647:
802:
926:
Below are a few examples of ruby markup. The markup is shown first, and the rendered markup is shown next, followed by the unmarked version. Web browsers either render it with the correct size and positioning as shown in the table-based examples above, or use the fallback rendering with the ruby
499:
and at times utilized as ruby characters in various manuscripts. This system does have its shortcomings, mainly that it has no way of indicating tones. With the spread of pinyin, the usage of this system has been in decline in the past decades. Most manuscripts that do mark the characters with
745:", from the name of the phonetic system employed for this purpose there. It is virtually always used vertically, because publications are normally in a vertical format, and zhuyin is not as easy to read when presented horizontally. Where zhuyin is not used, other Chinese phonetic systems like
737:) that indicates a pause before the consonant it precedes, are normally written at about half the size of normal characters. When written as ruby, such characters are usually the same size as other ruby characters. Advancements in technology now allow certain characters to render accurately.
488:
is mainly used. Typically, unlike the example shown above, zhuyin is used with a vertical traditional writing and zhuyin is written on the right side of the characters. In mainland China, horizontal script is used and ruby characters (pinyin) are written above the
Chinese characters.
783:
are visually similar to ruby, appearing above or below the main text in smaller type. However, this is a distinct practice used for helping students of a foreign language by giving glosses for the words in a text, as opposed to the pronunciation of lesser-known characters.
740:
In
Chinese, the practice of providing phonetic cues via ruby is rare, but does occur systematically in grade-school level text books or dictionaries. The Chinese have no special name for this practice, as it is not as widespread as in Japan. In Taiwan, it is known as
1600:
Few applications implement these characters. Unicode
Technical Report #20 clarifies that these characters are not intended to be exposed to users of markup languages and software applications. It suggests that ruby markup be used instead, where appropriate.
1779:
also provided a mechanism for ruby text for use by text terminals, although few terminals and terminal emulators implement it. The PARALLEL TEXTS (PTX) escape code accepted six parameter values giving the following escape sequences for marking ruby text:
705:
Also, ruby may be used to show the meaning, rather than pronunciation, of a possibly-unfamiliar (usually foreign) or slang word. This is generally used with spoken dialogue and applies only to
Japanese publications. The most common form of ruby is called
500:
Xiao'erjing, do so from right-to-left, which is quite unique, compared to other systems. This is because usually such manuscripts include Arabic texts such as the Quran, and the
Chinese writing is the explanation or translation.
911:
Ruby markup is structured such that a fallback rendering, consisting of the ruby characters in parentheses immediately after the main text, appears if the browser does not support ruby.
341:
are also occasionally used. Alternatively, sometimes foreign words (usually
English) are printed with furigana to provide the meaning, and vice versa. Textbooks sometimes render
1492:
Note that
Chinese ruby text would normally be displayed in vertical columns to the right of each character. This approach is not typically supported in browsers at present.
1834:
834:, which printers used for interlinear annotations in printed documents. In Japanese, rather than referring to a font size, the word became the name for typeset
585:
Romaja is normally used in foreign textbooks until Hangul is introduced. Ruby characters can be quite common on signs in certain parts of South Korea.
698:
because the intended readers of the text are still learning the language and are not expected to always know the pronunciation or meaning of a term;
1545:
Complex ruby markup makes it possible to associate more than one ruby text with a base text, or parts of ruby text with parts of base text.
1752:
168:, such annotations are most commonly used as pronunciation guides for characters that are likely to be unfamiliar to the reader.
2088:
1962:
692:
because the character is rare and the pronunciation unknown to many—personal name characters often fall into this category;
676:
during the French colonial period when it was made a part of compulsory education (1920s onwards). Currently still used by
2034:
918:
level 2, which additionally allows the grouping of ruby and automatic omission of furigana matching their annotated part.
55:
2117:
1469:
By default, the code above will come to the effect below. To achieve this effect, you may need further CSS styling.
2112:
695:
because the character has more than one pronunciation, and the context is insufficient to determine which to use;
2137:
99:
27:
This article is about Ruby characters in the East Asian cultural sphere. For the programming language, see
503:
Books with phonetic guides (especially pinyin) are popular with children and foreigners learning
Chinese.
1785:
28:
160:, and may still occasionally be seen in that context when reading archaic texts. Typically called just
115:
2038:
1914:
883:
17:
1755:(code points that are guaranteed never to be assigned as encoded characters in the Unicode Standard)
2122:
2107:
1611:
1554:
771:
81:
2014:
1563:
342:
51:
45:
1946:
915:
2074:
1848:
901:
with ruby markup. Ruby markup is incorporated into the XHTML 1.1 specification and in HTML5.
32:
904:
For browsers that do not support Ruby natively, Ruby support is most easily added by using
346:
1903:
Marcin
Sawicki; Michel Suignard; Masayasu Ishikawa; Martin Dürst; Tex Texin (2001-05-31).
1902:
8:
2127:
780:
714:
and is found in
Japanese instructional books, newspapers, comics and books for children.
672:
663:
610:
146:
646:
2042:
1909:
1772:
878:
831:
122:
107:
2084:
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826:
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128:
119:
71:
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1966:
1959:
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873:
807:
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because the author is using a nonstandard pronunciation for a character or a term
137:
89:
2046:
1604:
The interlinear annotation characters are part of the "Specials" Unicode block:
1844:
1616:
897:
In 2001, the W3C published the Ruby Annotation specification for supplementing
492:
377:
363:
1794:
since 0 is used as the default value for this control) – end of parallel texts
763:
755:
156:
150:
2132:
2101:
1872:
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1589:(hex)—Interlinear annotation separator—marks start of annotating character(s)
1768:
843:
667:
457:
443:
145:, to show the logographs' pronunciation; these were formerly also used for
838:. When transliterated back into English, some texts rendered the word as
1579:
1861:
diacritical marks that provide phonetic assistance for reading texts in
650:
Chữ Hán characters are glossed with chữ Nôm and the Vietnamese alphabet.
1835:
Knowledge:Manual of Style/China-related articles § Ruby characters
677:
496:
213:
2070:
2001:
1982:
1812:– beginning of a string of supplementary Japanese phonetic annotation
1818:– beginning of a string of supplementary Chinese phonetic annotation
1838:
1596:(hex)—Interlinear annotation terminator—marks end of annotated text
801:
742:
474:
372:
331:
203:
198:
178:
111:
472:
In Taiwan, the main syllabary used for Chinese ruby characters is
1854:
1559:
866:). However, the spelling "ruby" has become more common since the
353:
1868:
1707:
817:
746:
718:
527:
522:
484:
382:
337:
208:
1702:
1880:
1875:
vowel pointings that provide phonetic assistance for reading
1582:)—Interlinear annotation anchor—marks start of annotated text
898:
813:
595:
507:
183:
141:
132:
1904:
1697:
1712:
2032:
905:
867:
1731:
1824:– end of a string of supplementary phonetic annotations
176:
Here is an example of Japanese ruby characters (called
1806:– beginning of a string of supplementary parallel text
914:
The W3C is also working on a specific ruby module for
830:
was originally the name for type with a height of 5.5
588:
Here is an example of the Vietnamese ruby characters (
506:
Here is an example of the Korean ruby characters for
820:
for ruby to the lower-right of the hanja characters.
1953:
1927:
1715:
1495:This is a table-based example of vertical columns:
2022:. Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. September 2022.
1800:– beginning of a string of principal parallel text
787:Ruby annotation can also be used in handwriting.
752:In academic settings, Vietnamese text written in
110:that are usually placed above or to the right of
2099:
769:
761:
753:
599:
589:
853:
847:
732:
722:
654:Chinese characters and its derivations of it (
320:
187:
75:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1501:
881:", a term in use since 1831 according to the
717:In Japanese, certain characters, such as the
357:
1851:, which can be implemented similarly to ruby
1743:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
877:. In the US, the font size had been called "
511:
93:
2035:"Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages"
1995:
1983:"CSS Ruby Annotation Layout Module Level 1"
1977:
1975:
2033:Martin Dürst; Asmus Freytag (2007-05-16).
1898:
1896:
352:Here is an example of ruby characters for
2026:
2013:"23.8 Specials: Annotation Characters".
1972:
1747:
800:
688:Ruby may be used for different reasons:
645:
38:Small characters that show pronunciation
1893:
1739:
495:is a Perso-Arabic alphabet, adopted by
56:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
2100:
1617:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
1540:
2069:
1933:
1720:
1718:
908:rules that are available on the web.
666:have fallen out of use in favour of
862:), the expected transliteration of
24:
2063:
2016:The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0
921:
25:
2149:
1883:represents only the consonants.)
1562:and its companion standard, the
362:") in Zhuyin (a.k.a. Bopomofo),
870:published a recommendation for
114:characters of languages in the
2006:
1939:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
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1681:
1679:
1522:
1502:
1392:
890:
358:
13:
1:
1969:—Works in all modern browsers
1887:
1529:
1509:
1482:
7:
2076:CJKV Information Processing
1947:"W3C Ruby Markup Reference"
1828:
927:characters in parentheses:
458:
444:
321:
171:
29:Ruby (programming language)
10:
2154:
2079:. Sebastopol, California:
1735:As of Unicode version 16.0
1724:
1609:
1552:
1548:
794:
790:
116:East Asian cultural sphere
26:
2093:– via Google Books.
1915:World Wide Web Consortium
1566:, support ruby via these
1476:
1441:
1424:
1372:
1368:
942:
934:
884:Oxford English Dictionary
854:
848:
776:ruby for modern readers.
733:
723:
600:
512:
188:
94:
76:
1555:Specials (Unicode block)
1153:
1025:
946:
662:) which was used by the
106:) are small, annotative
2118:Japanese writing system
1775:-48) which defines the
1763:
1564:Universal Character Set
1485:
1479:
824:In British typography,
683:
618:
557:
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2113:Sino-Tibetan languages
1568:interlinear annotation
821:
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44:This article contains
31:. For other uses, see
2138:East Asian typography
1751:Black areas indicate
846:of the Japanese word
804:
649:
482:); in mainland China
325:are written with the
33:Ruby (disambiguation)
768:may be glossed with
2002:Complex ruby markup
1541:Complex ruby markup
781:interlinear glosses
2043:Unicode Consortium
1965:2007-02-28 at the
1910:W3C Recommendation
1871: – vocalised
1857: – vocalised
822:
652:
345:with katakana and
46:special characters
2090:978-0-596-51447-1
1905:"Ruby Annotation"
1777:ANSI escape codes
1761:
1760:
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797:Ruby (typography)
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52:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
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2045:. Archived from
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2010:
2004:
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1960:CSS Ruby Support
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2123:Phonetic guides
2108:Ruby characters
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2097:
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2064:Further reading
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2052:
2050:
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2027:
2019:
2012:
2011:
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1967:Wayback Machine
1958:
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1879:. (The Hebrew
1845:Emphasis points
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1771:(also known as
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922:Markup examples
893:
808:Hunmin Jeongeum
799:
793:
686:
619:
558:
534:
478:(also known as
437:
413:
389:
349:with hiragana.
329:syllabary, but
292:
268:
244:
220:
174:
68:rubi characters
64:Ruby characters
61:
60:
59:
50:Without proper
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2141:
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2081:O'Reilly Media
2065:
2062:
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2025:
2005:
1994:
1971:
1952:
1938:
1936:, p. 529.
1926:
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1553:Main article:
1550:
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1506:
1488:
1487:
1484:
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1026:
1023:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
923:
920:
892:
889:
792:
789:
749:are employed.
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
685:
682:
670:-based script
642:
641:
639:
636:
633:
629:
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623:
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581:
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423:
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411:
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406:
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396:
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386:
385:
380:
375:
366:, and Pinyin.
315:
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9:
6:
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2:
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2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
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2109:
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2105:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2049:on 2005-02-19
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Hebrew script
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:Arabic script
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
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1820:
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1808:
1802:
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1753:noncharacters
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1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1483:北(ㄅㄟˇ)京(ㄐㄧㄥ)
1475:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1457:
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