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1130:, but they can be far more complicated. Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models.
1111:. The simplest of these models may be linear models, but it is common to deploy non-linear components to represent some general aspects of a catchment's response without going deeply into the real physical processes involved. An example of such an aspect is the well-known behavior that a catchment will respond much more quickly and strongly when it is already wet than when it is dry.
796:
447:- application of hydrological and hydraulic principles to the planning, development, and management of water resources for beneficial human use. It involves assessing water availability, quality, and demand; designing and operating water infrastructure; and implementing strategies for sustainable water management.
877:. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration from plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's
976:
In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water
827:
One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at
1047:
can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial
694:
The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while
1031:
The aims of
Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle. By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena.
690:
through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then
815:
Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for
611:. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the
745:. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (
588:, in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands. With the adoption of a more scientific approach,
723:. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone).
715:) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport. Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see:
1978:
Robinson, D. A., C. S. Campbell, J. W. Hopmans, B. K. Hornbuckle, S. B. Jones, R. Knight, F. L. Ogden, J. Selker, and O. Wendroth. (2008) "Soil
Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed-Scale Observatories: A
850:
In some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways:
1022:
of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality). One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in
Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.
1082:
Hydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of
663:
Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially
1678:
is the study of lakes, rivers and wetlands ecosystems. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or
1152:
Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a
652:
Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy
Sherman's
1853:
Graf, T.; Simmons, C. T. (February 2009). "Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock: Applicability of the Tang et al. analytical solution".
922:
sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of the variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example
2525:
691:
either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle.
1114:
Models based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of
946:, are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies. Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and
914:
satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.
757:
reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce
2499:
3106:
Eslamian, S, 2014, (ed.) Handbook of
Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 606 Pages, USA.
596:
independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified.
3103:
Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of
Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 646 Pages, USA.
1350:
1399:
Connected Waters
Initiative, University of New South Wales – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia
977:
quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include
2559:
3100:
Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of
Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 636 Pages, USA.
3839:
1614:
1265:
546:
were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation.
3519:
491:
2221:
1685:
are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses.
4255:
1382:
94: 'study of') is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the
575:
130:. Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as
1095:
systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance
4118:
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4123:
1215:
4197:
3664:
2529:
1896:
Vereecken, H.; Kemna, A.; Münch, H. M.; Tillmann, A.; Verweerd, A. (2006). "Aquifer
Characterization by Geophysical Methods".
695:
others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making a prediction in practical applications.
3138:
2000:
1938:
1804:
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have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high-speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are
4746:
824:), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion.
1609:
1342:
1202:
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Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets.
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2110:"Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments"
1305:
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2503:
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978:
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is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere.
79:
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1324:
2451:
1371:
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2611:
1134:
Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the
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of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season.
1032:
When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of the
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for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, for example.
4940:
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4395:
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is the more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall.
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62:
17:
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Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest
47:. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.
4708:
3969:
3902:
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is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a
784:
711:
Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology (
31:
2942:
2581:
2065:"A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US"
2063:
Archibald, J.A.; Buchanan, B.P.; Fuka, D.R.; Georgakakos, C.B.; Lyon, S.W.; Walter, M.T. (July 2014).
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3959:
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780:
474:
317:
139:
123:
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2741:
2395:
1647:(Water Evaluation And Planning) software to model catchment hydrology from climate and land use data
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any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels.
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3991:
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3241:
3047:"Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative"
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Jajarmizadeh et al. (2012), Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, 5(5), p.249-261.
2017:
1108:
1061:
821:
115:
39:
3544:
2915:[Hydrological Commission] (in Russian). Russian Geographical Society. Archived from
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includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes.
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3949:
3944:
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3400:
2365:
2121:
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to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management.
1007:
993:
754:
357:
187:
3627:
703:
238:
is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications.
183:
are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields.
8:
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1123:
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127:
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Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling
1768:
27:
Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets
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4402:
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1996:
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Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI)
750:
657:
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619:
567:
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379:
241:
235:
154:
135:
131:
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Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where
262:
management covers water storage, in the form of reservoirs, and floods protection.
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2342:. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. 25 January 2012.
2104:
Beck, Hylke E.; Pan, Ming; Lin, Peirong; Seibert, Jan; Dijk, Albert I. J. M.;
4914:
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4634:
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1033:
971:
955:
931:
927:
923:
770:
608:
604:
566:
shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient
543:
415:
407:
343:
303:
296:
265:
256:
is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface.
170:
111:
2763:
1720:
1293:
University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, US
4736:
4660:
4593:
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4555:
4315:
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4077:
4006:
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3444:
3046:
2916:
1838:
1821:
1663:
1634:
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817:
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712:
542:
Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia.
535:
421:
Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on
375:
215:
209:
176:
162:
150:
3147:
615:
was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea.
4817:
4683:
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3424:
3390:
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3247:
3020:
2134:
2109:
1989:
Wood, Paul J.; Hannah, David M.; Sadler, Jonathan P. (28 February 2008).
1874:
1669:
1599:
1582:
1567:
1245:
1157:
1049:
1019:
870:
852:
742:
738:
681:
638:
547:
526:
219:
180:
146:
95:
3817:
212:
is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle.
4797:
4772:
4751:
4728:
4655:
4560:
4348:
4328:
4323:
3727:
3722:
2313:
1588:
860:
844:
800:
720:
686:
The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the
646:
641:. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including
634:
622:
350:
229:
4869:
4501:
3631:
1359:
German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft)
4843:
4698:
4565:
4357:
4233:
4062:
3932:
3892:
3405:
2165:, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 381–405,
1675:
1177:
1071:
1040:
907:
864:
859:
for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection;
758:
585:
571:
429:
328:
85:
68:
44:
2633:
660:, and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics.
4319:
1593:
1376:
Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission
1185:
1173:
279:
2770:. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 1 December 2008.
4675:
4462:
4333:
4001:
3996:
3927:
3872:
3717:
3712:
3194:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
2502:. NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration. Archived from
1624:
1517:
Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences
1251:
1075:
787:. Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods.
411:
332:
3642:
3156:(2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2447:
2062:
432:
transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.
2883:
2417:
1929:
Wilson, L. Gray; Everett, Lorne G.; Cullen, Stephen J. (1994).
1666:
is the more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries.
1300:
1250:
Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg,
1087:. Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished:
903:
579:
386:
816:
measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the
3416:
3357:
3342:
3283:
3213:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education.
2941:. The International Association for Environmental Hydrology.
2607:
1405:
Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia
1309:
959:
856:
687:
324:
87:
2863:
2659:
2243:
550:
towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls.
186:
Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering,
3235:
2764:"International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)"
1895:
1644:
939:
841:
795:
371:
4431:
3110:
Anderson, Malcolm G.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J., eds. (2005).
2585:
3347:
3152:; Raffensperger, Jeffrey P.; D'Odorico, Paolo P. (2014).
2844:
2737:
2473:
2391:
1931:
Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring
1417:
International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology
943:
228:
is the study of how terrestrial water dissolves minerals
3252:
2636:. The Geological Society of America. 10 September 2011.
2287:
2269:
1363:
1356:
Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS)
984:
863:
for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall;
855:
for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale;
435:
Estimating the water resource potential of river basins.
106:
sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a
3238:– Portal to international hydrology and water resources
2990:
2823:
1992:
Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future
1387:
1315:
2938:
2715:
2685:
2528:. University of Oklahoma. 17 June 2008. Archived from
2339:
1393:
1018:
Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make
206:
is the study of the chemical characteristics of water.
153:), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include
3208:
1379:
International Association for Environmental Hydrology
3051:
Australian Government, Department of the Environment
2794:"International Association of Hydrological Sciences"
2793:
2552:"National Hydrology Research Centre (Saskatoon, SK)"
2015:
599:
Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include
570:
used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in
2820:"International Commission on Statistical Hydrology"
1928:
145:Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology,
2964:
2582:"National Institute of Hydrology (Roorkee), India"
2526:"Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research"
1822:"Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary"
1388:Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal
1351:International Association of Hydrological Sciences
1196:
775:Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by
3109:
2244:"International Water Management Institute (IWMI)"
2103:
902:Estimates of changes in water storage around the
753:; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet.
250:is the study of the isotopic signatures of water.
4912:
1988:
1826:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1780:Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?
1709:"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?"
1209:
831:
578:which allowed construction of large reservoirs,
483:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
2020:(6 October 2009). "Remote sensing: hydrology".
353:schemes and managing agricultural productivity.
2965:"International Association of Hydrogeologists"
4447:
4249:
3833:
3658:
3268:
218:is the study of the presence and movement of
3209:Viessman, Warren Jr.; Gary L. Lewis (2003).
2991:"Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists"
2368:. University of Freiburg. 23 February 2010.
2218:"International Hydrological Programme (IHP)"
2163:Statistical Analysis of Hydrologic Variables
2159:"Analysis of Water Quality Random Variables"
2114:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
1958:(Reprint. ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publ.
1792:
1596:– hydrology and hydraulics modeling software
1383:International Association of Hydrogeologists
749:). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by
1852:
1615:Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient
1225:
645:, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-
4454:
4440:
4256:
4242:
3840:
3826:
3665:
3651:
3275:
3261:
2995:Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists
1585:– a software tool for hydrologic modellers
1221:UN-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education
1006:Quality control of data – see for example
618:Advances in the 18th century included the
3847:
2270:"IHE Delft Institute for Water Education"
2133:
2088:
1837:
1796:The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts
1793:Gregory, Kenneth J.; Lewin, John (2014).
1362:Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) –
719:). Measurements here can be made using a
514:Learn how and when to remove this message
3170:
3128:
2660:"Welcome to AGU's Hydrology (H) Section"
1889:
1216:International Water Management Institute
1065:
1026:
897:
835:
794:
702:
525:
38:
2558:. Environment Canada. 25 October 2007.
1091:Models based on data. These models are
110:. Hydrologists are scientists studying
14:
4913:
4263:
3189:
3069:
2712:"American Water Resources Association"
2428:from the original on 18 September 2011
2392:"Water Resources of the United States"
2290:. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
2156:
2069:Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
1819:
1769:"Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation"
1766:
1743:"What is water resources engineering?"
1703:
1701:
1699:
1272:– Office of Hydrologic Development, US
1244:eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich,
707:Building a map of groundwater contours
574:, also known for the invention of the
4435:
4237:
3821:
3646:
3256:
3112:Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences
2945:from the original on 17 February 2013
2692:from the original on 9 September 2013
2320:from the original on 13 February 2013
1953:
1922:
1898:Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences
1321:American Institute of Hydrology (AIH)
985:Integrating measurement and modelling
790:
4414:
4192:
3800:
3616:
3077:Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems
3057:from the original on 5 February 2014
2774:from the original on 20 January 2013
2500:"NOAA Economics and Social Sciences"
1947:
1610:International Hydrological Programme
1409:
1343:American Water Resources Association
1316:National and international societies
1287:NOAA Economics and Social Sciences,
1203:International Hydrological Programme
455:
4893:
4216:
3133:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3021:"Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)"
2845:Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft
2686:"National Ground Water Association"
2314:"Cranfield Water Science Institute"
2276:from the original on 14 March 2013.
1832:. Royal Society Publishing: 47–57.
1696:
1542:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
1394:Basin- and catchment-wide overviews
232:and this effect on water chemistry.
24:
3321:
3131:Introduction to physical hydrology
3093:
3001:from the original on 13 March 2016
2884:"The British Hydrological Society"
2744:from the original on 15 March 2013
2562:from the original on 12 March 2013
2418:"Office of Hydrologic Development"
2250:from the original on 10 March 2013
1747:University of California Riverside
1297:National Hydrology Research Centre
1070:Plan view of water flow through a
1039:These estimates are important for
25:
4952:
3672:
3229:
3027:from the original on 9 April 2013
3023:. University of New South Wales.
2971:from the original on 20 June 2014
2890:from the original on 2 March 2013
2640:from the original on 5 April 2013
2614:from the original on 26 June 2019
2608:"American Institute of Hydrology"
2454:from the original on 8 March 2013
2398:from the original on 8 March 2013
2346:from the original on 25 June 2015
2294:from the original on 7 March 2013
1573:Environmental engineering science
1473:Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
1337:National Ground Water Association
1278:Hydrologic Engineering Center, US
1168:. Since the 1960s rather complex
887:
582:and canals which still function.
534:, bringing water from the wetter
4892:
4881:
4880:
4868:
4500:
4413:
4401:
4390:
4389:
4376:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4173:
4172:
3911:
3799:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3626:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3593:
3171:Maidment, David R., ed. (1993).
2864:Nordic Association for Hydrology
2800:from the original on 11 May 2010
2714:. 2 January 2012. Archived from
2480:from the original on 10 May 2013
2224:from the original on 2 June 2013
2157:Loftis, Jim C. (30 April 2019),
1433:(electronic) 0885-6087 (paper),
1368:Nordic Association for Hydrology
1232:Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
1191:
1099:). Commonly used techniques are
965:
764:
460:
4150:Human impact on the environment
3039:
3013:
2983:
2957:
2931:
2902:
2876:
2857:
2838:
2812:
2786:
2756:
2730:
2704:
2678:
2666:from the original on 2 May 2013
2652:
2626:
2600:
2574:
2544:
2518:
2492:
2466:
2448:"Hydrologic Engineering Center"
2440:
2410:
2384:
2372:from the original on 2 May 2013
2358:
2332:
2306:
2280:
2262:
2236:
2210:
2201:
2150:
2097:
2056:
2009:
1982:
1972:
1306:National Institute of Hydrology
1257:United States Geological Survey
1197:Intergovernmental organizations
726:
272:
4058:Public transport encouragement
3192:Hydrologic analysis and design
3154:Elements of physical hydrology
2662:. American Geophysical Union.
2476:. Hydrologic Research Center.
2450:. US Army Corps of Engineers.
2022:Progress in Physical Geography
1846:
1813:
1786:
1760:
1735:
1513:Hydrological Sciences Journal
1136:behavior of hydrologic systems
1043:and economists so that proper
698:
666:geographic information systems
13:
1:
3495:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2584:. NIH Roorkee. Archived from
2556:Environmental Science Centres
1689:
1327:(GSA) – Hydrogeology Division
1325:Geological Society of America
1210:International research bodies
1078:hydrological modelling system
1013:
832:Precipitation and evaporation
656:, the infiltration theory of
356:Part of the hazard module in
3129:Hendriks, Martin R. (2010).
2873:. Retrieved 2 September 2013
2854:. Retrieved 2 September 2013
2474:"Hydrologic Research Center"
1954:Reddy, P. Jaya Rami (2007).
1450:, IWA Publishing (formerly
1372:British Hydrological Society
1141:
649:'s capillary flow equation.
7:
4525:Geological history of Earth
4461:
4048:Natural resource management
3248:Experimental Hydrology Wiki
3190:McCuen, Richard H. (2005).
2016:Tang, Q.; Gao, H.; Lu, H.;
1640:Water distribution on Earth
1555:
1549:Journal of Hydrometeorology
1458:Journal of Hydroinformatics
1364:Società Idrologica Italiana
1055:
910:Rivers, measured by NASA's
761:, increasing infiltration.
445:Water resources engineering
396:and urban drainage systems.
197:
10:
4957:
4498:
3079:, 3rd ed. Academic Press.
2366:"Professur für Hydrologie"
2171:10.1061/9780784415177.ch10
2090:10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003
1906:10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b
1658:Other water-related fields
1331:American Geophysical Union
1282:Hydrologic Research Center
1276:US Army Corps of Engineers
1237:Centre for Water Science,
1148:Hydrologic transport model
1145:
1059:
969:
891:
768:
730:
679:
451:
403:on sanitary sewer systems.
346:, Flood Frequency Analysis
323:Mitigating and predicting
311:agricultural water balance
132:environmental preservation
78:
75: 'water' and
61:
32:Hydrology (disambiguation)
29:
4931:Environmental engineering
4862:
4836:
4765:
4727:
4674:
4648:
4612:
4579:
4539:Composition and structure
4538:
4510:
4492:Index of geology articles
4469:
4385:
4374:
4271:
4168:
4142:
4106:
4030:
3960:Environmental engineering
3920:
3909:
3855:
3771:
3698:
3680:
3588:
3555:
3487:
3414:
3373:
3333:
3319:
3290:
3282:
3211:Introduction to hydrology
3175:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3053:. Australian Government.
2424:. NOAA. 28 October 2011.
1995:. John Wiley & Sons.
1900:. John Wiley & Sons.
1333:(AGU) – Hydrology Section
1259:– Water Resources of the
998:Scaling in time and space
956:thermal and near-infrared
781:time domain reflectometer
675:
399:Analyzing the impacts of
318:riparian-zone restoration
124:environmental engineering
4043:Environmental technology
3992:Environmental toxicology
3987:Environmental statistics
3982:Environmental humanities
2912:Гидрологическая комиссия
2911:
2850:7 September 2013 at the
2422:National Weather Service
2394:. USGS. 4 October 2011.
2340:"Eawag aquatic research"
2316:. Cranfield University.
2042:10.1177/0309133309346650
1855:Water Resources Research
1507:Water Resources Research
1270:National Weather Service
1226:National research bodies
979:microbiological analysis
733:Infiltration (hydrology)
469:This section includes a
3955:Environmental economics
3878:Environmental chemistry
3148:Hornberger, George M.;
2822:. STAHY. Archived from
2634:"Hydrogeology Division"
1956:A Textbook of Hydrology
1820:Biswat, Asit K (1970).
1767:Postel, Sandra (1999).
1605:Hydrology (agriculture)
498:more precise citations.
4012:Sustainability science
3505:Planetary oceanography
3327:
3244:(archived 1 June 2013)
3114:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1839:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004
1717:U.S. Geological Survey
1578:Geological Engineering
1423:Hydrological Processes
1182:total dissolved solids
1079:
915:
847:
812:
708:
539:
530:The Roman aqueduct at
48:
4936:Environmental science
4926:Hydraulic engineering
4788:Environmental geology
3977:Environmental studies
3849:Environmental science
3708:Environmental science
3325:
3173:Handbook of hydrology
2108:(16 September 2020).
1435:John Wiley & Sons
1109:system identification
1069:
1062:Hydrological modeling
1027:Statistical hydrology
901:
839:
798:
706:
529:
116:environmental science
43:Rain over a Scottish
42:
4747:Planetary geophysics
3965:Environmental health
3950:Environmental design
3945:Ecological economics
3568:Ocean stratification
3401:Doubly labeled water
3075:Wetzel, R.G. (2001)
2869:24 June 2013 at the
2588:on 19 September 2000
2135:10.1029/2019JD031485
1875:10.1029/2008WR007278
1723:on 19 September 2015
1620:Outline of hydrology
1493:Journal of Hydrology
1403:Murray Darling Basin
1239:Cranfield University
1008:Double mass analysis
994:Parameter estimation
627:Bernoulli's equation
358:catastrophe modeling
30:For other uses, see
4849:Petroleum geologist
4813:Forensic geophysics
4783:Engineering geology
4530:Timeline of geology
4482:Glossary of geology
4276:Atmospheric science
4134:Environment by year
4124:Research institutes
4038:Energy conservation
3863:Atmospheric science
3703:Atmospheric science
3573:Lake stratification
3556:Physical parameters
3150:Wiberg, Patricia L.
2220:. IHP. 6 May 2013.
2126:2020JGRD..12531485B
2081:2014JHyRS...1...74A
2034:2009PrPG...33..490T
1867:2009WRR....45.2425G
1651:Catchment hydrology
1170:mathematical models
1085:scientific modeling
401:antecedent moisture
380:hydroelectric power
4941:Physical geography
4875:Geology portal
4803:Geologic modelling
4742:Geophysical survey
4694:Geodetic astronomy
4620:Structural geology
4581:Historical geology
4512:History of geology
4487:History of geology
4477:Outline of geology
4368:Quaternary science
4265:Physical geography
4210:Environment portal
4093:Water purification
3753:Physical geography
3520:List of Candidates
3381:Deuterium-depleted
3328:
2018:Lettenmaier, D. P.
1440:Hydrology Research
1124:evapotranspiration
1105:transfer functions
1080:
950:which can capture
936:evapotranspiration
916:
875:sling psychrometer
848:
813:
791:Surface water flow
709:
554:were built by the
540:
471:list of references
287:Evapotranspiration
204:Chemical hydrology
128:physical geography
49:
4908:
4907:
4793:Planetary geology
4709:Planetary geodesy
4429:
4428:
4363:Landscape ecology
4307:Coastal geography
4231:
4230:
4053:Pollution control
3815:
3814:
3640:
3639:
3580:Ocean temperature
3140:978-0-19-929684-2
2919:on 26 August 2013
2002:978-0-470-01018-1
1940:978-0-87371-610-9
1806:978-1-4739-0895-6
1778:. Excerpted from
1410:Research journals
1074:simulated by the
1002:Data assimilation
948:satellite sensors
777:capacitance probe
670:GIS and hydrology
668:(GIS). (See also
613:Mediterranean Sea
590:Leonardo da Vinci
544:Ancient Egyptians
538:to the settlement
532:Caesarea Maritima
524:
523:
516:
410:changes, such as
340:flood forecasting
254:Surface hydrology
248:Isotope hydrology
226:Hydrogeochemistry
159:surface hydrology
136:natural disasters
16:(Redirected from
4948:
4896:
4895:
4884:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4808:Forensic geology
4778:Economic geology
4704:Gravity of Earth
4599:Paleoclimatology
4504:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4417:
4416:
4405:
4393:
4392:
4380:
4298:Paleoclimatology
4258:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4195:
4194:
4176:
4175:
4098:Waste management
4088:Urban metabolism
4083:Sewage treatment
4073:Renewable energy
3915:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3803:
3802:
3791:
3779:
3778:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3500:Asteroidal water
3488:Extraterrestrial
3277:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3224:
3205:
3186:
3167:
3144:
3125:
3087:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2880:
2874:
2861:
2855:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:on 24 March 2018
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1776:waterhistory.com
1773:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1719:. Archived from
1705:
1563:Aqueous solution
1468:, IWA Publishing
1452:Nordic Hydrology
801:flood hydrograph
751:capillary action
658:Robert E. Horton
631:Daniel Bernoulli
586:Marcus Vitruvius
536:Carmel mountains
519:
512:
508:
505:
499:
494:this section by
485:inline citations
464:
463:
456:
309:Determining the
302:Determining the
242:Hydrometeorology
236:Hydroinformatics
169:management, and
155:hydrometeorology
140:water management
91:
82:
72:
65:
21:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4867:
4858:
4832:
4828:Mineral physics
4761:
4723:
4670:
4644:
4630:Plate tectonics
4608:
4604:Palaeogeography
4575:
4551:Crystallography
4534:
4506:
4505:
4496:
4465:
4460:
4430:
4425:
4381:
4372:
4302:Palaeogeography
4267:
4262:
4232:
4227:
4164:
4138:
4102:
4026:
4017:Systems ecology
3916:
3907:
3868:Biogeochemistry
3851:
3846:
3816:
3811:
3767:
3748:Paleogeoscience
3694:
3676:
3671:
3641:
3636:
3584:
3551:
3483:
3410:
3369:
3329:
3317:
3286:
3281:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3202:
3183:
3164:
3141:
3122:
3096:
3094:Further reading
3091:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2871:Wayback Machine
2862:
2858:
2852:Wayback Machine
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2506:on 25 July 2011
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2272:. UNIESCO-IHE.
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2155:
2151:
2102:
2098:
2061:
2057:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1894:
1890:
1851:
1847:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1692:
1683:Water resources
1655:
1630:Socio-hydrology
1558:
1412:
1396:
1318:
1228:
1212:
1199:
1194:
1156:discharge or a
1150:
1144:
1120:subsurface flow
1064:
1058:
1029:
1016:
990:Budget analyses
987:
974:
968:
962:, for example.
896:
890:
879:evaporation pan
834:
809:Shawsheen River
793:
773:
767:
735:
729:
701:
684:
678:
654:unit hydrograph
601:Pierre Perrault
594:Bernard Palissy
520:
509:
503:
500:
489:
475:related reading
465:
461:
454:
439:Water resources
423:water resources
285:Calculation of
278:Calculation of
275:
200:
100:water resources
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4954:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4823:Mining geology
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4757:Tectonophysics
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4719:Geopositioning
4716:
4714:Remote sensing
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4666:Marine geology
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4546:Cosmochemistry
4542:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4499:
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4459:
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4427:
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4424:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4386:
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4382:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4313:
4304:
4291:
4289:Phytogeography
4282:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4160:Technogaianism
4157:
4155:Sustainability
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3921:Related fields
3918:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
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3853:
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3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3813:
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3809:
3797:
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3772:
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3766:
3765:
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3755:
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3715:
3710:
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3699:
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3695:
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3687:
3681:
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3677:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3601:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3563:Stratification
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3523:
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3507:
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3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
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3476:
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3474:
3469:
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3368:
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3320:
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3316:
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3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3231:
3230:External links
3228:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3206:
3200:
3187:
3181:
3168:
3162:
3145:
3139:
3126:
3120:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3095:
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3089:
3088:
3068:
3038:
3012:
2982:
2956:
2930:
2901:
2875:
2856:
2837:
2826:on 6 June 2013
2811:
2785:
2755:
2729:
2703:
2677:
2651:
2625:
2599:
2573:
2543:
2532:on 24 May 2013
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2200:
2179:
2149:
2096:
2055:
2028:(4): 490–509.
2008:
2001:
1981:
1971:
1964:
1946:
1939:
1921:
1914:
1888:
1845:
1812:
1805:
1785:
1782:. W.W. Norton.
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1500:Water Research
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1219:
1211:
1208:
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1206:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1166:surface runoff
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1116:surface runoff
1112:
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
1028:
1025:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1004:
999:
996:
991:
986:
983:
970:Main article:
967:
964:
894:Remote sensing
892:Main article:
889:
888:Remote sensing
886:
833:
830:
792:
789:
769:Main article:
766:
763:
747:hydraulic head
731:Main article:
728:
725:
700:
697:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
522:
521:
479:external links
468:
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450:
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448:
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436:
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408:geomorphologic
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365:drinking water
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307:
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293:surface runoff
289:
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270:
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260:Drainage basin
257:
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167:drainage-basin
104:drainage basin
26:
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4855:
4854:Volcanologist
4852:
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4707:
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4695:
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4690:
4689:Earth's orbit
4687:
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4682:
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4677:
4673:
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4664:
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4635:Geomorphology
4633:
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4615:
4613:Dynamic Earth
4611:
4605:
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4590:
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4584:
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4571:Sedimentology
4569:
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4549:
4547:
4544:
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4520:Geochronology
4518:
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4503:
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4364:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
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4344:Geostatistics
4342:
4340:
4339:Geomorphology
4337:
4335:
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4327:
4325:
4321:
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4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
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4029:
4023:
4022:Urban ecology
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
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3674:Earth science
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3541:
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3533:
3531:
3528:
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3521:
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3515:Hycean planet
3513:
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3501:
3498:
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3404:
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3326:Water droplet
3324:
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3309:
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3304:
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3299:
3296:
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3285:
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3264:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3220:0-673-99337-X
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3201:0-13-142424-6
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3182:0-07-039732-5
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3163:9781421413730
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3121:0-471-49103-9
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:0-12-744760-1
3082:
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3072:
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2293:
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2288:"CEH Website"
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2180:9780784415177
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2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Wood, Eric F.
2100:
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2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1965:9788170080992
1961:
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1950:
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1933:. CRC Press.
1932:
1925:
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1915:0-471-49103-9
1911:
1907:
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1861:(2): W02425.
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1289:United States
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1261:United States
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406:Predicting
382:generation.
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320:projects.
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