818:, began a massive colony creation program throughout his empire. However, not all colonies were new cities. Many were created from already-occupied settlements and the process of colonization just expanded them. Some of these colonies would later grow into large cities (modern day Cologne was first founded as a Roman colony). During this time, provincial cities can gain the rank of colony, gaining certain rights and privileges. After the era of the
2584:
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838:
Roman colonies played a major role in the spread of the Latin language within the central and southern
Italian peninsula during the early empire. The colonies showed surrounding native populations an example of Roman life. Since the veterans settled there were usually single until discharge and
253:
In the Empire colonies became large centres for the settlement of army veterans, especially in Roman north Africa which had the largest density of Roman colonies per region in the Roman Empire, where the Italic population constituted more than one third of the total population during the second
830:
Roman colonies sometimes served as a potential reserve of veterans which could be called upon during times of emergency. However, these colonies more importantly served to produce future Roman citizens and therefore recruits to the
2040:
65:
in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term "
822:
the new "colonies" were only cities that were granted a status (often of tax exemption), and in most cases during the Late
Imperial times there was no more settlement of retired legionaries.
1823:
1988:
105:(268 BC). The colonists consisted of about three hundred Roman veterans with their families who were assigned from 1 to 2.5 hectares of agricultural land from the
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1947:
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122:) were considerably larger than Roman colonies. They were military strongholds near or in enemy territory. They may have been similar to the
2219:
Termeer, Marleen K. 2010. "Early
Colonies in Latium (ca. 534–338 BC): A Reconsideration of Current Images and the Archaeological Evidence".
2181:
Oxford
Readings in Classical Studies. Edited by James H. Richardson and Federico Santangelo. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
1170:
129:. The colonists were given large estates up to 35 hectares. They lost their citizenship which they could regain if they returned to Rome.
1729:
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2209:
Bulletin of the
Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 132. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London.
1922:
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1984:
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introduced reforms to support the urban poor to become farmers again in new colonies as agricultural settlements (e.g.
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married local women, colonies tended to become culturally integrated in their surroundings within a few generations.
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Sivan, H.; S. Keay; R. Mathisen; DARMC, R.; Talbert, S.; Gillies, J.; Ă…hlfeldt; J. Becker; T. Elliott.
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3010:
1573:
426:
Ius migrationi and ius connubii
Ufentina tribus established (on territories of Volscus city Antium),
227:
in the late 4th century. In this first period of colonisation, which lasted down to the end of the
798:
787:
776:
765:
754:
31:
2174:
Edited by Paul
Erdkamp, 148–163. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
85:, their own citizens were planted in conquered towns as a kind of garrison. There were two types:
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231:, colonies were primarily military in purpose, being intended to defend Roman territory.
2170:
Broadhead, William. 2007. "Colonization, Land
Distribution, and Veteran Settlement". In
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814:, who needed to settle over a hundred thousand of his veterans after the end of his
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New Roman municipia made from small towns around Rome: Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum,
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Colonies were not founded on a large scale until the inception of the
Principate.
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347:(again), Pomptina and Poplilia tribus (tribes) formed in territories of Antium
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The Impact of Rome on Cult Places and
Religious Practices in Ancient Italy.
2198:
Salmon, Edward T. 1955. "Roman Expansion and Roman Colonization in Italy".
985:
419:
332:
216:
193:
98:
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Crawford, Michael H. 2014. "The Roman History of Roman Colonisation". In
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in Etruria and Umbria) was a keypoint fortress against the Samnis tribes
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529:
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504:(Apulia) colonia (20,000 male inhabitants) to control the Samnis tribes
306:
228:
169:
2193:
Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order.
375:
BC 318 Falerna tribus established, Cales made contract with Rome again
2786:
2729:
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2287:
L. Adkins and R.A. Adkins, “Coloniae”, in L. Adkins and R.A. Adkins,
1968:
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Greek and Roman Colonization: Origins, Ideologies and Interactions.
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E.T. Salmon, The Coloniae Maritimae, Athenaeum, N.S.41 (1963) 3-33
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C.G.Severino, Crotone. Da polis a cittĂ di Calabria, 1988, p. 29
507:
BC 290 Pinceum besieged and occupied, soon became a Roman colony
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Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul.
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Imperial Augsburg: Renaissance Prints and Drawings, 1475-1540
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27:
Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it
188:, Rome's first colonies were established in about 752 BC at
2917:
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1985:"EBORACUM or Eburacum or Eburaco (York) Yorkshire, England"
1784:
1268:
732:
707:
543:
415:
365:
BC 332 (two new voting tribus established): Scaptia, Maecia
325:
280:
185:
2179:
The Roman Historical Tradition: Regal and Republican Rome.
1152:
Colonia Iulia Paterna Claudius Narbo Martius Decumanorum
928:
founded by Celts c.279 BC, conquered by Romans in 15 BC
291:
organised (Stellatina, Tromentana, Sabatina, Arniensis)
825:
2037:"DROBETA or Drubeta (Drobeta-Turnu Severin) Romania"
263:
BC 752 at Antemnae and Crustumerium, both in Latium.
234:The first Roman colony outside Italy was probably
1944:"CHRONOLOGIE - Les grandes dates - Narbo Martius"
3002:
446:made contract with Rome (cives sine suffragio)
2205:Stek, Tesse D. and Gert-Jan Burgers eds. 2015.
2163:Bradley, Guy, and John-Paul Wilson, eds. 2006.
2114:. National Gallery of Art (U.S.). p. 25.
339:New bilateral defence contracts with Falerii,
97:, as they were often built near the sea, e.g.
2334:
2275:Jona Lendering, “Coloniae”, Livius.org (2006)
878:Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensis Sextanorum
266:BC 745 (or 737) Fidenae became a Roman colony
164:of many territories (mainly in the spread of
113:(common state land) for pasture and woodland.
2348:
2303:M. Bunson, “colonies, Roman”, in M. Bunson,
2134:
2109:
402:(Latium) Ius comercii contracts made with
160:in the empire and were responsible for the
51:
39:
2341:
2327:
2055:
1730:List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
390:, Tusculum. Latin ius contracts made with
1698:The name means "the Augustan city of the
203:Other early colonies were established at
109:(state land), as well as free use of the
2195:Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
2070:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p.
1000:Colonia Claudia Victricensis Camulodunum
2362:With correspondence to modern geography
2186:Roman Spain: Conquest and Assimilation.
2110:Jecmen, Gregory; Spira, Freyda (2012).
805:
14:
3003:
2167:Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales.
1861:. Dodge, Hazel. London: Lorenz Books.
1856:
148:and in the Imperial era starting from
2322:
2091:from the original on 24 December 2014
2085:"Places: 246344 (Col. Caesaraugusta)"
1826:from the original on 17 February 2023
273:
1852:
1850:
1805:
1073:Colonia Aelia Capitolina Hierosoloma
746:(Transpadana, today Piemonte region)
257:
156:veterans were granted lands in many
1991:from the original on 10 August 2020
1359:Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
46:
24:
2484:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
2157:
1185:Colonia Augusta Achaica Patrensis
1040:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
826:Effects and legacy of colonization
355:inhabitants got Roman civil rights
72:
25:
3037:
2234:
1950:from the original on 4 March 2016
1847:
1735:List of ancient cities in Illyria
1663:To settle army veterans from the
514:(Atria) by Adriatic sea (Abruzzo)
57:) was originally a settlement of
2582:
2575:
2305:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire
2289:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
2246:Colonization in the Roman Empire
1715:Local government (ancient Roman)
1558:Colonia Flavia Pancensis Deultum
1114:or Colonia Domitiana Lindensium
2191:Fuhrmann, Christopher J. 2012.
2128:
2103:
2076:
2064:
2043:from the original on 4 May 2021
2029:
2017:from the original on 4 May 2021
2003:
1977:
1962:
1936:
1925:from the original on 2018-07-02
1243:Colonia Iulia Concordia Apamea
2172:A Companion to the Roman Army.
1907:
1883:
1838:
1799:
1778:
1769:
1756:
1747:
13:
1:
2011:"APULUM (Alba Iulia) Romania"
1740:
1175:refounded by Caesar in 45 BC
3026:Veterans' settlement schemes
2265:Resources in other libraries
1891:"History of Europe - Romans"
111:ager compascus scripturarius
7:
2983:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
2430:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
2230:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2221:Bulletin Antieke Beschaving
2214:The Cities of Roman Africa.
2139:. OUP Oxford. p. 169.
1809:Hannibal's War: Books 21-30
1708:
1171:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
842:
298:(lost and burned in BC 346)
215:in the 5th century BC, and
10:
3042:
2990:Legacy of the Roman Empire
2216:Stroud, UK: History Press.
2184:Curchin, Leonard A. 1991.
2137:A Natural History of Latin
179:
29:
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2945:
2892:
2849:
2819:
2772:
2763:
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2553:
2515:
2497:
2474:
2456:
2438:
2420:
2402:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2260:Resources in your library
1574:Year of the Four Emperors
91:coloniae civium Romanorum
1857:Nigel., Rodgers (2006).
1655:Between 25 BC and 11 BC
1433:2nd half of 2nd century
862:Foundation or Promotion
486:BC 299 Nequinum (Narnia/
244:Publius Cornelius Scipio
3021:Ancient Roman geography
2985:; Proposed; in Danger
2779:Palestinian territories
1895:Encyclopedia Britannica
1844:Appian, Iberian Wars 38
1314:Colonia Emerita Augusta
248:Second Carthaginian War
207:in the 6th century BC,
61:, establishing a Roman
2525:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
1651:Hispania Tarraconensis
528:BC 289 (or in BC 283)
521:in BC 286), BC 264(?)
52:
40:
3016:Colonies in antiquity
2212:Sears, Gareth. 2011.
2061:Khalidi, 1992, p. 309
1806:Livy (25 June 2009).
1764:The Roman Citizenship
1725:Colonies in antiquity
1677:Augusta Vindelicorum
1446:Drobeta-Turnu Severin
699:(Venetia es Histria)
519:Castrum Novum Picenii
242:founded in 206 BC by
2135:Tore Janson (2007).
1762:A.N. Sherwin-White,
1544:, after it left for
1542:Legio XV Apollinaris
1513:Colonia Iulia Aemona
1340:for war veterans of
865:Founder or Promotor
806:Under the Principate
681:(Lucania et Bruttii)
663:(Lucania et Bruttii)
656:(Lucania et Bruttii)
649:(Venetia et Histria)
615:(Venetia et Histria)
317:) alliance agreement
30:For other uses, see
2226:Woolf, Greg. 1998.
1540:On the site of the
1296:early 3rd century
1218:Colonia (Κολώνεια)
1131:Flavia Caesariensis
1093:Bar Kokhba's revolt
1018:Maxima Caesariensis
320:BC 332 (or after):
2806:: Emmaus Nicopolis
2789:: Aelia Capitolina
2601:Of legion veterans
2458:Gallia Narbonensis
2440:Gallia Lugdunensis
2404:Britannia Inferior
2376:Britannia Superior
2312:2007-09-30 at the
2296:2007-09-30 at the
2280:2014-02-28 at the
2188:London: Routledge.
1915:"Colonia - Livius"
1288:Britannia Inferior
1227:Bithynia et Pontus
1163:Gallia Narbonensis
1127:Britannia Inferior
1014:Britannia Superior
887:Gallia Narbonensis
679:Potentia Romanorum
525:colonies (Abruzzo)
274:Under the Republic
95:coloniae maritimae
2998:
2997:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2799:Caesarea Maritima
2723:Possible colonies
2613:Caesarea Maritima
2571:
2570:
2530:Castra Taurinorum
2476:Germania Inferior
2307:, New York, 1994.
2291:, New York, 1994.
2241:Library resources
1819:978-0-19-955597-0
1706:
1705:
1467:Septimius Severus
1292:Britannia Secunda
1069:(on the site of)
1050:Germania Inferior
978:Hispania Ulterior
258:Under the Kingdom
16:(Redirected from
3033:
3011:Coloniae (Roman)
2770:
2769:
2750:Emmaus Nicopolis
2618:Aelia Capitolina
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2597:
2586:
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2319:
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2100:
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2048:
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2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1887:
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1880:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1803:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1623:Might have been
1583:for veterans of
1200:battle of Actium
868:additional Info
847:
846:
820:Severan emperors
287:defeated. 4 new
120:coloniae Latinae
118:Latin colonies (
89:Roman colonies,
55:
48:
43:
21:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2966:
2941:
2932:: Philippopolis
2888:
2861:: Arca Caesarea
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2815:
2777:
2765:
2759:
2718:
2627:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2567:
2549:
2511:
2507:Augusta Emerita
2493:
2470:
2452:
2434:
2416:
2398:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2314:Wayback Machine
2298:Wayback Machine
2282:Wayback Machine
2271:
2270:
2269:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2160:
2158:Further reading
2155:
2154:
2147:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2108:
2104:
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2077:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2046:
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2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
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1889:
1888:
1884:
1869:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1790:Ab urbe condita
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1711:
1665:Cantabrian wars
1534:, completed by
1491:Moesia Inferior
1254:Bithynia-Pontus
1231:1st century BC
919:Moesia Superior
859:Roman province
856:Modern country
845:
828:
808:
335:colony and port
276:
260:
182:
154:Roman legionary
152:, thousands of
81:, which had no
75:
73:Characteristics
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2807:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2767:
2764:Locations with
2761:
2760:
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2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2632:Of late Empire
2629:
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2626:
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2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
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2400:
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2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:Lindum Colonia
2386:
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2369:
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2361:
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895:Julius Caesar
893:
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661:Vibo Valentia
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629:
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621:
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394:, Praeneste,
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187:
184:According to
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
133:After 133 BC
128:
125:
121:
117:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:(350 BC) and
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:
86:
84:
83:standing army
80:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
44:
42:
33:
19:
18:Roman colonia
2913:Dura-Europos
2873:: Heliopolis
2766:modern names
2714:Dura-Europos
2354:Ancient Rome
2349:
2304:
2288:
2255:Online books
2245:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2136:
2130:
2111:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2087:. Pleiades.
2078:
2066:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1979:
1971:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1938:
1927:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1859:Roman Empire
1858:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1808:
1801:
1788:
1780:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1600:
1596:
1585:VIII Augusta
986:Roman Senate
850:Modern name
837:
829:
809:
530:Sena Gallica
385:
338:
254:century AD.
252:
233:
202:
194:Crustumerium
183:
162:Romanization
157:
143:
141:in 122 BC).
132:
119:
110:
106:
94:
90:
76:
50:
38:
36:
2795:: Ptolemais
2489:Mogontiacum
2422:Roman Dacia
2384:Camulodunum
2202:9.2: 63–75.
2095:23 December
1830:17 February
1639:/Saragossa
1416:Cluj Napoca
853:Latin name
751:Tauromenium
731:BC 123–118
634:(Campania)
618:BC 197–192
452:Alba Fucens
301:BC 354–349
246:during the
3005:Categories
2988:See also:
2963:: Seleucia
2926:: Laodicea
2812:: Neronias
2659:Heliopolis
2563:Singidunum
2540:Mediolanum
1954:4 February
1929:2018-07-02
1900:2018-07-03
1868:0754816028
1741:References
1572:After the
1530:Decree of
1386:Alba Iulia
1258:ca. 45 BC
1198:After the
995:Colchester
909:Singidunum
833:Roman army
816:civil wars
677:(Umbria),
642:(Calabria)
599:Mediolanum
565:Brundisium
551:Beneventum
510:BC 290(?)
469:(Campania)
343:(Etruria)
229:Punic Wars
196:, both in
170:Roman laws
77:Under the
2957:: Antioch
2938:: Palmyra
2867:: Berytus
2787:Jerusalem
2623:Ptolemais
2545:Placentia
2535:Florentia
2394:Londinium
2223:85:43–58.
1969:Procopius
1700:Vindelici
1619:Vespasian
1615:After 71
1579:Vespasian
1546:Carnuntum
1527:14 or 15
1523:Illyricum
1508:Ljubljana
1463:198-208
1403:180-192
1342:V Alaudae
1328:Lusitania
1300:Caracalla
1284:Britannia
1123:Britannia
1082:Palestine
1067:Jerusalem
1010:Britannia
739:(Liguria)
728:(Liguria)
726:Vardacate
722:Pollentia
717:(Etruria)
710:(Etruria)
692:(Aemilia)
670:(Aemilia)
620:Volturnum
608:(Aemilia)
606:Placentia
594:(Etruria)
587:(Etruria)
580:(Samnium)
560:(Aemilia)
553:(Samnium)
546:(Etruria)
495:Minturnae
428:Privernum
406:, Notba,
341:Tarquinii
328:(Latium),
307:Praeneste
225:Tarracina
2961:SamandaÄź
2908:Damascus
2904:: Bostra
2842:: Gerasa
2836:: Gadara
2834:Umm Qais
2755:Neronias
2704:Neapolis
2669:Damascus
2649:Seleucia
2639:Laodicea
2499:Hispania
2448:Lugdunum
2412:Eboracum
2350:Colonies
2310:Archived
2294:Archived
2278:Archived
2089:Archived
2041:Archived
2015:Archived
1989:Archived
1948:Archived
1923:Archived
1877:62177842
1824:Archived
1720:Duumviri
1709:See also
1694:Augustus
1673:Augsburg
1659:Augustus
1637:Zaragoza
1563:Bulgaria
1536:Tiberius
1532:Augustus
1518:Slovenia
1495:106-112
1486:Bulgaria
1450:Drobeta
1437:Commodus
1407:Commodus
1373:106-110
1348:legions
1346:X Gemina
1336:Augustus
1324:Hispania
1274:Eboracum
1205:Augustus
1148:Narbonne
1139:Domitian
1058:Claudius
1026:Claudius
949:Pannonia
939:Aquincum
934:Budapest
904:Belgrade
843:Examples
812:Augustus
795:Tyndaris
773:Syracusæ
744:Eporedia
703:(Latium)
701:Gravisca
675:Pisaurum
640:Buxentum
636:Sipontum
632:Salernum
624:Liternum
592:Fregenae
578:Aesernia
567:(Apulia)
558:Ariminum
539:(Latium)
532:(Umbria)
497:(Latium)
483:(Latium)
476:(Apulia)
467:Saticula
463:Suessula
458:(Latium)
456:Carsioli
436:Terracia
432:Velitrae
396:Lavinium
382:(Apulia)
380:Canusium
372:(Latium)
362:(Latium)
296:Satricum
240:Hispania
209:Velitrae
190:Antemnae
158:coloniae
150:Augustus
139:Tarentum
135:tribunes
127:cleruchy
124:Athenian
53:coloniae
37:A Roman
2955:Antakya
2924:Latakia
2920:: Emesa
2885:: Tyrus
2879:: Sidon
2871:Baalbek
2851:Lebanon
2776:and the
2735:Ascalon
2689:Sebaste
2664:Palmyra
2644:Antioch
2608:Berytus
2200:Phoenix
1974:3.4.6-7
1690:15 BC
1681:Germany
1627:of the
1592:Qalunya
1568:Thracia
1454:Romania
1424:Romania
1420:Napoca
1394:Romania
1390:Apulum
1364:Romania
1167:118 BC
1155:France
1107:Lincoln
1098:Hadrian
1045:Germany
982:171 BC
968:Carteia
963:Carteia
944:Hungary
923:239 AD
742:BC 100
737:Dertona
720:BC 125
713:BC 177
706:BC 180
697:Aquilea
695:BC 181
684:BC 183
673:BC 184
668:Bononia
666:BC 189
659:BC 192
652:BC 193
645:BC 196
628:Puteoli
613:Cremona
611:BC 218
604:BC 218
597:BC 222
590:BC 245
583:BC 247
576:BC 263
570:BC 264
563:BC 268
556:BC 268
549:BC 268
542:BC 273
537:Paestum
535:BC 273
523:Picenum
517:BC 269
502:Venusia
500:BC 291
493:BC 296
479:BC 303
474:Luceria
472:BC 315
461:BC 313
450:BC 303
444:Fotmiae
378:BC 318
368:BC 329
358:BC 335
351:BC 338
331:BC 338
322:Sutrium
294:BC 385
285:Fidenae
279:BC 396
236:Italica
180:History
174:customs
168:and of
63:outpost
41:colonia
32:Colonia
2947:Turkey
2936:Tadmur
2930:Shahba
2865:Beirut
2840:Jerash
2821:Jordan
2810:Banias
2774:Israel
2745:Gadara
2740:Gerasa
2694:Bostra
2593:Levant
2555:Moesia
2517:Italia
2368:Europe
2243:about
2143:
2118:
1875:
1865:
1816:
1686:Raetia
1625:Emmaus
1611:Judaea
1606:Israel
1553:Debelt
1499:Trajan
1481:Oescus
1377:Trajan
1332:25 BC
1309:MĂ©rida
1249:Turkey
1235:Pompey
1222:Turkey
1194:Achaia
1189:Greece
1181:Patras
1159:Gallia
1091:After
1087:Judaea
1078:Israel
953:41-54
914:Serbia
891:45 BC
882:France
799:Sicily
793:BC 21
788:Sicily
784:Thermæ
782:BC 21
777:Sicily
771:BC 21
766:Sicily
762:Catina
760:BC 21
755:Sicily
749:BC 36
686:Mutina
647:Brixia
585:Alsium
572:Firmum
412:Signia
404:Circei
326:Nepete
315:Latium
289:tribus
223:, and
221:Antium
205:Signia
198:Latium
146:Caesar
144:Under
103:Rimini
67:colony
2902:Bosra
2894:Syria
2877:Saida
2829:Petra
2804:Imwas
2699:Petra
2684:Tyrus
2679:Sidon
2654:Emesa
2047:4 May
2021:4 May
1995:4 May
1646:Spain
1476:Gigen
1459:Dacia
1429:Dacia
1399:Dacia
1369:Dacia
1319:Spain
973:Spain
874:Arles
733:Hasta
690:Parma
654:Copia
512:Hatri
488:Narni
440:Fondi
424:Gabii
420:Ardea
408:Setia
392:Tibur
388:Pedum
370:Anxur
360:Cales
353:Capua
345:Caere
333:Ostia
311:Caere
303:Tibur
217:Ostia
213:Norba
99:Ostia
2918:Homs
2883:Tyre
2859:Arqa
2793:Acre
2730:Gaza
2141:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2097:2014
2049:2021
2023:2021
1997:2021
1956:2017
1873:OCLC
1863:ISBN
1832:2023
1814:ISBN
1795:1:11
1785:Livy
1766:, 86
1344:and
1269:York
1080:and
1035:Köln
715:Luna
544:Cosa
481:Sora
442:and
416:Nepi
400:Cora
283:and
281:Veii
211:and
192:and
186:Livy
172:and
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