brook, James (July 11, 1996). 9236:Modern Jewish History: Pogroms 9059: 8944: 8918: 8724:History of the Jews in Estonia 8714:History of the Jews in Belarus 8709:History of the Jews in Ukraine 8704:History of the Jews in Georgia 8694:History of the Jews in Armenia 6022:Russian opposition politician 5634:, but were eligible under the 5359:Without changing his official 5110:Joseph Stalin and antisemitism 5044:Extraordinary State Commission 5042:from the Nazi occupation, the 4891:World War II and the Holocaust 4294:Number of pogroms or excesses 3878:Moisei Yakovlevich Ostrogorsky 3479:abolition of serfdom in Russia 3445:Haskalah in the Russian Empire 3200:Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan 3175:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3021:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2957:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2908: 13: 1: 14363:Collected news and commentary 12405:"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly" 11033:Bemporad, op.cit., pp. 38, 40 10442:. Hoover Press. p. 264. 10009:; Himelstein, Shmuel (2011). 9178:. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. 8888:Kliger, Sam (June 14, 2004). 8839: 8812:), or an abbreviated title. 8729:History of the Jews in Latvia 6026:, who served as the Mayor of 5132:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 5095:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 4945:Soviet writer and journalist 4235:Socialist-Revolutionary Party 4223:Constitutional Democrat Party 4103:Socialist-Revolutionary Party 2971:History of the Jews in Poland 2637:history of the Jews in Russia 866:Christianity and Judaism 13964:) by Pavel Polyan. Demoscope 12567:. Indiana University Press. 12188:"Russia's Jews Fading Away?" 11388:. Vilnius, 1992 (in Russian) 11113:(in Russian). Archived from 10911:Dialog, Liberec 1996, p. 173 10053:. Indiana University Press. 9551:. Cornell University Press. 9054:Retrieved September 24, 2012 8482: 8383:; Washington Heights in the 7773:Does not include 192 Karaim. 5959:Library of a Russian Patriot 5615:Glasnost and end of the USSR 5502: 5413:British Mandate of Palestine 5214:The Soviet Union and Zionism 4969:; 100,000 Jews and Poles of 4949:with Soviet soldiers in 1942 4897:Eastern Front (World War II) 4171:, the Jewish section of the 4157:proletarian internationalism 3417:of Jewish cantonists to the 3307:, where towns, villages and 3228:for the adherents of Judaism 7: 14808:History of the Jews in Asia 13402:September 12, 2008, at the 11805:September 27, 2007, at the 11782:September 27, 2007, at the 11154:September 14, 2005, at the 10940:. Westview Press. pp. 10481:. Read Books. p. 444. 10209:by Elliot Rosenberg, p. 183 9364:Berkhoff, Karel C. (2004). 9216:September 26, 2015, at the 9075:. 1901–1906. Archived from 8642: 8012:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6056:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5554:formally refused permission 5251:Night of the Murdered Poets 5144:Night of the Murdered Poets 5128:Moscow State Jewish Theater 5015:armies; 40% of them in the 5004:Righteous Among the Nations 4531:Lenin was supported by the 4271:Jewish population of Poland 4253:Samara Choral Synagogue in 4191:Genrikh Grigoryevich Yagoda 3945:Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum 3886:Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum 3817:At the 1906 elections, the 3408: 3399: 2835:(Commander-in-Chief in the 2684:among the largest in Europe 2165: 2146: 1873:Latin America and Caribbean 569: 10: 17318: 14353:Genesis Philanthropy Group 14277:Cambridge University Press 14241:Cambridge University Press 14215:Princeton University Press 14187:W. W. Norton & Company 14167:November 30, 2018, at the 13858:December 22, 2004, at the 13416:"Jewish Zionist Education" 11737:February 13, 2005, at the 11379:February 22, 2017, at the 11325:February 22, 2017, at the 11242:November 13, 2005, at the 10667:Lenin's March 1919 speech 10068:December 31, 2019, at the 9864:Guide to the YIVO Archives 9843:A. I. Pereswetoff-Morath, 9700:December 24, 2018, at the 9646:December 14, 2016, at the 9286:Simon, Rita James (1997). 9148:Gartner, Lloyd P. (2010). 8491: 8406: 8401:West Hollywood, California 8399:, suburbs of Chicago; and 8311:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 8197:, who cites poets such as 7787: 7128:Jewish population in each 6286:Jewish population in each 5891:account for only 32.2% of 5506: 5227: 5217: 5190:by the Soviet government. 5107: 5088: 5078: 5071: 4894: 4429:Bolshevik revolutionaries 4405: 4399: 4099:General Jewish Labour Bund 4062:pamphlet published by the 4026:Naftali Markovich Friedman 3987:Vladimir Matveevich Gessen 3898:Mikhail Isaakovich Sheftel 3760:Jewish members of the Duma 3608: 3601:as Minister of Education. 3448: 3327: 3185: 3041:Alexander the Jagiellonian 2978: 2968: 2867: 2845:Heroes of the Soviet Union 2478:Jewish political movements 2175:Conversion to Judaism 17268: 17108: 16950: 16847: 16772: 16258: 16231: 16011: 15910: 15838: 15800: 15657: 15646: 15220: 15152: 15111: 15071: 14813: 14727: 14689: 14409: 14207:Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan 13956:October 22, 2007, at the 13930:October 22, 2007, at the 13908:October 18, 2007, at the 13135:January 22, 2021, at the 12308:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 11847:January 25, 2017, at the 11172:November 9, 2017, at the 10590:. SP Books. p. 467. 10351:October 17, 2018, at the 10223:, October 25, 1915, p. 11 9587:Pinkus, Benjamin (1990). 9241:December 3, 2016, at the 9017:December 6, 2017, at the 8457: 8361:Bergen County, New Jersey 7783: 7737:(or Central Asian Jews), 7113:(or Central Asian Jews), 7098: 6995:— 5099:Black Book (World War II) 4973:killed in the forests of 4794:The NKVD photo of writer 4619: 3997:(all of them Kadets) and 3952:Grigori Borisovich Iollos 3393: 2810:Germans in tsarist Russia 881:Hinduism and Judaism 203: 198: 178: 173: 158: 153: 145: 137: 129: 121: 113: 108: 92: 58: 37: 14873:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 14133:Indiana University Press 13101:"Powered by Google Docs" 13025:jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12647:jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12096: 11641: 11425:Buwalda, Petrus (1997). 11303:January 9, 2006, at the 11178:Propaganda and Agitation 11137:August 25, 2010, at the 11109: 10826:Lenin, Vladimir (1919). 10522:American Jewish Yearbook 10436:Fisher, Alan W. (1978). 10410:Russian Jewry: 1860–1917 10275:Lewin, Rhoda G. (1979). 10049:Zvi Y. Gitelman (2001): 9816:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9786:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9756:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 8754: 8739:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 8475:, and the musical group 6054:, spoke out against the 5997:Prime Minister of Russia 5756:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 5517:In a 1965 letter in the 5333:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 5130:and the chairman of the 5054:massacre was officially 4933:Artisans' Synagogue, in 4716:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 4692:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 3628:Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky 3165:, vice-chancellor under 3045:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2788:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 707:Temple in Jerusalem 400:Bar and bat mitzvah 15214:Ethnic groups in Russia 15134:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13272:"Rodiklių duomenų bazė" 11890:10.2979/antistud.3.2.05 11882:10.2979/antistud.3.2.05 11231:According to historian 11127:Lador-Lederer, Joseph. 11098:. London, Phoenix: 43–8 11094:Saul Friedlander (2008) 11072:March 27, 2009, at the 11024:Bemporad, op.cit., p. 9 10964:Stalin, Joseph (1913): 10086:April 24, 2017, at the 9626:Gutman, Israel (1988). 9172:Overy, Richard (2004). 9048:March 20, 2017, at the 8802:by replacing them with 8794:Knowledge's style guide 7802:Jackson–Vanik amendment 6070:Historical demographics 5747:with 1,151 (1.37%) and 5711:with 2,354 (2.81%) and 5640:Jackson–Vanik amendment 5521:Nobel Physics laureate 5407:Soviet approval in the 4981:killed in the woods at 4959:The Holocaust in Poland 4909:The Holocaust in Russia 4823:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 4777:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact 4484:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4416:Stalin and antisemitism 3856:) and cofounder of the 3809:for his bravery in the 2808:previously held by the 2774:labeled the use of the 2690:Overview and background 2680:dissolution of the USSR 669:Twelve Tribes of Israel 14452:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14107:Gefen Publishing House 11828:July 28, 2020, at the 11288:, London, 1987, p. 527 11193:Richard Overy (2004). 11117:on September 28, 2011. 10972:July 28, 2011, at the 10909:Lenin. Počátek teroru. 10669:On Anti-Jewish Pogroms 10475:Learsi, Rufus (2007). 10321:Zionistarchives.org.il 9706:Jewish Virtual Library 9545:Martin, Terry (2001). 9403:Arad, Yitzhak (2010). 9325:Shneer, David (2004). 9247:Jewish Virtual Library 8679:Antisemitism in Russia 8517: 8202: 8063:Roman Dzindzichashvili 7995:moved in after 1989). 7822: 7819:Speaker of the Knesset 7790:Russian Jews in Israel 7766:The data is from 2014. 7759:The data is from 1941. 7752:The data is from 1925. 6035: 5999: 5950: 5864: 5822: 5771: 5689: 5682:Grand Choral Synagogue 5655: 5534: 5467: 5405: 5336: 5254: 5136:rootless cosmopolitans 5083: 5076: 5031: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4857: 4803: 4772: 4757: 4695: 4653: 4580: 4528: 4468: 4442: 4258: 4194: 4071: 3814: 3795: 3639: 3584:Russian census of 1897 3578: 3518:A large-scale wave of 3515: 3467: 3345: 3229: 3217: 3173:after the fall of the 3153: 2966: 2886: 16944:Immigration to Russia 13851:Sergio DellaPergola, 13797:www.timesofisrael.com 13715:July 4, 2015, at the 13526:on September 12, 2008 12661:"YIVO | Belarus" 12606:. Walter de Gruyter. 12134:. November 24, 2012. 11759:May 30, 2006, at the 11282:A History of the Jews 11048:July 6, 2008, at the 10897:The Russian Civil War 10828:"Anti-Jewish Pogroms" 10708:Encyclopaedia Judaica 10559:Encyclopaedia Judaica 10190:Riasanovsky, Nicholas 9943:Yale University Press 9120:. December 18, 2012. 8508: 8192: 7809: 6207:immigration to Israel 6048:Chief Rabbi of Russia 6021: 5991: 5969:The Myth of Holocaust 5941: 5871:in English. The word 5855: 5817: 5765: 5679: 5663:Orthodox Christianity 5653: 5516: 5461: 5448:Arab–Israeli conflict 5433:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5393: 5378:debate, published in 5326: 5290:bourgeois nationalism 5237: 5079: 5072: 5025: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4852: 4844:industrialized cities 4793: 4762: 4742: 4690: 4639: 4570: 4522: 4455: 4428: 4252: 4189: 4161:bourgeois nationalism 4054: 4024:province, Kadet) and 3962:(b. 1859, d. 1906 in 3807:Imperial Russian Army 3801: 3782: 3659:, then a part of the 3626: 3576: 3529:Temporary Regulations 3509: 3458: 3423:Orthodox Christianity 3337: 3309:agricultural colonies 3223: 3211: 3145: 3010:Casimir III the Great 2964: 2880: 2858:immigration to Israel 1415:São Tomé and Príncipe 1410:Republic of the Congo 804:Second Temple Judaism 675:Kingdom of Judah 646:Modern historiography 199:Related ethnic groups 16773:Unrecognized peoples 16259:Other ethnic peoples 15546:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks 15048:United Arab Emirates 13306:Yivoencyclopedia.org 13252:on December 19, 2012 13051:on January 16, 2013. 12985:"Kyrgyz Census 2021" 12959:on February 5, 2017. 12667:. October 23, 1943. 12665:Yivoencyclopedia.org 11870:Antisemitism Studies 11864:(October 21, 2019). 11683:on September 6, 2008 11473:. World Scientific. 11271:on October 28, 2005. 11265:JoshuaRubenstein.com 11259:Rubenstein, Joshua. 11233:Gennady Kostyrchenko 10907:Dmitrij Volkogonov: 10812:Ronald Clark (1988) 10220:The Pittsburgh Press 10160:"Czar Alexander III" 9912:on February 22, 2015 9845:A Grin without a Cat 8800:improve this article 8516:on 20 November 2000. 8467:, ice hockey player 8428:Friedrich Gorenstein 8377:Pikesville, Maryland 8359:and nearby areas in 8087:Tatiana Zatulovskaya 6145:More than 5,250,000 5743:with 1,209 (1.44%), 5739:with 1,473 (1.76%), 5735:with 1,614 (1.92%), 5731:with 1,620 (1.93%), 5727:with 1,677 (2.00%), 5723:with 1,690 (2.01%), 5719:with 1,792 (2.14%), 5384:two days later, the 4694:on the map of Russia 3926:Meilakh Chervonenkis 3884:province), attorney 3242:Partitions of Poland 3171:as most Russian Jews 3104:improve this section 2985:Partitions of Poland 2899:Babylonian captivity 2670:, including violent 2517:World Agudath Israel 1658:United Arab Emirates 745:Second Temple period 735:Babylonian captivity 16848:Assimilated peoples 15441:Meadow-Eastern Mari 15075:limited recognition 14690:States with limited 14367:The Times of Israel 14342:The Huffington Post 13992:Detroit Jewish News 13878:Zentralratdjuden.de 13556:on October 14, 2013 13462:on October 21, 2007 13282:on October 14, 2013 13216:Pop-stat.mashke.org 13039:"Tajik Census 2010" 12836:. January 18, 2021. 12727:Pop-stat.mashke.org 12702:"Uzbek Census 2021" 12690:2019 Belarus Census 12603:2002 – Google Books 12415:on October 12, 2013 12326:The Times of Israel 12164:. August 30, 2013. 11983:Antisemitism.org.il 11642:Плотность населения 11531:(11 October 2011). 10365:Levin, Dov (2000). 10244:on December 3, 2008 10194:A History of Russia 10170:on January 16, 2011 10134:Worldfuturefund.com 9630:. Bnai Brith Books. 9118:Pew Research Center 9072:Jewish Encyclopedia 8962:on January 24, 2020 8906:on February 1, 2017 8866:on November 4, 2007 8772:Constructs such as 8604:(Switzerland), and 8323:Mikhail Shufutinsky 8091:Maria Gorokhovskaya 8067:Anastassia Michaeli 8039:Yuli-Yoel Edelstein 7939:Former Soviet Union 7688:Former Soviet Union 7133: 6970: 6931:Former Soviet Union 6291: 6120: 6060:Pinchas Goldschmidt 5803:(6.02%), 29 are in 5698:Autonomous Republic 5419:. Three days after 5224:Soviet Anti-Zionism 5196:In April 1956, the 4965:shot in ditches at 4921:Lieutenant General 4885:extermination camps 4718:with its center in 4640:Prosecutor General 4421:Before World War II 4339:Miscellaneous bands 4080:Orthodox Christians 3960:Mikhail Herzenstein 3892:province, Zionist, 3872:province, Zionist, 3770:Mikhail Herzenstein 3690: 3520:anti-Jewish pogroms 3435:Jewish dietary laws 3311:rapidly sprang up. 2947:Volodymyr-Volynskyi 2744:October Revolutions 2716:anti-Jewish pogroms 810:Hellenistic Judaism 388:Land of Israel 347:Principles of faith 34: 16895:Siberian Bukharans 16031:Aukhovite Chechens 15983:Siberian Bukharans 15309:Aukhovite Chechens 14340:by Karina Ioffee, 13987:"Hero In Disguise" 13791:Gross, Judah Ari. 12310:. January 3, 2023. 12045:The New York Times 11925:. March 26, 2010. 11571:. Nobelprize.org. 11386:Lyudmila Alexeyeva 11307:Document A/2/PV.77 11054:Swarthmore College 10985:Elissa Bemporad, 10631:The New York Times 10439:The Crimean Tatars 10323:. April 18, 1935. 9788:. April 25, 1991. 9725:The Jerusalem Post 9526:Unknown parameter 9498:(in Russian): 20. 9448:The New York Times 8596:(United Kingdom), 8586:Vladimir Ashkenazy 8518: 8448:Vladimir Voinovich 8355:of New York City; 8203: 8163:Alexandra Zaretski 8123:Evgenia Linetskaya 8099:Aleksandr Averbukh 8075:Victor Mikhalevski 8071:Haim Megrelashvili 7823: 7127: 6968: 6285: 6127:Jewish population 6118: 6036: 6000: 5951: 5865: 5823: 5801:Kabardino-Balkaria 5772: 5690: 5656: 5535: 5468: 5337: 5255: 5032: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4858: 4804: 4773: 4696: 4654: 4631:People's Commissar 4581: 4529: 4502:Novhorod-Siverskyi 4476:Pale of Settlement 4443: 4259: 4195: 4179:parties, suppress 4072: 3999:Avigdor Mandelberg 3866:Nissan Katzenelson 3819:Jewish Labour Bund 3815: 3811:Russo-Japanese War 3796: 3790:and the father of 3685: 3640: 3619:Galveston Movement 3588:Pale of Settlement 3579: 3516: 3468: 3346: 3342:Herzel Yankel Tsam 3250:Pale of Settlement 3230: 3218: 3214:Pale of Settlement 3154: 2981:Pale of Settlement 2967: 2951:Andrei Bogolyubsky 2919:Zhidovskaya vorota 2887: 2827:(Commander of the 2712:Pale of Settlement 2371:Jewish Koine Greek 1913:Dominican Republic 1194:Judaism by country 873:Jews and Christmas 728:Assyrian captivity 32: 17284: 17283: 17219: 17212: 17205: 17178: 17159: 17021: 16903: 16902: 16532: 16530:Astrakhan Kazakhs 16254: 16253: 15990:Zabolotnie Tatars 15469:Northwestern Mari 15180: 15179: 15117:other territories 14775: 14774: 14312:978-1-85043-249-4 14286:978-0-521-82630-3 14250:978-0-521-38926-6 14224:978-0-691-16074-0 14213:. Princeton, NJ: 14196:978-0-393-02030-4 14142:978-0-253-00822-0 14075:on March 10, 2008 14069:Jewishtoronto.net 13912:by Judith Kessler 13721:Radio Free Europe 13432:on March 27, 2009 12902:978-0-8147-5051-3 12729:. April 7, 1971. 12613:978-3-11-094417-4 12574:978-0-253-00159-7 12072:. July 26, 2013. 11653:on March 25, 2014 11503:The New Criterion 11480:978-981-270-116-9 11438:978-0-8018-5616-7 11206:978-0-14-191224-0 10951:978-0-8133-0157-0 10920:Elissa Bemporad, 10803:, Routledge, 1995 10769:Benjamin Pinkus. 10597:978-0-935437-18-8 10553:Slutsky, Yehuda. 10488:978-1-4067-0729-8 10449:978-0-8179-6662-1 10378:978-1-57181-264-3 10355:(Beyond the Pale) 10284:Minnesota History 10090:(Beyond the Pale) 10024:978-0-19-973004-9 9967:on March 27, 2015 9952:978-0-300-11903-9 9874:978-0-7656-0130-8 9600:978-0-521-38926-6 9558:978-0-8014-8677-7 9377:978-0-674-02078-8 9338:978-0-521-82630-3 9299:978-0-275-95731-5 9259:Weiner, Rebecca. 9185:978-0-14-191224-0 9079:on March 28, 2007 8837: 8836: 8829: 8636:Mikhail Mishustin 8469:Eliezer Sherbatov 8452:Lilya Zilberstein 8440:Elena Kuschnerova 8385:Sunny Isles Beach 8335:Arkady Vainshtein 8247:Vladimir Horowitz 8219:Leonard Blavatnik 8179:Margarita Levieva 8167:Larisa Trembovler 8155:Sergei Sakhnovski 8127:Marina Kravchenko 8119:Alexander Danilov 8059:Avigdor Lieberman 8055:Natasha Mozgovaya 8047:Nachman Dushanski 7962:Jewish Christians 7923: 7922: 7775: 7717: 7716: 7125: 7124: 6966: 6965: 6283: 6282: 6134: 5646:Modern-day Russia 5625:Mikhail Gorbachev 5570:national security 5386:Soviet ambassador 5376:UN Partition Plan 5308:, rather than by 5203:Jewish newspaper 5087: 5086: 4923:Semyon Krivoshein 4785:Jewish Bolshevism 4661:national language 4590:According to the 4553:Dmitri Volkogonov 4451:Nikita Khrushchev 4393: 4392: 4143:Jewish Bolshevism 3914:Benyamin Yakubson 3803:Joseph Trumpeldor 3786:, founder of the 3757: 3756: 3674:" (known as the " 3252:, which included 3224:Military oath to 3169:. Shafirov came, 3140: 3139: 3132: 3072:Tsardom of Russia 2837:war against Japan 2829:Soviet Air Forces 2825:Yakov Smushkevich 2792:autonomous oblast 2748:Russian Civil War 2698:, in present-day 2633: 2632: 2582: 2581: 2330: 2329: 2077:Reconstructionist 2021: 2020: 1173: 1172: 980: 979: 817:Jewish–Roman wars 765:Hasmonean dynasty 681:Kingdom of Israel 585: 584: 286: 285: 16:(Redirected from 17309: 17215: 17208: 17201: 17174: 17155: 17015: 16942: 16941: 16930: 16923: 16916: 16907: 16906: 16819:Crimean Italians 16788: 16718: 16674: 16640: 16607:Meskhetian Turks 16591: 16572: 16553: 16551:Sakhalin Koreans 16546: 16528: 16483: 16469: 16462: 16443: 16436: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16391: 16384: 16377: 16363: 16335:Crimean Karaites 16294: 16197: 16190: 16161: 16154: 16135: 16128: 16121: 16114: 16107: 16100: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16072: 16065: 16058: 16051: 16044: 15992: 15985: 15978: 15971: 15964: 15957: 15938: 15856: 15766: 15742: 15735: 15655: 15654: 15632: 15625: 15618: 15611: 15609:Astrakhan Tatars 15604: 15585: 15571: 15562: 15555: 15548: 15541: 15527: 15520: 15506: 15492: 15485: 15471: 15464: 15463: 15450: 15449: 15419: 15398: 15391: 15342: 15335: 15311: 15282: 15275: 15268: 15254: 15247: 15240: 15207: 15200: 15193: 15184: 15183: 15170: 15160: 15159: 15129:Christmas Island 14815:Sovereign states 14802: 14795: 14788: 14779: 14778: 14728:Dependencies and 14669:Northern Ireland 14410:Sovereign states 14396: 14389: 14382: 14373: 14372: 14316: 14290: 14258:Polonsky, Antony 14254: 14233:Pinkus, Benjamin 14228: 14200: 14184: 14146: 14125:Bemporad, Elissa 14120: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14080: 14071:. Archived from 14060: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14030: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14003: 13997: 13996: 13982: 13976: 13971: 13965: 13949: 13945: 13939: 13923: 13919: 13913: 13900: 13894: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13869: 13863: 13849: 13843: 13840: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13814: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13788: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13777: 13757: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13746: 13730: 13724: 13707: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13696: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13629: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13618: 13603: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13552:. Archived from 13542: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13525: 13519:. Archived from 13518: 13510: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13493: 13486: 13478: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13458:. 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Archived from 12336: 12330: 12329: 12318: 12312: 12311: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12280: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12266: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12210: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12005: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11945: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11858: 11852: 11839: 11833: 11820: 11814: 11797: 11791: 11774: 11768: 11751: 11745: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11679:. Archived from 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11606: 11600: 11594: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11497:(October 2012). 11491: 11485: 11484: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11422: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11395: 11389: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11344: 11338: 11314: 11308: 11295: 11289: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11267:. Archived from 11256: 11250: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11190: 11184: 11164: 11158: 11147: 11141: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11105: 11099: 11092: 11086: 11083: 11077: 11063: 11057: 11040: 11034: 11031: 11025: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 10996: 10990: 10983: 10977: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10931: 10925: 10918: 10912: 10905: 10899: 10890: 10884: 10881: 10875: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10857: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10823: 10817: 10810: 10804: 10797: 10791: 10780: 10774: 10767: 10761: 10751: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10639: 10633:. May 30, 1909. 10628: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10550: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10519: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10404: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10362: 10356: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10296: 10281: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10230: 10224: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10166:. Archived from 10156: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10126: 10120: 10113: 10107: 10097: 10091: 10081:Herzl Yankl Tsam 10078: 10072: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9990: 9986: 9984: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9963:. Archived from 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9858: 9852: 9841: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9715: 9709: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9661: 9655: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9623: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9584: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9529: 9524: 9522: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9493: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9256: 9250: 9233: 9224: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9169: 9154: 9153: 9145: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9063: 9057: 9043:2012 Survey Maps 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9009: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8989:. May 12, 2018. 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8958:. Archived from 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8905: 8894: 8885: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8862:. Archived from 8852: 8832: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8804:named references 8767: 8766: 8759: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8624:Yevgeny Primakov 8618:Sergey Kiriyenko 8606:Maya Plisetskaya 8590:Boris Berezovsky 8582:Roman Abramovich 8510:Maya Plisetskaya 8471:, voice actress 8444:Alfred Schnittke 8432:Wladimir Kaminer 8387:neighborhood of 8283:Alexander Migdal 8251:Gregory Kaidanov 8211:Alexei Abrikosov 8193:American singer 8115:Michael Kolganov 7982:(עוֹלֶה) group ( 7825: 7824: 7817:, who served as 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7724: 7719: 7233:Byelorussian SSR 7134: 7126: 6984: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6411:Byelorussian SSR 6292: 6284: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6011:writers such as 5993:Sergey Kiriyenko 5943:Arkady Rotenberg 5820:Grigory Perelman 5780:Crimean Karaites 5686:Saint Petersburg 5354:Marxism-Leninism 5263:anti-clericalism 5259:anti-nationalism 5247:Solomon Mikhoels 5201:Yiddish language 5124:Solomon Mikhoels 5122:In January 1948 5061: 5060: 4808:Lazar Kaganovich 4767:, who died in a 4724:Russian Far East 4622: 4621: 4600:Byelorussian SSR 4525:Lazar Kaganovich 4439:Grigory Zinoviev 4303:Hryhoriv's bands 4297:Number murdered 4288: 4287: 4147:Judeo-Bolshevism 4066:exile branch in 4056:Kampf un kempfer 4041:Ezekiel Gurevich 3991:Lazar Rabinovich 3691: 3689: 3684: 3676:Odessa Committee 3564:Town Regulations 3512:Mykola Pymonenko 3402: 3396: 3395: 3158:Muscovite Russia 3135: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3084: 3076: 2883:Khazar Khaganate 2704:Muscovite Russia 2657:Ashkenazi Jewish 2625: 2618: 2611: 2474: 2473: 2355: 2176: 2170: 2151: 2115: 2114: 2062: 2009:New Zealand 1961: 1924:El Salvador 1914: 1846:Northern America 1838: 1432: 1188: 1187: 1099:Crimean Karaites 995: 994: 973: 971: 892: 890: 882: 876: 867: 855:Rabbinic Judaism 836: 830: 824: 812: 800: 766: 759:Maccabean Revolt 736: 729: 723: 715: 708: 702: 694: 676: 600: 599: 574: 469: 468: 401: 389: 288: 287: 261:Crimean Karaites 97: 84: 76: 75: 69: 61: 60: 54: 46: 45: 35: 31: 21: 17317: 17316: 17312: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17307: 17306: 17287: 17286: 17285: 17280: 17264: 17104: 16946: 16936: 16934: 16904: 16899: 16843: 16814:Caucasus Greeks 16786:Afro-Abkhazians 16784: 16768: 16714: 16670: 16638:Kola Norwegians 16636: 16587: 16568: 16549: 16542: 16479: 16465: 16458: 16439: 16432: 16425: 16418: 16411: 16387: 16380: 16373: 16359: 16290: 16250: 16227: 16193: 16186: 16157: 16150: 16131: 16124: 16117: 16110: 16103: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16047: 16040: 16007: 15988: 15981: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15949:Siberian Tatars 15934: 15906: 15852: 15834: 15796: 15762: 15738: 15731: 15649: 15642: 15628: 15621: 15614: 15607: 15598: 15581: 15567: 15558: 15553:Baikal Cossacks 15551: 15544: 15537: 15523: 15516: 15502: 15488: 15481: 15467: 15457: 15453: 15443: 15439: 15415: 15394: 15387: 15338: 15331: 15307: 15278: 15271: 15264: 15250: 15243: 15236: 15223: 15216: 15211: 15181: 15176: 15148: 15116: 15107: 15088:Northern Cyprus 15074: 15067: 14809: 14806: 14776: 14771: 14729: 14723: 14709:Northern Cyprus 14691: 14685: 14584:North Macedonia 14405: 14400: 14344:, July 13, 2009 14324: 14319: 14313: 14287: 14251: 14225: 14197: 14169:Wayback Machine 14149:Gitelman, Zvi. 14143: 14117: 14093: 14091:Further reading 14088: 14078: 14076: 14061: 14057: 14047: 14045: 14032: 14031: 14027: 14017: 14015: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13983: 13979: 13972: 13968: 13958:Wayback Machine 13947: 13946: 13942: 13932:Wayback Machine 13921: 13920: 13916: 13910:Wayback Machine 13901: 13897: 13887: 13885: 13870: 13866: 13860:Wayback Machine 13850: 13846: 13841: 13837: 13827: 13825: 13824:. April 7, 2022 13816: 13815: 13811: 13801: 13799: 13789: 13785: 13775: 13773: 13758: 13754: 13744: 13742: 13731: 13727: 13717:Wayback Machine 13708: 13704: 13694: 13692: 13683: 13682: 13678: 13668: 13666: 13657: 13656: 13652: 13642: 13640: 13631: 13630: 13626: 13616: 13614: 13605: 13604: 13600: 13590: 13588: 13573: 13569: 13559: 13557: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13529: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13512: 13511: 13507: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13484: 13480: 13479: 13475: 13465: 13463: 13450: 13449: 13445: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13409: 13404:Wayback Machine 13395: 13391: 13381: 13379: 13375: 13368: 13364: 13363: 13356: 13346: 13344: 13329: 13325: 13315: 13313: 13300: 13299: 13295: 13285: 13283: 13276:Db1.stat.gov.lt 13270: 13269: 13265: 13255: 13253: 13246:Data.csb.gov.lv 13240: 13239: 13235: 13225: 13223: 13210: 13209: 13205: 13195: 13193: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13165: 13163: 13159: 13152: 13148: 13147: 13143: 13137:Wayback Machine 13128: 13124: 13114: 13112: 13105:Docs.google.com 13099: 13098: 13091: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13068: 13064: 13063: 13056: 13048: 13041: 13037: 13036: 13032: 13019: 13018: 13014: 13007:jewseurasia.org 13001: 13000: 12996: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12962: 12961: 12956: 12949: 12947:"Archived copy" 12945: 12944: 12940: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12912: 12910: 12903: 12887: 12883: 12874: 12873: 12869: 12860: 12859: 12855: 12846: 12845: 12841: 12829: 12825: 12824: 12820: 12810: 12808: 12795: 12794: 12779: 12769: 12767: 12760:Roots-saknes.lv 12754: 12753: 12746: 12736: 12734: 12721: 12720: 12713: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12688: 12684: 12674: 12672: 12659: 12658: 12654: 12641: 12640: 12633: 12623: 12621: 12614: 12598: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12575: 12555: 12551: 12535: 12534: 12527: 12525: 12518:"Archived copy" 12516: 12515: 12511: 12495: 12494: 12487: 12485: 12478:"Archived copy" 12476: 12475: 12471: 12455: 12454: 12447: 12445: 12438:"Archived copy" 12436: 12435: 12428: 12418: 12416: 12403: 12402: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12353: 12351: 12338: 12337: 12333: 12328:. July 2, 2023. 12320: 12319: 12315: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12282: 12281: 12277: 12264: 12262: 12253: 12252: 12248: 12238: 12236: 12225: 12221: 12212: 12211: 12207: 12197: 12195: 12186: 12185: 12181: 12171: 12169: 12162:Americablog.com 12156: 12155: 12151: 12141: 12139: 12126: 12125: 12121: 12111: 12109: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12089: 12079: 12077: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12049: 12047: 12037: 12033: 12023: 12021: 12006: 12002: 11992: 11990: 11977: 11976: 11972: 11962: 11960: 11947: 11946: 11942: 11932: 11930: 11923:Telegraph.co.uk 11917: 11916: 11912: 11902: 11900: 11859: 11855: 11849:Wayback Machine 11840: 11836: 11830:Wayback Machine 11821: 11817: 11811:Bigotry Monitor 11807:Wayback Machine 11798: 11794: 11788:Bigotry Monitor 11784:Wayback Machine 11775: 11771: 11765:Bigotry Monitor 11761:Wayback Machine 11752: 11748: 11739:Wayback Machine 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11686: 11684: 11671: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11643: 11639: 11638: 11634: 11624: 11622: 11607: 11603: 11595: 11588: 11578: 11576: 11562: 11558: 11548: 11546: 11538:The Independent 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11492: 11488: 11481: 11465:Mikhail Shifman 11462: 11458: 11448: 11446: 11439: 11423: 11419: 11409: 11407: 11396: 11392: 11381:Wayback Machine 11371: 11367: 11357: 11355: 11346: 11345: 11341: 11327:Wayback Machine 11315: 11311: 11305:Wayback Machine 11296: 11292: 11280: 11276: 11257: 11253: 11244:Wayback Machine 11230: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11207: 11191: 11187: 11174:Wayback Machine 11165: 11161: 11156:Wayback Machine 11148: 11144: 11139:Wayback Machine 11126: 11122: 11111: 11107: 11106: 11102: 11093: 11089: 11084: 11080: 11074:Wayback Machine 11064: 11060: 11050:Wayback Machine 11041: 11037: 11032: 11028: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10984: 10980: 10974:Wayback Machine 10963: 10959: 10952: 10932: 10928: 10919: 10915: 10906: 10902: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10878: 10873: 10869: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10841: 10839: 10824: 10820: 10811: 10807: 10798: 10794: 10781: 10777: 10768: 10764: 10752: 10745: 10735: 10733: 10720: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10704: 10700: 10695: 10691: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10653: 10643: 10641: 10637: 10626: 10622: 10621: 10617: 10607: 10605: 10598: 10582: 10578: 10568: 10566: 10551: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10517: 10515:"4-year review" 10513: 10512: 10508: 10498: 10496: 10489: 10473: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10450: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10418: 10405: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10353:Wayback Machine 10344: 10340: 10330: 10328: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10261: 10257: 10247: 10245: 10232: 10231: 10227: 10217: 10213: 10205: 10201: 10187: 10183: 10173: 10171: 10164:Fortunecity.com 10158: 10157: 10153: 10143: 10141: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10114: 10110: 10098: 10094: 10088:Wayback Machine 10079: 10075: 10070:Wayback Machine 10048: 10044: 10034: 10032: 10025: 10004: 10000: 9988: 9987: 9978: 9977: 9970: 9968: 9953: 9929: 9925: 9915: 9913: 9898: 9894: 9884: 9882: 9875: 9859: 9855: 9842: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9780: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9716: 9712: 9702:Wayback Machine 9693: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9662: 9658: 9648:Wayback Machine 9639: 9635: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9608: 9601: 9585: 9578: 9568: 9566: 9559: 9543: 9539: 9527: 9525: 9516: 9515: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9491: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9424: 9417: 9401: 9397: 9387: 9385: 9378: 9362: 9358: 9348: 9346: 9339: 9323: 9319: 9309: 9307: 9300: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9257: 9253: 9243:Wayback Machine 9234: 9227: 9218:Wayback Machine 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9186: 9170: 9157: 9146: 9137: 9127: 9125: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9099: 9092: 9082: 9080: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9050:Wayback Machine 9041: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9019:Wayback Machine 9010: 9006: 8996: 8994: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8950: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8892: 8886: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8854: 8853: 8846: 8842: 8833: 8822: 8816: 8813: 8792:discouraged by 8768: 8764: 8757: 8749:Jewish Cossacks 8669: 8664: 8662: 8655: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8630:Mikhail Fradkov 8614: 8602:Viktor Korchnoi 8600:(Netherlands), 8598:Gennadi Sosonko 8578:Anatoly Vaisser 8566:Alexandre Koyré 8503: 8501:Other countries 8494: 8485: 8460: 8409: 8319:Mikhail Shifman 8267:Savely Kramarov 8235:Anthony Fedorov 8231:Sergei Dovlatov 8187: 8171:Boris Tsirelson 8151:Arcadi Gaydamak 8147:Michael Cherney 8083:Maxim Rodshtein 8031:Natan Sharansky 7804: 7788:Main articles: 7786: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7100: 6326: 6148:Russian Empire 6114: 6111: 6102: 6099: 6090: 6087: 6072: 6024:Yevgeny Roizman 5995:, the youngest 5947:Stroygazmontazh 5831:Jewish identity 5737:Nizhny Novgorod 5648: 5617: 5543:Avraham Lubanov 5511: 5505: 5417:State of Israel 5275:Jewish autonomy 5243:Albert Einstein 5232: 5226: 5218:Main articles: 5216: 5168:David Bergelson 5116: 5108:Main articles: 5106: 5101: 5091:Vasily Grossman 4915: 4895:Main articles: 4893: 4816:destalinization 4765:Osip Mandelstam 4648:during the 2nd 4423: 4418: 4404: 4398: 4247: 4216:pro-Americanism 4197:In March 1919, 4173:Communist party 4149:. The original 4126:, were Jewish. 4049: 4007:Ossip Pergament 3979:Shakho Abramson 3972:Russkoye Znamya 3941:Victor Jacobson 3937:Shmaryahu Levin 3922:Solomon Frenkel 3829:Shmaryahu Levin 3792:Horace Günzburg 3774:Ossip Pergament 3762: 3687: 3621: 3607: 3605:Mass emigration 3543:. In 1887, the 3460:Samuel Polyakov 3453: 3447: 3332: 3326: 3254:Congress Poland 3206: 3192:Chișinău pogrom 3184: 3167:Peter the Great 3151:Peter the Great 3136: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3101: 3085: 3074: 3029:Austria-Hungary 2987: 2977: 2969:Main articles: 2959: 2945:and, probably, 2911: 2875: 2870: 2776:Hebrew language 2692: 2629: 2584: 2583: 2471: 2461: 2460: 2451:Judeo-Malayalam 2431:Judaeo-Georgian 2351: 2342: 2332: 2331: 2232:Yiddish theatre 2174: 2112: 2102: 2101: 2060: 2033: 2023: 2022: 1959: 1912: 1836: 1430: 1214:Genetic studies 1185: 1175: 1174: 992: 982: 981: 969: 968: 888: 887: 880: 870: 865: 847:and Middle Ages 845:Rabbinic period 832: 826: 819: 807: 778: 764: 734: 727: 718: 710: 706: 697: 692:in Judaism 689: 674: 597: 587: 586: 466: 456: 455: 399: 387: 332: 245:Jews in Siberia 221:Lithuanian Jews 217:Belarusian Jews 104: 88: 87: 78: 63: 48: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17315: 17305: 17304: 17299: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17278: 17276:Black Africans 17272: 17270: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17221: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17180: 17179: 17167: 17162: 17161: 17160: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17112: 17110: 17106: 17105: 17103: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16974: 16973: 16968: 16960: 16954: 16952: 16948: 16947: 16933: 16932: 16925: 16918: 16910: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16851: 16849: 16845: 16844: 16842: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16804:Astrakhan Jews 16801: 16796: 16791: 16790: 16789: 16776: 16774: 16770: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16676: 16675: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16580: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16561: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16547: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16485: 16484: 16472: 16471: 16470: 16463: 16451: 16446: 16445: 16444: 16437: 16430: 16423: 16416: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16393: 16392: 16389:Siberian Finns 16385: 16382:Murmansk Finns 16378: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16296: 16295: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16262: 16260: 16256: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16248: 16246:Tver Karelians 16243: 16237: 16235: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16199: 16198: 16191: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16163: 16162: 16155: 16143: 16138: 16137: 16136: 16129: 16122: 16115: 16108: 16101: 16094: 16087: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16059: 16052: 16045: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16017: 16015: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15986: 15979: 15972: 15965: 15958: 15946: 15941: 15940: 15939: 15927: 15922: 15916: 15914: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15858: 15857: 15844: 15842: 15836: 15835: 15833: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15806: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15768: 15767: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15736: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15663: 15661: 15652: 15644: 15643: 15641: 15640: 15635: 15634: 15633: 15626: 15619: 15612: 15593: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15574: 15573: 15572: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15560:Kuban Cossacks 15556: 15549: 15530: 15529: 15528: 15521: 15509: 15508: 15507: 15495: 15494: 15493: 15486: 15474: 15473: 15472: 15465: 15451: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15408: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15399: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15348:Crimean Tatars 15345: 15344: 15343: 15336: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15284: 15283: 15276: 15269: 15257: 15256: 15255: 15248: 15241: 15228: 15226: 15218: 15217: 15210: 15209: 15202: 15195: 15187: 15178: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15164: 15153: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15120: 15118: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15079: 15077: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14819: 14817: 14811: 14810: 14805: 14804: 14797: 14790: 14782: 14773: 14772: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14733: 14731: 14730:other entities 14725: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14695: 14693: 14687: 14686: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14659:United Kingdom 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14472:Czech Republic 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14413: 14411: 14407: 14406: 14399: 14398: 14391: 14384: 14376: 14370: 14369: 14360: 14350: 14345: 14335: 14330: 14323: 14322:External links 14320: 14318: 14317: 14311: 14291: 14285: 14265: 14255: 14249: 14229: 14223: 14202: 14201: 14195: 14175:Overy, Richard 14171: 14154: 14147: 14141: 14121: 14116:978-9652294876 14115: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14086: 14055: 14025: 14014:. May 12, 2018 14012:plus61j.net.au 13998: 13977: 13966: 13940: 13914: 13895: 13864: 13844: 13835: 13809: 13783: 13752: 13725: 13723:(July 3, 2015) 13702: 13676: 13650: 13624: 13598: 13567: 13537: 13505: 13473: 13443: 13407: 13389: 13354: 13323: 13293: 13263: 13233: 13203: 13173: 13141: 13122: 13089: 13054: 13030: 13012: 12994: 12976: 12938: 12920: 12901: 12881: 12867: 12853: 12839: 12818: 12777: 12744: 12711: 12693: 12682: 12652: 12631: 12612: 12592: 12573: 12557:Brandon, Ray; 12549: 12509: 12469: 12426: 12391: 12361: 12331: 12313: 12295: 12275: 12246: 12231:. Chabad.org. 12219: 12205: 12179: 12149: 12119: 12104:(in Russian). 12087: 12057: 12031: 12000: 11970: 11940: 11910: 11853: 11834: 11815: 11792: 11769: 11746: 11724: 11694: 11664: 11632: 11601: 11586: 11569:"Biographical" 11556: 11529:Dominic Lawson 11520: 11495:Edward Frenkel 11486: 11479: 11467:, ed. (2005). 11456: 11437: 11417: 11390: 11365: 11339: 11309: 11290: 11274: 11251: 11224: 11205: 11185: 11159: 11142: 11120: 11100: 11087: 11078: 11058: 11035: 11026: 11017: 10991: 10978: 10957: 10950: 10926: 10913: 10900: 10885: 10876: 10867: 10858: 10849: 10818: 10805: 10799:William Korey 10792: 10775: 10762: 10754:Henry Abramson 10743: 10713: 10698: 10689: 10660: 10651: 10615: 10596: 10576: 10542: 10506: 10487: 10467: 10448: 10428: 10396: 10377: 10357: 10338: 10308: 10267: 10255: 10225: 10211: 10199: 10181: 10151: 10121: 10108: 10092: 10073: 10042: 10023: 9998: 9989:|website= 9951: 9923: 9892: 9873: 9853: 9833: 9803: 9773: 9743: 9710: 9687: 9656: 9633: 9618: 9599: 9576: 9557: 9537: 9478: 9466: 9434: 9415: 9395: 9376: 9356: 9337: 9317: 9298: 9278: 9251: 9225: 9203: 9184: 9155: 9135: 9105: 9090: 9058: 9035: 9023: 9004: 8987:plus61j.net.au 8973: 8956:rosstat.gov.ru 8943: 8917: 8897:AJCRussian.org 8877: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8771: 8769: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8660: 8657:Judaism portal 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8613: 8610: 8594:Maxim Vengerov 8570:Ida Rubinstein 8514:Vladimir Putin 8502: 8499: 8493: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8459: 8456: 8420:Valery Belenky 8408: 8405: 8371:Counties near 8346:Sheepshead Bay 8342:Brighton Beach 8327:Regina Spektor 8259:Anna Khachiyan 8239:Israel Gelfand 8227:Joseph Brodsky 8195:Regina Spektor 8186: 8183: 8159:Roman Zaretski 8143:Roman Bronfman 8135:Leonid Nevzlin 8107:Jan Talesnikov 8103:Anna Smashnova 8095:Katia Pisetsky 7960:separate from 7958:Messianic Jews 7921: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7811:Yuli Edelstein 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7680: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7474:Azerbaijan SSR 7470: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7370:Lithuanian SSR 7366: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7123: 7122: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6610:Lithuanian SSR 6606: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6490:Azerbaijan SSR 6486: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6081: 6079: 6071: 6068: 6032:war in Ukraine 5985:, and others. 5790:have left the 5729:Krasnodar Krai 5647: 5644: 5616: 5613: 5593:intelligentsia 5527:Evsei Liberman 5519:New York Times 5507:Main article: 5504: 5501: 5429:Czechoslovakia 5389:Andrei Gromyko 5294:entire history 5215: 5212: 5170:. In the 1955 5160:David Hofstein 5152:Peretz Markish 5105: 5102: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5065: 4947:Ilya Ehrenburg 4892: 4889: 4704:Land of Israel 4620:национальность 4592:census of 1926 4474:in the former 4422: 4419: 4400:Main article: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4283:Russian Empire 4246: 4243: 4199:Vladimir Lenin 4084:Russian Empire 4076:intelligentsia 4048: 4045: 3968:Black Hundreds 3958:province) and 3918:Zakhar Frenkel 3761: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3682:in Palestine. 3661:Ottoman Empire 3615:Jewish gauchos 3606: 3603: 3599:Pavel Ignatiev 3501:Christ-killers 3446: 3443: 3419:state religion 3325: 3322: 3238:Russian Empire 3183: 3182:Russian Empire 3180: 3163:Peter Shafirov 3147:Peter Shafirov 3138: 3137: 3120:September 2024 3088: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3070: 2958: 2955: 2910: 2907: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2833:Grigori Shtern 2691: 2688: 2649:Russian Empire 2631: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2512:Territorialism 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2396:Judaeo-Spanish 2393: 2391:Judaeo-Iranian 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1837:United Kingdom 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1270:Bilad-el-Sudan 1267: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1223:Land of Israel 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1083: 1082: 1081:Related groups 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 993: 988: 987: 984: 983: 978: 977: 976: 975: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 938:Jewish atheism 935: 930: 925: 917: 916: 912: 911: 910: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889:Islamic–Jewish 884: 877: 862: 857: 849: 848: 841: 840: 839: 838: 814: 801: 773: 768: 761: 756: 754:Yehud Medinata 748: 747: 741: 740: 739: 738: 731: 724: 716: 703: 695: 683: 678: 671: 663: 662: 660:Ancient Israel 656: 655: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 616:Land of Israel 613: 605: 604: 598: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 582: 581: 580: 575: 571:Shulchan Aruch 566: 561: 556: 551: 543: 542: 541: 540: 535: 527: 526: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 504: 503: 497: 496: 495: 494: 489: 484: 476: 475: 467: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 396: 391: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 349: 344: 337:God in Judaism 333: 328: 327: 324: 323: 322: 321: 316: 308: 307: 297: 296: 284: 283: 233:Hungarian Jews 213:Ukrainian Jews 205:Ashkenazi Jews 201: 200: 196: 195: 184:Jewish atheism 176: 175: 171: 170: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 106: 105: 98: 90: 89: 86: 85: 70: 55: 39: 38: 28: 18:Russian Jewish 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17314: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17294: 17292: 17277: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17267: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17218: 17217:North Koreans 17214: 17211: 17207: 17204: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17177: 17173: 17172: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17158: 17154: 17153: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17113: 17111: 17107: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17019: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16949: 16945: 16940: 16931: 16926: 16924: 16919: 16917: 16912: 16911: 16908: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16852: 16850: 16846: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16829:Pontic Greeks 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16787: 16783: 16782: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16771: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16717: 16713: 16712: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16673: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16639: 16635: 16634: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16622:Mountain Jews 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16590: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16571: 16567: 16566: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16552: 16548: 16545: 16544:North Koreans 16541: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16531: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16482: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16473: 16468: 16467:Volga Germans 16464: 16461: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16449:Georgian Jews 16447: 16442: 16438: 16435: 16431: 16428: 16424: 16421: 16417: 16414: 16410: 16409: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16390: 16386: 16383: 16379: 16376: 16375:Ingrian Finns 16372: 16371: 16370: 16367: 16362: 16358: 16357: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16330:Bukharan Jews 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16293: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16257: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16196: 16192: 16189: 16185: 16184: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16149: 16148: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16134: 16130: 16127: 16123: 16120: 16116: 16113: 16109: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16088: 16085: 16081: 16078: 16074: 16071: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16053: 16050: 16046: 16043: 16039: 16038: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16014: 16010: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15991: 15987: 15984: 15980: 15977: 15976:Kalmak Tatars 15973: 15970: 15969:Eushta Tatars 15966: 15963: 15959: 15956: 15955:Baraba Tatars 15952: 15951: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15937: 15933: 15932: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15913: 15909: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15855: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15841: 15837: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15807: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15741: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15729: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15660: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15645: 15639: 15636: 15631: 15627: 15624: 15623:Mishar Tatars 15620: 15617: 15613: 15610: 15606: 15605: 15602: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15584: 15580: 15579: 15578: 15575: 15570: 15566: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15550: 15547: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15536: 15535: 15534: 15531: 15526: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15514: 15513: 15510: 15505: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15496: 15491: 15487: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15478: 15475: 15470: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15455:Mountain Mari 15452: 15447: 15442: 15438: 15437: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15418: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15397: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15386: 15385: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15341: 15337: 15334: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15310: 15306: 15305: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15281: 15277: 15274: 15270: 15267: 15263: 15262: 15261: 15258: 15253: 15249: 15246: 15242: 15239: 15235: 15234: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15224:nationalities 15219: 15215: 15208: 15203: 15201: 15196: 15194: 15189: 15188: 15185: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15163: 15155: 15154: 15151: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15114: 15110: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15098:South Ossetia 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15078: 15076: 15070: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14816: 14812: 14803: 14798: 14796: 14791: 14789: 14784: 14783: 14780: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14742:Faroe Islands 14740: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14726: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14714:South Ossetia 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14688: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14544:Liechtenstein 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14408: 14404: 14397: 14392: 14390: 14385: 14383: 14378: 14377: 14374: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14358: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14343: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14314: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14269:Shneer, David 14266: 14263: 14259: 14256: 14252: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14203: 14198: 14192: 14188: 14183: 14182: 14176: 14172: 14170: 14166: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14112: 14108: 14105:. Jerusalem: 14104: 14100: 14099:Arad, Yitzhak 14096: 14095: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14059: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14029: 14013: 14009: 14002: 13994: 13993: 13988: 13981: 13975: 13970: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13944: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13926: 13918: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13899: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13868: 13861: 13857: 13854: 13848: 13839: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13798: 13794: 13787: 13771: 13768:. Ynet News. 13767: 13763: 13756: 13740: 13736: 13729: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13711: 13706: 13690: 13686: 13680: 13664: 13660: 13654: 13638: 13634: 13628: 13612: 13608: 13602: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13571: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13522: 13515: 13509: 13490: 13483: 13477: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13447: 13428: 13424: 13417: 13411: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13393: 13374: 13367: 13361: 13359: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13327: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13191: 13187: 13186:Jewishgen.org 13183: 13177: 13158: 13151: 13145: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13126: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13096: 13094: 13074: 13067: 13061: 13059: 13047: 13040: 13034: 13026: 13022: 13016: 13008: 13004: 12998: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12972: 12966: 12955: 12948: 12942: 12934: 12930: 12924: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12895:. NYU Press. 12894: 12893: 12885: 12877: 12871: 12863: 12857: 12849: 12843: 12835: 12828: 12822: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12751: 12749: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12716: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12691: 12686: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12656: 12648: 12644: 12638: 12636: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12605: 12604: 12596: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12566: 12565: 12560: 12553: 12545: 12539: 12523: 12519: 12513: 12505: 12499: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12465: 12459: 12443: 12439: 12433: 12431: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12309: 12305: 12299: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12279: 12272: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12234: 12230: 12223: 12215: 12209: 12193: 12189: 12183: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12137: 12133: 12132:Radiovesti.ru 12129: 12123: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12091: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12050:September 13, 12046: 12042: 12035: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12004: 11993:September 13, 11988: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11862:Ilya Yablokov 11857: 11850: 11846: 11843: 11838: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11819: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11796: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11773: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11750: 11743: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11728: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11698: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11657:September 13, 11652: 11648: 11644: 11636: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11593: 11591: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11560: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11530: 11524: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11482: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11460: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11430: 11429: 11421: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11369: 11353: 11349: 11343: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11316:Yaacov Ro'i, 11313: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11294: 11287: 11283: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11255: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11198: 11197: 11189: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11124: 11116: 11112: 11104: 11097: 11091: 11082: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11062: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11039: 11030: 11021: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10988: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10961: 10953: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10930: 10923: 10917: 10910: 10904: 10898: 10894: 10893:Evan Mawdsley 10889: 10880: 10871: 10862: 10853: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10815: 10809: 10802: 10796: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10772: 10766: 10759: 10758:Slavic review 10755: 10750: 10748: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10709: 10702: 10693: 10683: 10674: 10670: 10664: 10655: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10619: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10580: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10549: 10547: 10527: 10524:(1910–1911). 10523: 10516: 10510: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10471: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10432: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10403: 10401: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10369: 10361: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10342: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10312: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10264: 10259: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10222: 10221: 10215: 10208: 10203: 10196:, p. 395 10195: 10191: 10185: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10155: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10105:0-87677-005-7 10102: 10096: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10077: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10059:0-253-33811-5 10056: 10052: 10046: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10011:"Crown Rabbi" 10008: 10007:Berlin, Adele 10002: 9994: 9982: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9933:"Crown Rabbi" 9927: 9911: 9907: 9906:jewishgen.org 9903: 9896: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9857: 9850: 9846: 9840: 9838: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9696: 9691: 9680:September 13, 9675: 9671: 9667: 9664:Maltz, Judy. 9660: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9637: 9629: 9622: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9583: 9581: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9541: 9533: 9528:|agency= 9520: 9501: 9497: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9422: 9418: 9416:9789652294876 9412: 9408: 9407: 9399: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9360: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9321: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9290: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9232: 9230: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9151: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9102: 9097: 9095: 9083:September 13, 9078: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9008: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8910:September 13, 8902: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8882: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8831: 8828: 8820: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8796:for footnotes 8795: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8776: 8770: 8761: 8760: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8671:Russia portal 8661: 8658: 8647: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8562:Evgeny Kissin 8559: 8558:Leon Poliakov 8555: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8498: 8489: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8416: 8412: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8397:Buffalo Grove 8394: 8390: 8389:South Florida 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331:Willi Tokarev 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8307:Dmitry Salita 8304: 8300: 8296: 8295:Leonard Nimoy 8292: 8291:Alla Nazimova 8288: 8287:Eugene Mirman 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8201:in her songs. 8200: 8196: 8191: 8185:United States 8182: 8180: 8176: 8175:Ania Bukstein 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8139:Vadim Akolzin 8136: 8132: 8131:David Kazhdan 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8111:Vadim Alexeev 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8079:Evgeny Postny 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8051:Boris Gelfand 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8013: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7985: 7984:Moroccan Jews 7981: 7977: 7972: 7970: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7931:(עוֹלים) and 7930: 7929: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7735:Bukharan Jews 7732: 7731:Georgian Jews 7728: 7727:Mountain Jews 7723: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7267:Moldavian SSR 7265: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199:Ukrainian SSR 7197: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7111:Bukharan Jews 7108: 7107:Georgian Jews 7104: 7103:Mountain Jews 7097: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6981: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6688:Moldavian SSR 6686: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370:Ukrainian SSR 6368: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6243:Soviet Census 6241: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131:Mountain Jews 6126: 6123: 6122: 6109: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6064:foreign agent 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6029: 6028:Yekaterinburg 6025: 6020: 6016: 6014: 6013:Israel Shamir 6008: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5975:, a title by 5974: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5857:Joseph Kobzon 5854: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741:Bashkortostan 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5721:Rostov Oblast 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5636:Law of Return 5633: 5632: 5626: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365:Joseph Stalin 5362: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5179:Doctors' Plot 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5005: 4999: 4998:Warsaw Ghetto 4995: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4935:Rostov-on-Don 4931: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4905:The Holocaust 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4854:Yakov Kreizer 4851: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4831:the Holocaust 4828: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714:in 1928. The 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596:Ukrainian SSR 4593: 4588: 4586: 4583:According to 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533:Labor Zionist 4526: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267:Peace of Riga 4263: 4256: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4212:Joseph Stalin 4208: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4124:Pavel Axelrod 4121: 4120:Julius Martov 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995:Yakov Shapiro 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3950:Two of them, 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902:Ekaterinoslav 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3848:Maxim Vinaver 3844: 3842: 3838: 3835:province and 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3784:Osip Gunzburg 3781: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3752: 3750:United States 3749: 3748: 3744: 3742:South America 3741: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3632:Wissotzky Tea 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489:Pobedonostsev 3486: 3485:Alexander III 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3131: 3123: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3089:This section 3087: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2873:Early history 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2849:the Holocaust 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:Anton Denikin 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2436:Judeo-Aramaic 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2426:Judeo-Italian 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2406:Ghardaïa Sign 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031:Denominations 2027: 2026: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1859:United States 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1345:Guinea-Bissau 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199:Lists of Jews 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 996: 991: 986: 985: 974: 966: 964: 961: 959: 958:The Holocaust 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 919: 918: 914: 913: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 885: 883: 878: 874: 868: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 852: 851: 850: 846: 843: 842: 835: 829: 823: 818: 815: 811: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 750: 749: 746: 743: 742: 737: 732: 730: 725: 721: 717: 714: 709: 704: 700: 696: 693: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 661: 658: 657: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606: 602: 601: 596: 591: 590: 579: 576: 573: 572: 567: 565: 562: 560: 559:Mishneh Torah 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 529: 528: 525: 522: 521: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 506: 505: 502: 499: 498: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 459: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 397: 395: 392: 390: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 357: 353: 350: 348: 345: 342: 338: 335: 334: 331: 326: 325: 320: 319:Who is a Jew? 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 306: 302: 299: 298: 294: 290: 289: 282: 281:American Jews 278: 277:Bukharan Jews 274: 273:Mountain Jews 270: 269:Georgian Jews 266: 262: 258: 254: 253:Romanian Jews 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:Sephardi Jews 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 188:Non-religious 185: 181: 177: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 149:10,000–11,000 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 122:United States 120: 116: 112: 107: 102: 96: 91: 82: 71: 67: 59:Русские евреи 56: 52: 41: 40: 36: 27: 19: 17188: 17141:Bangladeshis 17136:Azerbaijanis 17034: 16617:Montenegrins 16518: 16305:Azerbaijanis 16141:Azerbaijanis 15596:Volga Tatars 15583:Tozhu Tuvans 15425:Komi-Permyak 15113:Dependencies 15043:Turkmenistan 15008:Saudi Arabia 15002: 14719:Transnistria 14608: 14366: 14359:, on YouTube 14341: 14298: 14272: 14261: 14236: 14210: 14180: 14157: 14150: 14128: 14102: 14077:. Retrieved 14073:the original 14068: 14058: 14046:. Retrieved 14037: 14028: 14016:. Retrieved 14011: 14001: 13990: 13980: 13969: 13961: 13948:(in Russian) 13943: 13936:Pavel Polian 13922:(in Russian) 13917: 13898: 13886:. Retrieved 13877: 13867: 13847: 13838: 13826:. Retrieved 13821: 13812: 13800:. Retrieved 13796: 13786: 13774:. Retrieved 13765: 13755: 13743:. Retrieved 13728: 13705: 13693:. Retrieved 13679: 13667:. Retrieved 13653: 13641:. Retrieved 13627: 13615:. Retrieved 13601: 13589:. Retrieved 13580: 13570: 13558:. Retrieved 13554:the original 13549: 13540: 13528:. Retrieved 13521:the original 13508: 13496:. Retrieved 13482:"Population" 13476: 13464:. Retrieved 13460:the original 13455: 13446: 13434:. Retrieved 13427:the original 13422: 13410: 13392: 13380:. Retrieved 13345:. Retrieved 13337:The Guardian 13336: 13326: 13314:. Retrieved 13305: 13296: 13284:. Retrieved 13280:the original 13275: 13266: 13254:. Retrieved 13250:the original 13245: 13236: 13226:December 22, 13224:. Retrieved 13215: 13206: 13194:. Retrieved 13185: 13176: 13164:. Retrieved 13144: 13125: 13113:. Retrieved 13104: 13082:November 23, 13080:. Retrieved 13046:the original 13033: 13024: 13015: 13006: 12997: 12988: 12979: 12954:the original 12941: 12932: 12923: 12913:December 22, 12911:. Retrieved 12891: 12884: 12870: 12856: 12842: 12833: 12821: 12809:. Retrieved 12801:Lituanus.org 12800: 12768:. Retrieved 12759: 12737:December 22, 12735:. Retrieved 12726: 12706:data.egov.uz 12705: 12696: 12685: 12673:. Retrieved 12664: 12655: 12646: 12622:. Retrieved 12602: 12595: 12583:. Retrieved 12563: 12559:Lower, Wendy 12552: 12528:December 22, 12526:. Retrieved 12512: 12488:December 22, 12486:. Retrieved 12472: 12446:. Retrieved 12417:. Retrieved 12413:the original 12409:Demoscope.ru 12408: 12382:. Retrieved 12378:the original 12374:Demoscope.ru 12373: 12364: 12352:. 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Retrieved 11393: 11372: 11368: 11356:. Retrieved 11342: 11318: 11312: 11293: 11286:Paul Johnson 11281: 11277: 11269:the original 11264: 11254: 11227: 11215:. Retrieved 11195: 11188: 11162: 11145: 11128: 11123: 11115:the original 11103: 11095: 11090: 11081: 11065:Mark Tolts: 11061: 11052:featured in 11038: 11029: 11020: 11008:. Retrieved 10994: 10986: 10981: 10965: 10960: 10936: 10929: 10921: 10916: 10908: 10903: 10896: 10888: 10879: 10870: 10861: 10852: 10840:. Retrieved 10831: 10821: 10813: 10808: 10800: 10795: 10783: 10778: 10770: 10765: 10757: 10734:. Retrieved 10725: 10716: 10707: 10701: 10692: 10668: 10663: 10654: 10642:. Retrieved 10630: 10618: 10606:. Retrieved 10586: 10579: 10567:. Retrieved 10558: 10533:. Retrieved 10521: 10509: 10497:. Retrieved 10477: 10470: 10458:. Retrieved 10438: 10431: 10419:. Retrieved 10409: 10387:. Retrieved 10367: 10360: 10341: 10329:. Retrieved 10320: 10311: 10299:. Retrieved 10287: 10283: 10270: 10262: 10258: 10246:. 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Retrieved 8864:the original 8859: 8823: 8814: 8807: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8554:Marc Chagall 8519: 8495: 8486: 8461: 8424:Maxim Biller 8417: 8413: 8410: 8373:Philadelphia 8339: 8275:Leonid Levin 8243:Emma Goldman 8215:Isaac Asimov 8208: 8204: 8035:Yuri Foreman 8022: 8018: 8016: 8006: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7973: 7968: 7966: 7949: 7943: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7722: 7718: 7684:Soviet Union 7513:Turkmenistan 7439:Armenian SSR 7404:Georgian SSR 7301:Estonian SSR 7167:Russian SFSR 6927:Soviet Union 6847:Armenian SSR 6811:Turkmenistan 6727:Georgian SSR 6649:Estonian SSR 6332:Russian SFSR 6162: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5980: 5977:Douglas Reed 5968: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5922: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5840: 5828: 5824: 5784: 5773: 5753: 5706: 5691: 5657: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5606: 5602:Jewish quota 5585: 5574: 5560:(ОВиР), the 5557: 5552:, many were 5547: 5536: 5525:(above) and 5518: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5469: 5445: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5368: 5361:anti-Zionist 5358: 5346:monopolistic 5338: 5298:Soviet Union 5287: 5256: 5239:Itzik Feffer 5204: 5195: 5192: 5176: 5164:Itzik Feffer 5140:anti-Zionism 5121: 5117: 5080: 5073: 5058:as follows: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5001: 4991: 4952: 4870: 4862:Nazi Germany 4859: 4837: 4835: 4827:anti-Zionism 4820: 4805: 4781:Nazi Germany 4774: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4697: 4674: 4670: 4655: 4650:Moscow Trial 4624: 4615:Soviet Union 4608: 4604:Russian SFSR 4589: 4585:Zvi Gitelman 4582: 4549:antisemitism 4541:Ber Borochov 4530: 4510:Nahum Gergel 4469: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4431:Leon Trotsky 4396:Soviet Union 4291:Perpetrator 4279: 4275: 4264: 4260: 4220: 4196: 4166: 4154: 4146: 4139:Leon Trotsky 4128: 4096: 4073: 4055: 4034: 4015: 3983:Iosif Gessen 3976: 3971: 3949: 3934: 3930:Salomon Krym 3910:Grigory Bruk 3905: 3893: 3873: 3861: 3851: 3845: 3837:Leon Bramson 3822: 3816: 3763: 3734:South Africa 3694:Destination 3665: 3653:First Aliyah 3649:Hovevei Zion 3641: 3636:Hovevei Zion 3611:Beilis trial 3592: 3580: 3563: 3561: 3550: 3537: 3528: 3517: 3483: 3475:Alexander II 3473: 3469: 3388: 3382: 3378:Ushitsa case 3373: 3363: 3350: 3347: 3315: 3313: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3246:disabilities 3234:Catherine II 3231: 3155: 3126: 3117: 3102:Please help 3090: 3066:ethnic group 3051: 3049: 3018: 3014:third estate 3006: 2988: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2888: 2821:Yan Gamarnik 2814: 2783: 2780: 2725: 2708:Catherine II 2693: 2676: 2653:in the world 2636: 2634: 2575:Post-Zionism 2446:Judeo-Berber 2441:Judeo-Arabic 2401:Judeo-Gascon 2148:Pidyon haben 2067:Conservative 1810: 1613:Saudi Arabia 1431:South Africa 1420:Sierra Leone 1242:Israeli Jews 1156:Mosaic Arabs 1109:Kaifeng Jews 970:Arab–Israeli 943:Emancipation 822:Great Revolt 631:Anti-Judaism 626:Antisemitism 621:Name "Judea" 416:Baal teshuva 257:Turkish Jews 249:Serbian Jews 225:Latvian Jews 192:Christianity 74:רוסישע ייִדן 33:Russian Jews 29:Ethnic group 26: 17269:From Africa 17203:Koryo-saram 17050:Lithuanians 16978:Belarusians 16951:From Europe 16799:Armeno-Tats 16716:Ural Swedes 16602:Macedonians 16597:Lithuanians 16434:Mingrelians 16310:Belarusians 16292:Cherkesogai 15962:Chat Tatars 15458: [ 15444: [ 15172:Asia portal 15073:States with 14993:Philippines 14933:South Korea 14928:North Korea 14823:Afghanistan 14757:Isle of Man 14692:recognition 14644:Switzerland 14579:Netherlands 14355:'s movie – 14303:I.B. Tauris 14295:Levin, Nora 13938:. Demoscope 13530:October 28, 13498:October 28, 13423:Jafi.org.il 13347:October 16, 13166:October 13, 12933:Data.un.org 12070:Izrus.co.il 11513:12 December 10644:November 7, 10608:October 25, 10569:November 7, 10535:November 7, 10499:October 25, 10460:October 25, 10421:November 7, 10389:November 7, 10301:January 20, 10238:Jafi.org.il 9670:haaretz.com 9033:. Sreda.org 9021:. Sreda.org 8966:January 16, 8936:October 30, 8817:August 2023 8809:quick guide 8574:Lev Shestov 8545:Switzerland 8541:New Zealand 8537:Netherlands 8477:Tasseomancy 8473:Tara Strong 8465:Mark Berger 8436:Lev Kopelev 8315:Yakov Sinai 8223:Sergey Brin 8043:Ze'ev Elkin 7941:(FSU)-born 7614:Kirghiz SSR 7509:Turkmen SSR 7335:Latvian SSR 6807:Turkmen SSR 6767:Kirghiz SSR 6530:Latvian SSR 6184:Early 1941 6129:(including 6052:Berel Lazar 5973:Jürgen Graf 5917:Federation 5847:Berel Lazar 5835:Lubavitcher 5768:Berel Lazar 5749:Novosibirsk 5725:Chelyabinsk 5589:brain drain 5550:Six-Day War 5494:, the word 5391:announced: 5300:. Although 5292:during the 5267:nationalism 5206:Folkshtimme 5184:deportation 5156:Leib Kvitko 4800:Great Purge 4796:Isaac Babel 4746:cannibalism 4720:Birobidzhan 4598:, 15.2% in 4488:World War I 4435:Lev Kamenev 4372:Polish army 4169:Yevsektsiya 4131:Ethnic Jews 4082:within the 4037:Meer Bomash 3595:World War I 3524:scapegoated 3385:Crimean War 3305:Novorossiya 3300:crown rabbi 3292:Alexander I 3236:, when the 3226:Nicholas II 3212:Map of the 2998:Middle Ages 2991:anti-Jewish 2909:Kievan Rus' 2736:World War I 2665:antisemitic 2570:Revisionist 2560:Neo-Zionism 2167:Zeved habat 1960:Puerto Rico 1786:Netherlands 1618:South Korea 1603:Philippines 1483:Afghanistan 1350:Ivory Coast 1124:Crypto-Jews 1089:Bnei Anusim 1068:Bene Israel 1033:Beta Israel 990:Communities 897:Middle Ages 636:Persecution 411:Bereavement 241:Slovak Jews 237:Polish Jews 44:יהדות רוסיה 17291:Categories 17260:Vietnamese 17235:Mongolians 17146:Cambodians 17100:Ukrainians 17055:Norwegians 17025:Hungarians 16983:Bulgarians 16759:Vietnamese 16744:Ukrainians 16672:Ruska Roma 16646:Pakistanis 16632:Norwegians 16589:Latgalians 16499:Hungarians 16460:Mennonites 16325:Bulgarians 16208:Tabasarans 15702:Kamchadals 15648:Indigenous 15417:Izhma Komi 15363:Kabardians 15053:Uzbekistan 15028:Tajikistan 14943:Kyrgyzstan 14923:Kazakhstan 14843:Bangladesh 14833:Azerbaijan 14614:San Marino 14574:Montenegro 14554:Luxembourg 14534:Kazakhstan 14437:Azerbaijan 14038:abs.gov.au 13737:. Tablet. 13550:CBS.gov.il 13456:Cbs.gov.il 13242:"Database" 12102:Russdom.ru 11565:Andre Geim 11541:. London. 11335:0521522447 11217:August 22, 10736:October 6, 10706:"Russia". 10290:(7): 259. 9847:, vol. 2: 9736:August 23, 9652:Yad Vashem 9611:August 22, 9569:August 22, 9427:August 22, 9388:August 22, 9349:August 22, 9196:August 22, 8860:Cbs.gov.il 8840:References 8550:Léon Bakst 8369:Montgomery 8279:Lev Loseff 8271:Mila Kunis 8255:Avi Kaplan 7815:refuseniks 7653:Kazakhstan 7649:Kazakh SSR 7618:Kyrgyzstan 7608:<0.01% 7605:<0.01% 7583:Tajikistan 7548:Uzbekistan 7538:<0.01% 7478:Azerbaijan 7468:<0.01% 7465:<0.01% 6953:1,479,732 6950:1,830,317 6947:2,166,026 6944:2,279,277 6941:3,028,538 6938:2,672,499 6935:5,250,000 6891:Tajikistan 6771:Kyrgyzstan 6574:Kazakhstan 6570:Kazakh SSR 6494:Azerbaijan 6454:Uzbekistan 6384:2,700,000 6381:2,720,000 6378:2,680,000 6239:1,479,732 6228:1,830,317 6217:2,166,026 6198:2,279,277 6187:5,400,000 6176:3,028,538 6165:Bessarabia 6156:2,672,499 5964:Mein Kampf 5919:Penal Code 5795:60 are in 5709:Sverdlovsk 5702:Sevastopol 5575:After the 5566:exit visas 5523:Lev Landau 5367:adopted a 5228:See also: 5089:See also: 5036:atrocities 4987:Simferopol 4646:Karl Radek 4537:Poale Zion 4514:White Army 4406:See also: 4328:White army 4239:Makhnovist 4231:Mensheviks 4203:gramophone 4135:Bolshevism 4039:, and Dr. 3904:province, 3853:Folksgrupe 3843:province. 3753:1,749,000 3609:See also: 3449:See also: 3415:conversion 3328:See also: 3296:Nicholas I 3258:Bessarabia 3186:See also: 2979:See also: 2939:Ashkenazim 2927:Romaniotes 2897:since the 2841:Winter War 2817:Iona Yakir 2800:Yevsektsia 2761:White Army 2746:, and the 2555:Maximalism 2507:Secularism 2487:Autonomism 2304:Literature 2097:Humanistic 1701:Azerbaijan 1663:Uzbekistan 1638:Tajikistan 1558:Kyrgyzstan 1543:Kazakhstan 1390:Mozambique 1365:Madagascar 1285:Cape Verde 1237:New Yishuv 1232:Old Yishuv 1183:Population 1161:Subbotniks 1119:Samaritans 1058:Romanyotim 1001:Ashkenazim 948:Old Yishuv 928:Sabbateans 915:Modern era 907:Golden Age 834:Bar Kokhba 554:Beit Yosef 421:Philosophy 229:Czech Jews 17131:Assyrians 17126:Armenians 17109:From Asia 17085:Spaniards 17065:Romanians 17003:Georgians 16993:Estonians 16958:Albanians 16890:Pumpokols 16705:Spaniards 16680:Romanians 16612:Moldovans 16559:Krymchaks 16494:Hamshenis 16413:Adjarians 16407:Georgians 16355:Estonians 16300:Assyrians 16286:Armenians 16276:Americans 16241:Besermyan 16159:Kubachins 16084:Chamalals 16063:Bagvalals 15925:Kumandins 15854:Hamnigans 15810:Izhorians 15802:Northwest 15772:Nganasans 15764:Khandeyar 15659:Far North 15630:Nağaybäks 15616:Kryashens 15512:Ossetians 15504:Khandeyar 15378:Karelians 15373:Karachays 15273:Telengits 15245:Natukhajs 15139:Hong Kong 15093:Palestine 15018:Sri Lanka 15013:Singapore 14893:Indonesia 14747:Gibraltar 14549:Lithuania 14079:April 14, 13888:April 14, 13776:April 21, 13745:April 21, 13643:March 11, 13617:March 11, 13591:April 14, 13581:Jpost.com 13560:April 16, 13466:March 22, 13436:March 22, 13382:March 22, 13316:April 14, 13286:April 14, 13256:April 14, 13196:April 14, 13115:April 14, 12811:April 14, 12770:April 14, 12675:April 14, 12624:April 14, 12585:April 14, 12448:April 14, 12419:April 14, 12384:April 14, 12354:April 14, 12198:April 14, 12172:April 20, 12142:April 20, 12112:April 20, 12080:April 20, 12024:April 20, 11963:April 20, 11933:April 14, 11898:208619530 11717:April 14, 11707:Unhchr.ch 11687:March 22, 11358:March 19, 10788:Routledge 10722:"Pogromy" 10331:April 14, 10248:April 14, 10174:March 22, 10144:March 22, 9991:ignored ( 9981:cite book 9961:170203576 9826:April 14, 9796:April 14, 9766:March 22, 9752:"Armenia" 9530:ignored ( 9310:March 30, 9128:March 17, 8870:March 22, 8781:loc. cit. 8608:(Spain). 8483:Australia 8381:Baltimore 8357:Fair Lawn 8199:Pasternak 7739:Krymchaks 7579:Tajik SSR 7544:Uzbek SSR 7374:Lithuania 7115:Krymchaks 6887:Tajik SSR 6614:Lithuania 6450:Uzbek SSR 6325:2019-2022 6322:2009-2011 6319:1999-2001 6203:Holocaust 5805:Stavropol 5776:Krymchaks 5733:Stavropol 5717:Tatarstan 5539:Leningrad 5503:1967–1985 5466:as "Jew". 5464:ethnicity 5381:Izvestiya 4881:Holocaust 4866:Leningrad 4842:to newly 4642:Vyshinsky 4602:, 22% in 4545:Palestine 4498:Chernihiv 4493:Red Guard 4480:Petrograd 4472:Red Guard 4151:atheistic 4115:Menshevik 4111:Bolshevik 3824:Trudoviks 3726:Palestine 3702:Australia 3688:1880–1928 3672:Palestine 3657:Palestine 3464:World ORT 3437:. Polish 3380:, 1836). 3339:Cantonist 3330:Cantonist 3317:inorodtsy 3091:does not 3037:Lithuania 2943:Chernigov 2935:Palestine 2931:Babylonia 2923:Byzantium 2885:(650–850) 2765:Bolshevik 2565:Religious 2421:Zarphatic 2411:Bukharian 2381:Judeo-Tat 2366:Yeshivish 2340:Languages 2295:Sephardic 2285:Israelite 2275:Ethiopian 2265:Ashkenazi 2204:Religious 1994:Australia 1976:Venezuela 1882:Argentina 1864:Greenland 1776:Lithuania 1628:Sri Lanka 1623:Singapore 1548:Kurdistan 1513:Indonesia 1503:Hong Kong 1456:Abayudaya 1380:Mauritius 1114:Igbo Jews 1104:Krymchaks 1023:Sephardim 891:relations 785:Sadducees 781:Pharisees 771:Sanhedrin 686:Jerusalem 446:Synagogue 314:Etymology 265:Krymchaks 154:Languages 146:Australia 117:1,200,000 17250:Turkmens 17210:Sakhalin 17198:Koreans 17184:Japanese 17170:Iranians 17080:Slovenes 17045:Latvians 17040:Italians 16971:Scottish 16962:British 16885:Meschera 16839:Sireniki 16780:Africans 16729:Turkmens 16700:Slovenes 16656:Persians 16583:Latvians 16514:Japanese 16509:Italians 16315:Bosniaks 16223:Tsakhurs 16195:Karagash 16188:Ak Nogai 16119:Khwarshi 16091:Godoberi 16077:Botlikhs 16042:Akhvakhs 16013:Dagestan 16003:Tofalars 15920:Kamasins 15872:Negidals 15840:Far East 15825:Vepsians 15787:Yukaghir 15727:Alyutors 15697:Itelmens 15672:Chukchis 15539:Cossacks 15533:Russians 15477:Mordvins 15333:Besleney 15327:Cherkess 15303:Chechens 15293:Bashkirs 15280:Tubalars 15266:Chelkans 15260:Altaians 15252:Shapsugs 15238:Bzhedugs 15162:Category 15083:Abkhazia 15033:Thailand 14988:Pakistan 14968:Mongolia 14963:Maldives 14958:Malaysia 14858:Cambodia 14767:Svalbard 14752:Guernsey 14699:Abkhazia 14674:Scotland 14629:Slovenia 14624:Slovakia 14599:Portugal 14457:Bulgaria 14297:(1988). 14271:(2004). 14235:(1990). 14209:(2014). 14177:(2004). 14165:Archived 14127:(2013). 14101:(2010). 14042:Archived 13954:Archived 13928:Archived 13906:Archived 13882:Archived 13856:Archived 13770:Archived 13766:Ynetnews 13739:Archived 13713:Archived 13695:June 28, 13689:Archived 13669:June 28, 13663:Archived 13637:Archived 13611:Archived 13585:Archived 13489:Archived 13400:Archived 13373:Archived 13341:Archived 13310:Archived 13220:Archived 13190:Archived 13157:Archived 13133:Archived 13109:Archived 13073:Archived 12965:cite web 12907:Archived 12805:Archived 12764:Archived 12731:Archived 12669:Archived 12618:Archived 12579:Archived 12538:cite web 12522:Archived 12498:cite web 12482:Archived 12458:cite web 12442:Archived 12259:Archived 12233:Archived 12192:Archived 12166:Archived 12136:Archived 12106:Archived 12074:Archived 12018:Archived 11987:Archived 11957:Archived 11927:Archived 11845:Archived 11826:Archived 11803:Archived 11780:Archived 11757:Archived 11735:Archived 11711:Archived 11619:Archived 11573:Archived 11567:(2010). 11543:Archived 11507:Archived 11449:March 5, 11443:Archived 11410:March 5, 11404:Archived 11377:Archived 11352:Archived 11323:Archived 11301:Archived 11240:Archived 11211:Archived 11170:Archived 11152:Archived 11135:Archived 11070:Archived 11046:Archived 11010:June 25, 11004:Archived 10970:Archived 10842:June 29, 10836:Archived 10816:, p. 456 10730:Archived 10635:Archived 10602:Archived 10563:Archived 10526:Archived 10493:Archived 10454:Archived 10415:Archived 10383:Archived 10349:Archived 10325:Archived 10292:Archived 10138:Archived 10119:, p. 324 10084:Archived 10066:Archived 10029:Archived 9879:Archived 9820:Archived 9790:Archived 9760:Archived 9730:Archived 9698:Archived 9674:Archived 9644:Archived 9605:Archived 9563:Archived 9500:Archived 9453:Archived 9421:Archived 9382:Archived 9343:Archived 9304:Archived 9271:July 31, 9265:Archived 9239:Archived 9214:Archived 9190:Archived 9122:Archived 9046:Archived 9015:Archived 8991:Archived 8930:Archived 8643:See also 8497:parent. 8350:Brooklyn 8299:Ayn Rand 8263:Jan Koum 8027:Anna Zak 7169:/Russia 7099:Source: 6962:180,478 6959:280,678 6956:460,000 6700:250,000 6622:263,000 6472:100,067 6469:103,058 6435:112,031 6432:135,539 6429:148,027 6426:150,090 6423:690,000 6399:106,600 6396:487,555 6393:634,420 6390:777,406 6387:840,446 6361:159,348 6358:233,439 6355:570,467 6352:713,399 6349:816,668 6346:880,443 6343:891,147 6340:539,037 6337:250,000 6334:/Russia 6264:159,348 6253:233,439 6201:See the 6050:, Rabbi 5893:иудаисты 5797:Dagestan 5792:Caucasus 5671:Buddhism 5452:Cold War 5369:de facto 5350:ideology 5327:A giant 5314:Diaspora 5310:religion 5302:Leninism 5257:Marxist 5241:(left), 5056:censored 5052:Babi Yar 5017:Red Army 4967:Babi Yar 4812:Tashkent 4727:purges. 4678:Zinoviev 4558:Budyonny 4350:Red Army 4097:In 1897 4088:Latvians 4022:Courland 3964:Terijoki 3870:Courland 3839:for the 3831:for the 3745:111,000 3721:240,000 3630:founded 3533:May Laws 3493:doctrine 3451:Haskalah 3439:Catholic 3410:khappers 3400:lovchiki 3369:Haskalah 3285:land tax 3281:poll tax 3062:Shtadlan 2915:Zhidovye 2768:Red Army 2753:Red Army 2740:February 2732:the Bund 2728:Zionists 2592:Category 2550:Kahanism 2497:Feminism 2469:Politics 2353:Biblical 2323:American 2270:Bukharan 2260:American 2160:Shidduch 2136:Clothing 2092:Haymanot 2038:Orthodox 1966:Suriname 1949:Paraguay 1902:Colombia 1801:Portugal 1711:Bulgaria 1648:Thailand 1598:Pakistan 1578:Mongolia 1573:Malaysia 1493:Cambodia 1467:Zimbabwe 1442:Tanzania 1320:Eswatini 1310:Ethiopia 1300:Djibouti 1280:Cameroon 1275:Botswana 1204:Diaspora 1166:Noahides 1139:Marranos 1063:Cochinim 1048:Bukharim 1038:Gruzinim 1028:Teimanim 1018:Mizrahim 1006:Galician 972:conflict 933:Hasidism 923:Haskalah 828:Diaspora 699:timeline 611:Timeline 524:Rabbinic 431:Kabbalah 406:Marriage 382:Tzedakah 372:Holidays 330:Religion 293:a series 291:Part of 174:Religion 17240:Nepalis 17194:Kazakhs 17165:Indians 17157:Dungans 17151:Chinese 17116:Afghans 17075:Slovaks 17008:Germans 16966:English 16855:Agrzhan 16834:Qaratay 16824:Korlaks 16764:Yazidis 16754:Uyghurs 16695:Slovaks 16651:Pamiris 16570:Kurmanj 16538:Koreans 16524:Kazakhs 16504:Indians 16454:Germans 16420:Ingiloy 16350:Dungans 16320:Britons 16271:Afghans 16177:Lezgins 16152:Kaitags 16146:Dargins 16112:Karatas 16105:Hunzibs 16098:Hinukhs 16070:Bezhtas 16021:Abazins 15998:Teleuts 15912:Siberia 15830:Votians 15777:Selkups 15722:Koryaks 15687:Dolgans 15682:Chuvans 15677:Chulyms 15650:peoples 15591:Udmurts 15483:Mokshas 15396:Abugach 15389:Koibals 15368:Kalmyks 15322:Chuvash 15317:Chukchi 15298:Buryats 15288:Balkars 15222:Titular 15058:Vietnam 14973:Myanmar 14953:Lebanon 14883:Georgia 14838:Bahrain 14828:Armenia 14664:England 14654:Ukraine 14604:Romania 14564:Moldova 14522:Ireland 14517:Iceland 14512:Hungary 14502:Germany 14497:Georgia 14487:Finland 14482:Estonia 14477:Denmark 14462:Croatia 14447:Belgium 14442:Belarus 14432:Austria 14427:Armenia 14422:Andorra 14417:Albania 14048:June 8, 14018:June 8, 13828:May 10, 13802:May 10, 12289:Haaretz 11953:ADL.org 11677:ADL.org 11625:May 25, 11579:14 June 11402:. 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Index