1026:. Due to the presence of many rear area support units and Luftwaffe flak crewmembers, only 20% of Model's forces, or 75,000, had infantry weapons, with another 75,000 having pistols only and ammunition and fuel supplies were low. Model's requests for an airlift were dismissed out of hand by Hitler due to Allied air supremacy. All of Model's requests to withdraw or break out before or after the creation of the pocket were denied by Hitler, who expected "Fortress Ruhr" to hold out for months and tie down hundreds of thousands of Allied troops. The staff of Army Group B knew they only had food supplies for three weeks owing to the millions of civilians that also had to be fed.
431:
419:
407:
394:
302:
285:
266:
379:
353:
341:
328:
254:
243:
232:
210:
159:
189:
366:
221:
170:
312:
295:
47:
1238:
destruction inflicted on Ruhr cities and towns by the Allied bombing campaigns; in many cities the U.S. troops wrested control of there was nothing but rubble, block after block. However, most of the German industrial machinery, situated in protected or decentralized locations, had survived the onslaught, unharmed, or required only minor repairs. Such equipment was quickly made operational after its capture.
965:
1152:
lives as possible for the post-war rebuilding. He decreed the discharging of all youths and older men from the army. By 17 April ammunition supplies would be exhausted, so the non-combatant troops would be allowed to surrender on that day. All combat troops were to either break out in organized formations or drop their weapons and go home, an implicit authority to surrender.
1221:
10,000 casualties while reducing the pocket. The Ninth Army lost 341 killed, 121 missing and just under 2,000 wounded. The First Army lost three times more, which brought the U.S. casualties to 10,000. The divisions of III Corps lost 291 killed, 88 missing and 1,356 wounded, while the 8th
Division of
1171:
on 17 April while trying to cross the Rhine to German forces in the
Netherlands. The commander of the Allied XVIII Airborne Corps, Matthew Ridgway, sent an aide bearing a white flag to Army Group B's headquarters, calling on Model to surrender but the field marshal refused, citing his oath to Hitler.
1151:
urged him to save the lives of German soldiers and civilians by capitulating. Model refused, as he knew Hitler would not authorize it. In addition, he could not reconcile surrender with the demands he placed on his officers and men throughout the war and his career. But he also wanted to save as many
1089:
to prevent the
Americans from gaining access to open ground. The heavily outnumbered and outgunned Germans could ultimately do nothing more than delay the advancing enemy, who covered approximately 10 kilometers per day. By 11 April German combat strength had weakened to the extent that they were
1113:
began to pound the remaining German defenders, strafing and bombing German troop concentrations and motorized and horse-drawn columns. The Allies were eager to get their hands on all German railway rolling stock and the U.S. pilots were banned from hitting this usual primary target, limiting the
1237:
soldiers who were very happy at their liberation. The liberated slaves also had a tendency to loot and terrorize the German population once released and to clog up the roads in front of the U.S. columns. The German civilians were incredulous at
Germany's defeat. The Americans also witnessed the
956:
had been assigned to the 21st Army Group, headed southeast, forming the northern pincer, while the rest of the 21st Army Group went east and northeast. Even before the encirclement was complete, Allied activity against the Ruhr had a critical impact on
Germany's economy—on March 26
1194:
had already been occurring since
February. The act of resistance did accomplish a cancellation of further bombings on the city by another 800 bombers, through contact with the Americans. DĂĽsseldorf was captured by Americans on 18 April without any notable fighting.
1142:
capitulated on 14 April, having lost all control over its subordinate formations. The
Germans had continued the fight in the pocket despite no realistic hope of relief from the start, as they were tying down 18 U.S. divisions.
1029:
While the main operations were directed eastwards to central and northern
Germany, elements of three U.S. armies concentrated on the pocket, taking it section by section. Model's troops put up a strong resistance along the
1146:
Rather than surrender his command, Field
Marshal Model dissolved Army Group B on 15 April. Already on 7 April the extent of the American advance to central Germany had made any breakout impossible. Model's chief of staff
1190:" in order to spare DĂĽsseldorf from further destruction. However, SS units were able to crush the resistance, and executed a number of those involved. Executions of foreign laborers and political prisoners by the
1286:
841:
to the U.S. divisions. Organized resistance came to an end on 18 April. Unwilling to surrender with his rank of field marshal into Allied captivity, Model committed suicide on the afternoon of 21 April.
825:
joining on 4 April. For 13 days the
Germans delayed or resisted the U.S. advance. On 14 April, the First and Ninth armies met, splitting the German pocket in half and German resistance began to crumble.
505:
1172:
When asked for instructions by the squad leader of a German unit that was still armed, Model told them to go home as their fight was over. He then shook their hands and wished them luck.
1643:
721:
498:
726:
1134:
and split the pocket in two; the smaller, eastern part surrendered the next day. Model lost contact with most of his formations and commanders on 14 April. The German
806:
on 23 March. The lead elements of the two Allied army groups met on 1 April 1945, east of the Ruhr, to create the encirclement of 317,000 German troops to their west.
694:
1155:
Even before this order was fully transmitted, German resistance began to completely collapse on 16 April as the remnants of German divisions and corps surrendered
491:
760:
of Germany. Some 317,000 German troops were taken prisoner along with 24 generals. The Americans suffered 10,000 casualties including 2,000 killed or missing.
699:
674:
1230:
1010:
was completed and the Ninth Army reverted to the command of the 12th Army Group. Within the Ruhr pocket some 370,000 German soldiers, 14 divisions of
1623:
1543:. United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations. Washington DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army
1179:
through the American lines in a small column, but could not make it. Rather than surrender and face trial for war crimes, he committed suicide.
1618:
1446:
1114:
extent of Allied bombing operations. The rationing of U.S. artillery ammunition had been lifted and U.S. artillery in support of
1628:
1287:
Der Ruhrkessel: Ende der Kämpfe im Westen – Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, der SS und Gestapo an der Bevölkerung bis zum letzten Tag
1043:
1039:
1588:
1526:
1507:
1456:
1023:
1653:
1648:
1099:
886:
837:
and non-combatant personnel to discard their uniforms and go home. On 16 April the bulk of the German forces surrendered
515:
30:
1085:
district to force the Americans to fight for every stream, wood and town. The Germans fought strongly for the city of
1569:
570:
867:
772:
332:
38:
1638:
905:
796:
625:
435:
1544:
1126:
On 10 April the U.S. Ninth Army captured Essen. On 14 April the U.S. First and Ninth armies linked up on the
753:
94:
1223:
1095:
1067:
749:
357:
34:
944:
Having crossed the Rhine, both army groups fanned out into the German hinterland. In the south, while the
652:
1081:
on 5 and 6 April was delayed by German troops, who skilfully used the rugged terrain of the 80% forested
179:
1608:
945:
684:
662:
647:
1175:
The western part of the pocket continued a weak resistance until 18 April. Model tried to get to the
1115:
1110:
893:). Bradley and his subordinates quickly exploited the crossing made on 7 March 1945 and expanded the
465:
About 10,000 people killed (including prisoners of war in German captivity, foreign forced laborers,
1229:
The Americans liberated hundreds of thousands of hungry, diseased and weakened prisoners-of-war and
1613:
1070:
fought on. The presence of SS troops was a common element in most instances of all-out resistance.
912:
890:
604:
383:
345:
1633:
1222:
the XVIII Airborne Corps lost 198 killed, 101 missing and 1,238 wounded. Casualty totals for the
1139:
1106:
871:
657:
289:
1168:
1038:-line, holding their ground from 4 April to 9 April and launching a counterattack against U.S.
1031:
995:
855:
709:
130:
84:
813:
river, 18 U.S. divisions remained behind to destroy Army Group B. The reduction of the German
1208:
The 317,000 German soldiers from the Ruhr pocket, and some civilians, were imprisoned in the
1135:
830:
556:
423:
138:
1536:
1078:
1015:
784:
679:
593:
8:
1448:
Tank Destroyer, Achilles and M10: British Army Anti-Tank Units, Western Europe, 1944–1945
953:
637:
619:
542:
536:
530:
1050:. For every German city or town that capitulated, another fought on for every building.
948:
headed east, the First Army headed northeast and formed the southern pincer of the Ruhr
949:
908:
799:
704:
247:
236:
225:
1584:
1565:
1548:
1522:
1503:
1452:
1226:
units on the western edge of the pocket are not listed in the official U.S. history.
920:
916:
878:
851:
833:
capitulated the same day. Model dissolved his army group on 15 April and ordered the
814:
803:
764:
599:
584:
577:
563:
549:
483:
1054:
of some German cities presented white flags to the invading U.S. troops, such as at
1210:
1187:
689:
668:
611:
274:
258:
53:
1098:. At one point, the Germans covered a valley in a thick smokescreen, delaying the
1094:
and built-up areas along main roads, supported by a few tanks and assault guns or
311:
294:
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1160:
958:
901:
822:
818:
792:
631:
411:
370:
1176:
1074:
365:
220:
174:
169:
1214:(in English, "Rhine meadow camp") near Remagen, a temporary prison enclosure.
1002:
flak crews. Lead elements of the two Allied pincers met on 1 April 1945, near
1602:
924:
378:
352:
340:
327:
253:
242:
231:
209:
163:
158:
109:
96:
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194:
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306:
1186:
attempted to surrender the city to the Allied armies in the so-called "
1127:
1035:
984:
894:
467:
57:
guards a massive crowd of German prisoners captured in the Ruhr pocket
1131:
1091:
1082:
1063:
1003:
974:
757:
988:(militia units for aging men, including some World War I veterans),
46:
1234:
1055:
1047:
1019:
1191:
994:(Hitler Youth) units, composed of boys as young as 12 as well as
882:
768:
88:
1086:
961:
noted in his diary that no more coal was coming from the Ruhr.
1059:
964:
928:
863:
1369:
877:) pursued the disintegrating German armies and captured the
809:
While the bulk of the U.S. forces advanced east towards the
1541:
Victory in Europe, 1945: The Last Offensive of World War II
1470:
1468:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1399:
1018:, altogether the remnants of 19 divisions, and millions of
810:
80:
1359:
1357:
1257:
1255:
972:
Facing the Allied armies were the remnants of a shattered
1644:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
1426:
1267:
1465:
1411:
1396:
1386:
1384:
900:
North of the Ruhr on 23 March 1945, the British Empire
1354:
1342:
1318:
1252:
979:
1308:
1306:
513:
1381:
1330:
1303:
779:) advanced rapidly into German territory south of
1299:Final Entries 1945 The Diaries of Joseph Goebbels
1600:
952:. In the north, the Ninth Army, which since the
1581:Downfall 1945: The Fall of Hitler's Third Reich
829:Having lost contact with its units, the German
1562:Remagen 1945: Endgame against the Third Reich
499:
1559:
1273:
1490:
1432:
1022:were trapped in cities heavily damaged by
897:until the bridge collapsed 10 days later.
506:
492:
1535:
1474:
1420:
1405:
1375:
1363:
1348:
1324:
1261:
185:
963:
862:. In March 1945, the Allies crossed the
1516:
1390:
1336:
1624:20th century in North Rhine-Westphalia
1601:
1578:
1444:
1312:
1182:German anti-Nazi resistance groups in
748:that took place in April 1945, on the
1560:Zaloga, Steve; Dennis, Peter (2006).
1105:On 7 April the skies cleared and the
487:
1167:was captured by paratroopers of the
982:training units and large numbers of
1062:, while German troops at Dortmund,
517:Western Allied invasion of Germany
16:Battle on the Western Front in 1945
13:
1619:Western Allied invasion of Germany
1233:, the former consisting mainly of
923:in support) crossing the Rhine at
31:Western Allied invasion of Germany
14:
1665:
1118:fired 259,061 rounds in 14 days.
1073:In the south, the attack of the
429:
417:
405:
392:
377:
364:
351:
339:
326:
310:
300:
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264:
252:
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187:
168:
157:
45:
39:European theatre of World War II
1483:
1438:
1121:
939:
1291:
1279:
763:Exploiting the capture of the
471:militia and unarmed civilians)
71:(2 weeks and 6 days)
1:
1629:Encirclements in World War II
1545:US Government Printing Office
1445:Oliver, Dennis (2019-04-30).
1241:
1218:
1203:
968:Encirclement of the Ruhr area
845:
754:end of World War II in Europe
1246:
1224:Fifteenth United States Army
1198:
791:). In the north, the Allied
7:
1654:April 1945 events in Europe
1649:March 1945 events in Europe
1297:Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1978).
137:Capitulation of the German
10:
1672:
1111:XXIX tactical air commands
911:), which incorporated the
858:began pushing east toward
771:on 7 March 1945, the U.S.
934:
866:. South of the Ruhr, the
821:, with the forces of the
525:
463:317,000 soldiers captured
443:
318:
201:
150:
61:
44:
28:
23:
1274:Zaloga & Dennis 2006
817:began on 1 April by the
1519:Walther Model (Command)
1217:The Americans suffered
1140:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen
1014:and two corps from the
802:) crossed the Rhine in
290:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen
51:An American soldier at
1639:Province of Westphalia
1169:17th Airborne Division
996:combat service support
969:
909:Sir Bernard Montgomery
746:battle of encirclement
202:Commanders and leaders
85:North Rhine-Westphalia
967:
444:Casualties and losses
1517:Forczyk, R. (2011).
1494:(1989). "Model". In
1100:7th Armored Division
1079:XVIII Airborne Corps
1016:First Parachute Army
887:9th Armored Division
881:across the Rhine at
868:U.S. 12th Army Group
785:Generalfeldmarschall
1579:Zaloga, S. (2016).
1502:. London: Phoenix.
1378:, pp. 368–369.
954:Battle of the Bulge
919:(with the airborne
875:Omar Nelson Bradley
106: /
1564:. Oxford: Osprey.
1032:Dortmund–Ems Canal
970:
854:in June 1944, the
800:Bernard Montgomery
436:1st Parachute Army
248:William H. Simpson
237:Courtney H. Hodges
226:Bernard Montgomery
1609:Conflicts in 1945
1590:978-1-4728-1143-1
1528:978-1-84908-357-7
1509:978-1-85799-285-4
1500:Hitler's Generals
1458:978-1-5267-4191-2
1451:. Pen and Sword.
1006:. By 4 April the
921:Operation Varsity
917:Operation Plunder
879:Ludendorff Bridge
804:Operation Plunder
765:Ludendorff Bridge
735:
734:
482:
481:
180:German resistance
146:
145:
1661:
1594:
1575:
1556:
1537:MacDonald, C. B.
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1295:
1289:
1285:Wolf Stegemann,
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1220:
1211:Rheinwiesenlager
1188:Aktion Rheinland
787:(field marshal)
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259:Leonard T. Gerow
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110:51.467°N 7.550°E
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54:Rheinwiesenlager
49:
21:
20:
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1614:1945 in Germany
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1510:
1496:Barnet, Corelli
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1201:
1161:5th Panzer Army
1124:
1102:for some time.
1090:only defending
1024:Allied bombings
959:Joseph Goebbels
942:
937:
902:21st Army Group
891:U.S. First Army
848:
823:U.S. First Army
819:U.S. Ninth Army
793:21st Army Group
773:12th Army Group
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371:21st Army Group
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69:1–18 April 1945
50:
17:
12:
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5:
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1634:Rhine Province
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1570:
1557:
1533:
1527:
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1508:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1477:, p. 366.
1475:MacDonald 1973
1464:
1457:
1437:
1435:, p. 329.
1425:
1423:, p. 370.
1421:MacDonald 1973
1410:
1408:, p. 369.
1406:MacDonald 1973
1395:
1380:
1376:MacDonald 1973
1368:
1366:, p. 365.
1364:MacDonald 1973
1353:
1351:, p. 364.
1349:MacDonald 1973
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 359.
1325:MacDonald 1973
1317:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1264:, p. 372.
1262:MacDonald 1973
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1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1231:slave laborers
1205:
1202:
1200:
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1177:Harz mountains
1123:
1120:
1096:2 cm flak guns
1075:U.S. III Corps
1052:BĂĽrgermeisters
1044:95th divisions
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1571:1-84603-249-0
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1492:D'Este, Carlo
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1393:, p. 56.
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1372:
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1358:
1350:
1345:
1339:, p. 55.
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1315:, p. 42.
1314:
1309:
1307:
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1276:, p. 87.
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992:
987:
986:
981:
977:
976:
966:
962:
960:
955:
951:
947:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:US Ninth Army
910:
907:
906:Field Marshal
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
843:
840:
836:
832:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
798:
797:Field Marshal
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
750:Western Front
747:
743:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:
629:
627:
626:Aschaffenburg
624:
622:
621:
617:
615:
614:
610:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
591:
587:
586:
582:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:
568:
566:
565:
561:
559:
558:
554:
552:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
532:
528:
527:
524:
519:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
489:
486:
475:
470:
469:
462:
457:
451:8,000 wounded
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
425:
420:
415:
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
389:
385:
380:
375:
374:
373:
372:
367:
359:
354:
349:
347:
342:
337:
336:
335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
317:
313:
308:
303:
296:
291:
286:
280:
278:
272:
267:
262:
260:
255:
249:
244:
238:
233:
227:
222:
216:
211:
206:
205:
200:
196:
184:
181:
176:
171:
165:
164:United States
160:
155:
154:
149:
140:
136:
135:
134:
132:
128:
125:
124:
119:
115:51.467; 7.550
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
74:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
48:
43:
40:
36:
35:Western Front
32:
27:
22:
1580:
1561:
1540:
1518:
1499:
1484:Bibliography
1447:
1440:
1428:
1391:Forczyk 2011
1371:
1344:
1337:Forczyk 2011
1332:
1320:
1298:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1181:
1174:
1156:
1154:
1149:Carl Wagener
1145:
1125:
1122:Capitulation
1104:
1072:
1051:
1028:
1012:Army Group B
1008:encirclement
999:
991:Hitlerjugend
989:
983:
973:
971:
943:
940:Encirclement
899:
849:
838:
834:
828:
808:
789:Walter Model
781:Army Group B
777:Omar Bradley
762:
741:
739:
715:
714:
710:Itter Castle
667:
642:
630:
618:
612:
592:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
529:
473:
466:
455:
449:1,500 killed
399:Army Group B
390:
362:
324:
276:
271:Walter Model
215:Omar Bradley
151:Belligerents
129:
52:
29:Part of the
1433:D'Este 1989
1313:Zaloga 2016
1165:Josef Harpe
998:forces and
950:envelopment
915:, launched
864:River Rhine
742:Ruhr pocket
557:Blockbuster
453:500 missing
307:Josef Harpe
113: /
24:Ruhr pocket
1603:Categories
1583:. Osprey.
1521:. Osprey.
1242:References
1204:Casualties
1184:DĂĽsseldorf
1163:commander
1128:Ruhr river
1092:roadblocks
1036:Sieg river
985:Volkssturm
946:Third Army
895:bridgehead
846:Background
835:Volkssturm
695:DĂĽsseldorf
680:Friesoythe
594:Lumberjack
571:Flashpoint
468:Volkssturm
1247:Citations
1199:Aftermath
1136:15th Army
1132:Hattingen
1116:XVI Corps
1083:Sauerland
1064:Wuppertal
1020:civilians
1004:Lippstadt
1000:Luftwaffe
975:Wehrmacht
885:with the
831:15th Army
775:(General
758:Ruhr Area
756:, in the
752:near the
716:Logistics
700:Stuttgart
685:Nuremberg
663:Heilbronn
648:Paderborn
638:Frankfurt
620:Undertone
543:Veritable
537:Rhineland
531:Blackcock
424:15th Army
358:15th Army
139:15th Army
81:Ruhr area
1539:(1973).
1235:Red Army
1157:en masse
1056:Duisburg
1048:Dortmund
1034:and the
978:, a few
839:en masse
722:American
675:Dortmund
653:WĂĽrzburg
384:9th Army
346:1st Army
133:victory
76:Location
1498:(ed.).
1192:Gestapo
883:Remagen
872:General
860:Germany
769:Remagen
727:British
705:Hamburg
690:Lippach
632:TF Baum
605:Cologne
600:Remagen
585:Archway
578:Varsity
564:Plunder
550:Grenade
478:327,000
277:†
195:Germany
98:51°28′N
89:Germany
37:of the
33:in the
1587:
1568:
1553:963582
1551:
1525:
1506:
1455:
1138:under
1087:Siegen
935:Battle
856:Allies
850:After
815:pocket
744:was a
669:Howard
658:Kassel
613:Gisela
460:10,000
309:
292:
273:
192:
131:Allied
126:Result
101:7°33′E
1060:Essen
1046:near
929:Wesel
852:D-Day
474:Total
456:Total
1585:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1549:OCLC
1523:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1109:and
1077:and
1068:Hamm
1066:and
1058:and
1042:and
1040:75th
927:and
925:Rees
811:Elbe
740:The
643:Ruhr
66:Date
1130:at
767:at
1605::
1547:.
1467:^
1413:^
1398:^
1383:^
1356:^
1305:^
1254:^
1219:c.
1159:.
1107:IX
980:SS
931:.
87:,
83:,
1593:.
1574:.
1555:.
1531:.
1512:.
1461:.
904:(
889:(
870:(
795:(
783:(
507:e
500:t
493:v
476::
458::
182:)
178:(
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