784:(more open area for the flow of water), but there are many complications to this relationship. The principal complication is that there is not a direct proportionality between porosity and hydraulic conductivity but rather an inferred proportionality. There is a clear proportionality between pore throat radii and hydraulic conductivity. Also, there tends to be a proportionality between pore throat radii and pore volume. If the proportionality between pore throat radii and porosity exists then a proportionality between porosity and hydraulic conductivity may exist. However, as grain size or sorting decreases the proportionality between pore throat radii and porosity begins to fail and therefore so does the proportionality between porosity and hydraulic conductivity. For example: clays typically have very low hydraulic conductivity (due to their small pore throat radii) but also have very high porosities (due to the structured nature of
797:
2363:
2216:
2262:
2175:
2163:
1116:
2274:
2325:
2250:
2151:
811:(grains of approximately all one size) materials have higher porosity than similarly sized poorly sorted materials (where smaller particles fill the gaps between larger particles). The graphic illustrates how some smaller grains can effectively fill the pores (where all water flow takes place), drastically reducing porosity and hydraulic conductivity, while only being a small fraction of the total volume of the material. For tables of common porosity values for
2298:
2351:
2339:
2375:
2286:
2399:
2315:
2238:
2139:
2387:
2187:
980:
This is porosity associated with a fracture system or faulting. This can create secondary porosity in rocks that otherwise would not be reservoirs for hydrocarbons due to their primary porosity being destroyed (for example due to depth of burial) or of a rock type not normally considered a reservoir
891:
processes. Aggregation involves particulate adhesion and higher resistance to compaction. Typical bulk density of sandy soil is between 1.5 and 1.7 g/cm. This calculates to a porosity between 0.43 and 0.36. Typical bulk density of clay soil is between 1.1 and 1.3 g/cm. This calculates to a
1045:
Refers to the conceptual idea that there are two overlapping reservoirs which interact. In fractured rock aquifers, the rock mass and fractures are often simulated as being two overlapping but distinct bodies. Delayed yield, and leaky aquifer flow solutions are both mathematically similar solutions
1180:
Gas expansion method. A sample of known bulk volume is enclosed in a container of known volume. It is connected to another container with a known volume which is evacuated (i.e., near vacuum pressure). When a valve connecting the two containers is opened, gas passes from the first container to the
1106:
While porosity is inherent in die casting manufacturing, its presence may lead to component failure where pressure integrity is a critical characteristic. Porosity may take on several forms from interconnected micro-porosity, folds, and inclusions to macro porosity visible on the part surface. The
1107:
end result of porosity is the creation of a leak path through the walls of a casting that prevents the part from holding pressure. Porosity may also lead to out-gassing during the painting process, leaching of plating acids and tool chatter in machining pressed metal components.
1024:
and dead-end (as these pores cannot be flushed, but they can cause fluid movement by release of pressure like gas expansion) pores and excludes closed pores (or non-connected cavities). This is very important for groundwater and petroleum flow, as well as for solute
973:
A subsequent or separate porosity system in a rock, often enhancing overall porosity of a rock. This can be a result of chemical leaching of minerals or the generation of a fracture system. This can replace the primary porosity or coexist with it (see dual porosity
685:
1413:. Thus if a liquid is imbibed into a porous material, and frozen, the melting temperature will provide information on the pore-size distribution. The detection of the melting can be done by sensing the transient heat flows during phase-changes using
1102:
Casting porosity is a consequence of one or more of the following: gasification of contaminants at molten-metal temperatures; shrinkage that takes place as molten metal solidifies; and unexpected or uncontrolled changes in temperature or humidity.
744:
127:, the void fraction is defined as the fraction of the flow-channel volume that is occupied by the gas phase or, alternatively, as the fraction of the cross-sectional area of the channel that is occupied by the gas phase.
847:. This can be split into connected and unconnected porosity. Connected porosity is more easily measured through the volume of gas or liquid that can flow into the rock, whereas fluids cannot access unconnected pores.
1066:
In solids (i.e. excluding aggregated materials such as soils), the term 'mesoporosity' refers to pores greater than 2 nm and less than 50 nm in diameter. Flow through mesopores is described by
Knudsen
922:
Soil porosity is complex. Traditional models regard porosity as continuous. This fails to account for anomalous features and produces only approximate results. Furthermore, it cannot help model the influence of
1292:
1149:
Optical methods (e.g., determining the area of the material versus the area of the pores visible under the microscope). The "areal" and "volumetric" porosities are equal for porous media with random structure.
237:
130:
Void fraction usually varies from location to location in the flow channel (depending on the two-phase flow pattern). It fluctuates with time and its value is usually time averaged. In separated (i.e.,
1146:
Direct methods (determining the bulk volume of the porous sample, and then determining the volume of the skeletal material with no pores (pore volume = total volume β material volume).
613:
1075:
In solids (i.e. excluding aggregated materials such as soils), the term 'microporosity' refers to pores smaller than 2 nm in diameter. Movement in micropores is activated by diffusion.
1399:
393:
1798:
605:
911:
Porosity of subsurface soil is lower than in surface soil due to compaction by gravity. Porosity of 0.20 is considered normal for unsorted gravel size material at depths below the
575:
545:
1177:(several non-mercury intrusion techniques have been developed due to toxicological concerns, and the fact that mercury tends to form amalgams with several metals and alloys).
514:
with a negative exponent denotes the decreasing exponential function. The porosity of the sediment exponentially decreases with depth, as a function of its compaction.
1731:
Mohammadizadeh, SeyedMehdi; Moghaddam, Mehdi
Azhdary; Talebbeydokhti, Naser (2021). "Analysis of Flow in Porous Media using Combined Pressurized-Free surface Network".
788:), which means clays can hold a large volume of water per volume of bulk material, but they do not release water rapidly and therefore have low hydraulic conductivity.
472:
425:
1850:
Brun, M.; Lallemand, A.; Quinson, J-F.; Eyraud, C. (1977). "A new method for the simultaneous determination of the size and the shape of pores: The
Thermoporometry".
2166:
1404:
Note that this method assumes that gas communicates between the pores and the surrounding volume. In practice, this means that the pores must not be closed cavities.
1039:
can not effectively take place and includes the closed pores. Understanding the morphology of the porosity is thus very important for groundwater and petroleum flow.
277:
2277:
2253:
325:
it may contain. Sedimentary porosity is a complicated function of many factors, including but not limited to: rate of burial, depth of burial, the nature of the
512:
492:
445:
297:
1921:"Neutron Diffraction Cryoporometry β a measurement technique for studying mesoporous materials and the phases of contained liquids and their crystalline forms"
1046:
to that obtained for dual porosity; in all three cases water comes from two mathematically different reservoirs (whether or not they are physically different).
2301:
2087:
2354:
696:
329:, the nature of overlying sediments (which may impede fluid expulsion). One commonly used relationship between porosity and depth is the decreasing
1972:
854:
and composition. Porosity is not controlled by grain size, as the volume of between-grain space is related only to the method of grain packing.
2241:
1483:
Glasbey, C. A.; G. W. Horgan; J. F. Darbyshire (September 1991). "Image analysis and three-dimensional modelling of pores in soil aggregates".
1787:
1156:
to create a 3D rendering of external and internal geometry, including voids. Then implementing a defect analysis utilizing computer software)
3052:
2004:
1192:
191:
1645:
53:
between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the
1409:
Thermoporosimetry and cryoporometry. A small crystal of a liquid melts at a lower temperature than the bulk liquid, as given by the
181:) describes the fraction of void space in the material, where the void may contain, for example, air or water. It is defined by the
3097:
850:
Porosity is the ratio of pore volume to its total volume. Porosity is controlled by: rock type, pore distribution, cementation,
317:
The porosity of a rock, or sedimentary layer, is an important consideration when attempting to evaluate the potential volume of
2080:
944:
1791:
1054:
In solids (i.e. excluding aggregated materials such as soils), the term 'macroporosity' refers to pores greater than 50
1765:
G.F. Hewitt, G.L. Shires, Y.V.Polezhaev (editors), "International
Encyclopedia of Heat and Mass Transfer", CRC Press, 1997.
1540:
1170:
Water evaporation method (pore volume = (weight of saturated sample β weight of dried sample)/density of water)
680:{\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {\rho _{\text{particle}}-\rho _{\text{bulk}}}{\rho _{\text{particle}}-\rho _{\text{fluid}}}}}
940:
1683:"Liquid intrusion and alternative methods for the characterization of macroporous materials (IUPAC Technical Report)*"
2507:
2105:
2073:
1455:
1414:
578:
1357:
1997:
339:
869:
age sandstones. There are exceptions to this rule, usually because of the depth of burial and thermal history.
2755:
2636:
2178:
2044:
1165:
Water saturation method (pore volume = total volume of water β volume of water left after soaking).
583:
257:
132:
1162:
methods, i.e., immersion of the porous sample, under vacuum, in a fluid that preferentially wets the pores.
1470:
141:
553:
3068:
523:
2668:
2113:
1990:
1615:
Horgan, G. W. (February 1999). "An investigation of the geometric influences on pore space diffusion".
1418:
17:
1682:
2971:
2366:
1123:
under gypsum plate shows porosity as purple color, contrasted with carbonate grains of other colors.
1578:
757:, carbonate sediments or aggregates), although a better estimation can be obtained by examining the
3047:
3037:
2909:
2899:
2729:
2467:
2265:
2096:
1982:
1878:
1814:
1410:
904:
effect in combination with terminology that harkens back to the relative force required to pull a
3238:
2887:
2862:
2802:
2482:
2423:
3150:
2961:
2775:
2611:
2586:
2437:
2416:
2308:
2034:
1153:
1094:
porosity is less than visual porosity, by an amount that depends on the constriction of holes.
781:
770:
450:
65:
401:
3233:
3228:
3223:
2837:
2646:
2154:
1565:
1035:
Refers to the fraction of the total volume in which fluids or gases are present but in which
883:
Porosity of surface soil typically decreases as particle size increases. This is due to soil
1670:
139:
of the gas and the liquid phase, and to the ratio of the velocity of the two phases (called
3190:
3042:
2999:
2892:
2817:
2200:
1935:
1893:
1624:
1517:
1070:
924:
330:
262:
256:
is the total or bulk volume of material, including the solid and void components. Both the
136:
927:
which affect pore geometry. A number of more complex models have been proposed, including
892:
porosity between 0.58 and 0.51. This seems counterintuitive because clay soils are termed
8:
2966:
2956:
2512:
2497:
2457:
2430:
2205:
2195:
1131:
1061:
884:
302:
Porosity is a fraction between 0 and 1, typically ranging from less than 0.005 for solid
76:
1939:
1897:
1628:
1521:
796:
474:
is the initial porosity of the sediment at the surface of soil (before its burial), and
2917:
2626:
2409:
2328:
1951:
1748:
1705:
1603:
1530:
1505:
1496:
1422:
1085:
1006:
497:
477:
430:
282:
54:
1636:
3218:
3014:
2760:
2651:
2621:
2472:
1863:
1752:
1599:
1465:
1440:
84:
38:
1955:
1709:
1607:
3064:
2951:
2842:
2807:
2782:
2641:
2462:
2039:
1943:
1920:
1901:
1859:
1740:
1697:
1660:
1632:
1595:
1525:
1492:
901:
878:
166:
58:
2289:
1905:
3180:
3004:
2922:
2857:
2852:
2750:
2616:
2487:
2342:
1802:
1744:
1460:
908:
implement through the clayey soil at field moisture content as compared to sand.
812:
46:
1547:
3127:
3019:
2936:
2740:
2502:
2492:
2378:
2029:
1947:
1837:
1036:
1017:
992:
987:
This is secondary porosity generated by dissolution of large features (such as
960:
326:
174:
124:
108:
104:
100:
3057:
1665:
1586:
Horgan, G. W. (June 1998). "Mathematical morphology for soil image analysis".
739:{\displaystyle \phi =1-{\frac {\rho _{\text{bulk}}}{\rho _{\text{particle}}}}}
690:
If the void space is filled with air, the following simpler form may be used:
3212:
3155:
2994:
2872:
2867:
2822:
2591:
2054:
1977:
1701:
1445:
932:
808:
785:
749:
A mean normal particle density can be taken as approximately 2.65 g/cm (
548:
170:
88:
72:
2362:
2215:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3140:
2827:
2770:
2601:
2318:
2261:
2174:
2065:
2018:
1450:
1120:
1115:
912:
816:
518:
162:
158:
92:
2227:
2162:
1774:
Athy L.F., 1930. Density, porosity and compactation of sedimentary rocks,
3185:
2882:
2765:
2704:
2273:
1174:
1124:
1091:
988:
916:
322:
112:
2324:
2249:
2150:
3009:
2989:
2877:
2689:
2684:
2606:
2596:
2477:
2222:
2142:
1435:
1417:β (DSC thermoporometry), measuring the quantity of mobile liquid using
1159:
862:
851:
80:
50:
3165:
3145:
3031:
2847:
2832:
2448:
2390:
2190:
1730:
1182:
1127:
1055:
1049:
888:
840:
828:
758:
96:
64:
There are many ways to test porosity in a substance or part, such as
2012:
1836:
F.A.L. Dullien, "Porous Media. Fluid
Transport and Pore Structure",
1058:
in diameter. Flow through macropores is described by bulk diffusion.
843:) potentially have more complex "dual" porosities, as compared with
3195:
3082:
2812:
2787:
2714:
2297:
1482:
1425:
from the imbibed crystalline or liquid phases β (ND cryoporometry).
1021:
964:
936:
866:
858:
844:
801:
178:
42:
2350:
2338:
1287:{\displaystyle V_{V}=V_{T}-V_{a}-V_{b}{P_{2} \over {P_{2}-P_{1}}}}
857:
Rocks normally decrease in porosity with age and depth of burial.
232:{\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {V_{\mathrm {V} }}{V_{\mathrm {T} }}}}
3135:
3107:
2792:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2402:
2374:
2014:
928:
905:
836:
777:
754:
303:
154:
2285:
1181:
second until a uniform pressure distribution is attained. Using
915:. Porosity in finer material below the aggregating influence of
3117:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3024:
2797:
2745:
2555:
2398:
2314:
2237:
1352:
The porosity follows straightforwardly by its proper definition
750:
2138:
804:
porosity. Black represents solids, blue represents pore space.
780:, the one with a higher porosity will typically have a higher
517:
A value for porosity can alternatively be calculated from the
148:
2570:
1079:
943:
grain process, packed sphere, and numerous other models. The
832:
318:
182:
2386:
2186:
1858:. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam: 59β88.
1795:
1135:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2525:
1334:
is the initial pressure in the initial pressure in volume V
1000:
774:
311:
307:
1849:
887:
formation in finer textured surface soils when subject to
27:
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
996:
753:, siliceous sediments or aggregates), or 2.70 g/cm (
49:
of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a
1877:
Mitchell, J.; Webber, J. Beau W.; Strange, J.H. (2008).
1973:
Absolute
Porosity & Effective Porosity Calculations
1506:"Simulating diffusion in a Boolean model of soil pores"
71:
The term porosity is used in multiple fields including
764:
1876:
1360:
1320:
is the volume of the container containing the sample,
1195:
1142:
Several methods can be employed to measure porosity:
900:
porosity. Heavy apparently refers to a gravitational
699:
616:
586:
556:
526:
500:
480:
453:
433:
404:
342:
285:
265:
194:
1421:β (NMR cryoporometry) or measuring the amplitude of
1016:
Refers to the fraction of the total volume in which
1393:
1286:
1090:The ratio of holes to solid that the wind "sees".
981:(for example igneous intrusions or metasediments).
738:
679:
599:
569:
539:
506:
486:
466:
439:
427:is the porosity of the sediment at a given depth (
419:
387:
291:
271:
231:
118:
249:is the volume of void-space (such as fluids) and
3210:
1503:
1349:is final pressure present in the entire system.
950:
494:is the compaction coefficient (m). The letter
2081:
1998:
1185:law, the volume of the pores is calculated as
2095:
1394:{\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {V_{V}}{V_{T}}}}
919:can be expected to approximate this value.
865:sandstones are in general more porous than
815:, see the "further reading" section in the
388:{\displaystyle \phi (z)=\phi _{0}e^{-kz}\,}
149:Porosity in earth sciences and construction
2088:
2074:
2005:
1991:
1919:Webber, J. Beau W.; Dore, John C. (2008).
1918:
1879:"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Cryoporometry"
1080:Porosity of fabric or aerodynamic porosity
959:The main or original porosity system in a
1680:
1664:
1529:
1327:is the volume of the evacuated container,
1020:is effectively taking place and includes
384:
1114:
795:
1097:
791:
600:{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{particle}}}
14:
3211:
1792:Total and Effective Porosity Explained
1643:
1614:
1585:
1538:
1119:Optical method of measuring porosity:
945:characterisation of pore space in soil
2069:
1986:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1306:is the effective volume of the pores,
1110:
822:
570:{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{fluid}}}
872:
765:Porosity and hydraulic conductivity
540:{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{bulk}}}
333:given by the Athy (1930) equation:
24:
1825:
1815:"How to Fix Die Casting Porosity?"
1788:Effective and Ineffective Porosity
1531:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00534.x
1504:Horgan, G. W.; B. C. Ball (1994).
1497:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00424.x
1152:Computed tomography method (using
1028:Ineffective porosity (also called
221:
209:
25:
3250:
2106:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1966:
1681:Rouquerol, Jean (December 2011).
1456:Particle density (packed density)
1415:differential scanning calorimetry
1313:is the bulk volume of the sample,
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2323:
2313:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2214:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
1776:Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.
1600:10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00160.x
1588:European Journal of Soil Science
1539:Horgan, Graham W. (1996-10-01).
1510:European Journal of Soil Science
769:Porosity can be proportional to
1644:Nelson, J. Roy (January 2000).
119:Void fraction in two-phase flow
1912:
1870:
1843:
1807:
1781:
1768:
1759:
1739:(10). Begel House Inc.: 1β15.
1724:
1541:"A review of soil pore models"
1134:, Bahamas. Scale bar 500
414:
408:
352:
346:
13:
1:
2756:Mechanically stabilized earth
1906:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.02.001
1637:10.1016/S0016-7061(98)00075-5
1476:
299:are used to denote porosity.
2508:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1864:10.1016/0040-6031(77)85122-8
1745:10.1615/JPorMedia.2021025407
1717:
1471:Coherent diffraction imaging
951:Types of geologic porosities
7:
3069:Stress distribution in soil
1429:
41:(i.e. "empty") spaces in a
10:
3255:
2219:Pore pressure measurement
1948:10.1016/j.nima.2007.12.004
1419:nuclear magnetic resonance
1083:
947:is an associated concept.
876:
827:Consolidated rocks (e.g.,
3126:
3081:
2980:
2972:Preconsolidation pressure
2944:
2935:
2908:
2728:
2677:
2664:
2579:
2533:
2524:
2447:
2367:Standard penetration test
2125:
2112:
2103:
2025:
1666:10.1017/S1551929500057114
1646:"Physics of impregnation"
467:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}}
135:) flow, it is related to
2468:California bearing ratio
2266:Rotary-pressure sounding
2097:Geotechnical engineering
1928:Nucl. Instrum. Methods A
1702:10.1351/pac-rep-10-11-19
420:{\displaystyle \phi (z)}
2888:Geosynthetic clay liner
2863:Expanded clay aggregate
2483:Proctor compaction test
2424:Crosshole sonic logging
2410:Nuclear densometer test
2167:Geo-electrical sounding
1733:Journal of Porous Media
1485:Journal of Soil Science
3151:Earthquake engineering
2962:Lateral earth pressure
2587:Hydraulic conductivity
2438:Wave equation analysis
2417:Exploration geophysics
2309:Deformation monitoring
2278:Rotary weight sounding
2035:hydraulic conductivity
1978:Geology Buzz: Porosity
1573:Cite journal requires
1411:Gibbs-Thomson equation
1395:
1288:
1154:industrial CT scanning
1139:
805:
800:Effects of sorting on
782:hydraulic conductivity
771:hydraulic conductivity
740:
681:
601:
571:
541:
508:
488:
468:
441:
421:
389:
293:
273:
233:
66:industrial CT scanning
47:fraction of the volume
2329:Settlement recordings
2254:Rock control drilling
2155:Cone penetration test
1396:
1289:
1118:
1084:Further information:
995:leaving large holes,
925:environmental factors
799:
741:
682:
602:
572:
542:
509:
489:
469:
442:
422:
390:
306:to more than 0.5 for
294:
274:
272:{\displaystyle \phi }
234:
137:volumetric flow rates
3191:Agricultural science
2893:Cellular confinement
1358:
1193:
1098:Die casting porosity
792:Sorting and porosity
697:
614:
584:
554:
524:
498:
478:
451:
431:
402:
340:
331:exponential function
283:
263:
258:mathematical symbols
192:
169:, the porosity of a
37:is a measure of the
3083:Numerical analysis
2967:Overburden pressure
2957:Pore water pressure
2737:Shoring structures
2612:Reynolds' dilatancy
2513:Water content tests
2498:Triaxial shear test
2458:Soil classification
2431:Pile integrity test
2017:properties used in
1940:2008NIMPA.586..356W
1898:2008PhR...461....1M
1796:E&P Geology.com
1629:1999Geode..88...55H
1522:1994EuJSS..45..483H
1132:San Salvador Island
3058:Slab stabilisation
3038:Stability analysis
1852:Thermochimica Acta
1819:Godfrey & Wing
1801:2012-03-13 at the
1423:neutron scattering
1391:
1284:
1173:Mercury intrusion
1140:
1111:Measuring porosity
1086:Fiber volume ratio
1007:Effective porosity
970:Secondary porosity
852:diagenetic history
806:
773:; for two similar
761:of the particles.
736:
677:
597:
567:
537:
504:
484:
464:
437:
417:
385:
289:
269:
229:
3206:
3205:
3077:
3076:
3053:Sliding criterion
3015:Response spectrum
2931:
2930:
2761:Pressure grouting
2660:
2659:
2520:
2519:
2473:Direct shear test
2179:Permeability test
2063:
2062:
1466:Void (composites)
1441:Petroleum geology
1389:
1282:
977:Fracture porosity
845:alluvial sediment
823:Porosity of rocks
734:
731:
721:
675:
671:
658:
646:
633:
594:
564:
534:
507:{\displaystyle e}
487:{\displaystyle k}
440:{\displaystyle z}
292:{\displaystyle n}
227:
16:(Redirected from
3246:
3065:Bearing capacity
2952:Effective stress
2942:
2941:
2843:Land reclamation
2783:Land development
2678:Natural features
2675:
2674:
2642:Specific storage
2531:
2530:
2463:Atterberg limits
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2327:
2317:
2302:Screw plate test
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2218:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2123:
2122:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1960:
1959:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1778:v. 14, pp. 1-24.
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1713:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1669:. Archived from
1668:
1653:Microscopy Today
1650:
1640:
1611:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:. Archived from
1545:
1535:
1533:
1500:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1204:
965:alluvial deposit
956:Primary porosity
902:moisture content
879:Porosity of soil
873:Porosity of soil
745:
743:
742:
737:
735:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
719:
713:
686:
684:
683:
678:
676:
674:
673:
672:
669:
660:
659:
656:
649:
648:
647:
644:
635:
634:
631:
624:
606:
604:
603:
598:
596:
595:
592:
579:particle density
576:
574:
573:
568:
566:
565:
562:
546:
544:
543:
538:
536:
535:
532:
513:
511:
510:
505:
493:
491:
490:
485:
473:
471:
470:
465:
463:
462:
446:
444:
443:
438:
426:
424:
423:
418:
394:
392:
391:
386:
383:
382:
367:
366:
298:
296:
295:
290:
278:
276:
275:
270:
238:
236:
235:
230:
228:
226:
225:
224:
214:
213:
212:
202:
167:building science
59:closed-cell foam
21:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3181:Earth materials
3122:
3084:
3073:
2982:
2976:
2927:
2904:
2858:Earth structure
2853:Erosion control
2751:Ground freezing
2741:Retaining walls
2724:
2666:
2656:
2617:Angle of repose
2575:
2516:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2403:Visible bedrock
2355:Simple sounding
2343:Shear vane test
2119:instrumentation
2118:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2064:
2059:
2021:
2011:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1803:Wayback Machine
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1690:Pure Appl. Chem
1685:
1673:
1648:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1479:
1461:Packing density
1432:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1113:
1100:
1088:
1082:
1030:closed porosity
993:carbonate rocks
953:
889:soil biological
881:
875:
825:
813:earth materials
794:
767:
728:
724:
718:
714:
712:
698:
695:
694:
668:
664:
655:
651:
650:
643:
639:
630:
626:
625:
623:
615:
612:
611:
591:
587:
585:
582:
581:
561:
557:
555:
552:
551:
531:
527:
525:
522:
521:
499:
496:
495:
479:
476:
475:
458:
454:
452:
449:
448:
432:
429:
428:
403:
400:
399:
372:
368:
362:
358:
341:
338:
337:
284:
281:
280:
264:
261:
260:
255:
248:
220:
219:
215:
208:
207:
203:
201:
193:
190:
189:
151:
121:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3239:Soil mechanics
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3128:Related fields
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Classification
3045:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:Seismic hazard
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2647:Shear strength
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Friction angle
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Oedometer test
2500:
2495:
2493:Sieve analysis
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2381:
2379:Total sounding
2370:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:hydraulic head
2026:
2023:
2022:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1967:External links
1965:
1962:
1961:
1911:
1869:
1842:
1838:Academic Press
1824:
1806:
1780:
1767:
1758:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1678:
1676:on 2009-02-27.
1641:
1623:(1β2): 55β71.
1612:
1583:
1575:|journal=
1536:
1501:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1112:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1014:
1004:
985:
984:Vuggy porosity
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
963:or unconfined
957:
952:
949:
877:Main article:
874:
871:
824:
821:
793:
790:
766:
763:
747:
746:
727:
717:
711:
708:
705:
702:
688:
687:
667:
663:
654:
642:
638:
629:
622:
619:
590:
560:
530:
503:
483:
461:
457:
436:
416:
413:
410:
407:
396:
395:
381:
378:
375:
371:
365:
361:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
327:connate fluids
288:
268:
253:
246:
240:
239:
223:
218:
211:
206:
200:
197:
150:
147:
125:two-phase flow
123:In gas-liquid
120:
117:
109:rock mechanics
105:soil mechanics
101:earth sciences
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Geomorphology
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Consolidation
2998:
2996:
2995:Frost heaving
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:Geosynthetics
2871:
2869:
2868:Crushed stone
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Cut-and-cover
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2663:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Water content
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:Sample series
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2114:Investigation
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2055:water content
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:(2): 356β66.
1933:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:(1): 107β36.
1695:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:(2): 161β73.
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1553:on 2005-05-15
1549:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:(4): 483β91.
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:(3): 479β86.
1490:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Poromechanics
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1074:
1072:
1071:Microporosity
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1050:Macroporosity
1048:
1044:
1042:Dual porosity
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:open porosity
1009:(also called
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:
979:
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
880:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
820:
818:
814:
810:
803:
798:
789:
787:
786:clay minerals
783:
779:
776:
772:
762:
760:
756:
752:
725:
715:
709:
706:
703:
700:
693:
692:
691:
665:
661:
652:
640:
636:
627:
620:
617:
610:
609:
608:
588:
580:
558:
550:
549:fluid density
547:, saturating
528:
520:
515:
501:
481:
459:
455:
434:
411:
405:
379:
376:
373:
369:
363:
359:
355:
349:
343:
336:
335:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
286:
266:
259:
252:
245:
216:
204:
198:
195:
188:
187:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:porous medium
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
144:
143:
138:
134:
128:
126:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:manufacturing
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:pharmaceutics
69:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:void fraction
32:
19:
3234:Soil physics
3229:Porous media
3224:Hydrogeology
3176:Biogeography
3171:Hydrogeology
3161:Soil science
3141:Geochemistry
2900:Infiltration
2828:Cut and fill
2771:Soil nailing
2637:Permeability
2631:
2602:Bulk density
2319:Inclinometer
2242:Ram sounding
2127:
2049:
2045:permeability
2019:hydrogeology
1931:
1927:
1914:
1889:
1885:
1872:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1818:
1809:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1693:
1689:
1671:the original
1656:
1652:
1620:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1566:cite journal
1555:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1513:
1509:
1488:
1484:
1451:Bulk density
1297:
1141:
1121:thin section
1105:
1101:
1089:
1062:Mesoporosity
1029:
1010:
989:macrofossils
921:
910:
897:
893:
882:
856:
849:
826:
817:Hydrogeology
807:
768:
748:
689:
519:bulk density
516:
397:
323:hydrocarbons
316:
301:
250:
243:
241:
163:soil science
159:hydrogeology
152:
140:
129:
122:
93:petrophysics
70:
63:
34:
30:
29:
3186:Archaeology
2910:Foundations
2883:Geomembrane
2766:Slurry wall
2705:Water table
2669:Interaction
2665:Structures
2652:Sensitivity
2449:Laboratory
2040:storativity
1892:(1): 1β36.
1175:porosimetry
1125:Pleistocene
1092:Aerodynamic
917:pedogenesis
896:, implying
809:Well sorted
133:homogeneous
113:engineering
45:, and is a
3213:Categories
3043:Mitigation
3025:Shear wave
3010:Earthquake
3005:Compaction
2990:Permafrost
2981:Phenomena/
2878:Geotextile
2803:Embankment
2793:Excavation
2730:Earthworks
2690:Vegetation
2685:Topography
2607:Thixotropy
2597:Void ratio
2580:Properties
2478:Hydrometer
2223:Piezometer
2143:Core drill
1557:2006-04-16
1477:References
1436:Void ratio
1160:Imbibition
1067:diffusion.
1037:fluid flow
1025:transport.
1018:fluid flow
999:, or even
863:Gulf Coast
142:slip ratio
81:metallurgy
51:percentage
18:Non-porous
3166:Hydrology
3146:Petrology
3034:analysis
3032:Landslide
2937:Mechanics
2848:Track bed
2833:Fill dirt
2818:Terracing
2391:Trial pit
2206:Statnamic
2191:Load test
2013:Physical
1886:Phys. Rep
1753:235877042
1718:Footnotes
1659:(1): 24.
1362:ϕ
1269:−
1233:−
1220:−
1183:ideal gas
1128:eolianite
913:biomantle
885:aggregate
841:limestone
829:sandstone
819:article.
759:lithology
726:ρ
716:ρ
710:−
701:ϕ
666:ρ
662:−
653:ρ
641:ρ
637:−
628:ρ
618:ϕ
589:ρ
559:ρ
529:ρ
456:ϕ
406:ϕ
374:−
360:ϕ
344:ϕ
267:ϕ
196:ϕ
173:(such as
97:hydrology
85:materials
3219:Aquifers
3196:Agrology
3085:software
2983:problems
2813:Causeway
2788:Landfill
2715:Subgrade
2632:Porosity
2627:Cohesion
2050:porosity
1956:28074381
1799:Archived
1710:10472849
1617:Geoderma
1608:97042651
1430:See also
1022:catenary
939:theory,
937:cracking
935:theory,
929:fractals
867:Cambrian
859:Tertiary
802:alluvial
778:aquifers
730:particle
657:particle
632:particle
593:particle
179:sediment
153:Used in
77:ceramics
43:material
31:Porosity
3136:Geology
3108:SVSlope
2918:Shallow
2838:Grading
2776:Tieback
2720:Subsoil
2710:Bedrock
2700:Topsoil
2695:Terrain
2488:R-value
2451:testing
2201:Dynamic
2128:in situ
2126:Field (
2015:aquifer
1936:Bibcode
1894:Bibcode
1840:, 1992.
1625:Bibcode
1518:Bibcode
974:below).
941:Boolean
906:tillage
837:granite
755:calcite
447:) (m),
398:where,
304:granite
155:geology
55:surface
3118:Plaxis
3113:UTEXAS
3103:SVFlux
3093:SEEP2D
2945:Forces
2798:Trench
2746:Gabion
2556:Gravel
2196:Static
1954:
1751:
1708:
1606:
1298:where
933:bubble
751:silica
242:where
165:, and
111:, and
3098:STABL
2571:Loess
2534:Types
1952:S2CID
1924:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1749:S2CID
1706:S2CID
1686:(PDF)
1674:(PDF)
1649:(PDF)
1604:S2CID
1551:(PDF)
1544:(PDF)
1342:, and
1338:and V
1130:from
1001:caves
991:) in
898:lower
894:heavy
833:shale
775:sandy
670:fluid
563:fluid
319:water
183:ratio
57:(cf.
2923:Deep
2566:Loam
2561:Peat
2551:Sand
2546:Silt
2541:Clay
2526:Soil
2228:Well
1579:help
997:vugs
961:rock
861:age
720:bulk
645:bulk
577:and
533:bulk
312:clay
310:and
308:peat
279:and
175:rock
131:non-
39:void
2808:Cut
2117:and
1944:doi
1932:586
1902:doi
1890:461
1860:doi
1794:at
1790:or
1741:doi
1698:doi
1661:doi
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1332:1
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1325:b
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1294:,
1277:1
1273:P
1264:2
1260:P
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1241:b
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621:=
502:e
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254:T
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222:T
217:V
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199:=
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