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282:) to force their interlocutors (a courtroom defendant or patient) to talk or react in a certain way. Rudeness in everyday speech "is frequently instrumental, and is not merely pragmatic failure". Most rude speakers are attempting to accomplish one of two important instrumental functions: to vent negative feelings, or to get
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However, there is no universal rule about which terms are considered derogatory and which questions are inappropriate under what circumstances. A question or comment that is acceptable between family members might be resented from strangers, just like a question that is acceptable among young people
417:
writes that "A girl in the
Pacific islands wearing hardly any clothes and a Victorian lady completely covered in clothes might both be equally 'modest,' proper, or decent, according to the standards of their own societies"—but that in each culture, the idea of immodest, improper, and indecent dress
356:
a person or group of people, especially for any reason outside their immediate control, such as having a medical condition, being a particular gender, or being poor, is considered rude. Rude speech also includes derogatory terms describing an individual person and asking inappropriate questions or
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in public could be recognized. Instead, polite behaviour demanded that the masked person be treated as a completely unknown person and that no one ever attribute the masked person's actions to the individual who performed them. By contrast, in the modern era, greeting a friend by name while he is
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for favors or gifts by way of communicating either a sense of selfish entitlement or a disregard for the efforts of the giver. Sometimes people will leave very short gaps when speaking that may allow another person to begin speaking on a subject, however that can vary, and sometimes two or more
81:
Rudeness, "constituted by deviation from whatever counts as politic in a given social context, is inherently confrontational and disruptive to social equilibrium". Forms of rudeness include behaving in ways that are inconsiderate, insensitive, deliberately offensive,
384:
people speaking at the same time can be considered rude. Which acts and communications require a response from which persons, under which circumstances, and what kind of response is required, depends on the culture and the social situation of the people concerned.
437:, and complete silence is expected at other times, such as during religious ceremonies or performances of classical music. This includes speaking over a presentation or film with no consideration for the other viewers. Similarly, poor
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interpreted rudeness as a defective mode of communication. However, most rudeness serves functional or instrumental purposes in communication, and skillfully choosing when and how to be rude may indicate a person's pragmatic competence.
374:
that indicates disrespect for the other person. An impolite tone may amplify obviously rude remarks or contradict nominally polite words. A rude person may interrupt a speaker to indicate that the first speaker is unimportant.
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for an occasion, whether by dressing too informally, too formally, immodestly, or otherwise inappropriately (e.g., a young woman in public without a veil in Iran; a young woman in public with a veil in France).
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signals that the person cutting in the line believes themselves to be more important than the people their action delays. Barging into someone else's space without permission, whether that be a violation of
378:
Failing to speak can also be rude: a rude person might pointedly ignore a legitimate and polite greeting or question to communicate disregard for the other person, or might fail to express appropriate
433:
are expected to feature loud music, but a conversation at a normal level, either by telephone or in person, might be rude in an environment where a reasonable degree of silence is expected, such as a
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An example of grafitti where a sign has been edited to spell the word "fart". Grafitti and farting are widely considered to be rude, but this rudeness is often seen as having comic potential.
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may all affect the appropriateness of a given behaviour. Consequently, a behaviour that is considered perfectly acceptable by one group of people may be considered clearly rude by another.
472:, if this results in ignoring someone or otherwise indicating that the present company is less interesting or important than the people elsewhere or the text messages they send. Similarly,
312:
In every culture, it is possible to act rudely, although what constitutes rude behaviour varies. The following are examples of behaviour that many
Western societies would consider
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What constitutes rude speech depends on the culture, the setting, and the speaker's social position in the culture. In every culture, some words or statements are considered
114:
74:. To be unwilling to align one's behavior with these norms known to the general population of what is socially acceptable is to be rude. These norms may resemble a sort of "
160:
The moral basis for opposing rudeness is that people ought to give some consideration to other people's feelings, and thus avoid causing them needless or undue distress.
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of the disrespected person; in others, the rudeness is only temporary and may be unintentional. For example, it can be rude to use electronic devices, such as
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Additionally, sometimes a rude behavior is chosen to communicate disapproval or disrespect. While it is generally rude to refuse to greet someone, refusing to
1672:
732:
Beebe, L. M. (1995). "Polite fictions: Instrumental rudeness as pragmatic competence". In Alatis, J. E.; Straehle, C. A.; Gallenberger, B.; Ronkin, M. (eds.).
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Mere
Christianity: a revised and amplified edition, with a new introduction, of the three books, Broadcast talks, Christian behaviour, and Beyond personality
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Other rude behaviours have the effect of communicating disrespect for other people. In extreme cases, this can rise to complete and deliberate
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or playing loud music. An acceptable level of sound depends on the context: yelling might be the only way to be heard at a noisy
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Rude ways of speaking include inappropriately discouraging a person's participation in a conversation with rude phrases, such as
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157:, rather than the person's health or property. Rude behaviour is a violation of human dignity or of the respect due to others.
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expected within a relationship, social group, or culture. Social norms are established as the essential guidelines of normally
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Politeness in
Parliamentary Discourse: A Comparative Pragmatic Study of British and Moroccan MPs' Speech Acts at Question Time
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113:(i.e., different people may have different views) and contextual (i.e., it depends on the setting). Some actions, such as
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deal with whether a thing is morally good or bad, but at different levels. Unlike morality, which, for example, condemns
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Georgetown
University round table on language teachers: Ethnolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic aspects
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The specific actions that are considered polite or rude vary dramatically by place, time, and context. Differences in
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Miss
Manners rescues civilization: from sexual harassment, frivolous lawsuits, dissing, and other lapses in civility
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can create a context where rudeness is temporarily excused or indulged for the purpose of making people laugh.
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wearing a mask, or talking to them later about their costume or activities, is not generally regarded as rude.
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Many behaviours can be rude. These often depend upon the context, including time, place, and culture.
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or a breach of etiquette, though views may vary by culture, setting, or individual circumstances:
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A "V sign" with the fingers can mean "peace" in some situations and "up yours" in others.
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Sometimes, people deliberately employ rude behaviours to achieve a goal. Early works in
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Lakoff, Robin (1989). "The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse".
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as a violation of a person, manners primarily concerns itself with violations of human
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The
Virtues of Our Vices: A Modest Defense of Gossip, Rudeness, and Other Bad Habits
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Cultural differences also appear over time. In the mid-20th century, the meaning of
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as a mechanism to promote verbal abuse resilience and maturity among young people.
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Kasper, Gabriele (April 1990). "Linguistic politeness: Current research issues".
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to meet their own needs and desires within smaller settings, such as
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Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black
English vernacular
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765:(1975). "Logic and conversation". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. (eds.).
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It is considered rude to take up more than one parking space in a
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behavior within a given context, and individuals often establish
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391:. For example, some black communities in the United States use
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Thomas, Jenny A. (1983). "Cross-cultural pragmatic failure".
908:(Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis). Rabat, Morocco: Mohammed V University.
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existed, and that violating the culture's standard was rude.
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94:. In some cases, an act of rudeness can go so far as to be a
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Rude behaviours often disturb other people, such as making
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Westacott, E (2006). "The Rights and Wrongs of
Rudeness".
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1997:
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You just don't understand: Men and women in conversation
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121:, wearing headphones, or addressing elders by their
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932:Conversational style: Analyzing talk among friends
807:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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1468:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
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238:, it was rude to indicate that a man wearing a
620:. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–21.
2013:
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26:"Impolite" redirects here. For the film, see
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744:Politeness: Some universals in language use
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19:"Rude" redirects here. For other uses, see
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274:Robin Lakoff addressed what she named
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109:The concept of rudeness is somewhat
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293:with a traitor may be justifiable.
197:In other places, shoes may be worn.
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499:people with the threat of violence
352:, etc.). In most modern cultures,
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1927:Machiavellianism in the workplace
767:Syntax and semantics: Speech acts
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741:Brown, P.; Levinson, S. (1987).
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1880:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality
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614:Westacott, Emrys (2013-11-24).
889:. New York: Crown Publishers.
747:. Cambridge University Press.
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2045:Adverse childhood experiences
1922:List of LGBT-related suicides
1823:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
1137:Parental bullying of children
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1967:Social dominance orientation
1952:Psychopathy in the workplace
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2329:Psychological projection
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1972:Suicide among LGBT youth
957:. New York: Ballantine.
868:. : HarperSanFrancisco.
488:Other examples include:
332:(such as using the word
170:Intercultural competence
129:Relationship to morality
2395:Harassment and bullying
1267:Character assassination
883:Martin, Judith (1996).
1657:Think Before You Speak
1551:James O'Higgins Norman
1483:It Gets Better Project
1194:Information technology
445:nearby people, as can
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2299:Just-world hypothesis
2050:Anti-social behaviour
1942:Personality disorders
1917:Just-world hypothesis
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988:10.1093/applin/4.2.91
776:Journal of Pragmatics
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268:linguistic pragmatism
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102:). In many cultures,
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21:Rude (disambiguation)
16:Display of disrespect
2334:Psychological trauma
1682:William Arthur Gibbs
1566:Christina Salmivalli
1516:Anna Costanza Baldry
1463:Bystander Revolution
1448:Act Against Bullying
1427:Workplace incivility
1352:Moving the goalposts
1179:Workplace harassment
1107:Displaced aggression
1027:10.5840/ijap20062013
557:Workplace incivility
164:Cultural differences
98:(e.g., the crime of
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2171:Psychological abuse
2146:Institutional abuse
1937:Personal boundaries
1912:Emotional blackmail
1592:Louise Burfitt-Dons
1531:David P. Farrington
1377:Psychological abuse
1102:Disability bullying
1092:Abusive supervision
975:Applied Linguistics
953:Tannen, D. (1990).
930:Tannen, D. (1984).
904:Moumni, H. (2005).
562:Worldwide etiquette
410:dress appropriately
68:personal boundaries
2324:Playing the victim
2216:Surveillance abuse
2166:Professional abuse
2087:Cruelty to animals
1947:Playing the victim
1875:Matti Juhani Saari
1867:Jokela High School
1862:Pekka-Eric Auvinen
1706:Nicola Ann Raphael
1637:Anti-Bullying Week
1412:Social undermining
1184:Workplace bullying
1142:Peer victimization
803:Labov, W. (1972).
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90:, or that violate
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1127:Military bullying
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754:978-0-521-31355-1
627:978-0-691-16221-8
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342:, using the word
328:or inappropriate
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1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:Physical abuse
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:Cancel culture
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1176:
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1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
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1086:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1010:
969:
963:
950:
944:
927:
910:
901:
895:
880:
874:
856:
819:
813:
800:
771:
759:
753:
738:
727:
724:
721:
720:
708:
706:, p. 159.
696:
694:, p. 154.
684:
672:
660:
656:Palleschi 2005
648:
646:, p. 123.
633:
626:
591:
589:, p. 208.
578:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
511:
506:
500:
479:personal space
402:
399:
321:
318:
298:
295:
280:attack therapy
255:
252:
196:
189:
188:
184:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:Main article:
165:
162:
130:
127:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2407:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Victimisation
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
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2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2277:
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2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Victimisation
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:Elliot Rodger
1886:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1854:Virginia Tech
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:Seung-Hui Cho
1847:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
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1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:Leelah Alcorn
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
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1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:Phoebe Prince
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:Ryan Halligan
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:Kelly Yeomans
1686:
1683:
1680:
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1635:
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1623:
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1610:
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1605:
1603:
1602:SuEllen Fried
1600:
1598:
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1584:
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1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Heinz Leymann
1539:
1537:
1536:Shelley Hymel
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:GRIN Campaign
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:Organizations
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
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1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Embarrassment
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
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1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Legal aspects
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
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1160:
1158:
1155:
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1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:LGBT bullying
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Cyberbullying
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
982:(2): 91–112.
981:
977:
976:
970:
966:
960:
956:
951:
947:
945:0-19-522181-8
941:
937:
933:
928:
916:
911:
907:
902:
898:
896:0-517-70164-2
892:
888:
887:
881:
877:
875:0-06-065292-6
871:
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
816:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
750:
746:
745:
739:
735:
730:
729:
718:, p. 94.
717:
712:
705:
700:
693:
688:
681:
676:
669:
664:
657:
652:
645:
640:
638:
629:
623:
619:
618:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
588:
583:
579:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
480:
475:
471:
470:mobile phones
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:table manners
436:
432:
431:rock concerts
428:
424:
419:
416:
411:
406:
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
382:
376:
373:
372:tone of voice
369:
368:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
317:
315:
307:
303:
294:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
269:
260:
251:
249:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
193:
181:
171:
161:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
135:
126:
124:
120:
116:
115:wearing shoes
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:(also called
49:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2314:Minimisation
2309:Manipulation
2289:Exaggeration
2225:
2221:Verbal abuse
2201:Sexual abuse
2181:Social abuse
2151:Intimidation
1957:Scapegoating
1748:Jamie Hubley
1694:Hamed Nastoh
1607:Liam Hackett
1587:Andrea Adams
1561:Debra Pepler
1432:Verbal abuse
1381:
1362:Name calling
1332:Intimidation
1292:Discrediting
1252:Blacklisting
1224:Toxic leader
1039:
1018:
1014:
979:
973:
954:
931:
919:. Retrieved
917:(in Italian)
905:
885:
864:
860:Lewis, C. S.
827:
823:
804:
779:
775:
766:
763:Grice, H. P.
743:
733:
726:Bibliography
711:
699:
687:
675:
668:Wickman 2013
663:
651:
616:
582:
552:Miss Manners
497:intimidating
487:
463:
420:
407:
404:
392:
386:
377:
363:
359:
343:
333:
330:ethnic slurs
323:
313:
311:
288:
275:
273:
265:
245:
226:
214:social class
203:
159:
140:
108:
80:
76:unspoken law
56:social norms
51:
47:
46:
32:
2364:Victimology
2339:Psychopathy
2161:Persecution
2136:Humiliation
2126:Gaslighting
2109:Elder abuse
2060:Child abuse
1987:Victimology
1962:Self-esteem
1816:(incidents)
1766:Amanda Todd
1760:Audrie Pott
1718:Megan Meier
1521:Wendy Craig
1458:Bullying UK
1322:Humiliation
1307:Gaslighting
1021:(1): 1–22.
997:11059/14627
824:Multilingua
782:: 193–218.
680:Lakoff 1989
644:Martin 1996
587:Kasper 1990
567:Eye-rolling
415:C. S. Lewis
370:or using a
326:hate speech
291:shake hands
248:eye rolling
233:Renaissance
206:social role
100:hate speech
72:friendships
41:parking lot
2379:Categories
2319:Narcissism
2141:Incivility
2131:Harassment
1893:Isla Vista
1836:Jeff Weise
1796:Conrad Roy
1772:Jadin Bell
1556:Dan Olweus
1546:Gary Namie
1347:Mind games
1327:Incivility
1317:Harassment
1282:Defamation
716:Lewis 2001
704:Beebe 1995
692:Beebe 1995
574:References
537:Incivility
532:Emily Post
527:Dysphemism
401:Behaviours
394:The Dozens
123:first name
111:subjective
52:effrontery
2390:Etiquette
2294:Isolation
2114:Financial
1828:Columbine
1597:Tim Field
1580:Activists
1509:Academics
1453:Ban Bossy
1392:Screaming
1337:Isolation
1006:0142-6001
921:6 January
852:144630209
844:0167-8507
796:0378-2166
505:to people
354:insulting
60:etiquette
2206:Stalking
2119:Marriage
2080:marriage
2075:military
2055:Bullying
1841:Red Lake
1668:suicides
1666:Notable
1488:Kidscape
1422:Taunting
1417:Swatting
1382:Rudeness
1272:Coercion
1247:Betrayal
1240:Elements
1219:Teaching
1209:Medicine
1189:Academia
1078:Bullying
862:(2001).
542:Innuendo
520:See also
509:Snobbery
493:Bullying
459:sneezing
451:coughing
297:Examples
229:medieval
218:religion
147:morality
117:, using
84:impolite
64:accepted
48:Rudeness
2227:more...
2156:Neglect
2065:neglect
1625:Actions
1502:Experts
1387:Sarcasm
1357:Nagging
1214:Nursing
1132:Mobbing
455:farting
447:yawning
443:disgust
435:library
367:shut up
254:Utility
155:dignity
143:manners
88:obscene
2274:Denial
2070:sexual
1895:, 2014
1882:, 2008
1869:, 2007
1856:, 2007
1843:, 2005
1830:, 1999
1804:(2016)
1798:(2014)
1792:(2014)
1786:(2013)
1780:(2013)
1774:(2013)
1768:(2012)
1762:(2012)
1756:(2012)
1750:(2011)
1744:(2011)
1738:(2010)
1732:(2010)
1726:(2008)
1720:(2006)
1714:(2003)
1708:(2001)
1702:(2000)
1696:(2000)
1690:(1997)
1684:(1877)
1312:Gossip
1122:Hazing
1112:Doxing
1004:
961:
942:
893:
872:
850:
842:
811:
794:
751:
624:
429:, and
381:thanks
340:German
320:Speech
236:Europe
220:, and
210:gender
151:murder
104:joking
92:taboos
2385:Abuse
2304:Lying
2037:Types
2029:Abuse
1397:Shame
1085:Types
1040:Slate
848:S2CID
503:Lying
423:noise
348:to a
338:to a
284:power
141:Both
96:crime
1673:List
1152:Rank
1002:ISSN
959:ISBN
940:ISBN
923:2009
891:ISBN
870:ISBN
840:ISSN
809:ISBN
792:ISSN
749:ISBN
622:ISBN
314:rude
240:mask
231:and
145:and
1023:doi
992:hdl
984:doi
832:doi
784:doi
495:or
481:or
457:or
345:Jap
335:Hun
58:or
2381::
1038:.
1019:20
1017:.
1000:.
990:.
978:.
938:.
846:.
838:.
826:.
790:.
780:14
778:.
636:^
594:^
453:,
449:,
286:.
216:,
212:,
208:,
86:,
2021:e
2014:t
2007:v
1675:)
1671:(
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
1042:.
1029:.
1025::
1008:.
994::
986::
980:4
967:.
948:.
925:.
899:.
878:.
854:.
834::
828:8
817:.
798:.
786::
757:.
682:.
670:.
658:.
630:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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