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would leave many aged, sick, or child Jews who would become a burden on the gentile population. A deal was reached where the Slovak
Republic would pay 500 Reichsmark for each Jew deported, and in return, the Germans would deport entire families and promise that the Jews would never return. This was billed as a humanitarian measure that would keep Jewish families together; the Slovak fascist authorities claimed that they did not know that the Germans were systematically exterminating the Jews under its control. Some Jews were exempt from deportation, including those who had converted before 1939.
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963:. During those years, little or no Jewish life existed. Many Jews emigrated to Israel or the United States to regain their freedom of religion. After 1989, and with the peaceful breakup of Czechoslovakia and Slovak independence in 1993, there was some resurgence in Jewish life. However, most Jews were elderly, and younger ones largely assimilated through intermarriage.
651:
in 1867, many Jews had adopted
Hungarian language and customs to advance in society. Many Jews moved to cities and joined the professions; others remained in the countryside, mostly working as artisans, merchants, and shopkeepers. Their multilingualism helped them advance in business, but put them in
882:
ghetto. In all, German and Slovak authorities deported about 71,500 Jews from
Slovakia; about 65,000 of them were murdered or died in concentration camps. The overall figures are inexact, partly because many Jews did not identify themselves, but one 2006 estimate is that approximately 105,000 Slovak
832:
Originally, the Slovak government tried to make a deal with
Germany in October 1941 to deport its Jews as a substitute for providing Slovak workers to help the war effort. The initial terms were for 20,000 young men aged 16 and older for forced labour, but the Slovak government was concerned that it
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In the late 17th century and early 18th century, Jews began to return to their original cities and establish organized communities, though they were barred from many trading industries and often in conflict with non-Jews. In 1683, hundreds of Jews from
1587:
207:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
708:
affected Jewish businessmen and also increased economic antisemitism. Economic underdevelopment and perceptions of discrimination in
Czechoslovakia led a plurality (about one-third) of Slovaks to support the conservative,
1506:[Bandera eyes of historians – a third-Michal Smigel: killings of Jews and communists in northeastern Slovakia in 1945 – Kolbašovská tragedy] (in Slovak and Rusyn). Holosky. March 15, 2009. Archived from
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and were banned from intermarriage and many jobs. By 1940, more than 6,000 Jews had emigrated. By
October 1941, 15,000 Jews were expelled from Bratislava; many were sent to labor camps, including
862:. During the German occupation, up to 13,500 Slovak Jews were deported (mostly to Auschwitz where most of them were gassed upon arrival), principally through the Jewish transit camp in
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955:
After the war, the number of Jews in
Slovakia was estimated to be 25,000. Most of them decided to emigrate. In February 1948, Communist rule was established after the
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813:, a Catholic priest, began a series of measures aimed against the Jews in the country, first excluding them from the military and government positions. The
732:
as the solution to
Slovakia's problems. The party began to emphasize antisemitism during the late 1930s following a wave of Jewish refugees from Austria in
2344:
2261:
1747:
Hutzelmann, Barbara (2018). "Einführung: Slowakei" [Introduction: Slovakia]. In
Hutzelmann, Barbara; Hausleitner, Mariana; Hazan, Souzana (eds.).
751:. During the rioting, professional Jewish boxers and wrestlers took to the streets to defend their neighborhoods from antisemitic gangs, and one of them,
2215:
1557:
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tried to stop the process through a mix of bribery and negotiation. However, some 58,000 Jews had already been deported by
October 1942, mostly to the
836:
The deportations of Jews from Slovakia started on March 25, 1942. Transports were halted on October 20, 1942. A group of Jewish activists known as the
1504:"Banderovci očami historikov – pohľad tretí Michal Šmigeľ: Vraždy Židov a komunistov na severovýchodnom Slovensku v roku 1945 – Kolbasovská tragédia"
941:, but something far worse—the robber’s anxiety that he might have to return Jewish property ," a view that has been endorsed by Czech-Slovak scholar
692:
broke out in the aftermath of the declaration of independence (1918–1920), although the violence was not nearly as serious as in Ukraine or Poland.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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In 1946, the Slovak writer Karel František Koch argued that the antisemitic incidents that he witnessed in Bratislava after the war were "not
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1633:
101:
1818:
Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2009). "'Abandon Your Role as Exponents of the Magyars': Contested Jewish Loyalty in Interwar (Czecho)Slovakia".
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108:
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Bútorová, Zora; Bútora, Martin (August 1992). "Wariness Towards Jews as an Expression of Post-Communist Panic: The Case of Slovakia".
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553:, the majority of them engaged in commerce and money lending. In the early 15th century, a Jewish cemetery was established at
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1590:[Anti-Jewish riots in Bratislava (August 1946, August 1948) in the atmosphere of post-war antisemitism in Slovakia].
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656:. The Slovak Jews were not as integrated as the Jews in Bohemia and Moravia, preferring a traditional lifestyle. Traditional
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Lônčíková, Michala (2017). "Was the antisemitic propaganda a catalyst for tensions in the Slovak-Jewish relations?".
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Kulka, Erich (1989). "The Jews in Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1968". In Stone, Norman; Strouhal, Eduard (eds.).
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The first transport was made up solely of 999 young women; it was also the first mass transport of Jews to Auschwitz
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According to the 2021 census of Slovakia, the Jewish community had 2,007 members, which is about 0.04% of the total
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Slovak Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1588:"Protižidovské nepokoje v Bratislave (august 1946; august 1948) v atmosfére povojnového antisemitizmu na Slovensku"
878:. Deportations continued until March 31, 1945, when the last group of Jewish prisoners was taken from Sereď to the
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Jewish deportations resumed on September 30, 1944, after German troops occupied the Slovak territory to defeat the
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The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe
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Nižňanský, Eduard (2014). "On Relations between the Slovak Majority and Jewish Minority During World War II".
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DellaPergola, Sergio (2016). "World Jewish Population, 2015". In Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.).
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2137:""Because words are not deeds". Antisemitic Practice and Nationality Policies in Upper Hungary around 1900"
1985:
Paulovičová, Nina (2018). "Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Slovakia: The Postwar Era to the Present".
855:. More than 99% of the Jews deported from Slovakia in 1942 were murdered in the concentration death camps.
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and several thousands afterwards (mostly to the British Mandate of Palestine), but most were killed in the
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Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945
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In reality, the Germans segregated the arrivals, and those unable to work were soon murdered.
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Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II
576:, Jews were expelled from all major towns. In 1529, thirty Jews were burned at the stake in
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1987:
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Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia Towards Creating a Memorial Landscape of Lost Community
1560:[The mass execution in Sklené September 21, 1944 in a broader historical context]
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began to attack Jews, and the "Jewish Code" was passed in September 1941. Resembling the
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2004:
1964:
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Jelinek, Yeshayahu A. (1989). "Slovaks and the holocaust: Attempts at reconciliation".
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Ward, James Mace (2015). "The 1938 First Vienna Award and the Holocaust in Slovakia".
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Jewish communities emerged in the late eighteenth century following immigration from
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at the left). The Jewish cemetery in Bratislava was desecrated during the Holocaust.
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2095:
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1996:
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982:(both: 0.04%). The Jewish population increased by 8 members since the 2011 census.
710:
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565:
329:
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1865:
1652:"Number of population by religious belief in all regions of the SR at 1. 1. 2021"
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871:
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664:), and a form of "national anti-Semitism" that accused Jews of sympathizing with
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In the Shadows of the Holocaust and Communism: Czech and Slovak Jews Since 1945
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1634:"Number of population by religious belief in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021"
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In the 1930s, antisemitic rioting and demonstrations broke out, incited by the
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riots and restrictions on their living imposed in Moravia. In 1700, a leading
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was joined by the stereotypical view of Jews as exploiters of poor Slovaks (
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Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation
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724:: HSĽS). HSĽS viewed minority groups such as Czechs, Hungarians, Jews, and
870:, and about 2,000 were murdered in the Slovak territory by members of the
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was established in Bratislava and recognized by the government. Under the
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1558:"Masová exekúcia v Sklenom 21. septembra 1944 v širšom dejinnom kontexte"
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930:, where 15 people were wounded. Antisemitic manifestations took place in
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Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC
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Rajcan, Vanda; Vadkerty, Madeline; Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Slovakia". In
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goes back to the 11th century, when the first Jews settled in the area.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2023:"Conclusory Essay: Activists, Jews, The Little Czech Man, and Germans"
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Počet veriacich podľa sčítania obyvateľov, domov a bytov na Slovensku
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Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
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proclaimed its independence in March 1939 under the protection of
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1533:[History of the Jews in the Slovak Republic (Part 15)].
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48 Jews were seriously injured. 13 anti-Jewish incidents called
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2065:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington:
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as a destructive influence on the Slovak nation, and presented
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1125:. American Jewish Year Book. Vol. 115. pp. 273–364.
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Jews, or 77% of their prewar population, died during the war.
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974:(0.12% of the total population), followed by 311 members in
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took place between August 1 and 5, 1946, the biggest one in
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1436:"How 1930s Fascism Created Today's Trendiest Self-Defense"
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in the mid-nineteenth century, eventually splitting into
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Gelissen, Rena Kornreich; Macadam, Heather Dune (1996).
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588:fled to the Hungarian Kingdom, seeking refuge from
465:Source: Data from Slovak and Czechoslovak censuses
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1385:
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793:Some 5,000 Jews emigrated before the outbreak of
604:, Jews received many additional civil liberties.
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1181:"An overview of the history of Jews in Slovakia"
2155:The Story of the Jewish Community in Bratislava
1478:Rena's Promise: A Story of Sisters in Auschwitz
1473:
1187:. Slovak Jewish Heritage Center. Archived from
1858:Czechoslovakia: Crossroads and Crises, 1918–88
1672:
225:accompanying your translation by providing an
191:Click for important translation instructions.
178:expand this article with text translated from
2338:
2209:
1817:
1801:Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia
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755:, would later use his experiences to develop
684:, Slovakia became part of the new country of
549:In the 14th century, about 800 Jews lived in
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1984:
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1057:Stolpersteine in the Banská Bystrica Region
517:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2345:
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2202:
1746:
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1047:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
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2189:Nazi Camp Engerau in Bratislava-Petržalka
1961:
1909:
1803:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1343:
1292:
1052:History of the Jews in the Czech Republic
907:11 Jews were murdered by an unidentified
537:Learn how and when to remove this message
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
2061:; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
1528:
1450:"Slovakia's Righteous among the Nations"
1169:
896:
893:Postwar anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia
772:
736:and anti-Jewish laws passed by Hungary,
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2067:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2017:
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1938:
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1228:"Slovakia Virtual Jewish History Tour"
1203:"Slovakia Virtual Jewish History Tour"
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2179:Jewish Community Museum in Bratislava
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1995:(1). Indiana University Press: 4–34.
1855:
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821:, the Code required that Jews wear a
688:. In both parts of the new republic,
2128:Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg
2085:
1846:
1695:
1608:
1531:"Dějiny Židů na Slovensku (Část 15)"
1421:
1394:
1380:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
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515:adding citations to reliable sources
482:
237:{{Translated|sk|Židia na Slovensku}}
160:
87:adding citations to reliable sources
58:
17:
2184:Chatam Sofer Memorial in Bratislava
1759:(in German). Vol. 13. Munich:
1434:Siegel, Nathan (November 6, 2014).
1155:
992:List of East European Jews#Slovakia
934:in August 1946 and in August 1948.
809:, the pro-Nazi regime of President
777:Interior of the Jewish memorial in
368:Historical Slovak Jewish population
13:
2169:Concise Jewish History of Slovakia
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1062:Stolpersteine in the Trnava Region
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14:
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1568:(in Slovak): 4–13. Archived from
1037:History of the Jews in Bratislava
98:"History of the Jews in Slovakia"
33:This article has multiple issues.
2750:
2738:
2225:
1749:Slowakei, Rumänien und Bulgarien
1675:Czechoslovak Sociological Review
1586:Šmigeľ, Michal (June 17, 2013).
1021:
1007:
959:. It lasted until November 1989
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722:Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana
704:in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the
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63:
22:
2164:History of the Jews in Slovakia
1799:Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2015).
1753:Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria
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1626:
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1179:Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2006).
1149:"World Jewish Population, 2015"
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607:
473:history of the Jews in Slovakia
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
2354:History of the Jews in Europe
2088:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1847:Koch, Karel František (1946).
1732:. New Brunswick: Transaction.
1556:Schvarc, Michal (March 2007).
1220:
1195:
1123:American Jewish Year Book 2015
985:
235:You may also add the template
1:
1924:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209839
1529:Mlynárik, Ján (August 2006).
1147:DellaPergola, Sergio (2016).
1107:
996:List of Czech and Slovak Jews
957:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
785:(with the grave of the rabbi
1866:10.1007/978-1-349-10644-8_15
1232:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1207:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
970:. About 839 of them live in
7:
2174:Jewish heritage of Slovakia
1594:(in Slovak). Archived from
1131:10.1007/978-3-319-24505-8_7
1000:
911:group in September 1945 in
557:and was in use until 1892.
300:Židovská Street, Bratislava
10:
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1728:Heitlinger, Alena (2011).
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851:in occupied Poland and to
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670:Czechoslovak national aims
564:caused sixteen Jews to be
199:Machine translation, like
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1851:. Prague: Vladimír Žikeš.
1832:10.1017/S0364009409990043
1792:10.1080/13501678908577626
1151:. Berman Jewish DataBank.
769:The Holocaust in Slovakia
633:schism in Hungarian Jewry
572:, and in 1526, after the
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394:—
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180:the corresponding article
2157:An online exhibition by
2135:Szabó, Miloslav (2012).
2042:10.1179/174582107x190906
1482:. Boston: Beacon Press.
1078:
860:Slovak National uprising
696:accusations occurred in
360:Czech diaspora in Israel
2001:10.2979/antistud.2.1.02
1939:Lorman, Thomas (2019).
246:For more guidance, see
2403:Bosnia and Herzegovina
968:population of Slovakia
904:
790:
721:
658:religious antisemitism
620:
598:enlightened absolutism
2773:Jewish Slovak history
2059:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
1945:Bloomsbury Publishing
1885:Láníček, Jan (2013).
1780:Soviet Jewish Affairs
1703:. Boulder, Colorado:
900:
866:under the command of
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749:Slovak People's Party
714:Slovak People's Party
662:economic antisemitism
615:
346:Related ethnic groups
248:Knowledge:Translation
219:copyright attribution
2069:. pp. 842–852.
1988:Antisemitism Studies
1510:on September 5, 2017
1067:Religion in Slovakia
902:Synagogue in Trenčín
647:factions. Following
511:improve this section
83:improve this article
2641:States with limited
1860:. pp. 271–96.
1611:, pp. 131–132.
1575:on October 6, 2013.
978:and 210 members in
649:Jewish emancipation
643:, and more liberal
566:burned at the stake
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290:
2277:Carpathian Germans
2100:10.1093/hgs/dcv004
2019:Pynsent, Robert B.
1965:Yad Vashem Studies
1763:. pp. 18–45.
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887:After World War II
849:General Government
842:Operation Reinhard
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654:Slovak nationalism
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227:interlanguage link
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2076:978-0-253-02373-5
2021:(July 18, 2013).
1954:978-1-350-10938-4
1912:Holocaust Studies
1902:978-1-137-31747-6
1875:978-1-349-10646-2
1849:Slovo má lidskost
1810:978-0-253-01562-4
1770:978-3-11-049520-1
1739:978-1-4128-0927-6
1718:978-0-8133-4790-5
1598:on June 23, 2013.
1489:978-0-8070-7071-0
1454:www.yadvashem.org
1370:, pp. 6, 10.
1346:, pp. 49–50.
1334:, pp. 18–19.
1271:, pp. 47–48.
1191:on June 17, 2007.
1140:978-3-319-24503-4
972:Bratislava Region
961:Velvet Revolution
690:anti-Jewish riots
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924:partisan pogroms
920:Topoľčany pogrom
711:ethnonationalist
706:Great Depression
639:(the majority),
574:Battle of Mohács
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895:
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803:Slovak Republic
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765:
753:Imi Lichtenfeld
730:Slovak autonomy
678:
676:Interwar period
610:
543:
532:
526:
523:
508:
492:
481:
301:
289:יהודים סלובקיים
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287:Slovenskí Židia
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2149:External links
2147:
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2145:
2132:
2126:(PhD thesis).
2113:
2112:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2054:
2036:(2): 211–333.
2030:Central Europe
2014:
2013:
1982:
1959:
1953:
1936:
1918:(1–2): 76–98.
1907:
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1705:Westview Press
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1625:
1623:, p. 330.
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1384:
1382:, p. 842.
1372:
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1344:Nižňanský 2014
1336:
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1297:
1293:Lônčíková 2017
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1029:Judaism portal
1018:
1002:
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987:
984:
943:Robert Pynsent
888:
885:
823:yellow armband
819:Nuremberg Laws
767:Main article:
764:
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702:Šalavský Gemer
686:Czechoslovakia
677:
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1592:Druhá svetová
1589:
1582:
1571:
1567:
1566:Pamät Národia
1559:
1552:
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1499:
1491:
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1479:
1470:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1424:, p. 87.
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1397:, p. 79.
1396:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1358:, p. 31.
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1322:, p. 35.
1321:
1316:
1310:, p. 19.
1309:
1304:
1302:
1295:, p. 85.
1294:
1289:
1283:, p. 48.
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1259:, p. 18.
1258:
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1016:
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993:
983:
981:
980:Trnava Region
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944:
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881:
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873:
869:
868:Alois Brunner
865:
861:
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854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
838:Working Group
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
788:
784:
780:
775:
770:
763:The Holocaust
760:
758:
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750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:Romani people
723:
719:
715:
712:
707:
703:
699:
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687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
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630:
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619:
616:Synagogue in
614:
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587:
581:
579:
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563:
558:
556:
552:
541:
538:
530:
527:February 2017
520:
516:
512:
506:
505:
501:
496:This section
494:
490:
485:
484:
479:Early history
476:
474:
463:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
442:
441:
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431:
430:
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419:
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309:
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234:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
206:
202:
198:
196:
195:
189:
183:
181:
176:You can help
172:
163:
162:
153:
150:
142:
139:February 2017
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: –
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
2670:Transnistria
2574:
2311:
2140:
2119:
2091:
2087:
2062:
2033:
2029:
1992:
1986:
1972:(2): 47–90.
1969:
1963:
1940:
1915:
1911:
1891:. New York:
1887:
1857:
1848:
1823:
1819:
1800:
1786:(1): 57–68.
1783:
1779:
1752:
1748:
1729:
1700:
1697:Deák, István
1678:
1674:
1667:Bibliography
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1621:Pynsent 2013
1616:
1604:
1596:the original
1591:
1581:
1570:the original
1565:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1534:
1524:
1514:November 17,
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1498:
1477:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1429:
1417:
1412:, p. 5.
1375:
1368:Láníček 2013
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1320:Láníček 2013
1315:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1189:the original
1184:
1122:
1116:
1096:
1087:
965:
954:
939:antisemitism
936:
923:
917:
906:
857:
835:
831:
815:Hlinka Guard
807:Nazi Germany
801:. After the
795:World War II
792:
787:Chatam Sofer
746:
679:
622:
608:19th century
582:
559:
548:
533:
524:
509:Please help
497:
472:
470:
285:Slovak Jews
281:Ethnic group
278:
263:
223:edit summary
214:
185:
177:
145:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
2708:Isle of Man
2643:recognition
2595:Switzerland
2530:Netherlands
1541:February 9,
1537:(in Slovak)
1281:Lorman 2019
1269:Lorman 2019
1237:November 5,
1212:January 27,
1072:Judeo-Czech
986:Slovak Jews
946: [
845:death camps
694:Blood libel
682:World War I
562:blood libel
560:In 1494, a
187:(July 2018)
2565:San Marino
2525:Montenegro
2505:Luxembourg
2485:Kazakhstan
2388:Azerbaijan
2297:Bulgarians
2272:Ukrainians
2252:Hungarians
2159:Yad Vashem
1943:. London:
1820:AJS Review
1761:De Gruyter
1681:: 92–106.
1535:CS Magazín
1108:References
932:Bratislava
891:See also:
811:Jozef Tiso
779:Bratislava
668:and later
641:Status Quo
551:Bratislava
356:Czech Jews
109:newspapers
38:improve it
2698:Gibraltar
2500:Lithuania
2282:Moravians
2108:8756-6583
2050:144749278
2009:165383570
1978:0084-3296
1932:151817674
1840:159825448
1709:Routledge
1699:(2015) .
1609:Koch 1946
1422:Ward 2015
1395:Ward 2015
1356:Deák 2015
853:Auschwitz
799:Holocaust
757:Krav Maga
666:Hungarian
602:Joseph II
498:does not
316:Languages
241:talk page
182:in Slovak
44:talk page
2767:Category
2757:Slovakia
2718:Svalbard
2703:Guernsey
2650:Abkhazia
2625:Scotland
2580:Slovenia
2575:Slovakia
2550:Portugal
2408:Bulgaria
2292:Russians
2236:Slovakia
1893:Springer
1687:41133197
1459:July 17,
1074:language
1001:See also
913:Kolbasov
874:and the
783:Slovakia
637:Orthodox
336:Religion
217:provide
2745:Judaism
2731:Portals
2615:England
2605:Ukraine
2555:Romania
2515:Moldova
2473:Ireland
2468:Iceland
2463:Hungary
2453:Germany
2448:Georgia
2438:Finland
2433:Estonia
2428:Denmark
2413:Croatia
2398:Belgium
2393:Belarus
2383:Austria
2378:Armenia
2373:Andorra
2368:Albania
2247:Slovaks
1755:].
918:In the
880:Terezín
847:in the
742:Romania
700:and in
698:Trenčin
629:Moravia
625:Bohemia
618:Malacky
594:yeshiva
586:Moravia
578:Pezinok
555:Tisinec
519:removed
504:sources
438:+153.3%
402:136,737
391:135,918
341:Judaism
330:Yiddish
239:to the
221:in the
184:.
123:scholar
2713:Jersey
2655:Kosovo
2600:Turkey
2590:Sweden
2570:Serbia
2560:Russia
2545:Poland
2540:Norway
2520:Monaco
2490:Latvia
2458:Greece
2443:France
2418:Cyprus
2302:Croats
2267:Czechs
2262:Rusyns
2257:Romani
2106:
2073:
2048:
2007:
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680:After
645:Neolog
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427:−87.8%
416:−94.5%
326:Hebrew
322:Slovak
125:
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2688:Åland
2630:Wales
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2510:Malta
2480:Italy
2307:Serbs
2287:Poles
2124:(PDF)
2046:S2CID
2026:(PDF)
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1683:JSTOR
1573:(PDF)
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827:Sereď
590:Kuruc
460:+0.4%
457:2,007
446:1,999
435:2,310
413:7,476
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1484:ISBN
1461:2018
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410:1950
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