Romani people in Romania

1625:, their settlement frequently necessitating the eviction of Ukrainian residents who were billeted in the houses of their neighbours. The economic activity of the Roma was, theoretically, organised systematically by the state, however, in reality there was insufficient demand for labour to occupy them and they were unable to sustain themselves through work. Their high concentration in specific locations resulted in food shortages, as the local occupying authorities had insufficient resources to feed the deportees. The deported Roma suffered great hardship from the beginning due to cold and lack of food, with a high mortality rate being notable from the very beginning of the period of deportation. On occasions Roma colonies received no food rations for weeks on end, and as no clothing was issued to supplement the insufficient supply they had been allowed to bring with them, the Ukrainian winter caused much suffering and many deaths, while healthcare was practically non-existent. 4317: 1295:(1849-1856) introduced gradual restrictions of the freedom of private slave-owners to sell or donate slaves. A regulation was introduced in 1850 which forced slave-owners wishing to sell slaves to do so to the state treasury, which would immediately free them. In 1851 a measure allowing the state to compulsorily purchase mistreated slaves was introduced. The final decree of emancipation, entitled “The law for the emancipation of all Gypsies in the Principality of Wallachia” , was enacted in February 1856, thereby ending slavery in Wallachia. Slaveowners were compensated 10 ducats for each slave they possessed, with the cost of this purchase to be taken from the tax revenues which would be paid by freed slaves. The law obliged Roma to settle in villages, where they could be more easily taxed, thus forcing the last nomadic Romani to become sedentary. 1248:, with obligations of service and tax owed to the state set at a lower level than the non-Roma population. The Roma were also exempted from military service and enjoyed a degree of toleration for their non-Christian religious practices. The economic role of Romani metal-workers and craftsmen was significant in the rural economy. Many Romanis retained their nomadic lifestyle, enjoying the right to camp on crown land, however, over the centuries part of the population settled in Saxon villages, on the edge of towns, or on the estates of boyars. Those who settled on Boyar estates quickly became serfs and integrated into the local population, while those in towns and villages tended to retain their identity and freedom, albeit as a marginalised group. 1279:

of the nascent industrial sector. Private owners of slaves, monasteries and even the state frequently hired out their slave workforce for large sums of money. This new capitalistic system of exploitation transformed slaves into goods in the full sense of the term, whereas in the past slaves tended to be sold only in extremis, mass auctions of slaves became commonplace. As a result of this new mode of exploitation, the nomadic lifestyle of the Roma of Moldavia and Wallachia was no longer possible, and, like Transylvanian rom, they became a largely sedentary population. The exact slave population of Wallachia and Moldavia at this time is a matter of some debate, but historian Viorel Achim puts the figure at around 400,000, or 7% of the population.

1354: 1393: 4279: 1705: 1370:

continue to labour for their former owners often suffered great economic hardship, imprisonment and death from hunger being frequent outcomes. During the first thirty years following liberation, a notable phenomenon of urbanisation occurred, with many Roma who were expelled from their former owners' estates, or who did not wish to adopt a lifestyle which would thrust them into poverty, migrating to towns. This contrasted the situation noted in some other groups of Roma, who adapted fully to this new condition and assimilated into the peasant population, losing their status as Roma both culturally and officially.

1189:. Slaves were considered wholly property of their owners, and could be transferred, bequeathed, mortgaged or exchanged for goods or services. In addition, any property owned by the slaves could also be appropriated. Slaves could be legally imprisoned or beaten by their masters at any time, but they could not be killed, and slaves resident at the manor of their masters had to be fed and clothed. Some Roma slaves were allowed to travel and earn their own living in exchange for a fixed payment to their owners. Still, the brutality of the slave owners in the Danubian Principalities was well known in Western Europe. 1157:, creating the three groups of Roma slaves; princely slaves, monastery slaves and boyar slaves. Any Gypsy without a master would automatically become a princely slave, and any foreign-born Romani passing through the prince's dominion risked being enslaved. The Tatar component of the slave population disappeared in the second half of the 15th century, fusing into the more numerous Roma population. during this period, the Roma were organised into bands composed of 30-40 families. These bands were delineated by profession and named for the nature of their economic activity, examples include gold-washers ( 4263: 1205:

system administered by local Romani leaders and sheriffs existed, as Roma had no access to the law, and any damages caused by Roma to the property or persons of non-Roma were legally the responsibility of their legal owners. Killings of Roma were technically punishable by death, but boyars who killed a slave seem never to have been executed in practice and a Roma who killed another would usually simply be offered to the victim's master as compensation. Although contemporary records do show that Roma slaves were occasionally freed by their masters, this was very unusual.

1288:

the educated classes in the 1840s, before developing into a well-defined abolitionist movement in the 1850s. Heated debate was conducted in newspapers, with abolitionist voices initially focusing on the material and spiritual poverty endured by the slaves, and the damage this did to the country's image, before adopting arguments based on humanism and liberalism. The economic unproductivity of slave labour was also argued by slavery's critics. During the revolutions of 1848, the Moldavian and Wallachian radicals included abolition of slavery as part of their programmes.

4231: 193: 7069: 1233:, bordering Wallachia, was under the control of the Prince of Wallachia until the end of the 15th century, and therefore the institutions of slavery which pertained in that region were identical to those in Wallachia. There is also evidence that slavery was practiced in those areas which were temporarily under the control of the Prince of Moldavia. The only notable difference from the situation in Wallachia and Moldavia was that as well as the three categories of slaves found in those principalities, Roma were owned by 4302: 2077: 1362: 1814:, who, in 2007, called a Roma journalist "stinky Gypsy". Later in 2020, during a TV show, Băsescu expressed objections about the use of the term "Roma" instead of "Gypsy", which according to him was "artificially created during the 90s" and "produces confusion with Romanians living abroad". He added that the Roma people created a bad image of Romania, and that the "(criminal) Gypsy groups need to understand that they cannot be tolerated with their way of life". Following these affirmations, the 2069: 1606:

permitted to carry sufficient goods for survival in Transnistria. Despite the order to respect family members of serving soldiers, many were deported, leading to protests by Romani soldiers and complaints from the army hierarchy. As well as smaller expulsions in late September and early October, there was some repatriation of individuals and families who had been deported in error, before the deportation of the Roma was halted on 14 October 1942, due to its unpopularity.

1713: 4333: 7074: 1594:

police survey was conducted to identify any Romani person without a clear occupation or with criminal convictions, difficulty supporting themself, or any practiced nomadism. Immediately following the survey, any Romani person who fell into any of these categories would be forbidden from leaving their county of residence. The deportation of these individuals and their families was justified on the pretext of combatting criminality occurring during

2061: 48: 4247: 2053: 703: 1629:

others remained in Soviet territory, from where they were likely dispersed into other regions, a factor which makes exact calculations of mortality among the transportees very difficult. Romanian historian Viorel Achim puts the number of dead at around half of those transported, roughly 12,500 people, whereas the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania gives an estimate of 11,000.

1897:, 57% respondents stated that they generally don't trust people of Roma ancestry and only 17% said to have a Roma friend. Still, 57% said that this ethnic group is not discriminated in Romania, 59% claimed that the Roma should not receive help from the state, and that Roma people are poor because they don't like to work (72%) and that most of them are thugs (61%). 1314:(8 ducats). No compensation was paid for invalids or babies. As in Wallachia, the compensation was funded by the taxes paid by the liberated monastery and state slaves, but in Moldavia this was topped up with funds collected from the clergy. Some slave owners chose to be compensated in bonds, paying 10% annual interest, or with a 10-year exemption from taxation. 1586:

Roma people to protect Romania's ethnic purity. These views also found expression in the ideology of the "legionary" Iron Guard, who followed the scientists in identifying a "Gypsy Problem" in Romania, however, they were suppressed in January 1941 before any serious anti-roma measures had been enacted. Antonescu's post-legionary regime's declared goal was the "

1602:

sedentary Roma occurred during September 1942 and was incomplete, including only 12,497 of the 31,438 individuals recorded in the police survey. This group consisted of Roma who were categorised as "dangerous and undesirable" and excluded any romani person who had been mobilised by the military and their families.

1479:, this number was lower than the figures recorded in the late 19th century, although it was almost certainly much lower than the real figure. The reason for this relative decline was the continued gradual assimilation of Roma to a Romanian or Hungarian ethnic identity, linked to the status of peasants or 1495:, and their traditional lifestyle was made very difficult by police refusal to allow them to camp near villages. These economic and social changes reduced the strength of the traditional clan system and, despite the social and linguistic differences between Roma groups, fostered a common Roma identity. 3593:

In Romania there are 2,315 Roma segregated areas, most located on the outskirts of cities, but they can be found in villages as well. These segregated areas typically have a Roma population of almost 100%. The living conditions in these areas are extremely poor: most houses are unmaintained, a number

3580:

the population of whose native language is Romani form an absolute majority, and, still, none of the inscriptions are in Romani, only in the official language of the state, Romanian, and in another minority language whose population also surpasses 20%, Hungarian. Furthermore, education is unavailable

1877:

According to some studies, Roma people make 17% of the adult prison population and 40% of the juvenile inmates in Romania. This over-representation makes this group a favorite target for mass media attacks and discriminatory practices. Another study conducted in six Romanian prisons found that 21% of

1869:

The accession of Romania to the European Union in 2007 led many members of the Romani minority, the most socially disadvantaged ethnic group in Romania, to migrate en masse to various Western European countries (mostly to Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Sweden) hoping

1865:

having a similarly high percentage (23.7%). Within the Romanian education system there is discrimination and segregation, which leads to higher drop-out rates and lower qualifications for the Romani students. The life expectancy of the Romani minority is also 10 years lower than the Romanian average.

1860:

Various international institutions, such as the World Bank, the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB), and the Open Society Institute (OSI) launched the 2005-2015 Decade for Roma Inclusion. To this, followed the EU Decade of Roma Inclusion to combat this and other problems. The integration of the

1406:

The result of these processes of assimilation and emigration was a relative decline in the percentage of Roma inhabitants resident in Moldavia, Wallachia and Bessarabia. At the time of emancipation, the proportion of the populations of Moldavia and Wallachia who had been slaves was around 7%, between

1278:

As part of this modernisation, boyars owning slaves began to exploit their labour more intensively in a more capitalistic fashion. Romani slaves were employed in agricultural tasks during the summer months, which had not been common practice, forced to work on building sites and even in the factories

1498:

The period of Romanian democracy, between 1918 and 1938, led to a flowering of Romani cultural, social, and political organisations. In 1933, two competing national Roma representative bodies were founded, the General Association of Gypsies in Romania and the General Union of Roma in Romania. These

1490:

The traditional Roma economic activities of metalwork and crafts became less tenable during this period, as ethnic Romanians began to adopt trades such as woodworking and competition from manufactured goods increased. The few Roma who retained a nomadic lifestyle tended to abandon their traditional

1269:

Until the early 19th century, the Roma of Wallachia and Moldavia remained in conditions of slavery that had changed very little since the 14th century, despite the significant changes which had occurred in other sectors of society. Roma slavery was viewed as an integral part of the social system of

1137:

today. Public discussion of Roma slavery remains something of a taboo in modern Romania, no museum of Roma history exists, nor are there any monuments or memorials to slavery. Textbooks and the Romanian school curriculum either minimise this and other aspects of Roma history or exclude it entirely.

1128:

Romani in Wallachia and Moldavia were, from their arrival in the region, enslaved, a situation which continued until the emancipations of the mid-19th century. The institution of Romani slavery also existed in Transylvania, especially in regions which had undergone a period of control by Wallachian

1113:

in 1425. It is, however, worth noting that the dates above relate principally to the first arrival of Roma in future Romanian territories, waves of migration from the south continued up until the 18th century, when the northward migration of the Roma, some of whom were Turkish-speaking Muslims, was

6815:

Cartierul Gârcini adună aproximativ 6000 persoane (înregistrate oficial, conform Biroului Județean de Administrare a Bazelor de Date), însă organizațiile locale estimează 10.000 locuitori. Locuitorii cartierului sunt considerați “țigani/romi”, însa la ultimul recensământ (2011), doar 324 persoane

6792:

publice aflate în subordinea acestora, precum și serviciile publice deconcentrate asigură folosirea, în raporturile cu aceștia, și a limbii minorității naționale respective, în conformitate cu prevederile Constituției, ale prezentului cod și ale tratatelor internaționale la care România este parte.

1585:

The anti-Roma discourse which had been present in Romanian academia during the 1930s became more prominent as an intellectual current after 1940, with academics who had never previously expressed anti-Roma views now doing so, and eugenicists making more radical demands such as the sterilisation of

1507:

The General Union of Roma in Romania enjoyed some successes before its suppression in 1941, even continuing to function to a degree after the establishment of a Royal Dictatorship in 1938. Land was obtained for nomadic Roma, church marriages were organised to legally and spiritually formalise Roma

1410:

In 1893, the Hungarian authorities carried out a census of Transylvanian Roma which provides a wealth of information on their social and economic situation in the late 19th century. There is evidence for a similar process of assimilation into the general population as was occurring in Moldavia and

1287:

From the 1830s international and domestic criticism of Roma slavery became increasingly prominent, instigated by events such as the mass slave auctions held in Bucharest. Support for the emancipation of the Roma from within the principalities was marginal in the 1830s, but became generalised among

1260:

or even marrying another Romani person. They also finally emancipated the last slaves in Transylvania. The decrees seem to have rarely been implemented in full, which prevented the cultural extermination of the Roma, but they were very effective in promoting the sedentarisation of Gypsies in those

1208:

In the late 18th century, formal legal codes forbidding the separation of married couples were enacted. These codes also prohibited the separation of children from their parents and made marriage between free people and the Roma legal without the enslavement of the non-Roma partner, which had been

1136:

The economic contribution of slavery in the Danubian principalities was immense, yet no economic compensation was ever paid to freed slaves. The current state of social and economic exclusion in Romania has its roots in the ideology and practice of slavery, and therefore its effects are still felt

801:

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon

1369:

The liberation of the Roma improved the legal status of Romania's Roma, however, they retained their position as the most marginalised sector of Romanian society. They frequently continued to work for the same masters, without significant improvement to their material conditions. Roma who did not

1274:

rulers strongly influenced by the conservatism of their Ottoman suzerains. Following the replacement of the Phanariots with native princes in 1821, Wallachia and Moldova underwent a period of Westernisation and modernisation, eliminating many of the institutions of the ancien régime, but formally

1204:

Princely slaves were obliged to perform labour for the state and pay special taxes, according to a system based on tradition. These obligations were steadily increased over the period of Roma slavery and were sometimes partially extended to slaves owned by monasteries and boyars. A parallel legal

1056:

name for Romani, in order to avoid the possible confusion among the international community between the words Roma — which refers to the Romani ethnic minority — and Romania. The Romanian government supported the move on the grounds that many countries in the European Union use a variation of the

1628:

The number of dead from cold and hunger among the transported Roma can not be securely calculated, as no reliable contemporary statistics exist. Transnistria was evacuated by the Romanian army in early 1944, in the face of the advancing Soviet forces. Some Roma travelled back to Romania, whereas

6791:

Folosirea limbii minorităților naționale (1) În unitățile/subdiviziunile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetățenii aparținând unei minorități naționale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor, stabilit la ultimul recensământ, autoritățile administrației publice locale, instituțiile

4154:, a part of Romanian pop culture, is often sung by Romani singers in Romania and has been influenced in part by Romani music, but mostly by Oriental music brought in Romania from Turkey during the 19th century. Romanian public opinion on the subject varies from support to outright condemnation. 3567:

According to the constitution of Romania, under law 57/2019, titl. III, art. 94, alin. 1, those communes in which any national (ethnic) minority of Romania, whose proportion of the commune's population is equal to or exceeds 20%, must provide services and inscriptions in that nation's language.

1593:

Although it appears that Antonescu initially planned the staged deportation of the entire Roma population to Transnistria, Soviet territory occupied by Romania, only the first stage was ever carried out. The initial wave was composed of Roma who the regime considered a "problem", in May 1942, a

1605:

The September deportations, which occurred by train, were chaotic and often included individuals who were not intended to be deported, or in some cases, who were not even Roma. Cases were reported of theft and exploitative purchases of goods by police and gendarmes, and the deportees were not

2673:, there are 245,677 people whose native language is romani, this represents just under 40% of the ethnic population. However, this number has shrunk to 199,050 according to the 2021 census results, representing just over 33% of the ethnic population. Over half of the Roma (approx. 61%) speak 1601:

The transportation of all nomadic Romanian Roma was carried out between June and August 1942, and was composed of 11,441 people, 6714 of them children. This deportation also included those nomadic Roma serving in the army, who were returned from the front for transportation. The expulsion of

1889:

should be revoked to the ethnic Roms who commit crimes abroad. Another survey revealed that 68% of Romanians think that Roma people commit most crimes, 46% think that they are thieves, while 43% lazy and dirty, and 36% believe that the Roma community might become a threat to Romania.

1666:

In March 1944, Hungary was occupied by Nazi Germany, Hungary stepped up its persecution of the Roma and Jewish population, with countless Jewish people deported to concentration camps and many Roma organised into forced labour battalions. Following the replacement in late 1944 of the

1874:, an important leader of the Romani community (also known as the "King of all Gypsies") declared in an interview that he worried that Romania may lose its Romani minority. However, the next population census in 2011 showed a substantial rise in those recording Romani ethnicity. 1217:

The situation of Roma in Transylvania differed from that in Wallachia and Moldavia as a result of the different political conditions which prevailed there. At the time of the arrival of the first Roma, around 1400, the region formed part of the Kingdom of Hungary, becoming an

825:

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Roma originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the

2720:

The following spreadsheet contains information regarding the native languages of the ethnic Romani population. Please note that information might not be fully accurate as there is a reasonable population of Romanis who consider themselves as part of the majority population.

766:. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania, varying from 4.6 per cent to over 10 percent of the population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma. For example, in 2007 the 770:

estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people) available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population.

3598:), with over 10,000 people living in it, according to unofficial estimates. Only a minority of these districts are Hungarian or Roma-speaking. The following spreadsheet contains information regarding the largest predominantly Hungarian-speaking Romani segregated areas. 1663:. Discrimination by Hungary against Roma had been common throughout the 1930s, and biannual police raids on Romani settlements were mandated by law. During the course of the war, Hungarian Roma were progressively expelled from urban areas or forced to live in ghettoes. 4184:, in southwest Romania. According to Rădulescu, "this state has a symbolic value and does not affect the sovereignty and unity of Romania. It does not have armed forces and does not have borders". According to the 2002 population census, in Târgu Jiu there are 96.79% 6694:: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European' 4747:: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Roma groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’ 3594:

do not even have any services, let alone building permits, with 4.5 people per house on average, a number twice as high as the Romanian one. The vast majority of these segregated areas are predominantly Romanian-speaking, such as the largest segregated area, in

1577:), 36,000 Romani perished during that time. The mistreatment of Romania Roma during World War II has received scant attention from Romanian historians, despite the wide-ranging historical literature detailing the history of the Antonescu regime. 1180:

did not generally signify that Romani or Tatar slaves were forced remain on the property of their owners, most Roma remained nomadic but were tied to their owners by certain obligations. Slaves made up the lowest category of society, below the

1251:

In the second half of the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy undertook a series of measures designed to forcibly assimilate the Roma and suppress their nomadic lifestyle. The most severe of these decrees came in 1783 when the emperor

3568:

However this is not carried into practice. On the one hand, this law is respected in the cases of most national minorities (e.g.: Hungarian, German etc.). On the other hand, in communes where the ethnic Romani population (e.g.:

1503:

Gheorghe Niculescu, emerging as the only truly national force. The organisation's stated aim was "the emancipation and reawakening of the Roma nation" so that Roma could live alongside their compatriots "without being ashamed".

1833:

in a neighborhood inhabited by a Roma community. The National Anti-Discrimination Council fined the mayor in 2011 and in 2020 for not demolishing the wall, despite the several orders in this regard. Also in 2020, the mayor of

4316: 4678: 5866:"Társadalmi és etnikai konfliktusok a 19-20. században – Konfliktustérképek (Integrált Térinformatikai Rendszer) / A térképen elérhető adatpontok leírásai /Roma holokauszt: deportálások, tömeggyilkosságok 1944-1945" 1508:

couples, and legal and medical services were provided to Roma. They also convinced the government to allow the Roma freedom of movement within the national territory in order to allow them to practice their trades.

6124: 5922: 4262: 6152: 5015:

Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK; et al. (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations",

1419:

ethnic identity. However, there is also evidence of Roma retaining their specific identity, even when they had abandoned the Romani language: the census records that 38.1% of Transylvanian Roma spoke

1385:

Roma populations found worldwide today, although it is likely that some Vlax groups may have migrated out of Romania prior to emancipation. This pattern of Roma emigration continued until after the

6013: 5247: 4278: 1861:

Roma is made difficult also due to a great economic and social disparity; according to the 2002 census, Roma are the ethnic group with the highest percentage of illiteracy (25.6%), with only the

1728:

who, in 1974, to avenge the death of his wife and his three children caused by a group of Roma, drove his truck into a Roma camp, killing 24 people. This fact was made public only in the 2000s.

1089:

It is probable that the first arrival of Roma in the territory of present-day Romania occurred shortly after 1370, when groups of Roma either migrated or were forcibly transferred north of the

1686:

Of a population of around 100,000 Roma in Hungary, around 50,000 were subjected to forced labour. While the total number of Roma killed in Hungary is still a matter of academic debate, the

1241:. This special regime of slavery in specific regions of Transylvania continued throughout the period of the autonomous principality, before its final abolition under the Habsburgs in 1783. 1048:

In 2009–2010, a media campaign followed by a parliamentary initiative asked the Romanian Parliament to accept a proposal to revert the official name of country's Roma (adopted in 2000) to

8472: 6537: 1435:. Though a largely rural population, Transylvanian Roma were rarely involved in agriculture, more commonly working as artisans or craftsmen, with nomadism almost eliminated by this date. 6802: 4704: 6449: 8487: 8439: 5121: 1720:

Sometimes the authorities tried to cover up crimes related to racial hatred, so as not to raise the social tension. An example of this is the crime committed by a truck driver named

8444: 8296: 4627: 8449: 1373:

The social upheaval of emancipation led to mass Romani emigration from Romanian territory, initially into the Austro-Hungarian empire and thence to Western Europe, Poland, the

1675:, the mass deportation of Roma to concentration camps began. Initially the victims were transported to local Hungarian labour camps, from which many were later transferred to 5503: 1499:

two organisations were bitter rivals who vied for members and whose leaders launched bitter attacks on each other, with the latter, under the leadership of the self-declared

8366: 5090:

Rama Sharma (1995). Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-8185880709.

4721:

Rama Sharma (1995). Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-8185880709.

1471:. However, despite this increase in the absolute number of Roma in the country, the decline in the relative proportion of Roma within Romania continued. The first census in 6042: 8477: 4568: 8497: 8482: 8429: 1407:

200,000 and 250,000 people. By the last decade of the 19th century the number of Roma is estimated to have grown to between 250,000 and 300,000, 4-5% of the population.

8467: 8174: 8492: 8321: 3585:

is Romanian, in some cases Hungarian. There are also a few schools, where they teach the language in the afternoons. However, it is still not used in other classes.

1855:

in Romania... the continued high levels of discrimination are a serious concern.. and progress has been limited to programmes aimed at improving access to education

8311: 6649: 4206:

An "International King of Roma". On August 31, 2003, according to a decree issued by Emperor Iulian, Ilie Stănescu was proclaimed king. The ceremony took place in

6096: 4646: 1535:, which viewed Romani and Jewish people as a "bioethnic danger" to the Romanian nation. These views would come to the fore politically during the dictatorship of 6280: 1573:; of these many thousands died, with estimates of the exact number ranging from 11,000 to 12,500. In all, from the territory of present-day Romania (including 6180: 6826: 4985:

Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.

6852: 4607: 1145:

The institution of slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia predated the arrival of the Roma in the region, and was at that time principally applied to groups of

6302: 5255: 4230: 4105: 6908: 1298:

In Moldavia, the implementation of an emancipation law of 1844 liberated state and church slaves, leaving only boyar slaves in the principality. Prince

7774: 4876:

Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives - K. Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes

6510: 6222: 1565:. Antonescu persecuted Roma with increasing severity until the invasion of Romania by the Soviets and his overthrow by the King in 1944. During the 4097: 1807:. According to the press, the raids resulted in the destruction of apartments and houses, beatings of men and assaults of women of Roma ethnicity. 1190: 1153:

resident in the territory. Although initially all the Roma were owned by princes, groups of Roma were very quickly transferred to monasteries or

6988: 7048: 7038: 4533: 678: 5224: 5129: 5176: 1219: 906: 6876: 4301: 7347: 7124: 1291:

The Wallachian state freed its own slaves in 1843, and this was followed by the emancipation of church slaves in 1847. The government of

6204: 5755:

The report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania - The Deportation of the Roma and their treatment in Transnistria

1325:

in 1812, the Roma were liberated in 1861. Many of them migrated to other regions of the Empire, while important communities remained in

6941: 6627: 1731:

After the fall of communism in Romania, there were many inter-ethnic conflicts targeting the Roma community, the most famous being the

1302:

emancipated the final Moldavian slaves in 1855, setting different rates of compensation dependent on whether the gypsies were nomadic

759: 7219: 5981: 4943: 8274: 4838: 8204: 7480: 3576:) clearly exceeds that threshold, no inscriptions nor services are available in the Romani language. Moreover, in the village of 732: 455: 6803:"Singura școală din România cu predare în limba țigănească se află în Timiș. Ce talent au copiii și de ce vin cu drag la școală" 5954: 4579: 1901:

published in 2020 a survey which revealed that 72% of Romanians don't trust Roma people and have a negative opinion about them.

8148: 7767: 6014:"Traian Băsescu, reclamat şi el la CNCD pentru afirmaţii "incitatoare la ură". Ce a spus fostul preşedinte despre etnicii romi" 6894: 6957: 6755: 6715: 5905: 4956: 4742: 1101:, in the final decades of the 14th century. The first written record of Roma in Romanian territory dates to 1385 and is from 905:). The first spelling is preferred by the majority of Romani NGOs and it is the only spelling accepted in Romanian Academy's 762:, their number was 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after 664: 8117:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities. 6125:"Primarul din Târgu Mureș vrea să decidă statul cine are voie să facă copii: "Țiganii sunt o problemă serioasă a României"" 5865: 5301: 4203:, "in front of more than 10,000 Rroms" (according to his son's declaration). His son, Florin Cioabă, succeeded him as king. 834: 6319:

Ioan Durnescu; Cristian Lazar; Roger Shaw (9 May 2003). "Incidence and Characteristics of Rroma Men in Romanian Prisons".

6153:"Cine este Sorin Lavric, liderul AUR care susține că romii sunt o "plagă socială". A fost exclus din Uniunea Scriitorilor" 5923:"Povestea şoferului care a ucis 24 de ţigani cu un camion. Securitatea a dosit măcelul, de frica conflictelor interetnice" 4332: 8411: 8224: 7741: 7675: 7515: 5790: 4910: 1847: 706: 668: 660: 485: 4874: 8249: 7545: 6981: 6397:

Vasile Cernat (6 September 2020). "Roma undercount and the issue of undeclared ethnicity in the 2011 Romanian census".

5100: 5069: 837:

stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the

515: 6592: 1810:

Many politicians have also made some offensive statements against the Roma people, such as the president of that time

7760: 5728: 5643: 5578: 5403: 5332: 5210: 4920: 4884: 4635: 4615: 1878:

the inmates were Roma, many more than expected based on any official or unofficial statistics on ethnic composition.

324: 6563: 6277: 8336: 8331: 7804: 7630: 7620: 7342: 6650:"Recensământul populației și locuințelor runda 2021- rezultate provizorii | Institutul Național de Statistică" 6593:"'You are not a refugee.' Roma refugees fleeing war in Ukraine say they are suffering discrimination and prejudice" 6187: 4246: 1905: 1660: 1557:, an event which led to the military coup which installed general Ion Antonescu, first in concert with the fascist 585: 575: 364: 202: 7520: 6538:"REPORTAJ. Ce au pățit niște romi săraci din Ucraina când au fost confundați, în Gara de Nord, cu romi de la noi" 6288: 2705:. Unsurprisingly, their language is Indo-Aryan, as they originally came from what is today part of east India's 1256:

implemented a raft of policies which included forbidding the Roma from trading horses, living in tents, speaking

1209:

the practice up to that point. The children of such unions would no longer be considered slaves but free people.

490: 6860: 1129:

or Moldavian princes, but the majority of Transylvanian Roma were not slaves. One child of a former Roma slave,

1074:

Linguistic and historical data indicate that the Roma arrived in the Balkans following a long period within the

7892: 6299: 4758: 4077: 2670: 1392: 17: 7068: 2841: 2256: 1353: 192: 7212: 6974: 2682: 1253: 6916: 6681: 882:

depending on dialect ( or in the singular). Since the 1990s, the word has also been used officially in the

8396: 7699: 7388: 7093: 6564:"Refugiați romi goniți de la standul de mâncare. Problemele romilor ajunși în România din cauza războiului" 4522: 4089: 4085: 909:. The two forms reflect the fact that for some speakers of Romani there are two rhotic (ar-like) phonemes: 640: 570: 232: 151: 7181: 6068: 5753: 4207: 1523:. The strongest anti-Roma attitudes of the 1918-1940 period were found not in politics, but in Academia. 1244:

However, the majority of Roma in Transylvania were not enslaved, they instead constituted a type of royal

921: 914: 910: 8326: 8306: 8286: 8189: 7615: 1570: 725: 565: 6431: 4997: 8518: 8301: 8141: 7600: 7460: 7455: 7237: 4979:

Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku".

4093: 1230: 854: 689: 555: 435: 430: 267: 252: 212: 1078:, and that this most likely occurred around 1350. This date coincides with a period of instability in 8381: 8376: 8351: 8209: 7680: 7665: 7660: 7640: 7500: 7490: 1744: 1679:. Massacres of gypsies also occurred in various localities, including one occurring in Nagyszalonta ( 625: 620: 600: 470: 465: 5270: 5153: 4401: 4395: 1826: 1772: 1292: 8406: 8316: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8214: 8199: 8194: 8184: 8179: 8169: 7783: 7736: 7719: 7709: 7610: 7570: 7560: 7550: 7535: 7525: 7505: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7450: 7445: 7205: 7119: 7053: 5487: 5392:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter II. The gypsies in the Romanian lands in the Middle Ages: Slavery".

4211: 4101: 4081: 1909: 1886: 1732: 1638: 684: 650: 580: 535: 530: 520: 505: 500: 495: 475: 450: 445: 440: 425: 5811: 5717:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter V. The policy of the Antonescu regime with regard to the Gypsies".

1590:" of Romania's territory, through the ethnic cleansing of minorities, especially Jewish and Roma. 8434: 8401: 8391: 8371: 8361: 8346: 8341: 8291: 8259: 8244: 8219: 8103: 7714: 7694: 7655: 7650: 7635: 7625: 7605: 7590: 7585: 7555: 7540: 7510: 7495: 7485: 6703: 5232: 1704: 1299: 1177: 645: 635: 615: 610: 595: 590: 560: 550: 545: 525: 510: 480: 460: 6839: 5440: 2974: 2955: 2542: 2113: 8386: 8281: 8029: 8012: 7922: 7704: 7689: 7670: 7595: 7580: 7530: 7129: 6873: 6778: 5763: 5482: 918: 718: 540: 6747: 5897: 5891: 5840: 5504:"Swiss immigrants' integration policy as inspiration for the Romanian Roma inclusion strategy" 4467: 1788: 1061:

to refer to their Gypsy populations. The Romanian upper house, Senate, rejected the proposal.

8134: 7953: 7945: 7874: 7824: 7812: 7565: 7372: 6705: 6691: 6674: 6481: 6208: 6097:"Primarul din Baia Mare, amendat pentru că nu a demolat un zid în jurul unor blocuri de romi" 4732: 3582: 3050: 2165: 1648: 1574: 1520: 763: 257: 6249: 4951:, Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, 754:(often called "Gypsies" though this term is typically considered a slur), constitute one of 8037: 7928: 7916: 6944:

Center for International Development and Conflict Management Last Updated December 31, 2003

6043:"CNCD: Traian Băsescu și Nicolae Bacalbașa, amendați pentru discriminare la adresa romilor" 5321:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter I. The arrival of the Gypsies on the territory of Romania".

5185: 5024: 4788: 1768: 1416: 1382: 101: 7155: 7145: 5774: 4628:

Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Persecution of Gypsies in Romania, a Helsinki Watch Report

4133: 2072:

Percentage of Romani minority who speak Romani language in Romania by county (2011 census)

8: 8085: 7898: 7058: 6450:"Sondaj CCSB: 36% dintre romani cred ca tiganii ar putea deveni o amenintare pentru tara" 4962: 4708: 4543: 4353: 4272:(left) at a meeting with the representatives of the Romani minority organizations (right) 4163: 2727: 2694: 2087: 1644: 1512: 976: 838: 7352: 7073: 5028: 4792: 4407: 4173: 3569: 3259: 3240: 3012: 2620: 2399: 2269: 1185:, differing from the latter not in the fact that they were unfree, but in their lack of 384: 8055: 7868: 7830: 7186: 7043: 6414: 6379: 6336: 5047: 4873:

Meira Goldberg, K.; Bennahum, Ninotchka Devorah; Hayes, Michelle Heffner (2015-09-28).

4752: 4528: 4368: 4358: 2678: 1800: 1595: 1468: 1420: 1130: 1123: 1098: 955: 948: 815: 109: 4491: 4379: 4373: 4125: 4121: 3183: 2860: 2633: 2178: 1045:

cigán). Depending on context, the term may be considered to be pejorative in Romania.

262: 7971: 7934: 7910: 7886: 7880: 7848: 7150: 7098: 6953: 6751: 6740: 6711: 6568: 6435: 6418: 6371: 6340: 5901: 5724: 5639: 5574: 5399: 5328: 5278: 5206: 5052: 4952: 4916: 4880: 4816: 4738: 4631: 4611: 4503: 4417: 2674: 1699: 1672: 1524: 1424: 1223: 1053: 937: 883: 803: 767: 344: 105: 6383: 4269: 1811: 8091: 8043: 7904: 7862: 7836: 7731: 7160: 6827:"Magyarul beszélő romák Erdélyben. Területi elhelyezkedés és lakóhelyi szegregáció" 6406: 6363: 6328: 5042: 5032: 4806: 4796: 4109: 3577: 3430: 3373: 3164: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2516: 2451: 2191: 1862: 1835: 1428: 1212: 1186: 1075: 1026: 1019: 1011: 1004: 983: 819: 811: 674: 161: 117: 6410: 4349: 3487: 3088: 2898: 2879: 2503: 2386: 2360: 2334: 1842:

has the biggest number of Roma and that they are "a serious problem for Romania".

1668: 1199:

and kill them like cattle. Their children are born slaves regardless of their sex.

1133:, briefly achieved power in Moldavia, ruling as Voivod for part of the year 1595. 8049: 7273: 7228: 7013: 6947: 6880: 6306: 6284: 5794: 5157: 5037: 4608:

Manele in Romania: Cultural Expression and Social Meaning in Balkan Popular Music

4603: 4485: 4383: 4215: 3145: 2529: 1792: 1609:

Deported Roma were generally settled on the edges of villages in the counties of

1587: 1548: 1516: 1472: 1448: 1444: 1432: 1386: 1361: 1257: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1015: 997: 969: 867: 859:

Their original name is from the Sanskrit word डोम (doma) and means a member of a

842: 417: 299: 237: 227: 176: 6622: 5531:

Maria Holban; Ștefan Andreescu (1968). "Călători străini despre Țările Române".

4777:"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data" 3449: 3354: 3297: 3278: 2936: 2803: 2784: 2594: 2464: 2412: 2373: 2230: 2126: 2100: 1839: 1632: 1334: 7852: 7575: 6707:

Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives

4497: 4389: 4141: 3525: 3411: 3335: 3107: 3031: 2490: 2425: 2321: 2308: 2152: 1618: 1374: 1322: 1034: 990: 962: 207: 6909:"La Mânăstirea Curtea de Argeş s-au sfinţit doar podoabele specifice rromilor" 6704:

K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015).

5787: 4801: 4776: 4196: 3202: 2581: 1871: 1780: 1222:

in the mid-sixteenth century before finally falling under the dominion of the

1105:, noting the transfer of a group of Roma to the ownership of the monastery of 8512: 8073: 8061: 7995: 7357: 7325: 7263: 7176: 6367: 5282: 4473: 4461: 4427: 4189: 4145: 3506: 3468: 2568: 2555: 2076: 1760: 1748: 1721: 1536: 1389:, with Roma in Bavaria recorded as carrying Romanian passports in the 1920s. 1338: 1083: 745: 404: 389: 294: 184: 6949:

Come Closer. Inclusion and Exclusion of Roma in Present Day Romanian Society

6332: 4658:

Council of Europe, doc. GT-ROMS(2003)9-prov. (restricted) 17 September 2003.

841:

to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the

7965: 7752: 7724: 7408: 7403: 7293: 7288: 7103: 7088: 6966: 6961: 6737: 6375: 5810:

Kemény, István (2005). "History of Roma in Hungary, pp. 1-69: Kemény, I.".

5056: 4820: 4538: 4479: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4433: 3392: 3221: 2822: 2295: 2217: 2139: 1843: 1740: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1480: 1452: 1094: 886:, although it was used by Romani activists in Romania as far back as 1933. 654: 339: 314: 247: 242: 222: 217: 113: 85: 8126: 8018: 5718: 5633: 5568: 5393: 5322: 4181: 2068: 1652: 7420: 7332: 7320: 5169: 4509: 4293: 4177: 3126: 3069: 2993: 2765: 2746: 2477: 2347: 2282: 2243: 2204: 1870:

to find a better life. The exact number of emigrants is unknown. In 2007

1561:, and later as a predominantly military fascist dictatorship allied with 1532: 1484: 1398: 1378: 1234: 863: 791: 787: 369: 284: 141: 7977: 5927: 5188:, Institutul de Lingvistică "Iorgu Iordan", Editura Univers Enciclopedic 4176:

proclaimed himself. In 1997, Iulian Rădulescu announced the creation of

1885:

in Romania revealed that 94% of the questioned persons believe that the

1803:, a group of protesters organized a pogrom in the Roma neighborhoods of 1412: 8079: 7983: 7415: 7393: 7337: 7283: 6541: 6454: 6250:"Populatia de 10 ani si peste analfabeta dupa etnie, pe sexe si judete" 5122:"Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma" 4811: 3316: 2438: 1735:. Other important clashes against Roma happened, from 1989 to 2011, in 1558: 1464: 1342: 1318: 1079: 870:, the native language of the Roma, the word for "people" is pronounced 750: 379: 374: 6816:

s-au declarat de etnie romă, restul declarându-se în mare parte români

5632:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter IV. The Gypsies in inter-war Romania".

4657: 3573: 1764: 1656: 1166: 943:

The traditional and colloquial Romanian name for Romani, is "țigani" (

354: 8067: 7795: 7298: 7278: 7028: 6356:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

6318: 5610:

Cărtărescu, Mircea (2007). "Die Zigeuner – ein Rumänisches Problem".

5479:

Between Ethnonationalism, Social Exclusion and Multicultural Policies

4455: 4364: 4185: 4137: 4129: 3581:

in all, except for one school in Timiș County. In the other schools,

2917: 2706: 2607: 1830: 1822: 1804: 1712: 1622: 1553:

During 1940, Romania was forced to cede territory to Hungary and the

1467:

and other territories which increased the number of ethnic Romani in

1271: 1102: 795: 329: 309: 146: 136: 77: 73: 3595: 2060: 1238: 1109:, their presence then being documented in Transylvania in 1400, and 8097: 7989: 7842: 7315: 7308: 6101: 6073: 6018: 1752: 1736: 1528: 1460: 1110: 878: 872: 827: 780: 359: 81: 47: 7197: 5216: 4218:

were crowned and are buried. Ilie Stănescu died in December, 2007.

1796: 1784: 1776: 7959: 7398: 7023: 4668:

Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (1994). "Roma, Gypsies, Travellers", p. 34.

4308: 2710: 2689:

one. The Roma language shares the most lexical similarities with

2052: 1680: 1614: 1500: 1492: 1264: 1245: 1106: 944: 755: 630: 334: 319: 121: 89: 6354:

Ioan Durnescu (15 February 2019). "Pains of Reentry Revisited".

6300:

Regele Cioabă se plânge la Guvern că rămâne fără supuşi – Gandul

5723:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5638:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5573:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5398:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5327:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5250:[National Journal Proposal: "Gypsy" instead of "Roma"]. 4525:, an agency of the Romanian government dealing with Roma affairs 4240:

or village peopled by members of the Romani community of Romania

1725: 1396:"Scenes Among the Tsigani of Rumania", clipping from newspaper, 1213:

Situation of Roma in Late Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania

1086:, which may have been a contributory factor in their migration. 833:

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the

830:, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma. 7856: 7367: 7303: 7268: 7258: 7033: 7018: 6883:. Recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 6157: 6129: 4421: 4411: 4200: 4150: 2714: 2686: 1756: 1676: 1381:

and the Americas. This migration was the primary origin of the

1326: 1275:

enshrining slavery in the founding acts of the principalities.

1170: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1090: 399: 349: 304: 289: 2677:

as their native language, the rest (around 8-9%) speaking the

1475:

took place in 1930; 242,656 persons (1.6%) were registered as

1411:

Wallachia, with Romani groups adopting a Romanian, Hungarian,

1195:

the boyars are their absolute masters. At will, they sell them

7425: 7362: 4323: 4289: 4157: 2701:

and its grammar structure closely resembles the one found in

1693: 1633:

The Roma of Northern Transylvania during the Second World war

1610: 1515:, from 1938 to 1940, adopted discriminatory policies against 1456: 1330: 1237:, the ownership of whom was later transferred to the town of 1182: 860: 807: 784: 394: 156: 6223:"INSTRUMENT FOR PRE-ACCESSION ASSISTANCE (IPA II) 2014-2020" 5530: 2080:

The Romani minority in Romania by municipality (2002 census)

1815: 1357:

Roma village in Romania after the abolition of slavery, 1884

5150:

Minoritatea Roma – cea mai importanta minoritate din Europa

4909:

Dorian, Frederick; Duane, Orla; McConnachie, James (1999).

4872: 4679:"Facts and Figures: National strategy for Roma Integration" 6675:"Rezultate 2011 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor" 5600:

Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Humanitas, Bucuresti, 1991

4945:

Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)

1423:

as their mother tongue, 29.97% spoke Romani, 24.39% spoke

794:, presumably from the northwestern Indian regions such as 6597: 5759: 6738:

Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999).

6617: 6615: 5149: 5227:[Discrimination is learned ... in the family]. 3843:

And the partially Hungarian-speaking segregated areas:

6731: 6511:"Sondaj IRES: 7 din 10 români nu au încredere în romi" 5248:"Propunere Jurnalul Naţional: "Ţigan" în loc de "rom"" 5014: 4908: 2681:. Both the Roma and the Romanian languages are of the 2064:

The Romani minority in Romania by county (2002 census)

2056:

The Romani minority in Romania by county (2011 census)

1261:

areas of today's Romania then under Habsburg control.

6612: 6181:"The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union" 5955:"Conflicte interetnice în istoria recentă a României" 5093: 6697: 6399:

International Journal of Social Research Methodology

5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 4120:

Notable Romanian Romani musicians and bands include

1140: 6309:. Gandul.info (2007-09-10).Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5567:Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter III. Emancipation". 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 4775:Mendizabal, Isabel; et al. (6 December 2012). 4770: 4768: 4307:Type of houses owned by wealthy Romani families in 4108:, while the rest belong to other religions such as 1908:, there are some reports of discrimination against 1850:party, stated that the Roma are "a social plague". 1365:

Picture of a house which is home to a Gypsy family.

6779:"ORD DE URGENTA 57 03/07/2019 - Portal Legislativ" 6739: 5539:. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 4868: 4866: 4864: 1542: 1527:was rooted in university departments dedicated to 4338:Gábor Hungarian speaking Romani from Transylvania 889:There are two spellings of the word in Romanian: 8510: 6915:(in Romanian). September 3, 2003. Archived from 5777:. Gfbv.it (2004-02-25). Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5659: 5618: 5543: 5533:Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 5348: 5307: 4836: 4765: 919:government-sponsored (Courthiade) writing system 6742:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East 6590: 5982:"Basescu a pierdut procesul "tiganca imputita"" 5271:"Romania's Government Moves to Rename the Roma" 4941: 4912:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East 4861: 1580: 1193:, visiting Wallachia and Moldova, noted that: " 8015:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century) 5183: 5174: 1265:Roma slavery immediately prior to emancipation 8142: 7768: 7343:Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl) 7213: 7049:Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria 7039:List of towns in Romania by Romani population 6982: 6535: 6396: 6353: 4978: 4904: 4902: 4839:"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India" 4534:List of towns in Romania by Romani population 726: 52:Percentage of Roma population by municipality 7782: 6996: 6952:By Gabor Fleck, Cosima Rughinis (Eds.) 2009 5979: 5952: 5948: 5946: 5481:. Freiburg: University of Freiburg, Thesis. 5302:Romania Declines to Turn Roma Into 'Gypsies' 4326:leaders in 1941, with Romani flower sellers. 1348: 8156: 7125:National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust 6842:. (PDF). insse.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 6561: 6011: 5920: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 4737:. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. 4563: 4561: 4559: 1821:In November 2011, the mayor of the city of 8149: 8135: 7775: 7761: 7220: 7206: 6989: 6975: 6278:ENAR Shadow Report 2008: Racism in Romania 6207:. Decade of Roma Inclusion. Archived from 6007: 6005: 6003: 5609: 5501: 4899: 4774: 4284:An example wealthy Romani's house, termed 2697:, the most phonological similarities with 1694:During the communist regime and after 1989 1064: 733: 719: 46: 6625:[Population and Housing Census]. 6623:"Recensamantul Populatiei Si Locuintelor" 5943: 5486: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5205:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5046: 5036: 4810: 4800: 4610:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, p. 33, 4602:Margaret Beissinger, Speranta Radulescu, 4367:, violinist and conductor, the father of 4172:An "Emperor of Roma from Everywhere", as 1483:, a process which was accelerated by the 864:caste of travelling musicians and dancers 788:caste of travelling musicians and dancers 6479: 5476: 5463: 5152:. Romanes.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5062: 4935: 4832: 4830: 4556: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2051: 1853:A 2000 EU report about Romani said that 1711: 1703: 1391: 1360: 1352: 1052:(Gypsy), the traditional and colloquial 814:. It shares many phonetic features with 783:word डोम (doma) and means a member of a 758:'s largest minorities. According to the 6687: 6475: 6473: 6272: 6270: 6069:"Romanian mayor fined over 'Roma wall'" 6000: 5838: 5749: 5747: 5245: 5225:"Discriminarea se invata... in familie" 5222: 5177:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române 5070:"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?" 4983:(4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. 4972: 4942:Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), 4730: 4647:Council of Europe - Roma and Travellers 1569:, the regime deported 25,000 Romani to 1438: 907:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române 779:Their original name is from the Indian 14: 8511: 6321:The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 6040: 5889: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5809: 5438: 5419: 5268: 1934: 877: 871: 8130: 7756: 7201: 6970: 6892: 6186:. European Commission. Archived from 5896:. Columbia University Press. p. 5716: 5631: 5566: 5391: 5320: 4837:Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). 4827: 4115: 3562: 6853:"Regele Cioabă vs. Iulian impăratul" 6470: 6447: 6267: 5744: 5072:. khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016 4322:Nazi era image. Posed photo of some 1846:, a senator member of the far-right 68:Regions with significant populations 8038:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova 7227: 6895:"Cioabă şi oalele sparte din şatră" 5893:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 5823: 5269:Murray, Rupert Wolfe (2010-12-08). 4998:"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma" 4199:proclaimed himself King of Roma at 835:Indian Minister of External Affairs 702: 24: 6591:Ivana Kottasová (August 7, 2022). 5953:Gabriel Sala (February 25, 2017). 5246:Antoniu, Gabriela (2 March 2009). 4192:) (2,916 people) and 0.20% others. 1929: 1893:In another survey made in 2013 by 818:, while its grammar is closest to 25: 8530: 6935: 6628:Institutul Naţional de Statistică 5980:Bogdana Boga (November 8, 2007). 5203:Romani: A Linguistic Introduction 4671: 4343: 3929:96% (L2 speakers, native:Romani) 3861:Percentage of Hungarian speakers 3616:Percentage of Hungarian speakers 1708:A Roma family travelling by wagon 1141:Slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia 1117: 7805:Officially recognised minorities 7072: 7067: 6432:Evenimentul Zilei. April 7, 2010 5799:Kulturális Innovációs Alapítvány 4630:Human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 5, 4331: 4315: 4300: 4277: 4261: 4245: 4229: 4222: 4158:Self-proclaimed "Romani royalty" 2732:Romani population (2011 census) 2092:Romani population (2011 census) 1906:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1838:, Dorin Florea, complained that 1427:, with smaller numbers speaking 1226:at the end of the 17th century. 701: 191: 6901: 6893:Popan, Cosmin (June 10, 2006). 6886: 6867: 6845: 6833: 6819: 6809: 6795: 6785: 6771: 6667: 6642: 6584: 6555: 6536:Diana Meseșan (March 9, 2022). 6529: 6503: 6441: 6425: 6390: 6347: 6312: 6293: 6289:European Network Against Racism 6242: 6215: 6197: 6173: 6161:(in Romanian). December 8, 2020 6145: 6133:(in Romanian). January 13, 2020 6117: 6105:(in Romanian). January 29, 2020 6089: 6061: 6041:Liberă, Europa (May 20, 2020). 6034: 5973: 5914: 5883: 5858: 5803: 5780: 5768: 5603: 5594: 5524: 5495: 5295: 5262: 5239: 5223:Popescu, Eugenia (2011-07-19). 5195: 5162: 5143: 5114: 5084: 5008: 4990: 4849: 4724: 1915: 1688:Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 1643:In August 1940, as part of the 1543:Persecution during World War II 1487:carried out following the war. 1451:was established which included 1282: 1041:Сыған/ســىــعــان (syǵan), and 6942:Assessment for Roma in Romania 5775:Society for Threatened Peoples 4715: 4697: 4662: 4651: 4640: 4620: 4596: 3588: 848: 13: 1: 6859:(in Romanian). Archived from 6411:10.1080/13645579.2020.1818416 4981:Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury 4915:. Rough Guides. p. 147. 4578:(in Romanian). Archived from 4549: 3906:székelyszáldobosi cigánytelep 2683:Indo-European language family 1491:crafts and adopt the role of 1270:the principalities, with the 7389:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians 7094:National Agency for the Roma 6562:Sorin Dojan (May 30, 2022). 5921:Ionuţ Benea (June 5, 2015). 5720:The Roma in Romanian History 5635:The Roma in Romanian History 5570:The Roma in Romanian History 5477:Mircescu, Gabriella (1700). 5395:The Roma in Romanian History 5324:The Roma in Romanian History 5128:. 2014-07-19. Archived from 5038:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 4523:National Agency for the Roma 4494:, Romanian-Roma abolitionist 4256:(head of a Romani community) 3797:sepsikőröspataki cigánytelep 1912:who took refuge in Romania. 1671:government with that of the 1581:Deportations to Transnistria 1093:, with Roma likely reaching 1082:due to the expansion of the 7: 6012:Alina Mihai (May 3, 2020). 5502:Prisacariu, Roxana (2015). 4705:"Roma inclusion in Romania" 4516: 4195:A "King of Roma". In 1992, 4071: 2685:, while the Hungarian is a 2664: 1690:puts the figure at 28,000. 10: 8535: 6448:V.M. (November 27, 2010). 6438:. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5890:Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). 5441:"The cost of Roma slavery" 4757:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4168:The Romani community has: 4161: 1883:Pro Democrația association 1697: 1636: 1546: 1511:The Royal Dictatorship of 1121: 1069: 855:Names of the Romani people 852: 774: 279:Romani people by sub-group 8458: 8420: 8162: 8113: 8028: 8005: 7946:Non-recognized minorities 7944: 7803: 7790: 7438: 7381: 7251: 7244: 7235: 7169: 7138: 7112: 7081: 7065: 7004: 6710:. McFarland. p. 50. 6569:Radio Free Europe Romania 6515:Radio Free Europe Romania 4879:. McFarland. p. 50. 4802:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039 4731:Hancock, Ian F. (2005) . 4208:Curtea de Argeş Cathedral 4180:– the first Rom state in 1947:— 1349:From emancipation to 1918 1191:Louis-Alexandre de Launay 132: 127: 100: 95: 86:southeastern Transylvania 72: 67: 62: 57: 45: 8006:Historical ethnic groups 7968:* (self-declared, 1,536) 7962:* (self-declared, 3,890) 7784:Ethnic groups in Romania 7120:Decade of Roma Inclusion 6998:Romani people in Romania 6840:Census 2002, by religion 6746:. Rough Guides. p. 6368:10.1177/0306624X19828573 5511:Institute for Federalism 5439:Necula, Ciprian (2012). 4734:We are the Romani People 4188:(93,546 people), 3.01% ( 3855:Name of segregated area 3610:Name of segregated area 1639:Romani people in Hungary 1333:and the surroundings of 790:The Roma originate from 8157:Romani people in Europe 6482:"Tele-vremea țiganilor" 6333:10.1111/1468-2311.00239 4486:Florin "Rambo" Lambagiu 4059:héjjasfalvi cigánytelep 1300:Grigore Alexandru Ghica 1220:autonomous principality 1178:Danubian Principalities 1065:History and integration 8205:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7986:* (self-declared, 207) 7980:* (self-declared, 532) 7481:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7130:Racism Breaks the Game 5839:Baumgartner, Gerhard. 5819:. Boulder. p. 47. 5788:Transylvania's History 5764:Jewish Virtual Library 5201:Matras, Yaron (2005). 5184: 5175: 5126:In Other Words Project 4569:"Romanian 2011 census" 4106:Seventh-Day Adventists 2081: 2073: 2065: 2057: 1904:In the context of the 1717: 1709: 1651:, including of all of 1403: 1366: 1358: 1306:(4 ducats) or settled 1293:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei 6047:Europa Liberă România 5845:Voices of the victims 5156:May 26, 2014, at the 5102:Ziua Activistului Rom 4576:Recensamantromania.ro 4216:Hohenzollern monarchs 3583:medium of instruction 2079: 2071: 2063: 2055: 1921:Historical population 1829:, decided to build a 1715: 1707: 1659:, was transferred to 1649:Northern Transylvania 1575:Northern Transylvania 1395: 1364: 1356: 1169:), and spoon-makers ( 940:(not Romani) plural. 853:Further information: 63:621,573 (2011 census) 6863:on December 8, 2006. 6211:on January 29, 2015. 5612:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 5445:Perspective Politice 5304:at balkaninsight.com 4148:. The musical genre 4080:, 69.9% of Roma are 1887:Romanian citizenship 1439:The inter-war period 8421:States with limited 7348:Scottish Travellers 7059:2006 Ferentari riot 7054:1993 Hădăreni riots 6805:. 22 February 2014. 6077:. November 18, 2011 5870:Regi.tankonyvtar.hu 5758:November 11, 2004 ( 5029:2012PLoSO...748477R 4793:2012CBio...22.2342M 4709:European Commission 4683:European Commission 4544:2006 Ferentari riot 4512:, former footballer 4470:, former footballer 4354:king of the Gypsies 4288:, pictured here in 4268:Romanian president 4164:King of the Gypsies 4082:Orthodox Christians 3852:Locality name (HU) 3849:Locality name (RO) 3814:tasnádi cigánytelep 3607:Locality name (HU) 3604:Locality name (RO) 2741:Hungarian language 1922: 1733:1993 Hădăreni riots 1645:Second Vienna Award 1521:national minorities 1097:, then part of the 839:Government of India 340:Kale (Finnish Roma) 335:Kale (Iberian Roma) 42: 7284:English Romanichal 7156:Taraful Haiducilor 7044:Slavery in Romania 6879:2012-03-05 at the 6305:2010-09-13 at the 6283:2016-03-04 at the 6276:Delia-Luiza Niță, 5793:2017-06-09 at the 5004:. 23 October 2013. 4529:Slavery in Romania 4116:Cultural influence 4008:hiripi cigánytelep 3889:tordai cigánytelep 3712:erdődi cigánytelep 3563:Status of language 2738:Romanian language 2679:Hungarian language 2082: 2074: 2066: 2058: 1920: 1801:June 1990 Mineriad 1718: 1710: 1683:) now in Romania. 1404: 1367: 1359: 1124:Slavery in Romania 1099:Kingdom of Hungary 1029:цыгане (tsygane), 456:Bosnia-Herzegovina 33: 8519:Romani in Romania 8506: 8505: 8124: 8123: 7972:Megleno-Romanians 7750: 7749: 7434: 7433: 7195: 7194: 7151:Shukar Collective 7146:Fanfare Ciocărlia 7099:Party of the Roma 6960:. Full text from 6958:978-973-8973-09-1 6919:on April 29, 2019 6913:Curierul Naţional 6757:978-1-85828-635-8 6717:978-0-7864-9470-5 6205:"Decade in Brief" 6193:on March 5, 2009. 5907:978-0-231-11200-0 4958:978-80-7044-205-0 4787:(24): 2342–2349. 4744:978-1-902806-19-8 4504:Daniel Dumitrescu 4402:Ștefan Bănică Jr. 4134:Taraf de Haïdouks 4112:and Lutheranism. 4076:According to the 4069: 4068: 3841: 3840: 3729:ákosi cigánytelep 3560: 3559: 2669:According to the 2662: 2661: 2050: 2049: 1827:Cătălin Cherecheș 1773:Vălenii Lăpuşului 1700:Racism in Romania 1673:Arrow Cross Party 1525:Scientific racism 1321:, annexed by the 1224:Habsburg monarchy 1161:), bear-baiters ( 1114:still occurring. 1014:زرگری (zargari), 884:Romanian language 768:Council of Europe 743: 742: 345:Kale (Welsh Roma) 170: 169: 16:(Redirected from 8526: 8459:Dependencies and 8163:Sovereign states 8151: 8144: 8137: 8128: 8127: 8030:Immigrant groups 7777: 7770: 7763: 7754: 7753: 7684: 7249: 7248: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7161:Mahala Rai Banda 7076: 7071: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6874:Recensământ 2002 6871: 6865: 6864: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6745: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6701: 6695: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6445: 6439: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6362:(8): 1482–1498. 6351: 6345: 6344: 6316: 6310: 6297: 6291: 6274: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6227: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6009: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5836: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5807: 5801: 5786:Árpád E. Varga, 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5751: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5714: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5629: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5564: 5541: 5540: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5474: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5436: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5389: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5318: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5254:. Archived from 5243: 5237: 5236: 5231:. Archived from 5229:cronicaromana.ro 5220: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5166: 5160: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5050: 5040: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4961:, archived from 4950: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4870: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4804: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4685:. European Union 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4624: 4618: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4573: 4565: 4500:, football coach 4408:Cornelia Catangă 4335: 4319: 4304: 4281: 4265: 4249: 4233: 4214:where Romania's 4174:Iulian Rădulescu 3903:Székelyszáldobos 3846: 3845: 3658:Sepsiszentgyörgy 3601: 3600: 2735:Romani language 2724: 2723: 2084: 2083: 1936: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1863:Turkish minority 1817: 1567:Second World War 1517:Jewish Romanians 1473:interwar Romania 1429:Slavic languages 1187:legal personhood 1076:Byzantine Empire 923: 916: 912: 881: 875: 748:, traditionally 735: 728: 721: 705: 704: 679:Hungarian-Slovak 385:Sepečides Romani 195: 172: 171: 162:Romani mythology 58:Total population 50: 43: 41: 32: 21: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8460: 8454: 8440:Northern Cyprus 8422: 8416: 8337:North Macedonia 8158: 8155: 8125: 8120: 8109: 8024: 8001: 7940: 7799: 7786: 7781: 7751: 7746: 7678: 7621:North Macedonia 7430: 7377: 7274:Burgenland Roma 7240: 7231: 7229:Romani diaspora 7226: 7196: 7191: 7165: 7134: 7108: 7077: 7063: 7014:Romani language 7006: 7000: 6995: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6891: 6887: 6881:Wayback Machine 6872: 6868: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6702: 6698: 6686: 6682: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6634: 6632: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6540:(in Romanian). 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6446: 6442: 6430: 6426: 6395: 6391: 6352: 6348: 6317: 6313: 6307:Wayback Machine 6298: 6294: 6285:Wayback Machine 6275: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6234: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6052: 6050: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6010: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5951: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5837: 5824: 5816: 5813:Roma of Hungary 5808: 5804: 5795:Wayback Machine 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5752: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5715: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5630: 5619: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5565: 5544: 5535:(in Romanian). 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5475: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5437: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5390: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5319: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5285: 5267: 5263: 5244: 5240: 5221: 5217: 5200: 5196: 5186:Academia Română 5182:(in Romanian). 5168: 5167: 5163: 5158:Wayback Machine 5148: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5013: 5009: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4871: 4862: 4856:Current Biology 4854: 4850: 4835: 4828: 4781:Current Biology 4773: 4766: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4626:Holly Cartner, 4625: 4621: 4604:Anca Giurchescu 4601: 4597: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4557: 4552: 4519: 4506:, olympic boxer 4492:Ioana Rudăreasa 4482:, Olympic boxer 4476:, Olympic boxer 4442:, manele singer 4436:, manele singer 4430:, manele singer 4404:, actor, singer 4398:, actor, singer 4380:Damian Drăghici 4376:, jazz musician 4374:Johnny Răducanu 4346: 4339: 4336: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4282: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4250: 4241: 4234: 4225: 4212:Orthodox Church 4166: 4160: 4126:Johnny Răducanu 4122:Grigoraş Dinicu 4118: 4098:Greek Catholics 4090:Roman Catholics 4074: 3794:Sepsikőröspatak 3655:Sfântu-Gheorghe 3591: 3565: 2842:Bistrița-Năsăud 2667: 2257:Bistrița-Năsăud 1918: 1769:Plăieşii de Sus 1702: 1696: 1641: 1635: 1588:Romanianisation 1583: 1551: 1549:Romani genocide 1545: 1449:Greater Romania 1445:First World War 1441: 1387:First World War 1351: 1285: 1267: 1215: 1176:Slavery in the 1143: 1126: 1120: 1072: 1067: 1018:غجري (ghajri), 952:цигани (cigani) 879:[ˈʀoma] 873:[ˈroma] 857: 851: 843:Indian diaspora 777: 739: 694: 576:North Macedonia 422: 421: 418:Romani diaspora 409: 300:Burgenland Roma 281: 280: 166: 53: 36: 35: 34:Roma in Romania 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8532: 8522: 8521: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8461:other entities 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8412:United Kingdom 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8225:Czech Republic 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8034: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8019:Dobrujan Arabs 8016: 8009: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7950: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7853:Crimean Tatars 7851:(divided into 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7791:Dominant group 7788: 7787: 7780: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7757: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7742:United Kingdom 7739: 7734: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7676:Basque Country 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7521:Czechoslovakia 7518: 7516:Czech Republic 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7225: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7139:Musical groups 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6945: 6937: 6936:External links 6934: 6931: 6930: 6900: 6897:(in Romanian). 6885: 6866: 6844: 6832: 6818: 6808: 6794: 6784: 6770: 6756: 6730: 6716: 6696: 6680: 6666: 6641: 6611: 6583: 6554: 6528: 6502: 6480:Vasile Dâncu. 6469: 6440: 6424: 6405:(6): 761–766. 6389: 6346: 6327:(3): 237–244. 6311: 6292: 6266: 6241: 6214: 6196: 6172: 6144: 6116: 6088: 6060: 6033: 5999: 5972: 5942: 5913: 5906: 5882: 5857: 5822: 5802: 5779: 5767: 5743: 5729: 5658: 5644: 5617: 5602: 5593: 5579: 5542: 5523: 5494: 5488:10.1.1.466.589 5462: 5418: 5404: 5347: 5333: 5306: 5294: 5261: 5258:on 2014-07-12. 5238: 5235:on 2011-07-19. 5215: 5194: 5161: 5142: 5113: 5092: 5083: 5061: 5023:(11): e48477, 5007: 4989: 4971: 4957: 4934: 4921: 4898: 4885: 4860: 4848: 4843:New York Times 4826: 4764: 4743: 4723: 4714: 4696: 4670: 4661: 4650: 4639: 4619: 4595: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4498:Mircea Lucescu 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4468:Bănel Nicoliţă 4465: 4459: 4453: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4415: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4377: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4345: 4344:Notable people 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4283: 4276: 4274: 4270:Traian Băsescu 4267: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4204: 4193: 4162:Main article: 4159: 4156: 4117: 4114: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3940:Lingurár-telep 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3791:Valea Crișului 3788: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3624:Marosvásárhely 3622: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3590: 3587: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1914: 1910:Ukrainian Roma 1812:Traian Băsescu 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1634: 1631: 1582: 1579: 1544: 1541: 1440: 1437: 1375:Russian Empire 1350: 1347: 1323:Russian Empire 1284: 1281: 1266: 1263: 1229:The region of 1214: 1211: 1165:), musicians ( 1142: 1139: 1122:Main article: 1119: 1118:Slavery period 1116: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 968:(atsinganoi), 850: 847: 792:northern India 776: 773: 741: 740: 738: 737: 730: 723: 715: 712: 711: 710: 709: 696: 695: 693: 692: 687: 682: 672: 661:United Kingdom 658: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 491:Czechoslovakia 488: 486:Czech Republic 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 416: 415: 414: 411: 410: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 197: 196: 188: 187: 181: 180: 168: 167: 165: 164: 159: 154: 152:Pentecostalism 149: 144: 139: 133: 130: 129: 125: 124: 98: 97: 93: 92: 70: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 51: 29: 26: 18:Romanian Gypsy 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8531: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8473:Faroe Islands 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445:South Ossetia 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8297:Liechtenstein 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8152: 8147: 8145: 8140: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8021:(145 in 1850) 8020: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7974:(1,200–2,000) 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7732:United States 7730: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7682: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7358:Servitka Roma 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7264:Bergitka Roma 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7216: 7211: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7188: 7187:Mădălin Voicu 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7177:Delia Grigore 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082:Organisations 7080: 7075: 7070: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6828: 6822: 6812: 6804: 6798: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6676: 6670: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6572:(in Romanian) 6571: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6517:(in Romanian) 6516: 6512: 6506: 6491:(in Romanian) 6490: 6483: 6476: 6474: 6458:(in Romanian) 6457: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6255:(in Romanian) 6251: 6245: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6049:(in Romanian) 6048: 6044: 6037: 6022:(in Romanian) 6021: 6020: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5988:(in Romanian) 5987: 5983: 5976: 5961:(in Romanian) 5960: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5931:(in Romanian) 5930: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5886: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5815: 5814: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5732: 5730:9786155053931 5726: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5647: 5645:9786155053931 5641: 5637: 5636: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5613: 5606: 5597: 5582: 5580:9786155053931 5576: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5407: 5405:9786155053931 5401: 5397: 5396: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5336: 5334:9786155053931 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5303: 5298: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5211:9780521023306 5208: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5132:on 2014-07-19 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5087: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4968:on 2016-03-04 4964: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4924: 4922:9781858286358 4918: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4903: 4888: 4886:9780786494705 4882: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4636:9781564320377 4633: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4616:9781442267084 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4585:on 2020-05-09 4581: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4555: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474:Marian Simion 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4462:Nicole Cherry 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4428:Adrian Minune 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4396:Ștefan Bănică 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4369:Mădălin Voicu 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359:Mădălin Voicu 4357: 4355: 4351: 4350:Florin Cioabă 4348: 4347: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286:Romani Palace 4280: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4223:Image gallery 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4146:Nicole Cherry 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4025:Alsófernezely 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3920:Marossárpatak 3919: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3689:Boroșneu Mare 3688: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3586: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2956:Caraș-Severin 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2543:Caraș-Severin 2541: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2062: 2054: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1872:Florin Cioabă 1867: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1799:. During the 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Bolintin-Deal 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1722:Eugen Grigore 1716:A Roma couple 1714: 1706: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647:, control of 1646: 1640: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1540: 1539:(1940-1944). 1538: 1537:Ion Antonescu 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1363: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1131:Ștefan Răzvan 1125: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1084:Ottoman Turks 1081: 1077: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 992: 988: 985: 981: 978: 974: 971: 967: 964: 960: 957: 953: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 920: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 880: 874: 869: 865: 862: 856: 846: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 799: 798:and Maratha. 797: 793: 789: 786: 782: 772: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752: 747: 736: 731: 729: 724: 722: 717: 716: 714: 713: 708: 700: 699: 698: 697: 691: 688: 686: 683: 680: 676: 675:United States 673: 670: 666: 662: 659: 656: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 419: 413: 412: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 390:Servitka Roma 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 295:Bergitka Roma 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 275: 274: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 199: 198: 194: 190: 189: 186: 185:Romani people 183: 182: 178: 174: 173: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 131: 126: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 66: 61: 56: 49: 44: 39: 19: 8450:Transnistria 8356: 8104:Bangladeshis 7818: 7798:(16,792,868) 7645: 7294:Finnish Kale 7289:Erromintxela 7182:Nicolae Păun 7104:Romani CRISS 7089:Aven Amentza 7005:Demographics 6997: 6962:Google Books 6948: 6921:. Retrieved 6917:the original 6912: 6903: 6888: 6869: 6861:the original 6856: 6847: 6835: 6821: 6811: 6797: 6787: 6773: 6761:. Retrieved 6741: 6733: 6721:. Retrieved 6706: 6699: 6688:Hancock 2005 6683: 6669: 6657:. Retrieved 6653: 6644: 6633:. Retrieved 6626: 6604:September 1, 6602:. Retrieved 6596: 6586: 6574:. Retrieved 6567: 6557: 6545:. Retrieved 6531: 6519:. Retrieved 6514: 6505: 6493:. Retrieved 6488: 6460:. Retrieved 6453: 6443: 6427: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6295: 6257:. Retrieved 6244: 6233:. Retrieved 6230:Ec.europa.eu 6229: 6217: 6209:the original 6199: 6188:the original 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6156: 6147: 6135:. Retrieved 6128: 6119: 6107:. Retrieved 6100: 6091: 6079:. Retrieved 6072: 6063: 6051:. Retrieved 6046: 6036: 6024:. Retrieved 6017: 5990:. Retrieved 5985: 5975: 5963:. Retrieved 5958: 5933:. Retrieved 5926: 5916: 5892: 5885: 5873:. Retrieved 5869: 5860: 5848:. Retrieved 5844: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5782: 5770: 5754: 5734:. Retrieved 5719: 5649:. Retrieved 5634: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5584:. Retrieved 5569: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5510: 5497: 5478: 5453:. Retrieved 5448: 5444: 5409:. Retrieved 5394: 5338:. Retrieved 5323: 5297: 5286:. Retrieved 5274: 5264: 5256:the original 5251: 5241: 5233:the original 5228: 5218: 5202: 5197: 5173: 5164: 5145: 5134:. Retrieved 5130:the original 5125: 5116: 5106:, retrieved 5101: 5095: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5064: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5002:Live Science 5001: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4963:the original 4944: 4937: 4926:. Retrieved 4911: 4890:. Retrieved 4875: 4855: 4851: 4842: 4784: 4780: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4699: 4687:. Retrieved 4682: 4673: 4664: 4653: 4642: 4622: 4598: 4587:. Retrieved 4580:the original 4575: 4539:Antiziganism 4480:Dorel Simion 4446:Sandu Ciorbă 4440:Vali Vijelie 4434:Florin Salam 4418:Nicolae Guţă 4361:, politician 4285: 4253: 4237: 4167: 4149: 4119: 4086:Pentecostals 4075: 3842: 3692:Nagyborosnyó 3592: 3566: 3554: 3549: 3544: 2719: 2668: 2656: 2651: 2646: 1916:Demographics 1903: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1844:Sorin Lavric 1840:Mureș County 1820: 1809: 1730: 1719: 1687: 1685: 1665: 1655:and part of 1642: 1627: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1584: 1571:Transnistria 1563:Nazi Germany 1555:Soviet Union 1552: 1510: 1506: 1501:Roma Voivode 1497: 1489: 1476: 1453:Transylvania 1442: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1372: 1368: 1335:Cetatea Albă 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1290: 1286: 1283:Emancipation 1277: 1268: 1250: 1243: 1228: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1175: 1158: 1144: 1135: 1127: 1095:Transylvania 1088: 1073: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1022: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 942: 933: 929: 928:. The final 925: 902: 898: 894: 890: 888: 858: 832: 824: 800: 778: 749: 744: 605: 325:Judeo-Romani 315:Crimean Roma 114:Transylvania 37: 30:Ethnic group 27:Ethnic group 8488:Isle of Man 8423:recognition 8397:Switzerland 8332:Netherlands 8013:Circassians 7923:Macedonians 7815:(1,227,623) 7700:Switzerland 7679: [ 7631:Netherlands 7333:Polska Roma 7321:Muslim Roma 7252:Uncontested 7238:Settlements 7113:Initiatives 7007:and history 6923:November 5, 6521:February 8, 6053:February 8, 6026:February 8, 5252:jurnalul.ro 4812:10230/25348 4510:Petre Marin 4488:, kickboxer 4450:Gipsy music 4294:Cluj County 4197:Ioan Cioabă 4178:Cem Romengo 4078:2011 census 4056:Héjjasfalva 3957:Cigánysereg 3866:Cluj-Napoca 3858:Population 3780:Oncsa-telep 3644:Dankó Pista 3621:Târgu-Mureș 3613:Population 3589:Segregation 3578:Crăciunești 3555:3.09 % 2671:2011 census 2657:3.09 % 1836:Târgu Mureș 1818:fined him. 1781:Valea Largă 1533:biopolitics 1485:land reform 1481:smallholder 1399:The Graphic 1379:Scandinavia 1235:Bran Castle 1197:(the Roma) 849:Terminology 760:2011 census 707:WikiProject 641:Switzerland 586:Netherlands 571:New Zealand 370:Polska Roma 285:Afro-Romani 268:Settlements 203:Archaeology 142:Catholicism 102:Vlax Romani 8367:San Marino 8327:Montenegro 8307:Luxembourg 8287:Kazakhstan 8190:Azerbaijan 8080:Pakistanis 7984:Krashovani 7954:Aromanians 7875:Bulgarians 7859:) (20,282) 7825:Ukrainians 7813:Hungarians 7616:Montenegro 7439:By country 7373:Welsh Kale 7338:Ruska Roma 6763:8 December 6723:8 December 6690:, p. 6635:2020-10-06 6542:Libertatea 6455:Hotnews.ro 6235:2017-08-19 6137:8 February 5288:2021-04-29 5136:2021-04-29 5108:2009-01-28 4928:2017-06-05 4892:2017-06-05 4689:31 January 4589:2011-12-10 4550:References 4252:Purported 4042:Parângului 4036:Sighișoara 3746:Cigányszer 3641:Székelyhíd 3627:Hidegvölgy 1793:Sâncrăieni 1637:See also: 1559:Iron Guard 1547:See also: 1519:and other 1465:Bessarabia 1443:After the 1319:Bessarabia 1080:Asia Minor 977:Portuguese 966:ατσίγγανοι 764:Hungarians 566:Montenegro 420:by country 380:Ruska Roma 375:Romanichal 8478:Gibraltar 8302:Lithuania 8068:Filipinos 8040:(177,000) 7929:Albanians 7917:Armenians 7821:(621,573) 7796:Romanians 7601:Lithuania 7461:Australia 7456:Argentina 7416:Bosha/Lom 7382:Contested 7353:Sepečides 7299:Kalderash 7279:Cascarots 7245:Subgroups 7029:Kalderash 6462:March 29, 6419:225206490 6341:145517603 6259:April 18, 6109:March 29, 5992:March 29, 5986:Ziare.com 5965:April 25, 5959:Descoperă 5935:March 29, 5841:"Hungary" 5483:CiteSeerX 5283:0040-781X 4753:cite book 4456:Connect-R 4365:Ion Voicu 4352:, former 4186:Romanians 4182:Târgu Jiu 4138:Connect-R 4130:Ion Voicu 4022:Nagybánya 4019:Baia Mare 3991:Kis Telep 3869:Kolozsvár 3695:Cigányrét 3431:Teleorman 3374:Satu Mare 3260:Mehedinți 3241:Maramureș 3165:Hunedoara 3051:Dâmbovița 3013:Constanța 2918:Bucharest 2707:Rajasthan 2621:Constanța 2608:Bucharest 2517:Hunedoara 2452:Teleorman 2400:Maramureș 2270:Mehedinți 2192:Satu Mare 2166:Dâmbovița 1823:Baia Mare 1805:Bucharest 1789:Sânmartin 1745:Cuza Vodă 1653:Maramureș 1623:Berezovka 1596:blackouts 1421:Hungarian 1272:Phanariot 1254:Joseph II 1171:lingurari 1103:Wallachia 1033:cyganie, 956:Hungarian 949:Bulgarian 924:is spelt 917:. In the 796:Rajasthan 690:Venezuela 556:Lithuania 436:Australia 431:Argentina 365:Romanisæl 330:Kalderash 310:Cascarots 147:Calvinism 137:Orthodoxy 110:Hungarian 96:Languages 78:Bucharest 74:Wallachia 8513:Category 8498:Svalbard 8483:Guernsey 8430:Abkhazia 8382:Slovenia 8377:Slovakia 8352:Portugal 8210:Bulgaria 8098:Mexicans 8086:Iranians 8074:Africans 7990:Slovenes 7978:Székelys 7956:(26,500) 7899:Italians 7871:(13,654) 7865:(18,076) 7845:(23,487) 7843:Lipovans 7839:(27,698) 7833:(36,042) 7827:(50,920) 7666:Slovenia 7661:Slovakia 7641:Portugal 7501:Colombia 7491:Bulgaria 7316:Manouche 7309:Machvaya 6877:Archived 6659:17 March 6654:insse.ro 6547:24 March 6384:73447392 6376:30767582 6303:Archived 6281:Archived 6102:Mediafax 6074:Euronews 6019:Mediafax 5928:Adevărul 5791:Archived 5762:), from 5516:18 March 5455:18 March 5154:Archived 5057:23209554 5017:PLOS ONE 4821:23219723 4517:See also 4464:, singer 4458:, singer 4392:, singer 4254:bulibașa 4102:Baptists 4094:Reformed 4084:, 18.4% 4072:Religion 4053:Vânători 4039:Segesvár 3988:Mezőbánd 3968:Vânători 3900:Doboșeni 3777:Margitta 3774:Marghita 3763:Kishilib 3740:Ghelința 3184:Ialomița 3146:Harghita 2975:Călărași 2861:Botoșani 2675:Romanian 2665:Language 2634:Botoșani 2530:Harghita 2179:Ialomița 2114:Călărași 1761:Cărpiniş 1753:Ogrezeni 1737:Turulung 1529:Eugenics 1513:Carol II 1477:(țigani) 1461:Bukovina 1425:Romanian 1339:Chișinău 1312:linguari 1111:Moldavia 1054:Romanian 1037:cikáni, 1001:Zigeuner 994:zigeuner 973:tsiganes 938:Romanian 901:(plural 893:(plural 804:Gujarati 781:Sanskrit 669:Scotland 626:Slovenia 621:Slovakia 601:Portugal 471:Colombia 466:Bulgaria 360:Machvaya 263:Religion 238:Language 228:Folklore 177:a series 175:Part of 128:Religion 122:Dobrogea 106:Romanian 90:Dobrogea 82:Moldavia 8407:Ukraine 8357:Romania 8317:Moldova 8275:Ireland 8270:Iceland 8265:Hungary 8255:Germany 8250:Georgia 8240:Finland 8235:Estonia 8230:Denmark 8215:Croatia 8200:Belgium 8195:Belarus 8185:Austria 8180:Armenia 8175:Andorra 8170:Albania 8064:(1,000) 8062:Indians 8058:(2,243) 8056:Chinese 8052:(2,384) 8050:Afghans 8046:(5,000) 7966:Csángós 7960:Hutsuls 7925:(1,264) 7919:(1,361) 7913:(2,477) 7907:(2,543) 7901:(3,203) 7895:(3,271) 7889:(3,668) 7883:(5,408) 7877:(7,336) 7869:Slovaks 7831:Germans 7737:Uruguay 7720:Ukraine 7710:Tunisia 7646:Romania 7611:Moldova 7571:Ireland 7561:Hungary 7551:Germany 7546:Georgia 7536:Estonia 7526:Denmark 7506:Croatia 7476:Belgium 7471:Belarus 7466:Austria 7451:Algeria 7446:Albania 7404:Kawliya 7399:Garachi 7326:Zargari 7024:Ciurari 6576:June 6, 6495:May 16, 5875:15 June 5850:15 June 5736:2 March 5651:2 March 5586:2 March 5411:2 March 5340:2 March 5191:. 1988. 5076:4 March 5048:3509117 5025:Bibcode 4789:Bibcode 4414:-singer 4309:Buzescu 4104:, 0.8% 4100:, 0.9% 4096:, 1.1% 4088:, 3.8% 3923:Szerbia 3917:Glodeni 3872:Patarét 3828:Csedreg 3825:Cidreag 3760:Ozsdola 3743:Gelence 3675:Diószeg 3638:Săcueni 3574:Ormeniş 3570:Vâlcele 3550:621,573 3526:Vrancea 3412:Suceava 3336:Prahova 3108:Giurgiu 3032:Covasna 2711:Haryana 2703:Merwari 2699:Bengali 2691:Punjabi 2652:621,573 2491:Suceava 2426:Prahova 2322:Vrancea 2309:Covasna 2153:Giurgiu 2043:569,477 2032:621,573 2021:535,140 2010:401,087 2002:+254.2% 1999:227,398 1977:104,216 1955:262,501 1944:200,000 1765:Găiseni 1741:Vârghiș 1724:, from 1681:Salonta 1661:Hungary 1657:Crișana 1615:Ochakov 1493:pedlars 1469:Romania 1413:Székely 1308:vătraşi 1231:Făgăraș 1167:lăutari 1107:Prizren 1070:Arrival 1027:Russian 1023:zingari 1020:Italian 1012:Persian 1005:Turkish 987:gitanos 984:Spanish 980:ciganos 945:cognate 936:is the 897:), and 820:Bengali 816:Marwari 812:Punjabi 775:Origins 756:Romania 685:Uruguay 651:Ukraine 606:Romania 581:Moldova 536:Ireland 531:Hungary 521:Germany 516:Georgia 506:Finland 501:Estonia 496:Denmark 476:Croatia 451:Belgium 446:Belarus 441:Austria 426:Albania 405:Zargari 355:Lăutari 320:Gurbeti 233:History 213:Culture 208:Cuisine 118:Turkish 8493:Jersey 8435:Kosovo 8402:Turkey 8392:Sweden 8372:Serbia 8362:Russia 8347:Poland 8342:Norway 8322:Monaco 8292:Latvia 8260:Greece 8245:France 8220:Cyprus 7996:Gagauz 7935:Rusyns 7911:Czechs 7887:Greeks 7881:Croats 7857:Nogais 7849:Tatars 7819:Romani 7725:Crimea 7715:Turkey 7695:Sweden 7656:Serbia 7651:Russia 7636:Poland 7626:Norway 7606:Mexico 7591:Latvia 7586:Kosovo 7576:Israel 7556:Greece 7541:France 7511:Cyprus 7496:Canada 7486:Brazil 7368:Ursari 7304:Lovari 7269:Boyash 7259:Arlije 7170:People 7034:Ursari 7019:Boyash 6956: 6754: 6714: 6631:. 2011 6436:Evz.ro 6417: 6382: 6374: 6339: 6165:3 July 6158:Pro TV 6130:Digi24 6081:7 July 5904: 5727: 5642: 5577: 5485: 5402: 5331: 5281: 5209: 5055: 5045: 4955: 4919: 4883: 4819: 4741: 4634: 4614: 4452:singer 4424:singer 4422:manele 4412:fiddle 4386:player 4210:, the 4201:Horezu 4151:manele 3971:Vadász 3954:Bonyha 3951:Bahnea 3811:Tasnád 3808:Tășnad 3757:Ojdula 3678:Sziget 3672:Diosig 3596:Săcele 3530:11,966 3507:Vaslui 3488:Vâlcea 3469:Tulcea 3454:14,525 3416:12,178 3397:17,946 3378:17,388 3359:15,004 3340:17,763 3283:46,947 3264:10,919 3245:12,211 3226:15,634 3207:11,288 3188:14,278 3112:15,223 3093:16,990 3089:Galați 3074:29,839 3055:27,355 2998:22,531 2979:22,939 2941:20,376 2922:23,973 2899:Brăila 2884:18,519 2880:Brașov 2846:11,937 2827:34,640 2808:15,284 2789:16,476 2770:16,526 2751:14,292 2728:County 2715:Punjab 2687:Uralic 2641:1.01% 2628:1.25% 2615:1.27% 2612:23,973 2602:1.36% 2589:1.46% 2586:11,288 2576:1.50% 2569:Vaslui 2563:1.61% 2556:Tulcea 2550:1.70% 2537:1.71% 2524:1.79% 2511:1.87% 2504:Vâlcea 2498:1.92% 2495:12,178 2485:1.96% 2472:2.12% 2469:14,525 2459:2.16% 2446:2.18% 2433:2.33% 2430:17,763 2420:2.48% 2417:15,284 2407:2.55% 2404:12,211 2394:2.66% 2387:Brăila 2381:2.69% 2378:16,476 2368:3.17% 2365:16,990 2361:Galați 2355:3.26% 2352:22,531 2342:3.37% 2339:18,519 2335:Brașov 2329:3.52% 2326:11,966 2316:3.93% 2303:4.02% 2300:15,634 2290:4.04% 2287:16,526 2277:4.11% 2274:10,919 2264:4.17% 2261:11,937 2251:4.17% 2248:14,292 2238:4.51% 2235:20,376 2225:4.52% 2222:17,946 2212:4.52% 2209:29,839 2199:5.05% 2196:17,388 2186:5.21% 2183:14,278 2173:5.27% 2170:27,355 2160:5.41% 2157:15,223 2147:6.02% 2144:34,640 2134:6.69% 2131:15,004 2121:7.48% 2118:22,939 2108:8.52% 2105:46,947 2088:County 2035:+16.2% 2024:+33.4% 2013:+76.4% 1991:−38.4% 1988:64,197 1980:+95.1% 1969:−79.6% 1966:53,425 1958:+31.3% 1757:Reghin 1677:Dachau 1669:Horthy 1433:German 1402:, 1908 1341:, and 1327:Soroca 1304:lăieşi 1258:Romani 1239:Braşov 1163:ursari 1159:aurari 1155:boyars 1151:Cumans 1147:Tatars 1091:Danube 1043:Slovak 1039:Kazakh 1031:Polish 1016:Arabic 998:German 970:French 959:cigány 868:Romani 751:Țigani 655:Crimea 646:Turkey 636:Sweden 616:Serbia 611:Russia 596:Poland 591:Norway 561:Mexico 551:Latvia 546:Kosovo 526:Greece 511:France 481:Cyprus 461:Brazil 400:Ursari 350:Lovari 305:Boyash 290:Arlije 258:People 8468:Åland 8387:Spain 8312:Malta 8282:Italy 8106:(100) 8100:(224) 8094:(500) 8092:Kurds 8088:(610) 8082:(700) 8076:(700) 8070:(800) 8044:Arabs 7992:(175) 7937:(262) 7931:(520) 7905:Poles 7863:Serbs 7837:Turks 7705:Syria 7690:Sudan 7683:] 7671:Spain 7596:Libya 7581:Italy 7531:Egypt 7426:Lyuli 7409:Nawar 7363:Sinti 6857:Maxim 6485:(PDF) 6415:S2CID 6380:S2CID 6337:S2CID 6253:(PDF) 6226:(PDF) 6191:(PDF) 6184:(PDF) 5817:(PDF) 5507:(PDF) 5170:"rom" 4966:(PDF) 4949:(PDF) 4583:(PDF) 4572:(PDF) 4390:Andra 4324:NSDAP 4290:Turda 4238:șatră 4142:Andra 4110:Islam 4092:, 3% 4005:Hirip 3974:Gödör 3937:Zágon 3934:Zagon 3886:Torda 3883:Turda 3831:Tanya 3803:100% 3769:100% 3752:100% 3735:100% 3718:100% 3709:Erdőd 3706:Ardud 3701:100% 3667:100% 3650:100% 3545:Total 3511:5,913 3492:6,939 3473:3,423 3450:Timiș 3435:8,198 3393:Sibiu 3355:Sălaj 3321:9,504 3302:6,398 3298:Neamț 3279:Mureș 3222:Ilfov 3169:7,475 3150:5,326 3131:6,698 3036:8,267 3017:8,554 2960:7,272 2937:Buzău 2903:8,555 2865:4,155 2823:Bihor 2804:Bacău 2785:Argeș 2695:Hindi 2647:Total 2638:4,155 2625:8,554 2599:6,398 2595:Neamț 2573:5,913 2560:3,423 2547:7,272 2534:5,326 2521:7,475 2508:6,939 2482:6,698 2465:Timiș 2456:8,198 2443:9,504 2413:Bacău 2391:8,555 2374:Argeș 2313:8,267 2296:Ilfov 2231:Buzău 2218:Sibiu 2140:Bihor 2127:Sălaj 2101:Mureș 2046:−8.4% 2040:2022 2029:2011 2018:2002 2007:1992 1996:1977 1985:1966 1974:1956 1963:1948 1952:1930 1941:1887 1797:Racoş 1785:Apața 1777:Racşa 1619:Balta 1611:Golta 1457:Banat 1417:Saxon 1343:Bălți 1331:Otaci 1183:serfs 1059:Țigan 1057:word 1050:Țigan 1035:Czech 1008:Çigan 991:Dutch 963:Greek 947:with 934:rromi 903:rromi 861:Dalit 808:Hindi 802:with 785:Dalit 631:Spain 541:Italy 395:Sinti 253:Names 248:Music 243:Media 223:Dress 218:Dance 157:Islam 40:, Rom 38:Țigan 7893:Jews 7855:and 7566:Iraq 7421:Lori 6954:ISBN 6925:2006 6765:2015 6752:ISBN 6725:2015 6712:ISBN 6661:2023 6606:2022 6578:2022 6549:2022 6523:2020 6497:2020 6489:IRES 6464:2020 6372:PMID 6261:2020 6167:2021 6139:2021 6111:2020 6083:2013 6055:2021 6028:2021 5994:2020 5967:2020 5937:2020 5902:ISBN 5877:2021 5852:2021 5738:2021 5725:ISBN 5653:2021 5640:ISBN 5588:2021 5575:ISBN 5518:2021 5457:2021 5413:2021 5400:ISBN 5342:2021 5329:ISBN 5279:ISSN 5275:Time 5207:ISBN 5078:2016 5053:PMID 4953:ISBN 4917:ISBN 4881:ISBN 4817:PMID 4759:link 4739:ISBN 4691:2023 4632:ISBN 4612:ISBN 4190:Roma 4144:and 4065:15% 4048:27% 4031:19% 4014:92% 4002:Hrip 3997:42% 3985:Band 3980:18% 3963:22% 3946:26% 3912:26% 3909:1148 3892:1200 3878:16% 3875:3000 3837:94% 3820:77% 3786:97% 3726:Ákos 3723:Acâș 3715:1135 3698:1222 3684:96% 3681:1620 3664:1830 3661:Őrkő 3647:1870 3633:85% 3630:2500 3387:75% 3368:10% 3292:30% 3203:Iași 3159:79% 3127:Gorj 3070:Dolj 3045:70% 2994:Cluj 2836:35% 2766:Arad 2747:Alba 2713:and 2693:and 2582:Iași 2478:Gorj 2348:Cluj 2283:Arad 2244:Alba 2205:Dolj 1930:Pop. 1926:Year 1899:IRES 1895:IRES 1881:The 1831:wall 1816:CNCD 1795:and 1726:Iași 1621:and 1531:and 1463:and 1383:Vlax 1310:and 1246:serf 913:and 899:rrom 895:romi 828:Ḍoma 810:and 746:Roma 665:term 104:and 88:and 7998:(5) 7394:Dom 6748:147 6598:CNN 6407:doi 6364:doi 6329:doi 5898:422 5797:at 5760:PDF 5451:(2) 5043:PMC 5033:doi 4807:hdl 4797:doi 4384:nai 4062:650 4045:627 4028:631 4011:643 3994:780 3977:800 3960:829 3943:850 3926:996 3895:7% 3834:638 3817:650 3800:689 3783:758 3766:770 3749:860 3732:920 3539:0% 3536:47% 3533:53% 3520:0% 3517:49% 3514:51% 3501:0% 3498:70% 3495:30% 3482:0% 3479:61% 3476:39% 3463:1% 3460:40% 3457:59% 3444:0% 3441:44% 3438:56% 3425:0% 3422:73% 3419:27% 3406:1% 3403:80% 3400:19% 3384:12% 3381:13% 3365:41% 3362:49% 3349:0% 3346:75% 3343:25% 3330:0% 3327:61% 3324:39% 3317:Olt 3311:0% 3308:46% 3305:54% 3289:21% 3286:49% 3273:0% 3270:42% 3267:58% 3254:6% 3251:41% 3248:53% 3235:0% 3232:78% 3229:22% 3216:0% 3213:46% 3210:64% 3197:0% 3194:20% 3191:80% 3178:3% 3175:81% 3172:16% 3153:21% 3140:0% 3137:54% 3134:46% 3121:0% 3118:65% 3115:35% 3102:0% 3099:41% 3096:59% 3083:0% 3080:30% 3077:70% 3064:0% 3061:72% 3058:28% 3042:29% 3026:0% 3023:60% 3020:40% 3007:7% 3004:59% 3001:34% 2988:0% 2985:81% 2982:19% 2969:2% 2966:22% 2963:76% 2950:0% 2947:56% 2944:44% 2931:0% 2928:85% 2925:15% 2912:0% 2909:68% 2906:32% 2893:1% 2890:84% 2887:15% 2874:0% 2871:40% 2868:60% 2855:1% 2852:72% 2849:27% 2833:12% 2830:53% 2817:1% 2814:40% 2811:59% 2798:0% 2795:91% 2779:3% 2776:54% 2773:43% 2760:1% 2757:75% 2754:24% 2439:Olt 1848:AUR 1431:or 1415:or 1317:In 1173:). 1149:or 989:, 932:in 922:/ʀ/ 915:/ʀ/ 911:/r/ 891:rom 876:or 866:In 120:in 112:in 8515:: 7681:eu 6911:. 6855:. 6750:. 6692:xx 6652:. 6614:^ 6595:. 6566:. 6513:. 6487:. 6472:^ 6452:. 6434:. 6413:. 6403:24 6401:. 6378:. 6370:. 6360:63 6358:. 6335:. 6325:41 6323:. 6287:, 6269:^ 6228:. 6155:. 6127:. 6099:. 6071:. 6045:. 6016:. 6002:^ 5984:. 5957:. 5945:^ 5925:. 5900:. 5868:. 5843:. 5825:^ 5746:^ 5661:^ 5620:^ 5545:^ 5509:. 5465:^ 5447:. 5443:. 5421:^ 5350:^ 5309:^ 5277:. 5273:. 5172:. 5124:. 5051:, 5041:, 5031:, 5019:, 5000:. 4901:^ 4863:^ 4841:. 4829:^ 4815:. 4805:. 4795:. 4785:22 4783:. 4779:. 4767:^ 4755:}} 4751:{{ 4707:. 4681:. 4606:, 4574:. 4558:^ 4448:, 4420:, 4410:, 4382:, 4292:, 4236:A 4140:, 4136:, 4132:, 4128:, 4124:, 3572:, 3156:0% 3039:1% 2792:9% 2717:. 2709:, 2095:% 1935:±% 1857:. 1825:, 1791:, 1787:, 1783:, 1779:, 1775:, 1771:, 1767:, 1763:, 1759:, 1755:, 1751:, 1747:, 1743:, 1739:, 1617:, 1613:, 1598:. 1459:, 1455:, 1447:, 1377:, 1345:. 1337:, 1329:, 1201:" 1025:, 1010:, 1003:, 996:, 982:, 975:, 961:, 954:, 926:rr 845:. 822:. 806:, 681:) 671:) 667:, 657:) 179:on 116:, 108:, 84:, 80:, 76:, 8150:e 8143:t 8136:v 7776:e 7769:t 7762:v 7221:e 7214:t 7207:v 6990:e 6983:t 6976:v 6927:. 6829:. 6781:. 6767:. 6727:. 6677:. 6663:. 6638:. 6608:. 6580:. 6551:. 6525:. 6499:. 6466:. 6421:. 6409:: 6386:. 6366:: 6343:. 6331:: 6263:. 6238:. 6169:. 6141:. 6113:. 6085:. 6057:. 6030:. 5996:. 5969:. 5939:. 5910:. 5879:. 5854:. 5740:. 5655:. 5614:. 5590:. 5537:1 5520:. 5491:. 5459:. 5449:5 5415:. 5344:. 5291:. 5213:. 5139:. 5080:. 5035:: 5027:: 5021:7 4931:. 4895:. 4858:. 4845:. 4823:. 4809:: 4799:: 4791:: 4761:) 4711:. 4693:. 4592:. 930:i 734:e 727:t 720:v 677:( 663:( 653:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Romani people in Romania

Index