Romani people in Romania

1614:, their settlement frequently necessitating the eviction of Ukrainian residents who were billeted in the houses of their neighbours. The economic activity of the Roma was, theoretically, organised systematically by the state, however, in reality there was insufficient demand for labour to occupy them and they were unable to sustain themselves through work. Their high concentration in specific locations resulted in food shortages, as the local occupying authorities had insufficient resources to feed the deportees. The deported Roma suffered great hardship from the beginning due to cold and lack of food, with a high mortality rate being notable from the very beginning of the period of deportation. On occasions Roma colonies received no food rations for weeks on end, and as no clothing was issued to supplement the insufficient supply they had been allowed to bring with them, the Ukrainian winter caused much suffering and many deaths, while healthcare was practically non-existent. 4306: 1284:(1849-1856) introduced gradual restrictions of the freedom of private slave-owners to sell or donate slaves. A regulation was introduced in 1850 which forced slave-owners wishing to sell slaves to do so to the state treasury, which would immediately free them. In 1851 a measure allowing the state to compulsorily purchase mistreated slaves was introduced. The final decree of emancipation, entitled “The law for the emancipation of all Gypsies in the Principality of Wallachia” , was enacted in February 1856, thereby ending slavery in Wallachia. Slaveowners were compensated 10 ducats for each slave they possessed, with the cost of this purchase to be taken from the tax revenues which would be paid by freed slaves. The law obliged Roma to settle in villages, where they could be more easily taxed, thus forcing the last nomadic Romani to become sedentary. 1237:, with obligations of service and tax owed to the state set at a lower level than the non-Roma population. The Roma were also exempted from military service and enjoyed a degree of toleration for their non-Christian religious practices. The economic role of Romani metal-workers and craftsmen was significant in the rural economy. Many Romanis retained their nomadic lifestyle, enjoying the right to camp on crown land, however, over the centuries part of the population settled in Saxon villages, on the edge of towns, or on the estates of boyars. Those who settled on Boyar estates quickly became serfs and integrated into the local population, while those in towns and villages tended to retain their identity and freedom, albeit as a marginalised group. 1268:

of the nascent industrial sector. Private owners of slaves, monasteries and even the state frequently hired out their slave workforce for large sums of money. This new capitalistic system of exploitation transformed slaves into goods in the full sense of the term, whereas in the past slaves tended to be sold only in extremis, mass auctions of slaves became commonplace. As a result of this new mode of exploitation, the nomadic lifestyle of the Roma of Moldavia and Wallachia was no longer possible, and, like Transylvanian rom, they became a largely sedentary population. The exact slave population of Wallachia and Moldavia at this time is a matter of some debate, but historian Viorel Achim puts the figure at around 400,000, or 7% of the population.

1343: 1382: 4268: 1694: 1359:

continue to labour for their former owners often suffered great economic hardship, imprisonment and death from hunger being frequent outcomes. During the first thirty years following liberation, a notable phenomenon of urbanisation occurred, with many Roma who were expelled from their former owners' estates, or who did not wish to adopt a lifestyle which would thrust them into poverty, migrating to towns. This contrasted the situation noted in some other groups of Roma, who adapted fully to this new condition and assimilated into the peasant population, losing their status as Roma both culturally and officially.

1178:. Slaves were considered wholly property of their owners, and could be transferred, bequeathed, mortgaged or exchanged for goods or services. In addition, any property owned by the slaves could also be appropriated. Slaves could be legally imprisoned or beaten by their masters at any time, but they could not be killed, and slaves resident at the manor of their masters had to be fed and clothed. Some Roma slaves were allowed to travel and earn their own living in exchange for a fixed payment to their owners. Still, the brutality of the slave owners in the Danubian Principalities was well known in Western Europe. 1146:, creating the three groups of Roma slaves; princely slaves, monastery slaves and boyar slaves. Any Gypsy without a master would automatically become a princely slave, and any foreign-born Romani passing through the prince's dominion risked being enslaved. The Tatar component of the slave population disappeared in the second half of the 15th century, fusing into the more numerous Roma population. during this period, the Roma were organised into bands composed of 30-40 families. These bands were delineated by profession and named for the nature of their economic activity, examples include gold-washers ( 4252: 1194:

system administered by local Romani leaders and sheriffs existed, as Roma had no access to the law, and any damages caused by Roma to the property or persons of non-Roma were legally the responsibility of their legal owners. Killings of Roma were technically punishable by death, but boyars who killed a slave seem never to have been executed in practice and a Roma who killed another would usually simply be offered to the victim's master as compensation. Although contemporary records do show that Roma slaves were occasionally freed by their masters, this was very unusual.

1277:

the educated classes in the 1840s, before developing into a well-defined abolitionist movement in the 1850s. Heated debate was conducted in newspapers, with abolitionist voices initially focusing on the material and spiritual poverty endured by the slaves, and the damage this did to the country's image, before adopting arguments based on humanism and liberalism. The economic unproductivity of slave labour was also argued by slavery's critics. During the revolutions of 1848, the Moldavian and Wallachian radicals included abolition of slavery as part of their programmes.

4220: 182: 7058: 1222:, bordering Wallachia, was under the control of the Prince of Wallachia until the end of the 15th century, and therefore the institutions of slavery which pertained in that region were identical to those in Wallachia. There is also evidence that slavery was practiced in those areas which were temporarily under the control of the Prince of Moldavia. The only notable difference from the situation in Wallachia and Moldavia was that as well as the three categories of slaves found in those principalities, Roma were owned by 4291: 2066: 1351: 1803:, who, in 2007, called a Roma journalist "stinky Gypsy". Later in 2020, during a TV show, Băsescu expressed objections about the use of the term "Roma" instead of "Gypsy", which according to him was "artificially created during the 90s" and "produces confusion with Romanians living abroad". He added that the Roma people created a bad image of Romania, and that the "(criminal) Gypsy groups need to understand that they cannot be tolerated with their way of life". Following these affirmations, the 2058: 1595:

permitted to carry sufficient goods for survival in Transnistria. Despite the order to respect family members of serving soldiers, many were deported, leading to protests by Romani soldiers and complaints from the army hierarchy. As well as smaller expulsions in late September and early October, there was some repatriation of individuals and families who had been deported in error, before the deportation of the Roma was halted on 14 October 1942, due to its unpopularity.

1702: 4322: 7063: 1583:

police survey was conducted to identify any Romani person without a clear occupation or with criminal convictions, difficulty supporting themself, or any practiced nomadism. Immediately following the survey, any Romani person who fell into any of these categories would be forbidden from leaving their county of residence. The deportation of these individuals and their families was justified on the pretext of combatting criminality occurring during

2050: 37: 4236: 2042: 692: 1618:

others remained in Soviet territory, from where they were likely dispersed into other regions, a factor which makes exact calculations of mortality among the transportees very difficult. Romanian historian Viorel Achim puts the number of dead at around half of those transported, roughly 12,500 people, whereas the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania gives an estimate of 11,000.

1886:, 57% respondents stated that they generally don't trust people of Roma ancestry and only 17% said to have a Roma friend. Still, 57% said that this ethnic group is not discriminated in Romania, 59% claimed that the Roma should not receive help from the state, and that Roma people are poor because they don't like to work (72%) and that most of them are thugs (61%). 1303:(8 ducats). No compensation was paid for invalids or babies. As in Wallachia, the compensation was funded by the taxes paid by the liberated monastery and state slaves, but in Moldavia this was topped up with funds collected from the clergy. Some slave owners chose to be compensated in bonds, paying 10% annual interest, or with a 10-year exemption from taxation. 1575:

Roma people to protect Romania's ethnic purity. These views also found expression in the ideology of the "legionary" Iron Guard, who followed the scientists in identifying a "Gypsy Problem" in Romania, however, they were suppressed in January 1941 before any serious anti-roma measures had been enacted. Antonescu's post-legionary regime's declared goal was the "

1591:

sedentary Roma occurred during September 1942 and was incomplete, including only 12,497 of the 31,438 individuals recorded in the police survey. This group consisted of Roma who were categorised as "dangerous and undesirable" and excluded any romani person who had been mobilised by the military and their families.

1468:, this number was lower than the figures recorded in the late 19th century, although it was almost certainly much lower than the real figure. The reason for this relative decline was the continued gradual assimilation of Roma to a Romanian or Hungarian ethnic identity, linked to the status of peasants or 1484:, and their traditional lifestyle was made very difficult by police refusal to allow them to camp near villages. These economic and social changes reduced the strength of the traditional clan system and, despite the social and linguistic differences between Roma groups, fostered a common Roma identity. 3582:

In Romania there are 2,315 Roma segregated areas, most located on the outskirts of cities, but they can be found in villages as well. These segregated areas typically have a Roma population of almost 100%. The living conditions in these areas are extremely poor: most houses are unmaintained, a number

3569:

the population of whose native language is Romani form an absolute majority, and, still, none of the inscriptions are in Romani, only in the official language of the state, Romanian, and in another minority language whose population also surpasses 20%, Hungarian. Furthermore, education is unavailable

1866:

According to some studies, Roma people make 17% of the adult prison population and 40% of the juvenile inmates in Romania. This over-representation makes this group a favorite target for mass media attacks and discriminatory practices. Another study conducted in six Romanian prisons found that 21% of

1858:

The accession of Romania to the European Union in 2007 led many members of the Romani minority, the most socially disadvantaged ethnic group in Romania, to migrate en masse to various Western European countries (mostly to Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Sweden) hoping

1854:

having a similarly high percentage (23.7%). Within the Romanian education system there is discrimination and segregation, which leads to higher drop-out rates and lower qualifications for the Romani students. The life expectancy of the Romani minority is also 10 years lower than the Romanian average.

1849:

Various international institutions, such as the World Bank, the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB), and the Open Society Institute (OSI) launched the 2005-2015 Decade for Roma Inclusion. To this, followed the EU Decade of Roma Inclusion to combat this and other problems. The integration of the

1395:

The result of these processes of assimilation and emigration was a relative decline in the percentage of Roma inhabitants resident in Moldavia, Wallachia and Bessarabia. At the time of emancipation, the proportion of the populations of Moldavia and Wallachia who had been slaves was around 7%, between

1267:

As part of this modernisation, boyars owning slaves began to exploit their labour more intensively in a more capitalistic fashion. Romani slaves were employed in agricultural tasks during the summer months, which had not been common practice, forced to work on building sites and even in the factories

1487:

The period of Romanian democracy, between 1918 and 1938, led to a flowering of Romani cultural, social, and political organisations. In 1933, two competing national Roma representative bodies were founded, the General Association of Gypsies in Romania and the General Union of Roma in Romania. These

1479:

The traditional Roma economic activities of metalwork and crafts became less tenable during this period, as ethnic Romanians began to adopt trades such as woodworking and competition from manufactured goods increased. The few Roma who retained a nomadic lifestyle tended to abandon their traditional

1258:

Until the early 19th century, the Roma of Wallachia and Moldavia remained in conditions of slavery that had changed very little since the 14th century, despite the significant changes which had occurred in other sectors of society. Roma slavery was viewed as an integral part of the social system of

1126:

today. Public discussion of Roma slavery remains something of a taboo in modern Romania, no museum of Roma history exists, nor are there any monuments or memorials to slavery. Textbooks and the Romanian school curriculum either minimise this and other aspects of Roma history or exclude it entirely.

1117:

Romani in Wallachia and Moldavia were, from their arrival in the region, enslaved, a situation which continued until the emancipations of the mid-19th century. The institution of Romani slavery also existed in Transylvania, especially in regions which had undergone a period of control by Wallachian

1102:

in 1425. It is, however, worth noting that the dates above relate principally to the first arrival of Roma in future Romanian territories, waves of migration from the south continued up until the 18th century, when the northward migration of the Roma, some of whom were Turkish-speaking Muslims, was

6804:

Cartierul Gârcini adună aproximativ 6000 persoane (înregistrate oficial, conform Biroului Județean de Administrare a Bazelor de Date), însă organizațiile locale estimează 10.000 locuitori. Locuitorii cartierului sunt considerați “țigani/romi”, însa la ultimul recensământ (2011), doar 324 persoane

6781:

publice aflate în subordinea acestora, precum și serviciile publice deconcentrate asigură folosirea, în raporturile cu aceștia, și a limbii minorității naționale respective, în conformitate cu prevederile Constituției, ale prezentului cod și ale tratatelor internaționale la care România este parte.

1574:

The anti-Roma discourse which had been present in Romanian academia during the 1930s became more prominent as an intellectual current after 1940, with academics who had never previously expressed anti-Roma views now doing so, and eugenicists making more radical demands such as the sterilisation of

1496:

The General Union of Roma in Romania enjoyed some successes before its suppression in 1941, even continuing to function to a degree after the establishment of a Royal Dictatorship in 1938. Land was obtained for nomadic Roma, church marriages were organised to legally and spiritually formalise Roma

1399:

In 1893, the Hungarian authorities carried out a census of Transylvanian Roma which provides a wealth of information on their social and economic situation in the late 19th century. There is evidence for a similar process of assimilation into the general population as was occurring in Moldavia and

1276:

From the 1830s international and domestic criticism of Roma slavery became increasingly prominent, instigated by events such as the mass slave auctions held in Bucharest. Support for the emancipation of the Roma from within the principalities was marginal in the 1830s, but became generalised among

1249:

or even marrying another Romani person. They also finally emancipated the last slaves in Transylvania. The decrees seem to have rarely been implemented in full, which prevented the cultural extermination of the Roma, but they were very effective in promoting the sedentarisation of Gypsies in those

1197:

In the late 18th century, formal legal codes forbidding the separation of married couples were enacted. These codes also prohibited the separation of children from their parents and made marriage between free people and the Roma legal without the enslavement of the non-Roma partner, which had been

1125:

The economic contribution of slavery in the Danubian principalities was immense, yet no economic compensation was ever paid to freed slaves. The current state of social and economic exclusion in Romania has its roots in the ideology and practice of slavery, and therefore its effects are still felt

790:

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon

1358:

The liberation of the Roma improved the legal status of Romania's Roma, however, they retained their position as the most marginalised sector of Romanian society. They frequently continued to work for the same masters, without significant improvement to their material conditions. Roma who did not

1263:

rulers strongly influenced by the conservatism of their Ottoman suzerains. Following the replacement of the Phanariots with native princes in 1821, Wallachia and Moldova underwent a period of Westernisation and modernisation, eliminating many of the institutions of the ancien régime, but formally

1193:

Princely slaves were obliged to perform labour for the state and pay special taxes, according to a system based on tradition. These obligations were steadily increased over the period of Roma slavery and were sometimes partially extended to slaves owned by monasteries and boyars. A parallel legal

1045:

name for Romani, in order to avoid the possible confusion among the international community between the words Roma — which refers to the Romani ethnic minority — and Romania. The Romanian government supported the move on the grounds that many countries in the European Union use a variation of the

1617:

The number of dead from cold and hunger among the transported Roma can not be securely calculated, as no reliable contemporary statistics exist. Transnistria was evacuated by the Romanian army in early 1944, in the face of the advancing Soviet forces. Some Roma travelled back to Romania, whereas

6780:

Folosirea limbii minorităților naționale (1) În unitățile/subdiviziunile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetățenii aparținând unei minorități naționale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor, stabilit la ultimul recensământ, autoritățile administrației publice locale, instituțiile

4143:, a part of Romanian pop culture, is often sung by Romani singers in Romania and has been influenced in part by Romani music, but mostly by Oriental music brought in Romania from Turkey during the 19th century. Romanian public opinion on the subject varies from support to outright condemnation. 3556:

According to the constitution of Romania, under law 57/2019, titl. III, art. 94, alin. 1, those communes in which any national (ethnic) minority of Romania, whose proportion of the commune's population is equal to or exceeds 20%, must provide services and inscriptions in that nation's language.

1582:

Although it appears that Antonescu initially planned the staged deportation of the entire Roma population to Transnistria, Soviet territory occupied by Romania, only the first stage was ever carried out. The initial wave was composed of Roma who the regime considered a "problem", in May 1942, a

1594:

The September deportations, which occurred by train, were chaotic and often included individuals who were not intended to be deported, or in some cases, who were not even Roma. Cases were reported of theft and exploitative purchases of goods by police and gendarmes, and the deportees were not

2662:, there are 245,677 people whose native language is romani, this represents just under 40% of the ethnic population. However, this number has shrunk to 199,050 according to the 2021 census results, representing just over 33% of the ethnic population. Over half of the Roma (approx. 61%) speak 1590:

The transportation of all nomadic Romanian Roma was carried out between June and August 1942, and was composed of 11,441 people, 6714 of them children. This deportation also included those nomadic Roma serving in the army, who were returned from the front for transportation. The expulsion of

1878:

should be revoked to the ethnic Roms who commit crimes abroad. Another survey revealed that 68% of Romanians think that Roma people commit most crimes, 46% think that they are thieves, while 43% lazy and dirty, and 36% believe that the Roma community might become a threat to Romania.

1655:

In March 1944, Hungary was occupied by Nazi Germany, Hungary stepped up its persecution of the Roma and Jewish population, with countless Jewish people deported to concentration camps and many Roma organised into forced labour battalions. Following the replacement in late 1944 of the

1863:, an important leader of the Romani community (also known as the "King of all Gypsies") declared in an interview that he worried that Romania may lose its Romani minority. However, the next population census in 2011 showed a substantial rise in those recording Romani ethnicity. 1206:

The situation of Roma in Transylvania differed from that in Wallachia and Moldavia as a result of the different political conditions which prevailed there. At the time of the arrival of the first Roma, around 1400, the region formed part of the Kingdom of Hungary, becoming an

814:

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Roma originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the

2709:

The following spreadsheet contains information regarding the native languages of the ethnic Romani population. Please note that information might not be fully accurate as there is a reasonable population of Romanis who consider themselves as part of the majority population.

755:. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania, varying from 4.6 per cent to over 10 percent of the population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma. For example, in 2007 the 759:

estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people) available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population.

3587:), with over 10,000 people living in it, according to unofficial estimates. Only a minority of these districts are Hungarian or Roma-speaking. The following spreadsheet contains information regarding the largest predominantly Hungarian-speaking Romani segregated areas. 1652:. Discrimination by Hungary against Roma had been common throughout the 1930s, and biannual police raids on Romani settlements were mandated by law. During the course of the war, Hungarian Roma were progressively expelled from urban areas or forced to live in ghettoes. 4173:, in southwest Romania. According to Rădulescu, "this state has a symbolic value and does not affect the sovereignty and unity of Romania. It does not have armed forces and does not have borders". According to the 2002 population census, in Târgu Jiu there are 96.79% 6683:: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European' 4736:: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Roma groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’ 3583:

do not even have any services, let alone building permits, with 4.5 people per house on average, a number twice as high as the Romanian one. The vast majority of these segregated areas are predominantly Romanian-speaking, such as the largest segregated area, in

1566:), 36,000 Romani perished during that time. The mistreatment of Romania Roma during World War II has received scant attention from Romanian historians, despite the wide-ranging historical literature detailing the history of the Antonescu regime. 1169:

did not generally signify that Romani or Tatar slaves were forced remain on the property of their owners, most Roma remained nomadic but were tied to their owners by certain obligations. Slaves made up the lowest category of society, below the

1240:

In the second half of the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy undertook a series of measures designed to forcibly assimilate the Roma and suppress their nomadic lifestyle. The most severe of these decrees came in 1783 when the emperor

3557:

However this is not carried into practice. On the one hand, this law is respected in the cases of most national minorities (e.g.: Hungarian, German etc.). On the other hand, in communes where the ethnic Romani population (e.g.:

1492:

Gheorghe Niculescu, emerging as the only truly national force. The organisation's stated aim was "the emancipation and reawakening of the Roma nation" so that Roma could live alongside their compatriots "without being ashamed".

1822:

in a neighborhood inhabited by a Roma community. The National Anti-Discrimination Council fined the mayor in 2011 and in 2020 for not demolishing the wall, despite the several orders in this regard. Also in 2020, the mayor of

4305: 4667: 5855:"Társadalmi és etnikai konfliktusok a 19-20. században – Konfliktustérképek (Integrált Térinformatikai Rendszer) / A térképen elérhető adatpontok leírásai /Roma holokauszt: deportálások, tömeggyilkosságok 1944-1945" 1497:

couples, and legal and medical services were provided to Roma. They also convinced the government to allow the Roma freedom of movement within the national territory in order to allow them to practice their trades.

6113: 5911: 4251: 6141: 5004:

Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK; et al. (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations",

1408:

ethnic identity. However, there is also evidence of Roma retaining their specific identity, even when they had abandoned the Romani language: the census records that 38.1% of Transylvanian Roma spoke

1374:

Roma populations found worldwide today, although it is likely that some Vlax groups may have migrated out of Romania prior to emancipation. This pattern of Roma emigration continued until after the

6002: 5236: 4267: 1850:

Roma is made difficult also due to a great economic and social disparity; according to the 2002 census, Roma are the ethnic group with the highest percentage of illiteracy (25.6%), with only the

1717:

who, in 1974, to avenge the death of his wife and his three children caused by a group of Roma, drove his truck into a Roma camp, killing 24 people. This fact was made public only in the 2000s.

1078:

It is probable that the first arrival of Roma in the territory of present-day Romania occurred shortly after 1370, when groups of Roma either migrated or were forcibly transferred north of the

1675:

Of a population of around 100,000 Roma in Hungary, around 50,000 were subjected to forced labour. While the total number of Roma killed in Hungary is still a matter of academic debate, the

1230:. This special regime of slavery in specific regions of Transylvania continued throughout the period of the autonomous principality, before its final abolition under the Habsburgs in 1783. 1037:

In 2009–2010, a media campaign followed by a parliamentary initiative asked the Romanian Parliament to accept a proposal to revert the official name of country's Roma (adopted in 2000) to

8461: 6526: 1424:. Though a largely rural population, Transylvanian Roma were rarely involved in agriculture, more commonly working as artisans or craftsmen, with nomadism almost eliminated by this date. 6791: 4693: 6438: 8476: 8428: 5110: 1709:

Sometimes the authorities tried to cover up crimes related to racial hatred, so as not to raise the social tension. An example of this is the crime committed by a truck driver named

8433: 8285: 4616: 8438: 1362:

The social upheaval of emancipation led to mass Romani emigration from Romanian territory, initially into the Austro-Hungarian empire and thence to Western Europe, Poland, the

1664:, the mass deportation of Roma to concentration camps began. Initially the victims were transported to local Hungarian labour camps, from which many were later transferred to 5492: 1488:

two organisations were bitter rivals who vied for members and whose leaders launched bitter attacks on each other, with the latter, under the leadership of the self-declared

8355: 5079:

Rama Sharma (1995). Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-8185880709.

4710:

Rama Sharma (1995). Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-8185880709.

1460:. However, despite this increase in the absolute number of Roma in the country, the decline in the relative proportion of Roma within Romania continued. The first census in 6031: 8466: 4557: 8486: 8471: 8418: 1396:

200,000 and 250,000 people. By the last decade of the 19th century the number of Roma is estimated to have grown to between 250,000 and 300,000, 4-5% of the population.

8456: 8163: 8481: 8310: 3574:

is Romanian, in some cases Hungarian. There are also a few schools, where they teach the language in the afternoons. However, it is still not used in other classes.

1844:

in Romania... the continued high levels of discrimination are a serious concern.. and progress has been limited to programmes aimed at improving access to education

8300: 6638: 4195:

An "International King of Roma". On August 31, 2003, according to a decree issued by Emperor Iulian, Ilie Stănescu was proclaimed king. The ceremony took place in

6085: 4635: 1524:, which viewed Romani and Jewish people as a "bioethnic danger" to the Romanian nation. These views would come to the fore politically during the dictatorship of 6269: 1562:; of these many thousands died, with estimates of the exact number ranging from 11,000 to 12,500. In all, from the territory of present-day Romania (including 6169: 6815: 4974:

Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.

6841: 4596: 1134:

The institution of slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia predated the arrival of the Roma in the region, and was at that time principally applied to groups of

6291: 5244: 4219: 4094: 6897: 1287:

In Moldavia, the implementation of an emancipation law of 1844 liberated state and church slaves, leaving only boyar slaves in the principality. Prince

7763: 4865:

Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives - K. Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes

6499: 6211: 1554:. Antonescu persecuted Roma with increasing severity until the invasion of Romania by the Soviets and his overthrow by the King in 1944. During the 4086: 1796:. According to the press, the raids resulted in the destruction of apartments and houses, beatings of men and assaults of women of Roma ethnicity. 1179: 1142:

resident in the territory. Although initially all the Roma were owned by princes, groups of Roma were very quickly transferred to monasteries or

6977: 7037: 7027: 4522: 667: 5213: 5118: 5165: 1208: 895: 6865: 4290: 7336: 7113: 1280:

The Wallachian state freed its own slaves in 1843, and this was followed by the emancipation of church slaves in 1847. The government of

6193: 5744:

The report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania - The Deportation of the Roma and their treatment in Transnistria

1314:

in 1812, the Roma were liberated in 1861. Many of them migrated to other regions of the Empire, while important communities remained in

6930: 6616: 1720:

After the fall of communism in Romania, there were many inter-ethnic conflicts targeting the Roma community, the most famous being the

1291:

emancipated the final Moldavian slaves in 1855, setting different rates of compensation dependent on whether the gypsies were nomadic

748: 7208: 5970: 4932: 8263: 4827: 8193: 7469: 3565:) clearly exceeds that threshold, no inscriptions nor services are available in the Romani language. Moreover, in the village of 721: 444: 6792:"Singura școală din România cu predare în limba țigănească se află în Timiș. Ce talent au copiii și de ce vin cu drag la școală" 5943: 4568: 1890:

published in 2020 a survey which revealed that 72% of Romanians don't trust Roma people and have a negative opinion about them.

8137: 7756: 6003:"Traian Băsescu, reclamat şi el la CNCD pentru afirmaţii "incitatoare la ură". Ce a spus fostul preşedinte despre etnicii romi" 6883: 6946: 6744: 6704: 5894: 4945: 4731: 1090:, in the final decades of the 14th century. The first written record of Roma in Romanian territory dates to 1385 and is from 894:). The first spelling is preferred by the majority of Romani NGOs and it is the only spelling accepted in Romanian Academy's 751:, their number was 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after 653: 8106:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities. 6114:"Primarul din Târgu Mureș vrea să decidă statul cine are voie să facă copii: "Țiganii sunt o problemă serioasă a României"" 5854: 5290: 4192:, "in front of more than 10,000 Rroms" (according to his son's declaration). His son, Florin Cioabă, succeeded him as king. 823: 6308:

Ioan Durnescu; Cristian Lazar; Roger Shaw (9 May 2003). "Incidence and Characteristics of Rroma Men in Romanian Prisons".

6142:"Cine este Sorin Lavric, liderul AUR care susține că romii sunt o "plagă socială". A fost exclus din Uniunea Scriitorilor" 5912:"Povestea şoferului care a ucis 24 de ţigani cu un camion. Securitatea a dosit măcelul, de frica conflictelor interetnice" 4321: 8400: 8213: 7730: 7664: 7504: 5779: 4899: 1836: 695: 657: 649: 474: 4863: 8238: 7534: 6970: 6386:

Vasile Cernat (6 September 2020). "Roma undercount and the issue of undeclared ethnicity in the 2011 Romanian census".

5089: 5058: 826:

stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the

504: 6581: 1799:

Many politicians have also made some offensive statements against the Roma people, such as the president of that time

7749: 5717: 5632: 5567: 5392: 5321: 5199: 4909: 4873: 4624: 4604: 1867:

the inmates were Roma, many more than expected based on any official or unofficial statistics on ethnic composition.

313: 6552: 6266: 8325: 8320: 7793: 7619: 7609: 7331: 6639:"Recensământul populației și locuințelor runda 2021- rezultate provizorii | Institutul Național de Statistică" 6582:"'You are not a refugee.' Roma refugees fleeing war in Ukraine say they are suffering discrimination and prejudice" 6176: 4235: 1894: 1649: 1546:, an event which led to the military coup which installed general Ion Antonescu, first in concert with the fascist 574: 564: 353: 191: 7509: 6527:"REPORTAJ. Ce au pățit niște romi săraci din Ucraina când au fost confundați, în Gara de Nord, cu romi de la noi" 6277: 2694:. Unsurprisingly, their language is Indo-Aryan, as they originally came from what is today part of east India's 1245:

implemented a raft of policies which included forbidding the Roma from trading horses, living in tents, speaking

1198:

the practice up to that point. The children of such unions would no longer be considered slaves but free people.

479: 6849: 1118:

or Moldavian princes, but the majority of Transylvanian Roma were not slaves. One child of a former Roma slave,

1063:

Linguistic and historical data indicate that the Roma arrived in the Balkans following a long period within the

7881: 6288: 4747: 4066: 2659: 1381: 7057: 2830: 2245: 1342: 181: 7201: 6963: 2671: 1242: 6905: 6670: 871:

depending on dialect ( or in the singular). Since the 1990s, the word has also been used officially in the

8385: 7688: 7377: 7082: 6553:"Refugiați romi goniți de la standul de mâncare. Problemele romilor ajunși în România din cauza războiului" 4511: 4078: 4074: 898:. The two forms reflect the fact that for some speakers of Romani there are two rhotic (ar-like) phonemes: 629: 559: 221: 140: 7170: 6057: 5742: 4196: 1512:. The strongest anti-Roma attitudes of the 1918-1940 period were found not in politics, but in Academia. 1233:

However, the majority of Roma in Transylvania were not enslaved, they instead constituted a type of royal

910: 903: 899: 8315: 8295: 8275: 8178: 7604: 1559: 714: 554: 6420: 4986: 8507: 8290: 8130: 7589: 7449: 7444: 7226: 4968:

Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku".

4082: 1219: 843: 678: 544: 424: 419: 256: 241: 201: 1067:, and that this most likely occurred around 1350. This date coincides with a period of instability in 8370: 8365: 8340: 8198: 7669: 7654: 7649: 7629: 7489: 7479: 1733: 1668:. Massacres of gypsies also occurred in various localities, including one occurring in Nagyszalonta ( 614: 609: 589: 459: 454: 5259: 5142: 4390: 4384: 1815: 1761: 1281: 8395: 8305: 8258: 8253: 8243: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8203: 8188: 8183: 8173: 8168: 8158: 7772: 7725: 7708: 7698: 7599: 7559: 7549: 7539: 7524: 7514: 7494: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7439: 7434: 7194: 7108: 7042: 5476: 5381:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter II. The gypsies in the Romanian lands in the Middle Ages: Slavery".

4200: 4090: 4070: 1898: 1875: 1721: 1627: 673: 639: 569: 524: 519: 509: 494: 489: 484: 464: 439: 434: 429: 414: 5800: 5706:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter V. The policy of the Antonescu regime with regard to the Gypsies".

1579:" of Romania's territory, through the ethnic cleansing of minorities, especially Jewish and Roma. 8423: 8390: 8380: 8360: 8350: 8335: 8330: 8280: 8248: 8233: 8208: 8092: 7703: 7683: 7644: 7639: 7624: 7614: 7594: 7579: 7574: 7544: 7529: 7499: 7484: 7474: 6692: 5221: 1693: 1288: 1166: 634: 624: 604: 599: 584: 579: 549: 539: 534: 514: 499: 469: 449: 6828: 5429: 2963: 2944: 2531: 2102: 8375: 8270: 8018: 8001: 7911: 7693: 7678: 7659: 7584: 7569: 7519: 7118: 6862: 6767: 5752: 5471: 907: 707: 529: 6736: 5886: 5880: 5829: 5493:"Swiss immigrants' integration policy as inspiration for the Romanian Roma inclusion strategy" 4456: 1777: 1050:

to refer to their Gypsy populations. The Romanian upper house, Senate, rejected the proposal.

8123: 7942: 7934: 7863: 7813: 7801: 7554: 7361: 6694: 6680: 6663: 6470: 6197: 6086:"Primarul din Baia Mare, amendat pentru că nu a demolat un zid în jurul unor blocuri de romi" 4721: 3571: 3039: 2154: 1637: 1563: 1509: 752: 246: 6238: 4940:, Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, 743:(often called "Gypsies" though this term is typically considered a slur), constitute one of 8026: 7917: 7905: 6933:

Center for International Development and Conflict Management Last Updated December 31, 2003

6032:"CNCD: Traian Băsescu și Nicolae Bacalbașa, amendați pentru discriminare la adresa romilor" 5310:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter I. The arrival of the Gypsies on the territory of Romania".

5174: 5013: 4777: 1757: 1405: 1371: 90: 7144: 7134: 5763: 4617:

Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Persecution of Gypsies in Romania, a Helsinki Watch Report

4122: 2061:

Percentage of Romani minority who speak Romani language in Romania by county (2011 census)

8: 8074: 7887: 7047: 6439:"Sondaj CCSB: 36% dintre romani cred ca tiganii ar putea deveni o amenintare pentru tara" 4951: 4697: 4532: 4342: 4261:(left) at a meeting with the representatives of the Romani minority organizations (right) 4152: 2716: 2683: 2076: 1633: 1501: 965: 827: 7341: 7062: 5017: 4781: 4396: 4162: 3558: 3248: 3229: 3001: 2609: 2388: 2258: 1174:, differing from the latter not in the fact that they were unfree, but in their lack of 373: 8044: 7857: 7819: 7175: 7032: 6403: 6368: 6325: 5036: 4862:

Meira Goldberg, K.; Bennahum, Ninotchka Devorah; Hayes, Michelle Heffner (2015-09-28).

4741: 4517: 4357: 4347: 2667: 1789: 1584: 1457: 1409: 1119: 1112: 1087: 944: 937: 804: 98: 4480: 4368: 4362: 4114: 4110: 3172: 2849: 2622: 2167: 1034:

cigán). Depending on context, the term may be considered to be pejorative in Romania.

251: 7960: 7923: 7899: 7875: 7869: 7837: 7139: 7087: 6942: 6740: 6729: 6700: 6557: 6424: 6407: 6360: 6329: 5890: 5713: 5628: 5563: 5388: 5317: 5267: 5195: 5041: 4941: 4905: 4869: 4805: 4727: 4620: 4600: 4492: 4406: 2663: 1688: 1661: 1513: 1413: 1212: 1042: 926: 872: 792: 756: 333: 94: 6372: 4258: 1800: 8080: 8032: 7893: 7851: 7825: 7720: 7149: 6816:"Magyarul beszélő romák Erdélyben. Területi elhelyezkedés és lakóhelyi szegregáció" 6395: 6352: 6317: 5031: 5021: 4795: 4785: 4098: 3566: 3419: 3362: 3153: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2505: 2440: 2180: 1851: 1824: 1417: 1201: 1175: 1064: 1015: 1008: 1000: 993: 972: 808: 800: 663: 150: 106: 6399: 4338: 3476: 3077: 2887: 2868: 2492: 2375: 2349: 2323: 1831:

has the biggest number of Roma and that they are "a serious problem for Romania".

1657: 1188:

and kill them like cattle. Their children are born slaves regardless of their sex.

1122:, briefly achieved power in Moldavia, ruling as Voivod for part of the year 1595. 8038: 7262: 7217: 7002: 6936: 6869: 6295: 6273: 5783: 5146: 5026: 4597:

Manele in Romania: Cultural Expression and Social Meaning in Balkan Popular Music

4592: 4474: 4372: 4204: 3134: 2518: 1781: 1598:

Deported Roma were generally settled on the edges of villages in the counties of

1576: 1537: 1505: 1461: 1437: 1433: 1421: 1375: 1350: 1246: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1004: 986: 958: 856: 848:

Their original name is from the Sanskrit word डोम (doma) and means a member of a

831: 406: 288: 226: 216: 165: 6611: 5520:

Maria Holban; Ștefan Andreescu (1968). "Călători străini despre Țările Române".

4766:"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data" 3438: 3343: 3286: 3267: 2925: 2792: 2773: 2583: 2453: 2401: 2362: 2219: 2115: 2089: 1828: 1621: 1323: 7841: 7564: 6696:

Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives

4486: 4378: 4130: 3514: 3400: 3324: 3096: 3020: 2479: 2414: 2310: 2297: 2141: 1607: 1363: 1311: 1023: 979: 951: 196: 6898:"La Mânăstirea Curtea de Argeş s-au sfinţit doar podoabele specifice rromilor" 6693:

K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015).

5776: 4790: 4765: 4185: 3191: 2570: 1860: 1769: 1211:

in the mid-sixteenth century before finally falling under the dominion of the

1094:, noting the transfer of a group of Roma to the ownership of the monastery of 8501: 8062: 8050: 7984: 7346: 7314: 7252: 7165: 6356: 5271: 4462: 4450: 4416: 4178: 4134: 3495: 3457: 2557: 2544: 2065: 1749: 1737: 1710: 1525: 1378:, with Roma in Bavaria recorded as carrying Romanian passports in the 1920s. 1327: 1072: 734: 393: 378: 283: 173: 6938:

Come Closer. Inclusion and Exclusion of Roma in Present Day Romanian Society

6321: 4647:

Council of Europe, doc. GT-ROMS(2003)9-prov. (restricted) 17 September 2003.

830:

to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the

7954: 7741: 7713: 7397: 7392: 7282: 7277: 7092: 7077: 6955: 6950: 6726: 6364: 5799:

Kemény, István (2005). "History of Roma in Hungary, pp. 1-69: Kemény, I.".

5045: 4809: 4527: 4468: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4422: 3381: 3210: 2811: 2284: 2206: 2128: 1832: 1729: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1469: 1441: 1083: 875:, although it was used by Romani activists in Romania as far back as 1933. 643: 328: 303: 236: 231: 211: 206: 102: 74: 8115: 8007: 5707: 5622: 5557: 5382: 5311: 4170: 2057: 1641: 7409: 7321: 7309: 5158: 4498: 4282: 4166: 3115: 3058: 2982: 2754: 2735: 2466: 2336: 2271: 2232: 2193: 1859:

to find a better life. The exact number of emigrants is unknown. In 2007

1550:, and later as a predominantly military fascist dictatorship allied with 1521: 1473: 1387: 1367: 1223: 852: 780: 776: 358: 273: 130: 7966: 5916: 5177:, Institutul de Lingvistică "Iorgu Iordan", Editura Univers Enciclopedic 4165:

proclaimed himself. In 1997, Iulian Rădulescu announced the creation of

1874:

in Romania revealed that 94% of the questioned persons believe that the

1792:, a group of protesters organized a pogrom in the Roma neighborhoods of 1401: 8068: 7972: 7404: 7382: 7326: 7272: 6530: 6443: 6239:"Populatia de 10 ani si peste analfabeta dupa etnie, pe sexe si judete" 5111:"Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma" 4800: 3305: 2427: 1724:. Other important clashes against Roma happened, from 1989 to 2011, in 1547: 1453: 1331: 1307: 1068: 859:, the native language of the Roma, the word for "people" is pronounced 739: 368: 363: 6805:

s-au declarat de etnie romă, restul declarându-se în mare parte români

5621:

Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter IV. The Gypsies in inter-war Romania".

4646: 3562: 1753: 1645: 1155: 932:

The traditional and colloquial Romanian name for Romani, is "țigani" (

343: 8056: 7784: 7287: 7267: 7017: 6345:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

6307: 5599:

Cărtărescu, Mircea (2007). "Die Zigeuner – ein Rumänisches Problem".

5468:

Between Ethnonationalism, Social Exclusion and Multicultural Policies

4444: 4353: 4174: 4126: 4118: 3570:

in all, except for one school in Timiș County. In the other schools,

2906: 2695: 2596: 1819: 1811: 1793: 1701: 1611: 1542:

During 1940, Romania was forced to cede territory to Hungary and the

1456:

and other territories which increased the number of ethnic Romani in

1260: 1091: 784: 318: 298: 135: 125: 66: 62: 3584: 2049: 1227: 1098:, their presence then being documented in Transylvania in 1400, and 8086: 7978: 7831: 7304: 7297: 6090: 6062: 6007: 1741: 1725: 1517: 1449: 1099: 867: 861: 816: 769: 348: 70: 36: 7186: 5205: 4207:

were crowned and are buried. Ilie Stănescu died in December, 2007.

1785: 1773: 1765: 7948: 7387: 7012: 4657:

Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (1994). "Roma, Gypsies, Travellers", p. 34.

4297: 2699: 2678:

one. The Roma language shares the most lexical similarities with

2041: 1669: 1603: 1489: 1481: 1253: 1234: 1095: 933: 744: 619: 323: 308: 110: 78: 6343:

Ioan Durnescu (15 February 2019). "Pains of Reentry Revisited".

6289:

Regele Cioabă se plânge la Guvern că rămâne fără supuşi – Gandul

5712:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5627:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5562:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5387:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5316:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. 5239:[National Journal Proposal: "Gypsy" instead of "Roma"]. 4514:, an agency of the Romanian government dealing with Roma affairs 4229:

or village peopled by members of the Romani community of Romania

1714: 1385:"Scenes Among the Tsigani of Rumania", clipping from newspaper, 1202:

Situation of Roma in Late Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania

1075:, which may have been a contributory factor in their migration. 822:

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the

819:, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma. 7845: 7356: 7292: 7257: 7247: 7022: 7007: 6872:. Recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 6146: 6118: 4410: 4400: 4189: 4139: 2703: 2675: 1745: 1665: 1370:

and the Americas. This migration was the primary origin of the

1315: 1264:

enshrining slavery in the founding acts of the principalities.

1159: 1151: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1079: 388: 338: 293: 278: 2666:

as their native language, the rest (around 8-9%) speaking the

1464:

took place in 1930; 242,656 persons (1.6%) were registered as

1400:

Wallachia, with Romani groups adopting a Romanian, Hungarian,

1184:

the boyars are their absolute masters. At will, they sell them

7414: 7351: 4312: 4278: 4146: 2690:

and its grammar structure closely resembles the one found in

1682: 1622:

The Roma of Northern Transylvania during the Second World war

1599: 1504:, from 1938 to 1940, adopted discriminatory policies against 1445: 1319: 1226:, the ownership of whom was later transferred to the town of 1171: 849: 796: 773: 383: 145: 6212:"INSTRUMENT FOR PRE-ACCESSION ASSISTANCE (IPA II) 2014-2020" 5519: 2069:

The Romani minority in Romania by municipality (2002 census)

1804: 1346:

Roma village in Romania after the abolition of slavery, 1884

5139:

Minoritatea Roma – cea mai importanta minoritate din Europa

4898:

Dorian, Frederick; Duane, Orla; McConnachie, James (1999).

4861: 4668:"Facts and Figures: National strategy for Roma Integration" 6664:"Rezultate 2011 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor" 5589:

Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Humanitas, Bucuresti, 1991

4934:

Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)

1412:

as their mother tongue, 29.97% spoke Romani, 24.39% spoke

783:, presumably from the northwestern Indian regions such as 6586: 5748: 6727:

Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999).

6606: 6604: 5138: 5216:[Discrimination is learned ... in the family]. 3832:

And the partially Hungarian-speaking segregated areas:

6720: 6500:"Sondaj IRES: 7 din 10 români nu au încredere în romi" 5237:"Propunere Jurnalul Naţional: "Ţigan" în loc de "rom"" 5003: 4897: 2670:. Both the Roma and the Romanian languages are of the 2053:

The Romani minority in Romania by county (2002 census)

2045:

The Romani minority in Romania by county (2011 census)

1250:

areas of today's Romania then under Habsburg control.

6601: 6170:"The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union" 5944:"Conflicte interetnice în istoria recentă a României" 5082: 6686: 6388:

International Journal of Social Research Methodology

5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 4109:

Notable Romanian Romani musicians and bands include

1129: 6298:. Gandul.info (2007-09-10).Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5556:Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter III. Emancipation". 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 4764:Mendizabal, Isabel; et al. (6 December 2012). 4759: 4757: 4296:Type of houses owned by wealthy Romani families in 4097:, while the rest belong to other religions such as 1897:, there are some reports of discrimination against 1839:party, stated that the Roma are "a social plague". 1354:

Picture of a house which is home to a Gypsy family.

6768:"ORD DE URGENTA 57 03/07/2019 - Portal Legislativ" 6728: 5528:. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 4857: 4855: 4853: 1531: 1516:was rooted in university departments dedicated to 4327:Gábor Hungarian speaking Romani from Transylvania 878:There are two spellings of the word in Romanian: 8499: 6904:(in Romanian). September 3, 2003. Archived from 5766:. Gfbv.it (2004-02-25). Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5648: 5607: 5532: 5522:Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 5337: 5296: 4825: 4754: 908:government-sponsored (Courthiade) writing system 6731:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East 6579: 5971:"Basescu a pierdut procesul "tiganca imputita"" 5260:"Romania's Government Moves to Rename the Roma" 4930: 4901:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East 4850: 1569: 1182:, visiting Wallachia and Moldova, noted that: " 8004:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century) 5172: 5163: 1254:Roma slavery immediately prior to emancipation 8131: 7757: 7332:Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl) 7202: 7038:Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria 7028:List of towns in Romania by Romani population 6971: 6524: 6385: 6342: 4967: 4893: 4891: 4828:"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India" 4523:List of towns in Romania by Romani population 715: 41:Percentage of Roma population by municipality 7771: 6985: 6941:By Gabor Fleck, Cosima Rughinis (Eds.) 2009 5968: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5470:. Freiburg: University of Freiburg, Thesis. 5291:Romania Declines to Turn Roma Into 'Gypsies' 4315:leaders in 1941, with Romani flower sellers. 1337: 8145: 7114:National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust 6831:. (PDF). insse.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 6550: 6000: 5909: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 4726:. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. 4552: 4550: 4548: 1810:In November 2011, the mayor of the city of 8138: 8124: 7764: 7750: 7209: 7195: 6978: 6964: 6267:ENAR Shadow Report 2008: Racism in Romania 6196:. Decade of Roma Inclusion. Archived from 5996: 5994: 5992: 5598: 5490: 4888: 4763: 4273:An example wealthy Romani's house, termed 2686:, the most phonological similarities with 1683:During the communist regime and after 1989 1053: 722: 708: 35: 6614:[Population and Housing Census]. 6612:"Recensamantul Populatiei Si Locuintelor" 5932: 5475: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5194:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5035: 5025: 4799: 4789: 4599:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, p. 33, 4591:Margaret Beissinger, Speranta Radulescu, 4356:, violinist and conductor, the father of 4161:An "Emperor of Roma from Everywhere", as 1472:, a process which was accelerated by the 853:caste of travelling musicians and dancers 777:caste of travelling musicians and dancers 6468: 5465: 5452: 5141:. Romanes.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5051: 4924: 4821: 4819: 4545: 2064: 2056: 2048: 2040: 1842:A 2000 EU report about Romani said that 1700: 1692: 1380: 1349: 1341: 1041:(Gypsy), the traditional and colloquial 803:. It shares many phonetic features with 772:word डोम (doma) and means a member of a 747:'s largest minorities. According to the 6676: 6464: 6462: 6261: 6259: 6058:"Romanian mayor fined over 'Roma wall'" 5989: 5827: 5738: 5736: 5234: 5214:"Discriminarea se invata... in familie" 5211: 5166:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române 5059:"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?" 4972:(4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. 4961: 4931:Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), 4719: 4636:Council of Europe - Roma and Travellers 1558:, the regime deported 25,000 Romani to 1427: 896:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române 768:Their original name is from the Indian 8500: 6310:The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 6029: 5878: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5798: 5427: 5408: 5257: 1923: 866: 860: 8119: 7745: 7190: 6959: 6881: 6175:. European Commission. Archived from 5885:. Columbia University Press. p. 5705: 5620: 5555: 5380: 5309: 4826:Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). 4816: 4104: 3551: 6842:"Regele Cioabă vs. Iulian impăratul" 6459: 6436: 6256: 5733: 5061:. khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016 4311:Nazi era image. Posed photo of some 1835:, a senator member of the far-right 57:Regions with significant populations 8027:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova 7216: 6884:"Cioabă şi oalele sparte din şatră" 5882:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 5812: 5258:Murray, Rupert Wolfe (2010-12-08). 4987:"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma" 4188:proclaimed himself King of Roma at 824:Indian Minister of External Affairs 691: 13: 6580:Ivana Kottasová (August 7, 2022). 5942:Gabriel Sala (February 25, 2017). 5235:Antoniu, Gabriela (2 March 2009). 4181:) (2,916 people) and 0.20% others. 1918: 1882:In another survey made in 2013 by 807:, while its grammar is closest to 14: 8519: 6924: 6617:Institutul Naţional de Statistică 5969:Bogdana Boga (November 8, 2007). 5192:Romani: A Linguistic Introduction 4660: 4332: 3918:96% (L2 speakers, native:Romani) 3850:Percentage of Hungarian speakers 3605:Percentage of Hungarian speakers 1697:A Roma family travelling by wagon 1130:Slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia 1106: 7794:Officially recognised minorities 7061: 7056: 6421:Evenimentul Zilei. April 7, 2010 5788:Kulturális Innovációs Alapítvány 4619:Human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 5, 4320: 4304: 4289: 4266: 4250: 4234: 4218: 4211: 4147:Self-proclaimed "Romani royalty" 2721:Romani population (2011 census) 2081:Romani population (2011 census) 1895:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1827:, Dorin Florea, complained that 1416:, with smaller numbers speaking 1215:at the end of the 17th century. 690: 180: 6890: 6882:Popan, Cosmin (June 10, 2006). 6875: 6856: 6834: 6822: 6808: 6798: 6784: 6774: 6760: 6656: 6631: 6573: 6544: 6525:Diana Meseșan (March 9, 2022). 6518: 6492: 6430: 6414: 6379: 6336: 6301: 6282: 6278:European Network Against Racism 6231: 6204: 6186: 6162: 6150:(in Romanian). December 8, 2020 6134: 6122:(in Romanian). January 13, 2020 6106: 6094:(in Romanian). January 29, 2020 6078: 6050: 6030:Liberă, Europa (May 20, 2020). 6023: 5962: 5903: 5872: 5847: 5792: 5769: 5757: 5592: 5583: 5513: 5484: 5284: 5251: 5228: 5212:Popescu, Eugenia (2011-07-19). 5184: 5151: 5132: 5103: 5073: 4997: 4979: 4838: 4713: 1904: 1677:Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 1632:In August 1940, as part of the 1532:Persecution during World War II 1476:carried out following the war. 1440:was established which included 1271: 1030:Сыған/ســىــعــان (syǵan), and 6931:Assessment for Roma in Romania 5764:Society for Threatened Peoples 4704: 4686: 4651: 4640: 4629: 4609: 4585: 3577: 837: 1: 6848:(in Romanian). Archived from 6400:10.1080/13645579.2020.1818416 4970:Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury 4904:. Rough Guides. p. 147. 4567:(in Romanian). Archived from 4538: 3895:székelyszáldobosi cigánytelep 2672:Indo-European language family 1480:crafts and adopt the role of 1259:the principalities, with the 7378:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians 7083:National Agency for the Roma 6551:Sorin Dojan (May 30, 2022). 5910:Ionuţ Benea (June 5, 2015). 5709:The Roma in Romanian History 5624:The Roma in Romanian History 5559:The Roma in Romanian History 5466:Mircescu, Gabriella (1700). 5384:The Roma in Romanian History 5313:The Roma in Romanian History 5117:. 2014-07-19. Archived from 5027:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 4512:National Agency for the Roma 4483:, Romanian-Roma abolitionist 4245:(head of a Romani community) 3786:sepsikőröspataki cigánytelep 1901:who took refuge in Romania. 1660:government with that of the 1570:Deportations to Transnistria 1082:, with Roma likely reaching 1071:due to the expansion of the 7: 6001:Alina Mihai (May 3, 2020). 5491:Prisacariu, Roxana (2015). 4694:"Roma inclusion in Romania" 4505: 4184:A "King of Roma". In 1992, 4060: 2674:, while the Hungarian is a 2653: 1679:puts the figure at 28,000. 10: 8524: 6437:V.M. (November 27, 2010). 6427:. Retrieved on 2012-01-15. 5879:Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). 5430:"The cost of Roma slavery" 4746:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4157:The Romani community has: 4150: 1872:Pro Democrația association 1686: 1625: 1535: 1500:The Royal Dictatorship of 1110: 1058: 844:Names of the Romani people 841: 763: 268:Romani people by sub-group 8447: 8409: 8151: 8102: 8017: 7994: 7935:Non-recognized minorities 7933: 7792: 7779: 7427: 7370: 7240: 7233: 7224: 7158: 7127: 7101: 7070: 7054: 6993: 6699:. McFarland. p. 50. 6558:Radio Free Europe Romania 6504:Radio Free Europe Romania 4868:. McFarland. p. 50. 4791:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039 4720:Hancock, Ian F. (2005) . 4197:Curtea de Argeş Cathedral 4169:– the first Rom state in 1936:— 1338:From emancipation to 1918 1180:Louis-Alexandre de Launay 121: 116: 89: 84: 75:southeastern Transylvania 61: 56: 51: 46: 34: 7995:Historical ethnic groups 7957:* (self-declared, 1,536) 7951:* (self-declared, 3,890) 7773:Ethnic groups in Romania 7109:Decade of Roma Inclusion 6987:Romani people in Romania 6829:Census 2002, by religion 6735:. Rough Guides. p. 6357:10.1177/0306624X19828573 5500:Institute for Federalism 5428:Necula, Ciprian (2012). 4723:We are the Romani People 4177:(93,546 people), 3.01% ( 3844:Name of segregated area 3599:Name of segregated area 1628:Romani people in Hungary 1322:and the surroundings of 779:The Roma originate from 8146:Romani people in Europe 6471:"Tele-vremea țiganilor" 6322:10.1111/1468-2311.00239 4475:Florin "Rambo" Lambagiu 4048:héjjasfalvi cigánytelep 1289:Grigore Alexandru Ghica 1209:autonomous principality 1167:Danubian Principalities 1054:History and integration 8194:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7975:* (self-declared, 207) 7969:* (self-declared, 532) 7470:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7119:Racism Breaks the Game 5828:Baumgartner, Gerhard. 5808:. Boulder. p. 47. 5777:Transylvania's History 5753:Jewish Virtual Library 5190:Matras, Yaron (2005). 5173: 5164: 5115:In Other Words Project 4558:"Romanian 2011 census" 4095:Seventh-Day Adventists 2070: 2062: 2054: 2046: 1893:In the context of the 1706: 1698: 1640:, including of all of 1392: 1355: 1347: 1295:(4 ducats) or settled 1282:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei 6036:Europa Liberă România 5834:Voices of the victims 5145:May 26, 2014, at the 5091:Ziua Activistului Rom 4565:Recensamantromania.ro 4205:Hohenzollern monarchs 3572:medium of instruction 2068: 2060: 2052: 2044: 1910:Historical population 1818:, decided to build a 1704: 1696: 1648:, was transferred to 1638:Northern Transylvania 1564:Northern Transylvania 1384: 1353: 1345: 1158:), and spoon-makers ( 929:(not Romani) plural. 842:Further information: 52:621,573 (2011 census) 6852:on December 8, 2006. 6200:on January 29, 2015. 5601:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 5434:Perspective Politice 5293:at balkaninsight.com 4137:. The musical genre 4069:, 69.9% of Roma are 1876:Romanian citizenship 1428:The inter-war period 8410:States with limited 7337:Scottish Travellers 7048:2006 Ferentari riot 7043:1993 Hădăreni riots 6794:. 22 February 2014. 6066:. November 18, 2011 5859:Regi.tankonyvtar.hu 5747:November 11, 2004 ( 5018:2012PLoSO...748477R 4782:2012CBio...22.2342M 4698:European Commission 4672:European Commission 4533:2006 Ferentari riot 4501:, former footballer 4459:, former footballer 4343:king of the Gypsies 4277:, pictured here in 4257:Romanian president 4153:King of the Gypsies 4071:Orthodox Christians 3841:Locality name (HU) 3838:Locality name (RO) 3803:tasnádi cigánytelep 3596:Locality name (HU) 3593:Locality name (RO) 2730:Hungarian language 1911: 1722:1993 Hădăreni riots 1634:Second Vienna Award 1510:national minorities 1086:, then part of the 828:Government of India 329:Kale (Finnish Roma) 324:Kale (Iberian Roma) 31: 7273:English Romanichal 7145:Taraful Haiducilor 7033:Slavery in Romania 6868:2012-03-05 at the 6294:2010-09-13 at the 6272:2016-03-04 at the 6265:Delia-Luiza Niță, 5782:2017-06-09 at the 4993:. 23 October 2013. 4518:Slavery in Romania 4105:Cultural influence 3997:hiripi cigánytelep 3878:tordai cigánytelep 3701:erdődi cigánytelep 3552:Status of language 2727:Romanian language 2668:Hungarian language 2071: 2063: 2055: 2047: 1909: 1790:June 1990 Mineriad 1707: 1699: 1672:) now in Romania. 1393: 1356: 1348: 1113:Slavery in Romania 1088:Kingdom of Hungary 1018:цыгане (tsygane), 445:Bosnia-Herzegovina 22: 8508:Romani in Romania 8495: 8494: 8113: 8112: 7961:Megleno-Romanians 7739: 7738: 7423: 7422: 7184: 7183: 7140:Shukar Collective 7135:Fanfare Ciocărlia 7088:Party of the Roma 6949:. Full text from 6947:978-973-8973-09-1 6908:on April 29, 2019 6902:Curierul Naţional 6746:978-1-85828-635-8 6706:978-0-7864-9470-5 6194:"Decade in Brief" 6182:on March 5, 2009. 5896:978-0-231-11200-0 4947:978-80-7044-205-0 4776:(24): 2342–2349. 4733:978-1-902806-19-8 4493:Daniel Dumitrescu 4391:Ștefan Bănică Jr. 4123:Taraf de Haïdouks 4101:and Lutheranism. 4065:According to the 4058: 4057: 3830: 3829: 3718:ákosi cigánytelep 3549: 3548: 2658:According to the 2651: 2650: 2039: 2038: 1816:Cătălin Cherecheș 1762:Vălenii Lăpuşului 1689:Racism in Romania 1662:Arrow Cross Party 1514:Scientific racism 1310:, annexed by the 1213:Habsburg monarchy 1150:), bear-baiters ( 1103:still occurring. 1003:زرگری (zargari), 873:Romanian language 757:Council of Europe 732: 731: 334:Kale (Welsh Roma) 159: 158: 8515: 8448:Dependencies and 8152:Sovereign states 8140: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8019:Immigrant groups 7766: 7759: 7752: 7743: 7742: 7673: 7238: 7237: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7188: 7187: 7150:Mahala Rai Banda 7065: 7060: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6957: 6956: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6879: 6873: 6863:Recensământ 2002 6860: 6854: 6853: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6734: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6690: 6684: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6475: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6434: 6428: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6351:(8): 1482–1498. 6340: 6334: 6333: 6305: 6299: 6286: 6280: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6216: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6174: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5998: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5825: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5796: 5790: 5775:Árpád E. Varga, 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5703: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5553: 5530: 5529: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5463: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5425: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5378: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5307: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5243:. Archived from 5232: 5226: 5225: 5220:. Archived from 5218:cronicaromana.ro 5209: 5203: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5155: 5149: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5039: 5029: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4950:, archived from 4939: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4859: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4793: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4674:. European Union 4664: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4613: 4607: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4562: 4554: 4489:, football coach 4397:Cornelia Catangă 4324: 4308: 4293: 4270: 4254: 4238: 4222: 4203:where Romania's 4163:Iulian Rădulescu 3892:Székelyszáldobos 3835: 3834: 3647:Sepsiszentgyörgy 3590: 3589: 2724:Romani language 2713: 2712: 2073: 2072: 1925: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1852:Turkish minority 1806: 1556:Second World War 1506:Jewish Romanians 1462:interwar Romania 1418:Slavic languages 1176:legal personhood 1065:Byzantine Empire 912: 905: 901: 870: 864: 737:, traditionally 724: 717: 710: 694: 693: 668:Hungarian-Slovak 374:Sepečides Romani 184: 161: 160: 151:Romani mythology 47:Total population 39: 32: 30: 21: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8449: 8443: 8429:Northern Cyprus 8411: 8405: 8326:North Macedonia 8147: 8144: 8114: 8109: 8098: 8013: 7990: 7929: 7788: 7775: 7770: 7740: 7735: 7667: 7610:North Macedonia 7419: 7366: 7263:Burgenland Roma 7229: 7220: 7218:Romani diaspora 7215: 7185: 7180: 7154: 7123: 7097: 7066: 7052: 7003:Romani language 6995: 6989: 6984: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6880: 6876: 6870:Wayback Machine 6861: 6857: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6623: 6621: 6610: 6609: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6529:(in Romanian). 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6467: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6435: 6431: 6419: 6415: 6384: 6380: 6341: 6337: 6306: 6302: 6296:Wayback Machine 6287: 6283: 6274:Wayback Machine 6264: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6223: 6221: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 5999: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5940: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5826: 5813: 5805: 5802:Roma of Hungary 5797: 5793: 5784:Wayback Machine 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5741: 5734: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5704: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5619: 5608: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5554: 5533: 5524:(in Romanian). 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5464: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5379: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5308: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5256: 5252: 5233: 5229: 5210: 5206: 5189: 5185: 5175:Academia Română 5171:(in Romanian). 5157: 5156: 5152: 5147:Wayback Machine 5137: 5133: 5124: 5122: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5002: 4998: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4948: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4896: 4889: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4860: 4851: 4845:Current Biology 4843: 4839: 4824: 4817: 4770:Current Biology 4762: 4755: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4615:Holly Cartner, 4614: 4610: 4593:Anca Giurchescu 4590: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4546: 4541: 4508: 4495:, olympic boxer 4481:Ioana Rudăreasa 4471:, Olympic boxer 4465:, Olympic boxer 4431:, manele singer 4425:, manele singer 4419:, manele singer 4393:, actor, singer 4387:, actor, singer 4369:Damian Drăghici 4365:, jazz musician 4363:Johnny Răducanu 4335: 4328: 4325: 4316: 4309: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4271: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4239: 4230: 4223: 4214: 4201:Orthodox Church 4155: 4149: 4115:Johnny Răducanu 4111:Grigoraş Dinicu 4107: 4087:Greek Catholics 4079:Roman Catholics 4063: 3783:Sepsikőröspatak 3644:Sfântu-Gheorghe 3580: 3554: 2831:Bistrița-Năsăud 2656: 2246:Bistrița-Năsăud 1907: 1758:Plăieşii de Sus 1691: 1685: 1630: 1624: 1577:Romanianisation 1572: 1540: 1538:Romani genocide 1534: 1438:Greater Romania 1434:First World War 1430: 1376:First World War 1340: 1274: 1256: 1204: 1165:Slavery in the 1132: 1115: 1109: 1061: 1056: 1007:غجري (ghajri), 941:цигани (cigani) 868:[ˈʀoma] 862:[ˈroma] 846: 840: 832:Indian diaspora 766: 728: 683: 565:North Macedonia 411: 410: 407:Romani diaspora 398: 289:Burgenland Roma 270: 269: 155: 42: 25: 24: 23:Roma in Romania 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8521: 8511: 8510: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8450:other entities 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8401:United Kingdom 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8214:Czech Republic 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8008:Dobrujan Arabs 8005: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7842:Crimean Tatars 7840:(divided into 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7780:Dominant group 7777: 7776: 7769: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7731:United Kingdom 7728: 7723: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7665:Basque Country 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7510:Czechoslovakia 7507: 7505:Czech Republic 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7307: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7214: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7128:Musical groups 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6934: 6926: 6925:External links 6923: 6920: 6919: 6889: 6886:(in Romanian). 6874: 6855: 6833: 6821: 6807: 6797: 6783: 6773: 6759: 6745: 6719: 6705: 6685: 6669: 6655: 6630: 6600: 6572: 6543: 6517: 6491: 6469:Vasile Dâncu. 6458: 6429: 6413: 6394:(6): 761–766. 6378: 6335: 6316:(3): 237–244. 6300: 6281: 6255: 6230: 6203: 6185: 6161: 6133: 6105: 6077: 6049: 6022: 5988: 5961: 5931: 5902: 5895: 5871: 5846: 5811: 5791: 5768: 5756: 5732: 5718: 5647: 5633: 5606: 5591: 5582: 5568: 5531: 5512: 5483: 5477:10.1.1.466.589 5451: 5407: 5393: 5336: 5322: 5295: 5283: 5250: 5247:on 2014-07-12. 5227: 5224:on 2011-07-19. 5204: 5183: 5150: 5131: 5102: 5081: 5072: 5050: 5012:(11): e48477, 4996: 4978: 4960: 4946: 4923: 4910: 4887: 4874: 4849: 4837: 4832:New York Times 4815: 4753: 4732: 4712: 4703: 4685: 4659: 4650: 4639: 4628: 4608: 4584: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4487:Mircea Lucescu 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4457:Bănel Nicoliţă 4454: 4448: 4442: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4366: 4360: 4351: 4345: 4334: 4333:Notable people 4331: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4272: 4265: 4263: 4259:Traian Băsescu 4256: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4193: 4182: 4151:Main article: 4148: 4145: 4106: 4103: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3929:Lingurár-telep 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3780:Valea Crișului 3777: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3640: 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1942: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1906: 1903: 1899:Ukrainian Roma 1801:Traian Băsescu 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1623: 1620: 1571: 1568: 1533: 1530: 1429: 1426: 1364:Russian Empire 1339: 1336: 1312:Russian Empire 1273: 1270: 1255: 1252: 1218:The region of 1203: 1200: 1154:), musicians ( 1131: 1128: 1111:Main article: 1108: 1107:Slavery period 1105: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 957:(atsinganoi), 839: 836: 781:northern India 765: 762: 730: 729: 727: 726: 719: 712: 704: 701: 700: 699: 698: 685: 684: 682: 681: 676: 671: 661: 650:United Kingdom 647: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 480:Czechoslovakia 477: 475:Czech Republic 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 405: 404: 403: 400: 399: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 186: 185: 177: 176: 170: 169: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 143: 141:Pentecostalism 138: 133: 128: 122: 119: 118: 114: 113: 87: 86: 82: 81: 59: 58: 54: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 40: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8520: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:Faroe Islands 8460: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434:South Ossetia 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286:Liechtenstein 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8129: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8010:(145 in 1850) 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7963:(1,200–2,000) 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721:United States 7719: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7671: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7347:Servitka Roma 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7253:Bergitka Roma 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7177: 7176:Mădălin Voicu 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166:Delia Grigore 7164: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071:Organisations 7069: 7064: 7059: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6817: 6811: 6801: 6793: 6787: 6777: 6769: 6763: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6723: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6665: 6659: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6561:(in Romanian) 6560: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6506:(in Romanian) 6505: 6501: 6495: 6480:(in Romanian) 6479: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6447:(in Romanian) 6446: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6244:(in Romanian) 6240: 6234: 6220: 6213: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6038:(in Romanian) 6037: 6033: 6026: 6011:(in Romanian) 6010: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5977:(in Romanian) 5976: 5972: 5965: 5950:(in Romanian) 5949: 5945: 5938: 5936: 5920:(in Romanian) 5919: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5804: 5803: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5721: 5719:9786155053931 5715: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5636: 5634:9786155053931 5630: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5571: 5569:9786155053931 5565: 5561: 5560: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5396: 5394:9786155053931 5390: 5386: 5385: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5325: 5323:9786155053931 5319: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5287: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5200:9780521023306 5197: 5193: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5121:on 2014-07-19 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5076: 5060: 5054: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4957:on 2016-03-04 4953: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4913: 4911:9781858286358 4907: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4875:9780786494705 4871: 4867: 4866: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4846: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4758: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4654: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4625:9781564320377 4622: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4605:9781442267084 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4574:on 2020-05-09 4570: 4566: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463:Marian Simion 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451:Nicole Cherry 4449: 4446: 4443: 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2542: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2532:Caraș-Severin 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2119: 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During the 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738:Bolintin-Deal 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1711:Eugen Grigore 1705:A Roma couple 1703: 1695: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636:, control of 1635: 1629: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1529: 1528:(1940-1944). 1527: 1526:Ion Antonescu 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1344: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1120:Ștefan Răzvan 1114: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073:Ottoman Turks 1070: 1066: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 991: 988: 984: 981: 977: 974: 970: 967: 963: 960: 956: 953: 949: 946: 942: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 909: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 869: 863: 858: 854: 851: 845: 835: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 788: 787:and Maratha. 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741: 736: 725: 720: 718: 713: 711: 706: 705: 703: 702: 697: 689: 688: 687: 686: 680: 677: 675: 672: 669: 665: 664:United States 662: 659: 655: 651: 648: 645: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 402: 401: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 379:Servitka Roma 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 284:Bergitka Roma 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 264: 263: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 183: 179: 178: 175: 174:Romani people 172: 171: 167: 163: 162: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 120: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 55: 50: 45: 38: 33: 28: 8439:Transnistria 8345: 8093:Bangladeshis 7807: 7787:(16,792,868) 7634: 7283:Finnish Kale 7278:Erromintxela 7171:Nicolae Păun 7093:Romani CRISS 7078:Aven Amentza 6994:Demographics 6986: 6951:Google Books 6937: 6910:. Retrieved 6906:the original 6901: 6892: 6877: 6858: 6850:the original 6845: 6836: 6824: 6810: 6800: 6786: 6776: 6762: 6750:. Retrieved 6730: 6722: 6710:. Retrieved 6695: 6688: 6677:Hancock 2005 6672: 6658: 6646:. Retrieved 6642: 6633: 6622:. Retrieved 6615: 6593:September 1, 6591:. Retrieved 6585: 6575: 6563:. Retrieved 6556: 6546: 6534:. Retrieved 6520: 6508:. Retrieved 6503: 6494: 6482:. Retrieved 6477: 6449:. Retrieved 6442: 6432: 6416: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6284: 6246:. Retrieved 6233: 6222:. Retrieved 6219:Ec.europa.eu 6218: 6206: 6198:the original 6188: 6177:the original 6164: 6152:. Retrieved 6145: 6136: 6124:. Retrieved 6117: 6108: 6096:. Retrieved 6089: 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6061: 6052: 6040:. Retrieved 6035: 6025: 6013:. Retrieved 6006: 5979:. Retrieved 5974: 5964: 5952:. Retrieved 5947: 5922:. Retrieved 5915: 5905: 5881: 5874: 5862:. Retrieved 5858: 5849: 5837:. Retrieved 5833: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5771: 5759: 5743: 5723:. 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Retrieved 4569:the original 4564: 4528:Antiziganism 4469:Dorel Simion 4435:Sandu Ciorbă 4429:Vali Vijelie 4423:Florin Salam 4407:Nicolae Guţă 4350:, politician 4274: 4242: 4226: 4156: 4138: 4108: 4075:Pentecostals 4064: 3831: 3681:Nagyborosnyó 3581: 3555: 3543: 3538: 3533: 2708: 2657: 2645: 2640: 2635: 1905:Demographics 1892: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1833:Sorin Lavric 1829:Mureș County 1809: 1798: 1719: 1708: 1676: 1674: 1654: 1644:and part of 1631: 1616: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1573: 1560:Transnistria 1552:Nazi Germany 1544:Soviet Union 1541: 1499: 1495: 1490:Roma Voivode 1486: 1478: 1465: 1442:Transylvania 1431: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1361: 1357: 1324:Cetatea Albă 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1279: 1275: 1272:Emancipation 1266: 1257: 1239: 1232: 1217: 1205: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1164: 1147: 1133: 1124: 1116: 1084:Transylvania 1077: 1062: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1011: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 931: 922: 918: 917:. The final 914: 891: 887: 883: 879: 877: 847: 821: 813: 789: 767: 738: 733: 594: 314:Judeo-Romani 304:Crimean Roma 103:Transylvania 26: 19:Ethnic group 16:Ethnic group 8477:Isle of Man 8412:recognition 8386:Switzerland 8321:Netherlands 8002:Circassians 7912:Macedonians 7804:(1,227,623) 7689:Switzerland 7668: [ 7620:Netherlands 7322:Polska Roma 7310:Muslim Roma 7241:Uncontested 7227:Settlements 7102:Initiatives 6996:and history 6912:November 5, 6510:February 8, 6042:February 8, 6015:February 8, 5241:jurnalul.ro 4801:10230/25348 4499:Petre Marin 4477:, kickboxer 4439:Gipsy music 4283:Cluj County 4186:Ioan Cioabă 4167:Cem Romengo 4067:2011 census 4045:Héjjasfalva 3946:Cigánysereg 3855:Cluj-Napoca 3847:Population 3769:Oncsa-telep 3633:Dankó Pista 3610:Târgu-Mureș 3602:Population 3578:Segregation 3567:Crăciunești 3544:3.09 % 2660:2011 census 2646:3.09 % 1825:Târgu Mureș 1807:fined him. 1770:Valea Largă 1522:biopolitics 1474:land reform 1470:smallholder 1388:The Graphic 1368:Scandinavia 1224:Bran Castle 1186:(the Roma) 838:Terminology 749:2011 census 696:WikiProject 630:Switzerland 575:Netherlands 560:New Zealand 359:Polska Roma 274:Afro-Romani 257:Settlements 192:Archaeology 131:Catholicism 91:Vlax Romani 8356:San Marino 8316:Montenegro 8296:Luxembourg 8276:Kazakhstan 8179:Azerbaijan 8069:Pakistanis 7973:Krashovani 7943:Aromanians 7864:Bulgarians 7848:) (20,282) 7814:Ukrainians 7802:Hungarians 7605:Montenegro 7428:By country 7362:Welsh Kale 7327:Ruska Roma 6752:8 December 6712:8 December 6679:, p. 6624:2020-10-06 6531:Libertatea 6444:Hotnews.ro 6224:2017-08-19 6126:8 February 5277:2021-04-29 5125:2021-04-29 5097:2009-01-28 4917:2017-06-05 4881:2017-06-05 4678:31 January 4578:2011-12-10 4539:References 4241:Purported 4031:Parângului 4025:Sighișoara 3735:Cigányszer 3630:Székelyhíd 3616:Hidegvölgy 1782:Sâncrăieni 1626:See also: 1548:Iron Guard 1536:See also: 1508:and other 1454:Bessarabia 1432:After the 1308:Bessarabia 1069:Asia Minor 966:Portuguese 955:ατσίγγανοι 753:Hungarians 555:Montenegro 409:by country 369:Ruska Roma 364:Romanichal 8467:Gibraltar 8291:Lithuania 8057:Filipinos 8029:(177,000) 7918:Albanians 7906:Armenians 7810:(621,573) 7785:Romanians 7590:Lithuania 7450:Australia 7445:Argentina 7405:Bosha/Lom 7371:Contested 7342:Sepečides 7288:Kalderash 7268:Cascarots 7234:Subgroups 7018:Kalderash 6451:March 29, 6408:225206490 6330:145517603 6248:April 18, 6098:March 29, 5981:March 29, 5975:Ziare.com 5954:April 25, 5948:Descoperă 5924:March 29, 5830:"Hungary" 5472:CiteSeerX 5272:0040-781X 4742:cite book 4445:Connect-R 4354:Ion Voicu 4341:, former 4175:Romanians 4171:Târgu Jiu 4127:Connect-R 4119:Ion Voicu 4011:Nagybánya 4008:Baia Mare 3980:Kis Telep 3858:Kolozsvár 3684:Cigányrét 3420:Teleorman 3363:Satu Mare 3249:Mehedinți 3230:Maramureș 3154:Hunedoara 3040:Dâmbovița 3002:Constanța 2907:Bucharest 2696:Rajasthan 2610:Constanța 2597:Bucharest 2506:Hunedoara 2441:Teleorman 2389:Maramureș 2259:Mehedinți 2181:Satu Mare 2155:Dâmbovița 1812:Baia Mare 1794:Bucharest 1778:Sânmartin 1734:Cuza Vodă 1642:Maramureș 1612:Berezovka 1585:blackouts 1410:Hungarian 1261:Phanariot 1243:Joseph II 1160:lingurari 1092:Wallachia 1022:cyganie, 945:Hungarian 938:Bulgarian 913:is spelt 906:. In the 785:Rajasthan 679:Venezuela 545:Lithuania 425:Australia 420:Argentina 354:Romanisæl 319:Kalderash 299:Cascarots 136:Calvinism 126:Orthodoxy 99:Hungarian 85:Languages 67:Bucharest 63:Wallachia 8502:Category 8487:Svalbard 8472:Guernsey 8419:Abkhazia 8371:Slovenia 8366:Slovakia 8341:Portugal 8199:Bulgaria 8087:Mexicans 8075:Iranians 8063:Africans 7979:Slovenes 7967:Székelys 7945:(26,500) 7888:Italians 7860:(13,654) 7854:(18,076) 7834:(23,487) 7832:Lipovans 7828:(27,698) 7822:(36,042) 7816:(50,920) 7655:Slovenia 7650:Slovakia 7630:Portugal 7490:Colombia 7480:Bulgaria 7305:Manouche 7298:Machvaya 6866:Archived 6648:17 March 6643:insse.ro 6536:24 March 6373:73447392 6365:30767582 6292:Archived 6270:Archived 6091:Mediafax 6063:Euronews 6008:Mediafax 5917:Adevărul 5780:Archived 5751:), from 5505:18 March 5444:18 March 5143:Archived 5046:23209554 5006:PLOS ONE 4810:23219723 4506:See also 4453:, singer 4447:, singer 4381:, singer 4243:bulibașa 4091:Baptists 4083:Reformed 4073:, 18.4% 4061:Religion 4042:Vânători 4028:Segesvár 3977:Mezőbánd 3957:Vânători 3889:Doboșeni 3766:Margitta 3763:Marghita 3752:Kishilib 3729:Ghelința 3173:Ialomița 3135:Harghita 2964:Călărași 2850:Botoșani 2664:Romanian 2654:Language 2623:Botoșani 2519:Harghita 2168:Ialomița 2103:Călărași 1750:Cărpiniş 1742:Ogrezeni 1726:Turulung 1518:Eugenics 1502:Carol II 1466:(țigani) 1450:Bukovina 1414:Romanian 1328:Chișinău 1301:linguari 1100:Moldavia 1043:Romanian 1026:cikáni, 990:Zigeuner 983:zigeuner 962:tsiganes 927:Romanian 890:(plural 882:(plural 793:Gujarati 770:Sanskrit 658:Scotland 615:Slovenia 610:Slovakia 590:Portugal 460:Colombia 455:Bulgaria 349:Machvaya 252:Religion 227:Language 217:Folklore 166:a series 164:Part of 117:Religion 111:Dobrogea 95:Romanian 79:Dobrogea 71:Moldavia 8396:Ukraine 8346:Romania 8306:Moldova 8264:Ireland 8259:Iceland 8254:Hungary 8244:Germany 8239:Georgia 8229:Finland 8224:Estonia 8219:Denmark 8204:Croatia 8189:Belgium 8184:Belarus 8174:Austria 8169:Armenia 8164:Andorra 8159:Albania 8053:(1,000) 8051:Indians 8047:(2,243) 8045:Chinese 8041:(2,384) 8039:Afghans 8035:(5,000) 7955:Csángós 7949:Hutsuls 7914:(1,264) 7908:(1,361) 7902:(2,477) 7896:(2,543) 7890:(3,203) 7884:(3,271) 7878:(3,668) 7872:(5,408) 7866:(7,336) 7858:Slovaks 7820:Germans 7726:Uruguay 7709:Ukraine 7699:Tunisia 7635:Romania 7600:Moldova 7560:Ireland 7550:Hungary 7540:Germany 7535:Georgia 7525:Estonia 7515:Denmark 7495:Croatia 7465:Belgium 7460:Belarus 7455:Austria 7440:Algeria 7435:Albania 7393:Kawliya 7388:Garachi 7315:Zargari 7013:Ciurari 6565:June 6, 6484:May 16, 5864:15 June 5839:15 June 5725:2 March 5640:2 March 5575:2 March 5400:2 March 5329:2 March 5180:. 1988. 5065:4 March 5037:3509117 5014:Bibcode 4778:Bibcode 4403:-singer 4298:Buzescu 4093:, 0.8% 4089:, 0.9% 4085:, 1.1% 4077:, 3.8% 3912:Szerbia 3906:Glodeni 3861:Patarét 3817:Csedreg 3814:Cidreag 3749:Ozsdola 3732:Gelence 3664:Diószeg 3627:Săcueni 3563:Ormeniş 3559:Vâlcele 3539:621,573 3515:Vrancea 3401:Suceava 3325:Prahova 3097:Giurgiu 3021:Covasna 2700:Haryana 2692:Merwari 2688:Bengali 2680:Punjabi 2641:621,573 2480:Suceava 2415:Prahova 2311:Vrancea 2298:Covasna 2142:Giurgiu 2032:569,477 2021:621,573 2010:535,140 1999:401,087 1991:+254.2% 1988:227,398 1966:104,216 1944:262,501 1933:200,000 1754:Găiseni 1730:Vârghiș 1713:, from 1670:Salonta 1650:Hungary 1646:Crișana 1604:Ochakov 1482:pedlars 1458:Romania 1402:Székely 1297:vătraşi 1220:Făgăraș 1156:lăutari 1096:Prizren 1059:Arrival 1016:Russian 1012:zingari 1009:Italian 1001:Persian 994:Turkish 976:gitanos 973:Spanish 969:ciganos 934:cognate 925:is the 886:), and 809:Bengali 805:Marwari 801:Punjabi 764:Origins 745:Romania 674:Uruguay 640:Ukraine 595:Romania 570:Moldova 525:Ireland 520:Hungary 510:Germany 505:Georgia 495:Finland 490:Estonia 485:Denmark 465:Croatia 440:Belgium 435:Belarus 430:Austria 415:Albania 394:Zargari 344:Lăutari 309:Gurbeti 222:History 202:Culture 197:Cuisine 107:Turkish 8482:Jersey 8424:Kosovo 8391:Turkey 8381:Sweden 8361:Serbia 8351:Russia 8336:Poland 8331:Norway 8311:Monaco 8281:Latvia 8249:Greece 8234:France 8209:Cyprus 7985:Gagauz 7924:Rusyns 7900:Czechs 7876:Greeks 7870:Croats 7846:Nogais 7838:Tatars 7808:Romani 7714:Crimea 7704:Turkey 7684:Sweden 7645:Serbia 7640:Russia 7625:Poland 7615:Norway 7595:Mexico 7580:Latvia 7575:Kosovo 7565:Israel 7545:Greece 7530:France 7500:Cyprus 7485:Canada 7475:Brazil 7357:Ursari 7293:Lovari 7258:Boyash 7248:Arlije 7159:People 7023:Ursari 7008:Boyash 6945: 6743: 6703: 6620:. 2011 6425:Evz.ro 6406: 6371: 6363: 6328: 6154:3 July 6147:Pro TV 6119:Digi24 6070:7 July 5893: 5716: 5631: 5566: 5474: 5391: 5320: 5270: 5198: 5044: 5034: 4944: 4908: 4872: 4808: 4730: 4623: 4603: 4441:singer 4413:singer 4411:manele 4401:fiddle 4375:player 4199:, the 4190:Horezu 4140:manele 3960:Vadász 3943:Bonyha 3940:Bahnea 3800:Tasnád 3797:Tășnad 3746:Ojdula 3667:Sziget 3661:Diosig 3585:Săcele 3519:11,966 3496:Vaslui 3477:Vâlcea 3458:Tulcea 3443:14,525 3405:12,178 3386:17,946 3367:17,388 3348:15,004 3329:17,763 3272:46,947 3253:10,919 3234:12,211 3215:15,634 3196:11,288 3177:14,278 3101:15,223 3082:16,990 3078:Galați 3063:29,839 3044:27,355 2987:22,531 2968:22,939 2930:20,376 2911:23,973 2888:Brăila 2873:18,519 2869:Brașov 2835:11,937 2816:34,640 2797:15,284 2778:16,476 2759:16,526 2740:14,292 2717:County 2704:Punjab 2676:Uralic 2630:1.01% 2617:1.25% 2604:1.27% 2601:23,973 2591:1.36% 2578:1.46% 2575:11,288 2565:1.50% 2558:Vaslui 2552:1.61% 2545:Tulcea 2539:1.70% 2526:1.71% 2513:1.79% 2500:1.87% 2493:Vâlcea 2487:1.92% 2484:12,178 2474:1.96% 2461:2.12% 2458:14,525 2448:2.16% 2435:2.18% 2422:2.33% 2419:17,763 2409:2.48% 2406:15,284 2396:2.55% 2393:12,211 2383:2.66% 2376:Brăila 2370:2.69% 2367:16,476 2357:3.17% 2354:16,990 2350:Galați 2344:3.26% 2341:22,531 2331:3.37% 2328:18,519 2324:Brașov 2318:3.52% 2315:11,966 2305:3.93% 2292:4.02% 2289:15,634 2279:4.04% 2276:16,526 2266:4.11% 2263:10,919 2253:4.17% 2250:11,937 2240:4.17% 2237:14,292 2227:4.51% 2224:20,376 2214:4.52% 2211:17,946 2201:4.52% 2198:29,839 2188:5.05% 2185:17,388 2175:5.21% 2172:14,278 2162:5.27% 2159:27,355 2149:5.41% 2146:15,223 2136:6.02% 2133:34,640 2123:6.69% 2120:15,004 2110:7.48% 2107:22,939 2097:8.52% 2094:46,947 2077:County 2024:+16.2% 2013:+33.4% 2002:+76.4% 1980:−38.4% 1977:64,197 1969:+95.1% 1958:−79.6% 1955:53,425 1947:+31.3% 1746:Reghin 1666:Dachau 1658:Horthy 1422:German 1391:, 1908 1330:, and 1316:Soroca 1293:lăieşi 1247:Romani 1228:Braşov 1152:ursari 1148:aurari 1144:boyars 1140:Cumans 1136:Tatars 1080:Danube 1032:Slovak 1028:Kazakh 1020:Polish 1005:Arabic 987:German 959:French 948:cigány 857:Romani 740:Țigani 644:Crimea 635:Turkey 625:Sweden 605:Serbia 600:Russia 585:Poland 580:Norway 550:Mexico 540:Latvia 535:Kosovo 515:Greece 500:France 470:Cyprus 450:Brazil 389:Ursari 339:Lovari 294:Boyash 279:Arlije 247:People 8457:Åland 8376:Spain 8301:Malta 8271:Italy 8095:(100) 8089:(224) 8083:(500) 8081:Kurds 8077:(610) 8071:(700) 8065:(700) 8059:(800) 8033:Arabs 7981:(175) 7926:(262) 7920:(520) 7894:Poles 7852:Serbs 7826:Turks 7694:Syria 7679:Sudan 7672:] 7660:Spain 7585:Libya 7570:Italy 7520:Egypt 7415:Lyuli 7398:Nawar 7352:Sinti 6846:Maxim 6474:(PDF) 6404:S2CID 6369:S2CID 6326:S2CID 6242:(PDF) 6215:(PDF) 6180:(PDF) 6173:(PDF) 5806:(PDF) 5496:(PDF) 5159:"rom" 4955:(PDF) 4938:(PDF) 4572:(PDF) 4561:(PDF) 4379:Andra 4313:NSDAP 4279:Turda 4227:șatră 4131:Andra 4099:Islam 4081:, 3% 3994:Hirip 3963:Gödör 3926:Zágon 3923:Zagon 3875:Torda 3872:Turda 3820:Tanya 3792:100% 3758:100% 3741:100% 3724:100% 3707:100% 3698:Erdőd 3695:Ardud 3690:100% 3656:100% 3639:100% 3534:Total 3500:5,913 3481:6,939 3462:3,423 3439:Timiș 3424:8,198 3382:Sibiu 3344:Sălaj 3310:9,504 3291:6,398 3287:Neamț 3268:Mureș 3211:Ilfov 3158:7,475 3139:5,326 3120:6,698 3025:8,267 3006:8,554 2949:7,272 2926:Buzău 2892:8,555 2854:4,155 2812:Bihor 2793:Bacău 2774:Argeș 2684:Hindi 2636:Total 2627:4,155 2614:8,554 2588:6,398 2584:Neamț 2562:5,913 2549:3,423 2536:7,272 2523:5,326 2510:7,475 2497:6,939 2471:6,698 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