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302:(GSA), oversaw the design process in accordance with the Ad Hoc Committee's guidelines. In 1946, the Congress had passed the District of Columbia Redevelopment Act, which established the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency and provided for clearance of land and redevelopment funds in the capital. After a decade of discussion, public comment, and negotiations with landowners and developers, the Southwest Urban Renewal Plan was approved in November 1956. In part, the plan cleared the way for GSA to build new large federal office buildings between
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rehabilitation grants to poor homeowners; provisions for veterans to make very low down-payments to obtain mortgages; new authority for families qualifying for public housing to be placed in empty private housing (along with subsidies to landlords); and matching grants to localities for the construction of water and sewer facilities, construction of community centers in low-income areas, and urban beautification. Just four weeks later, on
September 9, President Johnson signed legislation establishing the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
606:"hat stands on HUD's plaza today is not so much the homage to shelter Schwartz originally intended as a token of capitulation." The canopies have been criticized for being too far from the round seating area/planters and not close enough to the street, thus rendering them useless as the shelter they were designed to be. The Project for Public Spaces rated the plaza the eighth-worst public plaza in the world in 2004. Others have praised the plaza's new design.
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should enter; the entrances are hard to find;...the main reception desk is in the south lobby, though more people enter through the north; information boards are not where people look for them; house phones are not clearly labeled; cafeteria entrances and the HUD information center are hidden. Finally, the lobbies themselves are so dimly lit—especially in contrast to the glaring front plaza—that this, too, adds to the confusion.
49:
361:) came up to the front doors to allow the limousines of high-ranking visitors to pull up directly to the building's front doors. Because the weight of the plaza/roof had to be kept light, no plantings (lawns, trees, shrubs, etc.) were envisioned for the plaza. Although the plaza was devoid of plants, its shape and vast expanse were designed to relate aesthetically to the nearby
392:(piers) supporting the upper floors at intervals around the building. The V-shaped columns taper to a narrow base that creates a more open, "lighter" appearance at ground level and whose angularity contrasts with the building's curving facade. The walls of the recessed first floor are not bare concrete but rather sheathed in
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precast concrete. The facade was designed to be load-bearing, with the panels on the second, third, and fourth floors designed to carry the weight of the building. The window frames on the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors were slightly thinner, because although they were not load-bearing they had to contain
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wrote in 2007, "They are two of the ugliest buildings in town: the austere, concrete hulk of the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development on 7th Street Southwest and its counterpart, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on Independence Avenue Southwest. ... Mr. Breuer's sculptural
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known for her unconventional and colorful designs, was commissioned to redesign the plaza. Schwartz initially envisioned low, round, concrete planters containing grass that would double as seating, and donut-shaped canopies of brightly colored plastic (lit from within at night) set upon 18-foot steel
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The plaza was roundly criticized by HUD employees. Not a single positive comment about the plaza was given by HUD workers in a 1979 survey, and employees strongly criticized the lack of seating in the space. The plaza as a whole, one urban planning group concluded, was bleak and unwelcoming. Signage,
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on August 10, 1965, which
President Johnson called "the single most important breakthrough" in federal housing policy since the 1920s. The legislation greatly expanded funding for existing federal housing programs, and added new programs to provide rent subsidies for the elderly and disabled; housing
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Yet, the building is not admired by many. The building had very little grass or garden space where employees could eat or relax during lunch, and very little of that planted space contained seating—which caused extensive employee resentment. The garden areas had such small trash containers that they
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The structure's interior floors were also made precast concrete. However, the floors were almost made of more than-traditional materials. Late in the design process, GSA accountants estimated that the cost of precast concrete for the flooring would be exceptionally high, and GSA threatened to change
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Deep-set windows in rectilinear shapes, a Breuer trademark, were planned for the facade. The window frames were made of precast concrete. The building was the first Breuer-designed structure in the United States to use a precast concrete facade, and this was the first federal building to be built of
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was the new
Secretary. Cuomo is alleged to have disliked the canopies and feared that the brightly colored plastic would draw public ridicule, and so pressed for alterations. In a compromise, the canopies were retained but colored a neutral white. Schwartz also designed a back-lit mural composed of
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The lack of welcome extends into the building lobbies, where there is a need for information of nearly every kind. ...there are no public maps; outdoor directional signs are too few and too small; the Metro signposts are so discreet they are hard to find;...there is no indication of where visitors
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in
November of that year. Unfortunately, during the HUD building's construction, the footings for the western portion of the building were accidentally built 1.5 to 3.5 feet (0.46 to 1.07 m) over the property line. The 3-foot (0.91 m)-thick footings were 23 feet (7.0 m) underground.
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tunnel (which runs below the building) run up through the building's walls and vent at the corners of the window frames, dispersing automobile exhaust fumes high in the air. Each concrete unit is 3 feet (0.91 m) thick and weighs almost 13 tons (11.8 metric tonnes). The firm which supplied the
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The HUD headquarters building was formally dedicated on
September 21, 1968. President Johnson and HUD Secretary Robert C. Weaver attended the ceremony. The final structure contained 700,000 square feet (65,000 m) of office space. There were 10 stories of offices above ground, and another two
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piping. The panels on the middle floors required the least amount of fabrication, according to architect
Herbert Beckhard (an associate in Breuer's firm who helped design the building), as they did not need to bear as much load nor contain much piping. The windows do not meet at the corner of the
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GSA's design specifications required that extensive underground parking be incorporated into the building. Breuer designed a lightweight, 6-acre (2.4 ha) plaza to fit as a sort of roof over the underground parking garage. The plaza surface would be covered in masonry "stones", with a curving
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which established these new design principles. The document encouraged federal planners to consider and build structures that "reflect the dignity, enterprise, vigor and stability of the
American National Government" and "embody the finest contemporary American architectural thought."
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said the building "sits up on stilts that look like rhinoceros feet, aloof from everything around it." Many critics have argued that Breuer's design is unoriginal, and essentially mimics the UNESCO Headquarters and IBM Research Center which he designed several years earlier.
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in 1971, the company was forced to sue John McShain, Inc. and the
Redevelopment Land Agency for removal of the footings, stabilization of the HUD structure, and associated costs. The action spawned several lengthy court battles which lasted through the 1970s.
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said the canopies provide "a pleasant shock... Seven ghostly spaceships appear to be hovering comfortably above its front yard, keeping watch over an orderly gathering of white-rimmed, ground-hugging disks shouldering healthy mounds of grass."
345:. The curvilinear shape allowed the maximum amount of natural light to reach the maximum number of offices. This design also reflected much of the architectural style adopted during the early 1960s in Washington, D.C., (notably at the
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architectural critic called the building "impressive...a brooding, strangely graceful concrete honeycomb." Architecture critic Carole
Rifkind called it "compelling by virtue of the swaggering efficiency of the construction system."
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declared it "bold and beautiful," HUD Secretary Robert C. Weaver said it was "urban and urbane," and GSA Administrator Lawson B. Knott Jr., praised it as "a lasting architectural asset to our capital city and our country".
349:). The final design resembles that of a giant capital letter "X" with an elongated spine and four bilateral, symmetrical, curving arms. The four arms created four spaces. The northern space was given over to gigantic
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The donut-shaped, white canopies on the Weaver Building's main plaza at night. The exit from the parking garage can be seen under the canopies, and the lighted entrance to the Main (South) Lobby in the middle-left
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Title to the land under the future HUD building was held by the D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency, and site preparation began in November 1965. Groundbreaking and construction had already begun by the spring of 1966.
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or acid etching of the visible exterior concrete was used to smooth the appearance of the structure, as Breuer and Beckhard believed concrete casting techniques had advanced sufficiently to no longer require it.
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established the Ad Hoc Committee on Federal Office Space and charged it with developing new guidelines for the design of federal office buildings. On May 23, 1962, the Ad Hoc Committee issued a one-page report,
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The Schwartz-designed plaza, too, has been criticized. "It looks as though a battalion of seven flying saucers has floated down to Earth in front of the Department of Housing and Urban Development," wrote the
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the architectural plans. But after extensive discussions between GSA and Breuer, GSA relented. The plans were let to bid as designed, and the floors were fabricated for significantly less than estimated.
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overflowed every workday afternoon. The building's interior spaces were also strongly critiqued by the late 1970s. According to the Project for Public Spaces, which studied the building on HUD's behalf:
1518:
Amend Redevelopment Act of 1945 and Transfer U.S. Real Property to RLA: Hearings and Markups Before the Subcommittee on Fiscal and Government Affairs and the Committee on the District of Columbia.
28:
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style, named 'brutalism' for 'béton brut' (French for 'raw concrete'), has come to represent the worst aspects of modern architecture: stark, unfriendly buildings fronted by empty plazas." The
545:
The Weaver Building is considered a prime example of Breuer's "soft" Brutalist aesthetic. Critics say it "set new civic standards for architectural design", and have called it a masterpiece of
1574:
Donovan, Shaun. "Prepared Remarks for Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan at the HUD Summer Intern Event." U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. June 24, 2009.
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driveway (mimicking the building facade) to lead vehicular traffic into the garage entrance and exit (which were situated in the center of the plaza). An offshoot of the driveway (set off by
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once described the building as "10 floors of basement." One historian of urban planning called the building an "out-of-towner's 'ego trip'". An architectural critic for
41:
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244:
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314:(which bifurcated the area on an east–west axis), was designed to be a showcase for the Ad Hoc Committee's design guidelines. Internationally known architect
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The base of the building was designed to look much different from the upper nine floors. The building's first floor is recessed, with load-bearing concrete
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said the building "is a handsome, functional structure that adds quality design and genuine 20th century style to a city badly in need of both." In 1998,
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poles to provide shelter from the sun and rain. Schwartz developed her design in 1994 after receiving public feedback during a workshop sponsored by the
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noted that "the building itself is among the most reviled in all of Washington—and with good reason." Former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
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window frames had no previous experience producing architectural concrete, but instead had supplied precast forms for bridges and parking garages.
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In the late 1980s, the plaza began leaking water into the building's underground parking garage. Rather than merely fix the leak, HUD Secretary
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525:), GSA Commissioner Robert A. Peck strongly disliked it. By the time Schwartz's design was ready for installation, Cisneros had left HUD and
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images of HUD-financed building projects to be installed on the granite wall under the loggia, but this was canceled due to cost concerns.
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In 1965, major revisions to federal housing policy resulted in the creation of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The
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Design work on the future HUD building began immediately. Karel Yasko, Assistant Commissioner for Design and Construction in the U.S.
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The Robert C. Weaver Federal Building is one of two buildings in Washington, D.C., designed by Marcel Breuer (the other is the
303:
435:, one of the largest federal building contractors in the Washington metro area, was named the lead construction contractor. A
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307:
818:
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1649:
Washington on Foot: 23 Walking Tours of Washington, D.C., Old Town Alexandria, Virginia, and Historic Annapolis, Maryland.
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1520:
U.S. House of Representatives. 95th Congress, Second Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978.
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told HUD (which had commissioned a study of the building), were so poor that they were characterized as a "disaster".
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submitted the building's winning design. Breuer became the building's lead architect, assisted by his associate
513:. Although the design had passed through the GSA's rigorous planning and design process and had the support of
1390:"Prepared Remarks for Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan at the HUD Summer Intern Event"
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encouraged GSA to renovate or reconstruct the plaza to make it more worker- and pedestrian-friendly. In 1990,
1763:
Porter, Lawrence. "Disillusioned in D.C.: I Was Dazzled By The Virtual HUD Plaza—Then I Saw the Real Thing."
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vents. The western space was planted with grass and with low concrete benches lining the semicircular space.
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Breuer drew on many of his previous buildings for inspiration for HUD Headquarters. He had built curvilinear
101:
539:
1867:
Washington, D.C. from A to Z: The Look-Up Source to Everything to See & Do in the Nation's Capital.
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463:
In 2000, the HUD building was officially renamed the Robert C. Weaver Federal Building in honor of Dr.
477:
1499:
1034:
Porter, "Disillusioned in D.C.: I Was Dazzled By The Virtual HUD Plaza—Then I Saw the Real Thing,"
483:
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When L'Enfant Properties, leaseholder of the property abutting the HUD site, began construction of
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Worthy of the Nation: Washington, D.C., From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission.
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lighting, identification of entrances, and the regulation of pedestrian traffic in the plaza, the
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floors below ground. The final cost was just $ 26 million (about $ 162 million in 2010 dollars).
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415:, an influential public housing advocate in the 1930s, adorns the building's Main (South) lobby.
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283:
236:
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823:
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251:
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Semple Jr., Robert B. "$ 7.5 Billion Bill, With a Rent Subsidy Proviso, Signed by Johnson."
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1535:
Conroy, Sarah Booth. "Marcel Breuer, Architect, Pioneer of Modern Furniture Design, Dies."
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8:
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419:
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1593:
Gournay, Isabelle. "Washington: The DC's History of Unresolved Planning Conflicts." In
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1180:"Robert C. Weaver Federal Building, Washington, DC: Building Overview," August 4, 2009.
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July 2, 2001; Saxon, "Herbert Beckhard, 77, Architect Who Worked With Bauhaus Master,"
447:
1751:
1516:
Committee on the District of Columbia. Subcommittee on Fiscal and Government Affairs.
799:
July 19, 2000; "Black History Month Salutes Black Leaders, Astronauts, Billionaires,"
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Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer.
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1614:
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Federal Facilities Beyond the 1990s: Ensuring Quality in an Era of Limited Resources.
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1074:
Federal Facilities Beyond the 1990s: Ensuring Quality in an Era of Limited Resources,
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Federal Facilities Beyond the 1990s: Ensuring Quality in an Era of Limited Resources,
897:
Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer,
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Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer,
550:
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temporarily delayed construction in May 1966. The building's cornerstone was laid by
400:
346:
287:
1608:
Grooms, Thomas. "The Charrette Process: A Tool for Achieving Design Excellence." In
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Saxon, Wolfgang. "Herbert Beckhard, 77, Architect Who Worked With Bauhaus Master."
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Dietsch, Deborah K. "Benign Breuer: Exhibit Ignores Bauhaus Architect's Mistakes."
464:
330:
248:
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220:
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526:
514:
497:
270:
1551:
Remaking Cities: Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference in Pittsburgh.
1441:
Remaking Cities: Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference in Pittsburgh,
216:
1524:
Connelly, Joel. "As Suburbs Reach Limit, People Are Moving Back to the Cities."
1487:
Exterior Wall Systems: Glass and Concrete Technology, Design, and Construction.
1117:
Exterior Wall Systems: Glass and Concrete Technology, Design, and Construction,
522:
521:, which had co-approval over the design) and HUD Secretary Cisneros (a trained
493:
408:
1752:
Phillips-Fein, Kim. "Living for the City: Robert Clifton Weaver's Liberalism."
1553:
Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, 1989.
1361:
Conroy, "Marcel Breuer, Architect, Pioneer of Modern Furniture Design, Dies,"
869:
Semple, "$ 7.5 Billion Bill, With a Rent Subsidy Proviso, Signed by Johnson,"
795:
July 19, 1997; Muhammad, "HUD Building Renamed In Honor of Robert C. Weaver,"
418:
The project was expected to cost $ 32 million, although only $ 29 million was
1918:
1910:
General Services Administration page on the Robert C. Weaver Federal Building
1661:"HUD Building Seen As Turning Point for Department and Public Architecture."
1413:
Gournay, "Washington: The DC's History of Unresolved Planning Conflicts," in
1274:"HUD Building Seen As Turning Point for Department and Public Architecture,"
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501:
436:
362:
315:
164:
123:
110:
1727:
Muhammad, Alverda Ann. "HUD Building Renamed In Honor of Robert C. Weaver."
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Grooms, "The Charrette Process: A Tool for Achieving Design Excellence," in
969:
Grooms, "The Charrette Process: A Tool for Achieving Design Excellence," in
1837:
Schwartz, Martha; Meyer, Elizabeth K.; Landecker, Heidi; and Vance, Sarah.
432:
338:
188:
663:
Connelly, "As Suburbs Reach Limit, People Are Moving Back to the Cities,"
645:
Phillips-Fein, "Living for the City: Robert Clifton Weaver's Liberalism,"
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2d ed. Washington, D.C.: United States Capitol Historical Society, 1987.
1637:
Hagel, Jack. "Herbert H. Swinburne, 88, A Noted Philadelphia Architect."
1478:
Barron, James. "Robert C. Weaver, 89, First Black Cabinet Member, Dies."
467:, the first HUD Secretary and the first African American Cabinet member.
1426:
Dietsch, "Benign Breuer: Exhibit Ignores Bauhaus Architect's Mistakes,"
1808:"Robert C. Weaver Federal Building, Washington, DC: Building Overview."
1755:
1500:"Black History Month Salutes Black Leaders, Astronauts, Billionaires."
311:
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to its south. The HUD building, the only office building south of the
581:
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The HUD Building, Washington, D.C.: A Public Space Improvement Plan.
1294:
The HUD Building, Washington, D.C.: A Public Space Improvement Plan,
1056:
The HUD Building, Washington, D.C.: A Public Space Improvement Plan,
749:
Hagel, "Herbert H. Swinburne, 88, A Noted Philadelphia Architect,"
342:
1739:
Guide to the Presidency: The White House and the Executive Branch.
1489:
Barry Donaldson, ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: ASTM International, 1991.
1153:
Guide to the Presidency: The White House and the Executive Branch,
791:
Barron, "Robert C. Weaver, 89, First Black Cabinet Member, Dies,"
813:
393:
358:
1509:"Bust of Late Catherine Bauer Wurster Placed in HUD Building."
1189:"Bust of Late Catherine Bauer Wurster Placed in HUD Building,"
388:
213:
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2d ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980.
1940:
Buildings of the United States government in Washington, D.C.
1680:
Washington Past and Present: A Guide to the Nation's Capital.
1485:
Beckhard, Herbert. "The Breuer-Beckhard Precast Facades." In
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Washington Past and Present: A Guide to the Nation's Capital,
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227:. Completed in 1968, it serves as the headquarters of the
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4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
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Gutheim, Frederick Albert and Lee, Antoinette Josephine.
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In 2009, then Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
229:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
48:
1627:
2d ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
65:
Department of Housing and Urban Development Headquarters
1597:
David L.A. Gordon, ed. Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 2006.
441:
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America
1827:
Reprint ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
200:
1839:
Martha Schwartz: Transfiguration of the Commonplace.
1795:
A Field Guide to Contemporary American Architecture.
1376:
A Field Guide to Contemporary American Architecture,
1115:
Beckhard, "The Breuer-Beckhard Precast Facades," in
1018:
Martha Schwartz: Transfiguration of the Commonplace,
1705:
McKee, Bradford. "The Battle for Pep-O-Mint Plaza."
1668:Huxtable, Aida Louise. "The House That HUD Built."
1542:Corrigan, Richard. "Carpenters' Talks Break Off."
691:AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C.,
1715:AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C.
1693:L'Enfant Plaza Properties, Inc. v. United States.
1214:L'Enfant Plaza Properties, Inc. v. United States,
1916:
1713:Moeller, Gerard Martin and Weeks, Christopher.
1699:L'Enfant Plaza East, Inc. v. John McShain, Inc.
1260:L'Enfant Plaza East, Inc. v. John McShain, Inc.
1823:Scott, Pamela and Lee, Antoinette Josephine.
1586:Goldberger, Paul. "Marcel Breuer, 79, Dies."
1209:
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1883:Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2006.
1776:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
745:
743:
470:
276:Guiding Principles for Federal Architecture,
1612:Washington, D.C.: National Academies, 1997.
1579:Forgey, Benjamin. "Flying Saucers At HUD."
1288:
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1284:
1224:
1222:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
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1099:
1097:
1095:
1054:See, generally, Project for Public Spaces,
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719:
549:. At the structure's dedication, President
1935:Brutalist architecture in Washington, D.C.
1841:Washington, D.C.: Spacemaker Press, 1997.
1790:New York: Project for Public Spaces, 1979.
1595:Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities.
1415:Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities,
1320:McKee, "The Battle for Pep-O-Mint Plaza,"
1270:
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245:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1741:3d ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2002.
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1228:Corrigan, "Carpenters' Talks Break Off,"
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1030:
1028:
1026:
981:
979:
965:
963:
865:
863:
836:
834:
740:
292:Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965
1678:Kennon, Donald R. and Striner, Richard.
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482:
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1255:
1253:
1251:
1135:Goldberger, "Marcel Breuer, 79, Dies,"
1061:
1041:
937:Committee on the District of Columbia,
924:Committee on the District of Columbia,
696:
670:
652:
225:federal government of the United States
1950:Government buildings completed in 1968
1925:Federal buildings in the United States
1917:
1825:Buildings of the District of Columbia.
1813:. August 4, 2009. Accessed 2010-03-07.
1647:Hodges, Allan A. and Hodges, Carol A.
1327:
1176:
1174:
1166:Buildings of the District of Columbia,
1142:
1023:
976:
960:
860:
831:
814:"National Register Information System"
733:Huxtable, "The House That HUD Built,"
641:
639:
637:
635:
533:
264:
1299:
782:
519:United States Commission of Fine Arts
1945:Office buildings in Washington, D.C.
1869:Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2003.
1811:U.S. General Services Administration
1468:"An Eyeful of Washington Eyesores."
1452:"The World's Best and Worst Parks,"
1248:
853:"An Eyeful of Washington Eyesores,"
819:National Register of Historic Places
259:National Register of Historic Places
16:Government office building in the US
1894:"The World's Best and Worst Parks."
1865:Wasserman, Paul and Hausrath, Don.
1695:227 Ct. Cl. 1; 645 F.2d 886 (1981).
1387:
1171:
939:Amend Redevelopment Act of 1945...,
926:Amend Redevelopment Act of 1945...,
806:
632:
96:451 7th Street SW, Washington, D.C.
13:
14:
1966:
1903:
1348:Forgey, "Flying Saucers At HUD,"
239:. The structure is named for Dr.
210:Robert C. Weaver Federal Building
22:Robert C. Weaver Federal Building
621:Architecture of Washington, D.C.
47:
40:
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511:National Endowment for the Arts
374:concrete frame. Pipes from the
300:General Services Administration
233:General Services Administration
1797:New York: Dutton Adult, 1998.
422:by Congress for construction.
257:The building was added to the
1:
777:Washington, D.C. from A to Z,
1502:Wilkes County News-Reporter.
801:Wilkes County News-Reporter,
626:
333:buildings before in France:
7:
1786:Project for Public Spaces.
1292:Project for Public Spaces,
665:Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
614:
540:Hubert H. Humphrey Building
235:, it is a prime example of
10:
1971:
1528:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
500:, a nationally recognized
78:Government office building
478:Project for Public Spaces
471:Main plaza reconstruction
199:
194:
184:
170:
160:
155:
147:
139:
124:38.8840167°N 77.0220111°W
100:
92:
82:
74:
69:
61:
35:
26:
21:
1955:Southwest Federal Center
775:Wasserman and Hausrath,
1930:Marcel Breuer buildings
1858:"Today in Washington."
1765:Landscape Architecture.
1241:"Today in Washington,"
1036:Landscape Architecture,
426:Construction and naming
413:Catherine Bauer Wurster
156:Design and construction
129:38.8840167; -77.0220111
1708:Washington City Paper.
1322:Washington City Paper,
751:Philadelphia Inquirer,
604:Washington City Paper.
517:(then-chairman of the
489:
304:Independence Avenue SW
284:United States Congress
237:Brutalist architecture
1881:Southwest Washington.
1771:Pritchett, Wendell E.
1737:Nelson, Michael, ed.
1640:Philadelphia Inquirer
1087:Southwest Washington,
955:Worthy of the Nation,
913:Worthy of the Nation,
842:Worthy of the Nation,
824:National Park Service
594:Washington City Paper
486:
286:passed and President
1581:The Washington Post.
1576:Accessed 2010-03-06.
998:Kennon and Striner,
828:Accessed 2013-12-25.
797:Washington Informer,
587:The Washington Times
453:L'Enfant Plaza Hotel
261:on August 26, 2008.
231:(HUD). Built by the
140:Construction started
1730:Washington Informer
1675:September 22, 1968.
1663:Journal of Housing.
1511:Journal of Housing.
1276:Journal of Housing,
1191:Journal of Housing,
987:Washington on Foot,
985:Hodges and Hodges,
737:September 22, 1968.
689:Moeller and Weeks,
608:The Washington Post
560:The Washington Post
547:Modern architecture
534:Critical assessment
506:landscape architect
339:IBM Research Center
335:UNESCO Headquarters
269:In 1962, President
265:Building conception
120: /
83:Architectural style
70:General information
1879:Williams, Paul K.
1862:November 10, 1966.
1701:359 A.2d 5 (1976).
1475:December 21, 2008.
1245:November 10, 1966.
1016:Schwartz, et al.,
857:December 21, 2008.
556:The New York Times
490:
448:Hubert H. Humphrey
433:John McShain, Inc.
189:John McShain, Inc.
1820:October 27, 2003.
1793:Rifkind, Carole.
1760:January 12, 2009.
1570:November 3, 2007.
1532:February 4, 2010.
1430:November 3, 2007.
1428:Washington Times,
1076:1997, p. 108-110.
1038:July 2001, p. 32.
953:Gutheim and Lee,
911:Gutheim and Lee,
886:2008, p. 256-259.
840:Gutheim and Lee,
803:February 1, 2007.
757:October 27, 2003.
667:February 4, 2010.
649:January 12, 2009.
551:Lyndon B. Johnson
401:abrasive blasting
347:Watergate complex
337:in Paris and the
308:Southeast Freeway
288:Lyndon B. Johnson
206:
205:
151:September 9, 1968
62:Alternative names
1962:
1860:Washington Post.
1855:August 11, 1965.
1710:May 22–28, 1998.
1566:Washington Times
1549:Davis, Barbara.
1544:Washington Post.
1537:Washington Post.
1504:February 1, 2007
1457:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1388:Donovan, Shaun.
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1363:Washington Post,
1359:
1353:
1350:Washington Post,
1346:
1325:
1324:May 22–28, 1998.
1318:
1297:
1290:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1243:Washington Post,
1239:
1233:
1230:Washington Post,
1226:
1217:
1211:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1120:
1113:
1090:
1083:
1077:
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1059:
1052:
1039:
1032:
1021:
1014:
1003:
996:
990:
983:
974:
967:
958:
951:
942:
935:
929:
922:
916:
909:
900:
893:
887:
880:
874:
873:August 11, 1965.
867:
858:
855:Washington Post,
851:
845:
838:
829:
827:
810:
804:
789:
780:
773:
758:
747:
738:
731:
694:
687:
668:
661:
650:
643:
465:Robert C. Weaver
331:precast concrete
322:and the firm of
320:Herbert Beckhard
249:African American
241:Robert C. Weaver
221:Washington, D.C.
175:Herbert Beckhard
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
51:
50:
44:
31:
19:
18:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1899:September 2004.
1853:New York Times.
1818:New York Times.
1588:New York Times.
1480:New York Times.
1471:Washington Post
1465:
1460:
1456:September 2004.
1451:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1382:
1373:
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1356:
1347:
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1291:
1282:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1164:Scott and Lee,
1163:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1137:New York Times,
1134:
1123:
1114:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
993:
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952:
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936:
932:
923:
919:
910:
903:
894:
890:
881:
877:
871:New York Times,
868:
861:
852:
848:
839:
832:
826:. July 9, 2010.
812:
811:
807:
793:New York Times,
790:
783:
779:2003, p. 92-93.
774:
761:
755:New York Times,
748:
741:
735:New York Times.
732:
697:
688:
671:
662:
653:
644:
633:
629:
617:
536:
527:Andrew M. Cuomo
515:J. Carter Brown
498:Martha Schwartz
473:
428:
324:Nolen-Swinburne
312:railroad tracks
271:John F. Kennedy
267:
223:, owned by the
217:office building
185:Main contractor
179:Nolen-Swinburne
171:Other designers
128:
126:
122:
119:
114:
111:
109:
107:
106:
57:
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:External links
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:Making Places.
1891:
1877:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1835:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1791:
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1734:July 19, 2000.
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1676:
1671:New York Times
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1482:July 19, 1997.
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1458:
1454:Making Places,
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494:Henry Cisneros
472:
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445:Vice President
427:
424:
409:Oscar Stonorov
266:
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252:Cabinet member
247:and the first
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1747:1-56802-716-8
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1657:0-87474-527-6
1654:
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1644:July 2, 2001.
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:0-8018-8328-8
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:0-309-07672-2
1616:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1603:0-415-28061-3
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:July 2, 1981.
1589:
1585:
1583:June 6, 1998.
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1559:0-8229-6906-8
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1539:July 3, 1981.
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
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1515:
1512:
1508:
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1503:
1498:
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1495:0-8031-1424-9
1492:
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1467:
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1455:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1417:2006, p. 122.
1416:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1378:1998, p. 124.
1377:
1371:
1365:July 3, 1981.
1364:
1358:
1352:June 6, 1998.
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
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1231:
1225:
1223:
1216:645 F.2d 886.
1215:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1168:1993, p. 239.
1167:
1161:
1155:2002, p. 972.
1154:
1148:
1146:
1139:July 2, 1981.
1138:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1119:1991, p. 158.
1118:
1112:
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1098:
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1031:
1029:
1027:
1020:1997, p. 162.
1019:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1001:
995:
988:
982:
980:
973:1997, p. 108.
972:
966:
964:
957:2006, p. 274.
956:
950:
948:
940:
934:
928:1978, p. 112.
927:
921:
915:2006, p. 301.
914:
908:
906:
899:2008, p. 262.
898:
892:
885:
879:
872:
866:
864:
856:
850:
844:2006, p. 410.
843:
837:
835:
825:
821:
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798:
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588:
583:
579:
578:Shaun Donovan
570:
569:
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561:
557:
552:
548:
543:
541:
531:
528:
524:
523:urban planner
520:
516:
512:
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502:Massachusetts
499:
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384:
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372:
366:
364:
363:National Mall
360:
354:
352:
348:
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321:
317:
316:Marcel Breuer
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165:Marcel Breuer
163:
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99:
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91:
88:
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68:
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43:
34:
30:
25:
20:
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1648:
1638:
1624:
1609:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1564:
1550:
1546:May 3, 1966.
1543:
1536:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1486:
1479:
1469:
1463:Bibliography
1453:
1448:
1443:1989, p. 12.
1440:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1321:
1296:1979, p. 13.
1293:
1275:
1259:
1242:
1237:
1232:May 3, 1966.
1229:
1213:
1190:
1185:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1136:
1116:
1089:2006, p. 67.
1086:
1081:
1073:
1055:
1035:
1017:
1002:1987, p. 71.
999:
994:
989:1980, p. 41.
986:
970:
954:
941:1978, p. 46.
938:
933:
925:
920:
912:
896:
891:
883:
878:
870:
854:
849:
841:
817:
808:
800:
796:
792:
776:
754:
750:
734:
693:2006, p. 61.
690:
664:
646:
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603:
600:
592:
585:
575:
565:
559:
555:
544:
537:
491:
474:
462:
458:
429:
420:appropriated
417:
406:
398:
387:
385:
381:
367:
355:
328:
297:
281:
275:
268:
256:
243:, the first
209:
207:
161:Architect(s)
115:77°1′19.24″W
112:38°53′2.46″N
1399:26 December
1262:359 A.2d 5.
895:Pritchett,
882:Pritchett,
647:The Nation,
290:signed the
127: /
102:Coordinates
1919:Categories
1767:July 2001.
1756:The Nation
1085:Williams,
177:; firm of
1374:Rifkind,
627:Footnotes
582:Jack Kemp
488:distance.
148:Completed
87:Brutalist
1151:Nelson,
615:See also
411:bust of
359:bollards
343:La Gaude
212:is a 10-
1439:Davis,
1394:hud.gov
504:-based
439:by the
394:granite
389:pilotis
201:HUD.gov
195:Website
93:Address
1887:
1873:
1845:
1831:
1801:
1780:
1745:
1721:
1686:
1655:
1631:
1617:
1601:
1557:
1493:
437:strike
1665:1968.
1513:1968.
1278:1968.
1193:1968.
1058:1979.
376:I-395
214:story
1885:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1401:2015
371:HVAC
351:HVAC
306:and
208:The
143:1965
75:Type
542:).
407:An
399:No
341:in
219:in
1921::
1392:.
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