876:
26:
976:
933:, especially Japanese furigana. Among formatting features are different rules for aligning the kana over or to the right of the base text, usually either when the base text string is longer than the furigana string or vice versa. Extra spaces may be needed depending on the size of the shorter string (either the ruby string or the base string) relatively to the longer one.
1550:"Earth". A similar technique is used in Japanese subtitles on foreign films to associate the written Japanese with the sounds actually being spoken by the actors, or in a translation of a work of fiction to preserve the original sound of a proper name in furigana while indicating its meaning with kanji. For example, "Firebolt" in the
1405:, and furigana is used to indicate the pronunciation. According to Ministry of Education guidelines, and the opinions of educators, the use of Japanese furigana should be avoided in English teaching due to the differences in pronunciation between English and Japanese. For instance, the word "birthdate" might be glossed in furigana as
955:): Spaces are added at the start of and the end of the shorter string, and in between its component characters, so that the spaces in between are twice as wide or tall as the spaces at the start and at the end. Space width or height is calculated based on the width or height of the square bounding box of a glyph (Japanese
631:
Furigana may be added by character, in which case the furigana character(s) that correspond to a kanji are centered over that kanji; or by word or phrase, in which case the entire furigana text is centered over several kanji characters, even if the kanji do not represent equal shares of the kana
797:
Chinese place names, personal names, and (occasionally) food names—these will often be written with kanji, and katakana used for the furigana; in more casual writing these are simply written in katakana, as borrowed words. Occasionally this style is also used for loanwords from other languages
1385:
Furigana may also be used for foreign names written in kanji. Chinese and Korean names are the most common examples: Chinese names are usually pronounced with
Japanese readings and the pronunciation written in hiragana, while Korean names are usually pronounced with Korean readings and the
1322:
ignores furigana most of the time, even on the names of the characters if they're common names, although some publishers may still routinely use furigana for the first mentions of important characters' names in a volume or chapter. There are also books with a phonetic guide (mainly in
1631:
Some writers use furigana to represent slang pronunciations, particularly those that would be difficult to understand without the kanji to provide their meaning. Others use it simply to shrink kana spellings that are too long, thanks to the small type of furigana. For example,
979:
Furigana indicates the pronunciation above the kanji for the names of three stations on the Seibu
Railway, 東伏見 (Higashi-Fushimi Station), 武蔵関 ( Musashi-Seki Station) and 西武柳沢 (Seibu-Yagisawa Station). The sign also includes romaji below the kanji for each
1359:
Furigana commonly appear alongside kanji names and their romanizations on signs for railway stations, even if the pronunciation of the kanji is commonly known. Furigana also appear often on maps to show the pronunciation of unusual place names.
1473:) rather than its true reading, to convey the meaning of "nightmarish truth". Some authors may even use furigana that means the opposite of what the base text does to reinforce the complicated relationship between characters. For example,
1684:
Okurigana are kana that appear inline at normal size following kanji stems, typically to complete and to inflect adjectives and verbs. In this use they may also help to disambiguate kanji with multiple readings; for example,
1423:
Furigana unrelated to the kanji they are assigned to are often used to convey certain effects, rather than to denote a phonetic guide, especially in manga, anime, video games, and tabletop games. This usage is known as
413:
in
Japanese. In modern Japanese, it is usually used to gloss rare kanji, to clarify rare, nonstandard or ambiguous kanji readings, or in children's or learners' materials. Before the post-World War II
1665:
it is common for furigana to be placed on the song lyrics. The song lyrics are often written in kanji pronounced quite differently from the furigana. The furigana version is used for pronunciation.
1331:) for Japanese learners, which may be bilingual or Japanese only. These are popular with foreigners wishing to master Japanese faster and enjoy reading Japanese short stories, novels or articles.
1221:), depending on the style of the publisher in question; or characters for numerals greater than 1,000 (千), such as 万 (10,000), 億 (100,000,000), etc. Numeric words in established compounds (e.g.
992:, in books for very young children, there are hiragana－furigana next to the katakana characters. It is common to use furigana on all kanji characters in works for young children. This is called
1382:, furigana are often used to give the readings of names. On Japanese official forms, where the name is to be written, there is always an adjacent column for the name to be written in furigana.
671:)—the furigana may instead spill over into the space next to the neighboring kana characters, without condensing or changing spacing. Three-kana readings are not uncommon, particularly due to
984:
Furigana are most commonly used in works for children, who may not have sufficiently advanced reading skills to recognize the kanji, but can understand the word when written phonetically in
814:, to show the pronunciation of the loanword "unicorn", which is unrelated to the normal reading of the kanji. Generally, though, such loanwords are just written in straight katakana.
641:
Furigana fonts are generally sized so that two kana characters fit naturally over one kanji; when more kana are required, this is resolved either by adjusting the furigana by using a
1588:
Some manga combine the rendition of a foreign word (especially an obscure one) in furigana as the intended reading of a term, with more familiar kanji as the meaning. For example,
1757:
Furigana are sometimes also used to indicate meaning, rather than pronunciation. Over the foreign text, smaller-sized
Japanese words, in kana or kanji, corresponding to the
1397:
Furigana are also often used in foreign-language textbooks for
Japanese learners to indicate pronunciation. The words are written in the original foreign script, such as
1352:
In works aimed at adult
Japanese speakers, furigana may be used on a word written in uncommon kanji; in the mass media, they are generally used on words containing non-
732:(loan word) reading; the word "centimeter" is generally written as "cm" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space) and has the seven-kana reading
440:
434:
2015:
3495:
1334:
Due to the small type used for furigana, for maximum readability, some manga publishers may use regular kana instead of small kana. For example, はっしん
789:. However, this distinction is really only important in dictionaries and other reference works. In ordinary prose, the script chosen will usually be
1973:
3346:
966:
0-1-0: Equal spaces are added, similarly to the 1-2-1 rule, in between the component characters of the shorter string, but not its start or end.
758:). These cause severe spacing problems due to length and these words being used as units (hence closely associated with the preceding figure).
1761:
of the foreign words, effectively translate it in place. While rare now, some late 19th–early 20th century authors used kanji as furigana for
1610:
of the
English "station") to convey a foreign, exotic feel; This is sometimes done conversely, for example, by annotating an exotic term like
2072:
3542:
1634:
2289:
2143:"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Chapter Titles in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian (Chapter 11: The Firebolt)"
3341:
311:
3577:
2968:
2125:[Lesson 193: "Prison Break Season 2"? They've Already Broken Out of Prison, Why Is It Still Called "Prison Break"?].
1942:
863:
printing when smaller fonts were not available. Nowadays, with computer-based printing systems, this occurs less frequently.
632:
needed to write them. The latter method is more common, especially since some words in
Japanese have unique pronunciations (
1304:). Shōnen and shōjo manga tend to have furigana for all non-numeric characters, while some manga (such as early volumes of
163:
2963:
963:). The strings are still, in essence, aligned to the center of each other, rather than to the left/top or right/bottom.
2042:
2447:
2848:
1394:
Kanji and kanji compounds are often presented with furigana in
Japanese-language textbooks for non-native speakers.
3592:
3554:
3273:
59:
3227:
3222:
2748:
2282:
1440:
It may be used to visually reinforce complex ideas without having to use long expressions. For example, the word
3597:
3396:
2011:
748:, though this is very rare); another common example is "%" (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading
304:
3237:
2953:
1528:
1484:
1289:
952:
1345:
Some websites and tools exist which provide a phonetic guide for
Japanese web pages (in hiragana, rōmaji or
3368:
3207:
2766:
2454:
3101:
3081:
2885:
2838:
1961:
1607:
1378:. Because there are many possible readings for kanji names, including special name-only readings called
3217:
2275:
830:
3091:
3502:
3480:
3268:
1969:
1346:
649:(adding spaces around the kanji). In case an isolated kanji character has a long reading—for example
297:
276:
241:
1791:
1526:) to mean "here (at this hospital)". Or in a work of science fiction, an astronaut may use the word
940:: No spaces are added in between the characters. The shorter string is aligned to the center (中付きルビ
331:
3587:
3537:
3475:
3465:
3429:
3327:
3278:
3202:
3177:
2786:
1621:
1612:
1569:
1121:"page 2"; etc.) are usually not tagged with furigana. Exceptions include a few cases such as 一人/１人
247:
226:
2843:
2921:
2064:
72:
33:
2938:
887:
646:
414:
3122:
1932:
3419:
3308:
2781:
2327:
2317:
1494:
Another use is to indicate the meanings of ambiguous or foreign words. For example, the word
937:
763:
3470:
3293:
3197:
3071:
2873:
2808:
2322:
773:
233:
170:
1000:
8:
3519:
3401:
3373:
3288:
2868:
1543:
1506:
1496:
1475:
1442:
778:
2813:
2264:: Tool that automatically adds hiragana above kanji characters in a given Japanese text.
175:
3549:
3490:
3411:
3298:
3232:
3117:
2830:
2572:
1363:
Before the war, youths might arguably have been almost illiterate if not for furigana.
262:
2818:
2654:
2603:
1717:). Unlike furigana, the use of okurigana is a mandatory part of the written language.
638:) that are not related to readings of any of the characters the word is written with.
3378:
3313:
3283:
3086:
2905:
2890:
2863:
2858:
2796:
2734:
2709:
2644:
2518:
2356:
2346:
2337:
2298:
1938:
1732:
1301:
407:
356:
349:
341:
25:
2562:
2361:
2142:
1741:
are sometimes added as reading aids. Unlike furigana, which indicate pronunciation,
92:
3507:
3485:
3263:
3059:
2900:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2675:
2528:
2464:
2420:
2191:
768:
283:
252:
208:
3028:
2623:
2567:
2405:
1749:, and also show how words should be reordered to fit Japanese sentence structure.
137:
3532:
3192:
3187:
3182:
2895:
2668:
2579:
2479:
2440:
2435:
2396:
2376:
2118:
1402:
1353:
960:
82:
67:
2661:
1813:
1452:
1349:); these are popular with both Japanese children and foreign Japanese learners.
400:
97:
77:
3527:
2878:
2853:
2776:
2756:
2729:
2680:
2632:
2596:
2550:
2494:
2489:
2469:
1835:
1590:
1535:"my hometown", when referring to planet Earth; to clarify that for the reader,
930:
922:
918:
907:
860:
642:
438:, the furigana is placed to the right of the line of text; in horizontal text,
376:
1434:
1297:
3582:
3571:
3318:
3064:
3043:
2761:
2613:
2557:
2425:
2415:
2391:
2381:
2371:
1371:
372:
3303:
3132:
2697:
2591:
2535:
2504:
2499:
2312:
2175:
2094:
1551:
926:
54:
2261:
726:. Very long readings also occur for certain kanji or symbols which have a
3358:
2586:
2167:
2102:
1319:
1129:"two people", which may be tagged with separate kana for each character (
911:
875:
3387:
3353:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3033:
2038:
1311:
826:
723:
122:
2199:
817:
The distinction between regular kana and the smaller character forms (
3167:
3096:
3076:
3018:
1830:
1679:
1314:), may also ignore furigana on elementary-grade kanji or easy words.
634:
203:
3038:
3023:
2267:
1328:
1293:
866:
150:
142:
3332:
3008:
3003:
2930:
2771:
2216:
1762:
1642:
1324:
1306:
989:
985:
956:
914:
834:
790:
786:
782:
728:
425:
421:
368:
129:
117:
3447:
1285:"sight; attention"), however, are generally tagged with furigana.
3424:
3363:
2980:
2126:
1662:
1504:, "here") may be annotated with a more specific description like
975:
825:), which are used in regular orthography to mark such things as
818:
673:
3442:
2975:
2943:
1840:
1737:
1727:
1398:
1379:
1315:
822:
429:
1821:"lyrics" for clarification rather than for phonetic guidance.
3437:
2985:
2948:
1375:
444:, it is placed above the line of text, as illustrated below.
364:
47:
804:(literally "one horn beast") might be glossed with katakana
761:
When it is necessary to distinguish between native Japanese
2995:
1784:
360:
110:
2123:第百九十三訓 『プリズンブレイク シーズン２』ってアレ もうプリズンをブレイクしてるからプリズンブレイクじゃなくね？
1745:
indicate Japanese grammatical structures absent from the
833:, is often not made in furigana: for example, the usual
2248:
The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese
363:(syllabic characters) printed either above or next to
1999:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 216.
1415:), which corresponds to an imperfect pronunciation.
645:(narrowing the kana), or by adjusting the kanji by
371:characters) or other characters to indicate their
867:Alignment rules in word processing or typesetting
3569:
2174:[Navigation 06: A First-Time Customer].
1930:
785:, and the on'yomi pronunciations are written in
1491:"rival", to mean "a rival who is also friend".
708:
693:
678:
424:, though in certain cases it may be written in
2250:, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Oct., 1998), pp. 80–83.
1864:
1811:
1789:
1771:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1686:
1668:
1598:
1577:
1536:
1450:
1425:
1406:
1254:
1222:
1205:
1188:
1159:
1130:
1113:
1054:
1045:
1011:
998:
859:. This was especially common in old-fashioned
854:
848:
838:
805:
799:
749:
743:
733:
715:
700:
685:
662:
656:
650:
618:
608:
602:
592:
586:
576:
575:, which is made up of three kanji characters:
553:
546:
539:
530:
523:
516:
496:
489:
478:
471:
462:
455:
432:or in other, simpler kanji. In vertical text,
398:
385:
329:
2283:
2009:
1187:), or non-separated kana for the whole word (
798:(especially English). For example, the kanji
781:, the kun'yomi pronunciations are written in
305:
1010:Numeric characters used for counting (e.g.
948:) or the right/bottom of the longer string.
2290:
2276:
2198:[Part 9: Horror! Folks of Class].
2036:
1937:. Stanford University Press. p. 190.
1934:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction
1924:
1765:written in katakana. This usage is called
312:
298:
2237:Mangajin's Basic Japanese Through Comics
2190:
1994:
1731:, which is the Japanese approximation of
988:. Because children learn hiragana before
2010:Lena Ginsburg; et al. (July 2005).
974:
2117:
2014:. Gifu Prefectural Board of Education.
1962:"Requirements for Japanese Text Layout"
1956:
1954:
1619:"kiss" with a more common synonym like
1300:use furigana (again however, rarely on
793:. The one general exception to this is
742:) (it can also be written as the kanji
3570:
2093:
1997:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
853:, but in furigana it might be written
722:, the longest of any character in the
2297:
2271:
2214:
2166:
1976:from the original on 14 November 2018
1576:"flame thunderbolt" and the furigana
1482:"close friend" may be annotated with
406:
348:
340:
1951:
1389:
870:
447:
2075:from the original on 28 August 2017
1386:pronunciation written in katakana.
13:
2239:New York: Weatherhill, 1998: 48–49
1449:"nightmare" may be annotated with
938:Centered, left/top or right/bottom
420:Furigana is most often written in
359:reading aid consisting of smaller
14:
3609:
2255:
2018:from the original on 29 June 2012
1597:"station" may be annotated with
1418:
929:, etc. have features for adding
874:
24:
2208:
2184:
2160:
2135:
2045:from the original on 8 May 2012
777:pronunciations, for example in
2111:
2087:
2057:
2030:
2003:
1988:
1905:, the word 人間 has no furigana.
1853:
1725:In the written style known as
1437:). The specific effects vary.
571:These examples spell the word
1:
3578:Japanese writing system terms
2215:TAGRO (23 July 2008). "#06".
1912:
1541:may be written over the word
1310:and other manga published by
692:; five kana are required for
626:
3434:Kanji pronunciation sources
3208:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1917:
1752:
1673:
379:. Furigana is also known as
7:
3543:Speculative fiction writers
3102:Transcription into Japanese
1824:
1810:"lyric" may be tagged with
1669:Other Japanese reading aids
709:
694:
679:
677:with a long vowel, such as
16:Japanese style of ruby text
10:
3614:
2461:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
2242:J Paul Warnick, Review of
2229:
1677:
417:, it was more widespread.
3518:
3458:
3410:
3252:
3110:
3052:
2994:
2929:
2920:
2829:
2804:
2795:
2747:
2720:
2643:
2517:
2345:
2336:
2305:
1970:World Wide Web Consortium
1931:Geoffrey Sampson (1990).
1891:
1879:
1867:
1865:
1812:
1792:
1790:
1772:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1611:
1599:
1589:
1578:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1495:
1483:
1474:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1426:
1407:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1236:
1224:
1223:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1144:
1132:
1131:
1114:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1027:
1014:
1012:
999:
855:
849:
839:
806:
800:
750:
744:
734:
716:
701:
686:
663:
657:
651:
619:
617:, written in hiragana as
609:
603:
601:, written in hiragana as
593:
587:
585:, written in hiragana as
577:
554:
547:
540:
531:
524:
517:
497:
490:
479:
472:
463:
456:
399:
386:
330:
3328:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2787:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
2195:
2171:
2122:
2101:[Dark Knight ].
2098:
2065:"Furigana - What Is It?"
2012:"Speaking/Pronunciation"
1995:Defrancis, John (1986).
1846:
1567:, composed of the kanji
1366:
970:
3593:Japanese writing system
3274:Godan and ichidan verbs
3092:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1374:are usually written in
1125:"one person" and 二人/２人
944:), the left/top (肩付きルビ
338:Japanese pronunciation:
1645:" may be shortened to
1435:Kanji#Special readings
981:
647:intercharacter spacing
430:Roman alphabet letters
3598:East Asian typography
3379:Court lady language (
2849:Southern Amami Ōshima
2782:Yilan Creole Japanese
1735:, small marks called
1338:may be spelled はつしん *
978:
837:spelling of the word
244: / ISO 3602
3198:Small Kana Extension
2809:Eastern Old Japanese
2448:Northern Izu Islands
2172:Navigation06 始めてのお客様
2121:(9 February 2008).
1859:For example, in the
375:. It is one type of
171:Japanese punctuation
2749:Pidgins and creoles
2194:(15 August 1991).
2069:Japanese with Anime
1782:implies the use of
1778:in Japanese, since
1044:"two long things";
767:pronunciations and
342:[ɸɯɾigaꜜna]
164:Typographic symbols
3550:Classical Japanese
3397:Gender differences
3233:Extended shinjitai
2262:Furigana Generator
2170:(27 April 2002).
2097:(15 March 2007).
1554:series is written
982:
917:programs, such as
886:. You can help by
779:kanji dictionaries
350:[ɸɯɾigana]
3565:
3564:
3269:Verb conjugations
3248:
3247:
2916:
2915:
2797:Japonic languages
2743:
2742:
2735:Okinawan Japanese
2299:Japanese language
2192:Takahashi, Rumiko
1944:978-0-8047-1756-4
1733:Classical Chinese
1513:"hospital" (i.e.
1390:Language learning
1327:but sometimes in
904:
903:
568:
567:
561:
560:
504:
503:
347:
322:
321:
3605:
3508:Polivanov system
3369:Honorific speech
3264:Japanese grammar
2927:
2926:
2802:
2801:
2343:
2342:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2119:Sorachi, Hideaki
2115:
2109:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2037:Richard Graham.
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1857:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1657:
1637:
1624:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1574:honō no ikazuchi
1572:
1566:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1509:
1499:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1429:
1428:
1410:
1409:
1290:children's manga
1281:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1025:
1006:
1004:
1003:
899:
896:
878:
871:
858:
857:
852:
851:
842:
841:
809:
808:
803:
802:
753:
752:
747:
746:
737:
736:
721:
719:
718:
712:
706:
704:
703:
697:
691:
689:
688:
682:
666:
665:
660:
659:
654:
653:
622:
621:
612:
611:
606:
605:
596:
595:
590:
589:
580:
579:
557:
556:
550:
549:
543:
542:
534:
533:
527:
526:
520:
519:
513:
512:
500:
499:
493:
492:
484:
483:
475:
474:
466:
465:
459:
458:
452:
451:
448:
412:
410:
404:
403:
391:
389:
388:
354:
352:
345:
344:
339:
335:
334:
314:
307:
300:
284:Polivanov system
265:(keyboard input)
34:Japanese writing
28:
21:
20:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3588:Ruby characters
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3514:
3459:Transliteration
3454:
3430:Sound symbolism
3406:
3388:Role language (
3347:from Portuguese
3279:Irregular verbs
3257:
3255:
3244:
3193:Kana Supplement
3188:Kana Extended-B
3183:Kana Extended-A
3106:
3082:Historical kana
3048:
2990:
2969:by stroke count
2960:Kanji radicals
2954:by stroke count
2912:
2825:
2791:
2767:Hawaiian Creole
2739:
2716:
2639:
2513:
2332:
2301:
2296:
2258:
2253:
2244:Nihon o Hanasoo
2232:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2204:. Vol. 16.
2197:
2189:
2185:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2131:. Vol. 22.
2124:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2039:"No Katakana!!"
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1827:
1788:. For example,
1769:
1755:
1723:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1421:
1392:
1369:
996:
973:
908:word processing
900:
894:
891:
884:needs expansion
869:
713:
698:
683:
629:
569:
481:
408:[ɾɯꜜbi]
396:
383:
337:
327:
318:
289:
288:
279:
269:
268:
259:
238:
229:
219:Transliteration
214:
213:
194:
181:
180:
166:
156:
155:
147:
134:
113:
103:
102:
89:
64:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3330:
3325:
3319:Native words (
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2922:Writing system
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Pseudo-Chinese
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:Bamboo English
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2730:Amami Japanese
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:External links
2254:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:. Vol. 1.
2207:
2196:ＰＡＲＴ.９ 怪奇！お上品館
2183:
2180:. Vol. 2.
2159:
2134:
2110:
2107:. Vol. 4.
2086:
2056:
2029:
2002:
1987:
1972:. April 2012.
1950:
1943:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1836:Ruby character
1833:
1826:
1823:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1754:
1751:
1722:
1719:
1678:Main article:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1460:"truth" (i.e.
1420:
1417:
1391:
1388:
1372:Japanese names
1368:
1365:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1018:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
959:are generally
949:
946:katatsuki rubi
942:nakatsuki rubi
923:Adobe InDesign
919:Microsoft Word
902:
901:
881:
879:
868:
865:
831:palatalization
643:condensed font
628:
625:
566:
565:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
535:
528:
521:
510:
505:
502:
501:
494:
486:
485:
476:
468:
467:
460:
446:
415:script reforms
320:
319:
317:
316:
309:
302:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
237:
236:
230:
225:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
176:Iteration mark
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
146:
145:
140:
133:
132:
127:
126:
125:
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
93:Jinmeiyō kanji
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
63:
62:
57:
51:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3610:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:Cyrillization
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Wāpuro rōmaji
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3321:yamato kotoba
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Counter words
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:Kana ligature
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Script reform
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Bonin English
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:Earlier forms
2304:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2099:ダーク・ナイトの巻【後編】
2096:
2095:Aoyama, Gosho
2090:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1863:short titled
1862:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1716:
1700:
1681:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1419:Other effects
1416:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1035:
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1019:
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1008:
1007:in Japanese.
1002:
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987:
977:
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950:
947:
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934:
932:
928:
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920:
916:
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898:
895:December 2018
889:
885:
882:This section
880:
877:
873:
872:
864:
862:
846:
836:
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741:
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624:
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584:
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442:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
409:
402:
395:
382:
378:
374:
373:pronunciation
370:
366:
362:
358:
351:
343:
333:
326:
315:
310:
308:
303:
301:
296:
295:
293:
292:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:Cyrillization
273:
272:
264:
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254:
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39:
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35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3496:In Esperanto
3466:Romanization
3420:Pitch accent
3402:Dictionaries
3389:
3381:nyōbō kotoba
3380:
3334:
3333:Loan words (
3320:
3304:Topic marker
3218:ARIB STD B24
3013:
2964:by frequency
2844:Amami Ōshima
2721:
2710:
2669:
2655:
2645:
2633:
2620:East San'in
2604:
2580:
2551:
2529:
2519:
2455:
2406:
2362:
2347:
2328:Early Modern
2318:Early Middle
2247:
2243:
2236:
2217:
2210:
2200:
2186:
2176:
2168:Amano, Kozue
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2127:
2113:
2103:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1965:
1933:
1926:
1860:
1855:
1818:
1807:
1783:
1779:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1698:
1683:
1660:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1573:
1552:Harry Potter
1547:
1532:
1510:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1479:
1457:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1422:
1412:
1396:
1393:
1384:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1305:
1287:
1282:
1250:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1050:
1041:
1009:
993:
983:
945:
941:
927:Adobe InCopy
905:
892:
888:adding to it
883:
861:movable type
844:
816:
811:
794:
772:
762:
760:
755:
740:senchimētoru
739:
727:
707:and six for
672:
668:
640:
633:
630:
614:
598:
582:
572:
570:
562:
507:
439:
433:
419:
393:
380:
324:
323:
242:Kunrei-shiki
198:
193:Syllabograms
98:Hyōgai kanji
78:Kyōiku kanji
55:Stroke order
18:
3476:Nihon-shiki
3359:Wasei-kango
3294:Possessives
3254:Grammar and
3087:Modern kana
3072:Punctuation
3053:Orthography
2874:Tokunoshima
2486:Gifu-Aichi
2456:Tōkai–Tōsan
2323:Late Middle
2104:Magic Kaito
1980:10 December
1347:kiriru-moji
1320:josei manga
1298:shōjo manga
912:typesetting
710:uketamawaru
695:kokorozashi
369:logographic
248:Nihon-shiki
3572:Categories
3520:Literature
3390:yakuwarigo
3374:Honorifics
3354:Wasei-eigo
3342:from Dutch
3289:Adjectives
3256:vocabulary
3034:Hentaigana
3029:Man'yōgana
2869:Okinoerabu
2573:Okuyoshino
2152:6 November
2147:cvlang.com
1966:www.w3.org
1913:References
1583:faiaboruto
1433:(see also
1354:Jōyō kanji
1312:Shogakukan
1112:"book 2";
1110:dai-ni kan
1053:"second";
961:monospaced
827:gemination
724:Joyo kanji
627:Appearance
138:Man'yōgana
123:Hentaigana
83:Tōyō kanji
68:Jōyō kanji
40:Components
3412:Phonology
3299:Particles
3238:Half/Full
3168:Shift JIS
3097:Yotsugana
3077:Kanazukai
3019:Okurigana
2931:Logograms
2543:Shiramine
2388:Southern
2368:Northern
2079:28 August
1918:Citations
1831:Okurigana
1767:furikanji
1763:loanwords
1753:Furikanji
1680:Okurigana
1674:Okurigana
1608:rendition
1458:shinjitsu
1413:bāsudeito
1342:instead.
1340:hatsushin
1051:futatsume
957:typefaces
931:ruby text
771:-derived
717:承る、うけたまわる
635:jukujikun
377:ruby text
204:Okurigana
3335:gairaigo
3314:Numerals
3284:Pronouns
3223:Enclosed
3203:Katakana
3178:Hiragana
3174:Unicode
3129:ISO/IEC
3111:Encoding
3014:Furigana
3009:Katakana
3004:Hiragana
2906:Yonaguni
2886:Southern
2864:Okinawan
2859:Kunigami
2839:Northern
2831:Ryukyuan
2772:Kyowa-go
2703:Tsushima
2693:Nagasaki
2688:Kumamoto
2676:Chikuzen
2540:Kanazawa
2530:Hokuriku
2465:Shizuoka
2432:Eastern
2421:Kanagawa
2412:Western
2357:Hokkaidō
2338:Dialects
2218:Hen Semi
2073:Archived
2043:Archived
2016:Archived
1974:Archived
1861:Doraemon
1825:See also
1780:furigana
1643:Interpol
1639:intāpōru
1604:sutēshon
1533:furusato
1325:hiragana
1307:Doraemon
1302:numerals
1253:"step";
990:katakana
986:hiragana
980:station.
915:software
906:Various
835:hiragana
791:hiragana
787:katakana
783:hiragana
764:kun'yomi
729:gairaigo
441:yokogaki
435:tategaki
426:katakana
422:hiragana
381:yomigana
357:Japanese
325:Furigana
199:Furigana
130:Katakana
118:Hiragana
60:Radicals
3538:Writers
3471:Hepburn
3425:Rendaku
3364:Engrish
3060:Braille
2981:Ryakuji
2901:Yaeyama
2819:grammar
2814:Hachijō
2711:Satsugū
2670:Hichiku
2656:Hōnichi
2610:San'yō
2605:Chūgoku
2581:Shikoku
2520:Western
2480:Nagaoka
2476:Echigo
2441:Tochigi
2436:Ibaraki
2397:Nairiku
2377:Tsugaru
2348:Eastern
2230:Sources
2201:Ranma ½
2128:Gintama
1808:ririkku
1759:meaning
1663:karaoke
1652:インターポール
1635:インターポール
1579:ファイアボルト
1561:ファイアボルト
1489:raibaru
1480:shin'yū
1336:hasshin
1119:ni-pēji
951:1-2-1 (
812:yunikōn
774:on'yomi
769:Chinese
756:pāsento
735:センチメートル
702:志、こころざし
655:(where
573:nihongo
234:Hepburn
209:Braille
3533:Poetry
3481:Kunrei
3443:Kan-on
3214:Other
3123:EUC-JP
3039:Sōgana
3024:Gojūon
2976:Kokuji
2944:Kanbun
2896:Tarama
2891:Miyako
2681:Hakata
2646:Kyūshū
2634:Umpaku
2597:Sanuki
2563:Banshū
2552:Kansai
2495:Mikawa
2490:Nagoya
2470:Narada
2363:Tōhoku
1941:
1841:Zhuyin
1747:kanbun
1743:kunten
1738:kunten
1728:kanbun
1721:Kunten
1715:noboru
1701:) vs.
1600:ステーション
1548:chikyū
1408:バースデイト
1403:Korean
1399:hangul
1380:nanori
1329:rōmaji
1316:Seinen
1294:shōnen
1283:hitome
1127:futari
1123:hitori
1042:ni-hon
994:sōrubi
845:kyakka
823:sokuon
795:modern
669:tazusa
661:reads
607:) and
563:
263:Wāpuro
227:Rōmaji
151:Gojūon
143:Sōgana
3555:texts
3528:Books
3448:Tō-on
3438:Go-on
3065:Kanji
2986:Ateji
2949:Kanji
2879:Yoron
2854:Kikai
2722:Other
2624:Inshū
2614:Bingo
2568:Kishū
2558:Awaji
2426:Tokyo
2416:Gunma
2407:Kantō
2392:Kesen
2382:Akita
2372:Nanbu
2049:3 May
2022:3 May
1847:Notes
1819:kashi
1699:agaru
1626:kissu
1606:(the
1511:byōin
1447:akumu
1431:gikun
1376:kanji
1367:Names
1288:Many
971:Usage
847:) is
807:ユニコーン
751:パーセント
652:〜に携わる
365:kanji
355:is a
48:Kanji
3583:Kana
3163:0213
3158:0212
3153:0211
3148:0208
3143:0201
3139:JIS
3133:2022
2996:Kana
2698:Saga
2662:Ōita
2592:Tosa
2536:Kaga
2505:Hida
2500:Mino
2177:Aqua
2154:2021
2081:2017
2051:2012
2024:2012
1982:2018
1939:ISBN
1793:リリック
1785:kana
1773:振り漢字
1647:ICPO
1617:bēze
1538:ふるさと
1529:ふるさと
1502:koko
1485:ライバル
1467:しんじつ
1453:しんじつ
1401:for
1318:and
1296:and
1251:ippo
1115:２ページ
856:きやつか
850:きゃっか
829:and
821:and
819:yōon
674:yōon
394:rubi
392:and
387:読み仮名
361:kana
332:振り仮名
186:Uses
111:Kana
73:list
3486:JSL
3228:EIS
3118:EUC
2587:Iyo
2313:Old
2246:in
1710:のぼる
1694:あがる
1688:上がる
1661:In
1622:キッス
1613:ベーゼ
1595:eki
1570:炎の雷
1556:炎の雷
1213:ひとり
1196:ひとり
1047:２つめ
1001:総ルビ
953:JIS
910:or
890:.
801:一角獣
687:りょう
680:ryō
664:たずさ
623:).
599:hon
591:),
508:or
253:JSL
3574::
2145:.
2071:.
2067:.
2041:.
1968:.
1964:.
1953:^
1885:だん
1873:せつ
1866:人間
1814:歌詞
1798:歌詞
1713:,
1704:上る
1697:,
1658:.
1628:.
1585:.
1544:地球
1520:ここ
1515:病院
1507:病院
1497:ここ
1476:親友
1462:悪夢
1443:悪夢
1427:義訓
1356:.
1292:,
1262:ひと
1230:いっ
1208:１人
1191:一人
1167:ひと
1138:ひと
1101:かん
1088:だい
1075:かん
1062:だい
1033:ほん
1026:/２
1020:ほん
925:,
921:,
840:却下
810:,
667:,
615:go
604:ほん
583:ni
525:ほん
428:,
405:,
401:ルビ
346:or
336:,
3392:)
3383:)
3337:)
3323:)
2291:e
2284:t
2277:v
2156:.
2083:.
2053:.
2026:.
1984:.
1947:.
1900:）
1897:き
1894:（
1892:機
1888:）
1882:（
1880:断
1876:）
1870:（
1868:切
1801:）
1795:（
1776:)
1770:(
1707:(
1691:(
1655:）
1649:（
1641:"
1591:駅
1564:）
1558:（
1523:）
1517:（
1500:(
1470:）
1464:（
1411:(
1277:）
1274:め
1271:（
1269:目
1265:）
1259:（
1257:一
1245:）
1242:ぽ
1239:（
1237:歩
1233:）
1227:（
1225:一
1216:）
1210:（
1204:/
1199:）
1193:（
1182:）
1179:り
1176:（
1174:人
1170:）
1164:（
1162:１
1158:/
1153:）
1150:り
1147:（
1145:人
1141:）
1135:（
1133:一
1104:）
1098:（
1096:巻
1094:２
1091:）
1085:（
1083:第
1081:/
1078:）
1072:（
1070:巻
1068:二
1065:）
1059:（
1057:第
1036:）
1030:（
1028:本
1023:）
1017:（
1015:本
1013:二
1005:)
997:(
897:)
893:(
843:(
754:(
745:糎
738:(
720:)
714:(
705:)
699:(
690:)
684:(
658:携
620:ご
613:(
610:語
597:(
594:本
588:に
581:(
578:日
555:語
548:本
541:日
532:ご
518:に
498:ご
491:語
482:ん
480:ほ
473:本
464:に
457:日
411:)
397:(
390:)
384:(
367:(
353:)
328:(
313:e
306:t
299:v
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