31:
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245:. Along a strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into the steep slopes of mountainsides. These tributaries enter the main river about perpendicular, causing a trellis-like appearance of the system. They form where hard and soft formations exist on both banks of the main river, and are reflective of height, accentuated by erosion. Trellis drainage is characteristic of folded mountains, such as the
277:
at approximately right angles or 90 degrees. The joints are usually less resistant to erosion than the bulk rock so erosion tends to preferentially open the joints and streams eventually develop along the joints. The result is a stream system in which streams consist mainly of straight line segments
500:
The ancestral Rio Grande progressively integrated basins to the south, reaching the
Palomas basin by 4.5 million years ago, the Mesilla basin by 3.1 million years, to Texas by 2.06 million years, and finally joining the Pecos River at 800,000 years to drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Volcanism in the
221:
A parallel drainage system occurs on elongate landforms like outcropping resistant rock bands), typically following natural faults or erosion (such as prevailing wind scars). The watercourses run swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in the same direction. This system forms on
158:
drainage develops differently: initially, a drainage system develops on a surface composed of 'younger' rocks, but due to denudation activities this surface of younger rocks is removed and the river continues to flow over a seemingly new surface, but one in fact made up of rocks of old geological
360:
where there is no coherent pattern to the rivers and lakes. These can form in areas with extensive limestone deposits, where surface streams can disappear into the groundwater via caves and subterranean drainage routes. They can also form in areas where there has been much geological disruption.
376:
was scraped off, leaving mostly bare rock. The melting of the glaciers left land with many irregularities of elevation and a great deal of water to collect in the low points, resulting in the region's many lakes. The drainage basins are young and are still sorting themselves out; eventually the
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is a mature drainage system characteristic of arid climates. It is formed by coalescing of individual basins formerly separated by high ground, such as mountains or ridges. Headward erosion from a lower basin may breach the barrier, as may spilling over from a higher basin due to
262:
386:
291:
858:
Mackey, G. N.; Horton, B. K.; Milliken, K. L. (2012-05-01). "Provenance of the
Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group, western Gulf of Mexico basin: Evidence for integrated drainage of the southern Laramide Rocky Mountains and Cordilleran arc".
472:
forming the modern Rio Grande Valley were not integrated into a single river system draining into the Gulf of Mexico until relatively recent geologic time. Instead, the basins formed by the opening of the Rio Grande rift were initially
788:
Repasch, Marisa; Karlstrom, Karl; Heizler, Matt; Pecha, Mark (May 2017). "Birth and evolution of the Rio Grande fluvial system in the past 8 Ma: Progressive downward integration and the influence of tectonics, volcanism, and climate".
393:
In an annular drainage pattern, streams trace a tangential or greater concentric path along a belt of weak rock so, with others, a roughly traced out ring can be seen. It is best displayed by streams draining a maturely dissected
192:
of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They are seen to feed a river channel that matches and is strongly accordant to the overriding gradient of the land. Truly dendritic systems form in
481:. An axial river existed in the Espanola Basin as early as 13 million years ago, reaching the Santo Domingo Basin by 6.9 million years ago. However, at this time, the river drained into a playa in the southern
188:, "of or like a tree") are not straight and are the most common form of the drainage system. In this, there are many sub-tributaries (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which merge into
136:
A discordant system or pattern does not correlate to the topography and geology of the area. Discordant drainage patterns are classified into two main types:
653:
The Giba, Tanqwa and
Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
706:"Preliminary geomorphological and hydrographical characterization of a circular structure in the Marche Region (Central Italy) and its possible origin"
70:. They are governed by the topography of land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land.
894:
Hynek, Brian M.; Phillips, Roger J. (2003). "New data reveal mature, integrated drainage systems on Mars indicative of past precipitation".
591:
1283:
133:
A drainage system is described as accordant if its pattern correlates to the structure and relief of the landscape over which it flows.
959:
348:
When the streams converge at a point, which is generally a depression or a basin they form centripetal or inland drainage pattern.
668:
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joints and faults intersect at angles other than rectangular drainage patterns. Angles can be more or less than 90 degrees.
748:(this author defines dendritic, trellis, rectangular, angular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel drainage patterns)
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745:
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457:(accumulation of sediments in the basin). The effect of integration of a drainage system is to replace local higher
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with right-angle bends and tributaries join larger streams at right angles. This pattern can be found with the
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Taos
Plateau reduced drainage from the San Luis basin until a spillover event 440,000 years ago that drained
114:, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories, known as drainage patterns. These depend on the
17:
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drainage, a river's vertical incision ability matches that of land uplift due to tectonic forces.
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98:. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins varies and the larger and more detailed the
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StarHydro â software tool that covers concepts of fluvial geomorphology and watershed hydrology
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826:"Early Pliocene paleovalley incision during early Rio Grande evolution in southern New Mesico"
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This sometimes indicates a major fault that cuts across an area of steeply folded bedrock.
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8:
111:
907:
872:
802:
736:
Easterbrook, Don J (1969). Chapter 7, Origins of Stream
Valleys and Drainage Patterns.
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pattern develops when streams flow in many general directions (meaning quite long-term)
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Rectangular drainage develops on rocks that are of approximately uniform resistance to
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All forms of transitions can occur between parallel, dendritic, and trellis patterns.
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In a radial drainage system, the streams radiate outwards from a central high point.
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usually have archetypal features on which this commonly develops are modest or hard
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The geometry of a trellis drainage system is similar to that of a common garden
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very long, uniform slopes, for instance, high rivers flowing southeast from the
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762:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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Integrated drainages were widespread in western North
America in the
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and fully reintegrated the San Luis basin into the Rio Grande basin.
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38:, Tibet, seen from space: snow cover has melted in the valley system.
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are also thought to be able to cause this kind of drainage pattern.
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Patterns formed by streams, rivers, and lakes in a drainage system
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Koning, Daniel J.; Jochems, Andy P.; Heizler, Matthew T. (2018).
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The
Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography.
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An example of an integrated drainage is the area drained by the
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489:. The upper reach of this river corresponded to the modern
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strata of greatly varying degrees of hardness, as in the
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758:
Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Integrated drainage".
833:
New Mexico
Geological Society Field Conference Series
857:
823:
567:
Pidwirny, M., (2006). "The
Drainage Basin Concept".
557:
410:, which nearly encircles the domal structure of the
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356:A deranged drainage system is a drainage system in
78:often view streams as part of drainage basins (and
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129:Accordant versus discordant drainage patterns
704:Colucci, Sabrina; Fidani, Cristiano (2022).
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1284:List of rivers that have reversed direction
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236:
960:
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477:, with no external drainage and a central
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249:in North America and in the north part of
740:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 148-153.
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685:"11 Water â An Introduction to Geology"
651:Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019).
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14:
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861:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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197:; as a result, the rock types must be
150:drainage patterns combine the two. In
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436:Angular drainage patterns form where
102:, the more information is available.
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497:had joined the ancestral Rio Chama.
105:
86:region from which a stream receives
569:Fundamentals of Physical Geography,
273:, but which have two directions of
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402:where erosion has exposed rimming
25:
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175:Dendritic drainage systems (from
54:, are the patterns formed by the
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461:with a single lower base level.
94:, and its saturated equivalent,
993:Drainage system (geomorphology)
887:
851:
811:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.003
535:Integrated catchment management
302:The radial drainage network of
1003:Strahler number (stream order)
751:
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697:
677:
13:
1:
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724:10.4000/geomorphologie.17007
661:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14
626:. Checkmark Books. pp.
344:Centripetal drainage pattern
265:Rectangular drainage pattern
257:Rectangular drainage pattern
226:in Kenya and many rivers of
7:
738:Principles of Geomorphology
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171:Dendritic drainage patterns
10:
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623:The Field Guide to Geology
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163:Dendritic drainage pattern
1353:Water and the environment
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364:A classic example is the
352:Deranged drainage pattern
332:are most archetypal; and
217:Parallel drainage pattern
209:Parallel drainage pattern
432:Angular drainage pattern
389:Annular drainage pattern
381:Annular drainage pattern
237:Trellis drainage pattern
34:Dendritic drainage: the
1116:River channel migration
620:Lambert, David (1998).
485:where it deposited the
377:system will stabilize.
294:Radial drainage pattern
286:Radial drainage pattern
1046:Bar (river morphology)
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1228:Erosion and tectonics
1223:Degradation (geology)
791:Earth-Science Reviews
592:"Ritter, Michael E.,
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301:
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247:Appalachian Mountains
216:
170:
36:Yarlung Tsangpo River
33:
1249:Deposition (geology)
976:Large-scale features
908:2003Geo....31..757H
873:2012GSAB..124.1007M
803:2017ESRv..168..113R
760:Glossary of geology
450:integrated drainage
444:Integrated drainage
1279:Sediment transport
1233:River rejuvenation
1206:Regional processes
867:(5â6): 1007â1024.
655:. SpringerNature.
495:San Juan Mountains
487:Popotosa Formation
470:sedimentary basins
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368:. During the last
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224:Aberdare Mountains
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1111:River bifurcation
670:978-3-030-04954-6
540:River bifurcation
483:Albuquerque Basin
106:Drainage patterns
16:(Redirected from
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1041:Avulsion (river)
969:River morphology
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195:V-shaped valleys
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96:groundwater flow
72:Geomorphologists
66:in a particular
50:, also known as
48:drainage systems
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604:. Retrieved
600:the original
593:
571:2nd Edition.
568:
530:Distributary
507:
503:Lake Alamosa
499:
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416:South Dakota
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156:Superimposed
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144:superimposed
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76:hydrologists
51:
47:
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18:River system
1213:Aggradation
1164:Plunge pool
1131:Stream pool
1121:River mouth
1013:River delta
797:: 113â164.
459:base levels
455:aggradation
422:Astroblemes
412:Black Hills
404:sedimentary
190:tributaries
159:formation.
92:throughflow
84:topographic
1317:Categories
1264:Hack's law
1218:Base level
1159:Knickpoint
1086:Oxbow lake
1066:Floodplain
902:(9): 757.
769:0922152349
690:2022-09-28
606:2014-07-18
551:References
408:Red Valley
328:range and
326:Amarkantak
282:in Nepal.
280:Arun River
203:non-porous
199:impervious
152:antecedent
139:antecedent
116:topography
80:sub-basins
1338:Hydrology
1333:Limnology
1242:Mechanics
1091:Point bar
1081:Mouth bar
1036:Anabranch
510:Paleocene
491:Rio Chama
186:dendrites
181:δξνδĎÎŻĎΡĎ
1302:Category
1187:Antidune
1174:Bedforms
1061:Cut bank
839:: 93â108
524:See also
424:and mud
338:Ethiopia
315:Volcanos
308:Ethiopia
275:jointing
251:Trinidad
146:, while
112:channels
1136:Thalweg
1071:Meander
998:Estuary
904:Bibcode
896:Geology
869:Bibcode
799:Bibcode
628:130â131
475:bolsons
438:bedrock
426:diapirs
374:topsoil
370:ice age
271:erosion
243:trellis
228:Myanmar
120:geology
56:streams
1343:Rivers
1154:Canyon
1101:Rapids
1096:Riffle
843:20 May
766:
744:
667:
634:
514:Eocene
468:. The
372:, the
88:runoff
62:, and
60:rivers
829:(PDF)
596:2006"
479:playa
400:basin
319:domes
177:Greek
64:lakes
1192:Dune
845:2020
764:ISBN
742:ISBN
665:ISBN
632:ISBN
518:Mars
512:and
201:and
142:and
118:and
74:and
1182:Ait
912:doi
877:doi
865:124
807:doi
795:168
720:doi
657:doi
448:An
414:of
398:or
336:in
306:in
42:In
1319::
910:.
900:31
898:.
875:.
863:.
837:69
835:.
831:.
805:.
793:.
778:^
716:28
714:.
708:.
663:.
630:.
577:^
559:^
520:.
418:.
340:.
253:.
230:.
205:.
184:,
90:,
58:,
46:,
961:e
954:t
947:v
918:.
914::
906::
883:.
879::
871::
847:.
813:.
809::
801::
772:.
726:.
722::
693:.
673:.
659::
640:.
609:.
20:)
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