Building science - Knowledge

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health conditions from exposures to contaminants in the buildings where they work. One reason for this concern is that their symptoms often get better when they are not in the building. While research has shown that some respiratory symptoms and illnesses can be associated with damp buildings, it is still unclear what measurements of indoor contaminants show that workers are at risk for disease. In most instances where a worker and his or her physician suspect that the building environment is causing a specific health condition, the information available from medical tests and tests of the environment is not sufficient to establish which contaminants are responsible. Despite uncertainty about what to measure and how to interpret what is measured, research shows that building-related symptoms are associated with building characteristics, including dampness, cleanliness, and ventilation characteristics.

79:, are also widely used in building science to understand occupant satisfaction, comfort, and experiences by acquiring qualitative data. One of the recent trends in building science is a combination of the two different methods. For instance, it is widely known that occupants' thermal sensation and comfort may vary depending on their sex, age, emotion, experiences, etc. even in the same indoor environment. Despite the advancement in data extraction and collection technology in building science, objective measurements alone can hardly represent occupants' state of mind such as comfort and preference. Therefore, researchers are trying to measure both physical contexts and understand human responses to figure out complex interrelationships. 547:: This journal focuses on buildings, building stocks and their supporting systems. Unique to BRI is a holistic and transdisciplinary approach to buildings, which acknowledges the complexity of the built environment and other systems over their life. Published articles utilize conceptual and evidence-based approaches which reflect the complexity and linkages between culture, environment, economy, society, organizations, quality of life, health, well-being, design and engineering of the built environment. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as the gap between performance and actual energy consumption, barriers and drivers for sustainable building, and the politics of resilient cities. Publisher: 597:: This international journal publishes original, high quality, peer-reviewed research papers and review articles dealing with modeling and simulation of buildings including their systems. The goal is to promote the field of building science and technology to such a level that modeling will eventually be used in every aspect of building construction as a routine instead of an exception. Of particular interest are papers that reflect recent developments and applications of modeling tools and their impact on advances of building science and technology. Publisher: 353:

perimeter zones) are affected by outdoor influences such as noise, temperature, and solar radiation, and by their ability to control these influences. As part of its function, the enclosure must control (not necessarily block or stop) the flow of moisture, heat, air, vapor, solar radiation, insects, or noise, while resisting the loads imposed on the structure (wind, seismic). Daylight transmittance through glazed components of the facade can be analyzed to evaluate the reduced need for electric lighting.

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microbial growth (fungal, mold, and bacterial), insects, and outdoor pollutants. Other factors such as indoor temperatures, relative humidity, and ventilation levels can also affect how individuals respond to the indoor environment. Understanding the sources of indoor environmental contaminants and controlling them can often help prevent or resolve building-related worker symptoms. Practical guidance for improving and maintaining the indoor environment is available.

17: 336:(IoT). However, one of the major obstacles identified by practitioners is the scalability of control logics and building data mapping due to the unique nature of building designs. It was estimated that due to inadequate interoperability, building industry loses $ 15.8 billion annually in the U.S. Recent research projects like Haystack and Brick intend to address the problem by utilizing 591:, and sustainability. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as lighting design metrics, psychological processes influencing lighting quality, and the effects of lighting quality and energy-efficiency on task performance, mood, health, satisfaction, and comfort. Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. Impact Factor (2019): 2.667 460:

lack of scientific background and credentials. On the other hand, more formal building science experience is true in Canada for most of the Certified Energy Advisors. Many of these trades and technologists require and receive some training in very specific areas of building science (e.g., air tightness, or thermal insulation).

534:: Founded at the University of Sydney, Australia in 1958, this journal aims to promote the development, accumulation, and application of scientific knowledge on a wide range of environmental topics. According to the journal description, the topics may include but not limited to building science and technology, 409:

Although there are no direct or integrated professional architecture or engineering certifications for building science, there are independent professional credentials associated with the disciplines. Building science is typically a specialization within the broad areas of architecture or engineering

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Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and temperature. Workers are often concerned that they have symptoms or

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Building science includes the analysis of HVAC systems for both physical impacts (heat distribution, air velocities, relative humidities, etc.) and for effect on the comfort of the building's occupants. Because occupants' perceived comfort is dependent on factors such as current weather and the type

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There are other building sustainability accreditation and certification institutions as well. Also in the US, contractors certified by the Building Performance Institute, an independent organization, advertise that they operate businesses as Building Scientists. This is questionable due to their

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POE is a survey-based method to measure the building performance after the built environment was occupied. The occupant responses were collected through structured or open inquiries. Statistical methods and data visualization were often used to suggest which aspects(features) of the building were

181:, and other physical phenomena within the building. These tools are valuable for evaluating a design and ensuring it will perform within an acceptable range before construction begins. Many of the available computational tools have the capability to analyze building performance goals and perform 253:

Indoor environments are highly complex and building occupants may be exposed to a variety of contaminants (in the form of gases and particles) from office machines, cleaning products, construction activities, carpets and furnishings, perfumes, cigarette smoke, water-damaged building materials,

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The building enclosure is the part of the building that separates the indoors from the outdoors. This includes the wall, roof, windows, slabs on grade, and joints between all of these. The comfort, productivity, and even health of building occupants in areas near the building enclosure (i.e.,

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The mechanical systems, usually a sub-set of the broader Building Services, used to control the temperature, humidity, pressure and other select aspects of the indoor environment are often described as the Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. These systems have grown in

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When existing buildings are being evaluated, measurements and computational tools can be used to evaluate performance based on measured existing conditions. An array of in-field testing equipment can be used to measure temperature, moisture, sound levels, air pollutants, or other criteria.

561:, air, moisture transfer. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as co-simulation of building energy and control systems, the Buildings library, and the impact of occupant's behavior on building energy demand. Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. Impact Factor (2019): 3.458 472:: This international journal publishes original research papers and review articles related to building science, urban physics, and human interaction with the indoor and outdoor built environment. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as occupant behavior in buildings, 643:

of lighting design, and sustainability. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as light as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting, human perceptions of color rendition, and the influence of color gamut size and shape on color preference. Publisher:

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complexity and importance (often consuming around 20% of the total budget in commercial buildings) as occupants demand tighter control of conditions, buildings become larger, and enclosures and passive measures became less important as a means of providing comfort.

538:, structures and materials, audio and acoustics, illumination, thermal systems, building physics, building services, building climatology, building economics, ergonomics, history and theory of architectural science, the social sciences of architecture. Publisher: 295:

of climate the building is located in, the needs for HVAC systems to provide comfortable conditions will vary across projects. In addition, various HVAC control strategies have been implemented and studied to better contribute to occupants' comfort. In the U.S.,

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Balaji, Bharathan; Bhattacharya, Arka; Fierro, Gabriel; Gao, Jingkun; Gluck, Joshua; Hong, Dezhi; Johansen, Aslak; Koh, Jason; Ploennigs, Joern; Agarwal, Yuvraj; Berges, Mario; Culler, David; Gupta, Rajesh; Kjærgaard, Mikkel Baun; Srivastava, Mani (2016-11-16).

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can be used to measure temperatures of building components while the building is in use. These measurements can be used to evaluate how the mechanical system is operating and if there are areas of anomalous heat gain or heat loss through the building envelope.

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During the architectural design process, building science knowledge is used to inform design decisions to optimize building performance. Design decisions can be made based on knowledge of building science principles and established guidelines, such as the NIBS

967:. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers., U.S. Green Building Council., Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2010. 557:: This international, peer-reviewed journal publishes high quality research and state of the art “integrated” papers to promote scientifically thorough advancement of all the areas of non-structural performance of a building and particularly in 205:. Post occupancy evaluations may also include surveys of building occupants to gather data on occupant satisfaction and well-being and to gather qualitative data on building performance that may not have been captured by measurement devices. 340:, which could provide more accurate and convenient ways of capturing data points and connection hierarchies in building mechanical systems. With the support of semantic models, automated configuration can further benefit HVAC control 486:: This international journal publishes articles with explicit links to energy use in buildings. The aim is to present new research results, and new proven practice aimed at reducing the energy needs of a building and improving 607:: This journal covers research findings related to practical applications of acoustics in engineering and science. The journal's most cited articles related to building science cover topics such as the prediction of the sound 327:

on cooling and heating load with optimal control can further improve occupants comfort by pre-operating the HVAC system. It is recognized that advanced control strategies implementation is under the scope of developing

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sources, such as solar and wind energy are adopted by the building industry to support electricity generation. However, the electricity demand profile shows imbalance between supply and demand, which is known as the

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Building indoor environment covers the environmental aspects in the design, analysis, and operation of energy-efficient, healthy, and comfortable buildings. Fields of specialization include architecture,

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practice. However, there are professional organizations offering individual professional credentials in specialized areas. Some of the most prominent green building rating systems are:

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supportive or problematic to the occupants. The results may become design knowledge for architects to design new buildings or provide a data-basis to improve the current environment.

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Part of building science is the attempt to design buildings with consideration for the future and the resources and realities of tomorrow. This field may also be referred to as

1868:"Artificial neural network (ANN) based model predictive control (MPC) and optimization of HVAC systems: A state of the art review and case study of a residential HVAC system" 388:

also known as Net-Zero Energy Building has been present in the Building Science field. The qualifications for Net Zero Energy Building Certification can be found on the

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Sundell, Jan; Levin, Hal; Nazaroff, William W.; Cain, William S.; Fisk, William J.; Grimsrud, David T.; Gyntelberg, Finn; Persily, Andrew K.; Pickering, Anthony C.;

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and thermal conditions on occupant performance, the movement of droplets in indoor environments, and the effects of ventilation rates on occupant health. Publisher:

417:(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), which is the world's longest established sustainable building assessment system, developed by the 186: 504:

This international journal publishes papers reflecting the broad categories of interest in the field of indoor environment of non-industrial buildings, including

567:: This journal publishes engineering developments, scientific discoveries, and experimental results related to light applications. Topics of interest include 4085: 4115: 1241: 216:

for this purpose), often in collaboration with the engineering disciplines that have evolved to handle 'non-building envelope' building science concerns:

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Standardized procedures for taking these measurements are provided in the Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings. For example,

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Amir, Roth; Michael, Wetter; Kyle, Benne; David, Blum; Yan, Chen; Gabriel, Fierro; Marco, Pritoni; Avijit, Saha; Draguna, Vrabie (2022-08-01).

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has published standards to help building managers and engineers design and operate the system. In the UK, a similar guideline was published by

1778:"Research on tunnel ventilation systems: Dust Diffusion and Pollution Behaviour by air curtains based on CFD technology and field measurement" 4130: 425: 3623: 2872: 1743:

Doan, Dat Tien; Ghaffarianhoseini, Ali; Naismith, Nicola; Zhang, Tongrui; Ghaffarianhoseini, Amirhosein; Tookey, John (October 2017).

2547:"Predicting the sound absorption of natural materials: Best-fit inverse laws for the acoustic impedance and the propagation constant" 4125: 4057: 490:. The journal's most cited articles cover topics such as prediction models for building energy consumption, optimization models of 43:

are terms used for the knowledge domain that overlaps with building science. In building science, the methods used in natural and

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of new and existing buildings, understand or prevent building failures, and guide the design of new techniques and technologies.

115: 3930: 1464: 1045: 455:(Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency), which is the main green building rating system in Japan. 27:

is the science and technology-driven collection of knowledge in order to provide better indoor environmental quality (IEQ),

4090: 4052: 1941:"Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature" 473: 1835:"Trees vs Neurons: Comparison between random forest and ANN for high-resolution prediction of building energy consumption" 185:. The accuracy of the models is influenced by the modeler's knowledge of building science principles and by the amount of 2410:"A Critical Investigation of Common Lighting Design Metrics for Predicting Human Visual Comfort in Offices with Daylight" 683: 3913: 32: 3955: 3668: 3204: 2933: 972: 877: 804: 753: 699: 623: 446: 3024: 678: 663: 303:. Apart from industry practice, advanced control strategies are widely discussed in research as well. For example, 1567:

Conti, John; Holtberg, Paul; Diefenderfer, Jim; LaRose, Angelina; Turnure, James T.; Westfall, Lynn (2016-05-01).

236:, & fire code engineering. Even the interior designer will inevitably generate a few building science issues. 4105: 3919: 3299: 418: 158: 1346:"Predictive Control for Energy Efficient Buildings with Thermal Storage: Modeling, Stimulation, and Experiments" 315:

from having peak load by reducing or shifting their usage based on time-varying rate. With the improvement from

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use. These areas are studied in terms of physical principles, relationship to building occupant health,

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Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments

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ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2019 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings

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One of the practical purpose of building science is to provide predictive capability to optimize the

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Royer, Michael R.; Wilkerson, Andrea; Wei, Minchen; Houser, Kevin; Davis, Robert (10 August 2016).

1995:"How far droplets can move in indoor environments – revisiting the Wells evaporation–falling curve" 365: 324: 229: 134: 2744:"Human perceptions of colour rendition vary with average fidelity, average gamut, and gamut shape" 2261:"Co-simulation of building energy and control systems with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed" 611:

of natural materials, the implementation of low-cost urban acoustic monitoring devices, and sound

4215: 4140: 4062: 3991: 3935: 3867: 3763: 3678: 3588: 3553: 3029: 1898: 1098:"Meta-analyses of the associations of respiratory health effects with dampness and mold in homes" 632: 576: 275: 83: 72: 627:: This journal covers all aspects of light and lighting, including the human response to light, 4205: 4167: 4047: 3758: 3189: 1622: 612: 608: 435: 378: 377:'. This could impact on maintaining grid system stability. Therefore, other strategies such as 341: 225: 221: 1010:

Balaras, C.A.; Argiriou, A.A. (2002-02-01). "Infrared thermography for building diagnostics".

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systems are developed to achieve higher levels of sustainability by reducing grid peak power.

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WELL which is delivered by the International WELL Building Institute and administered by the

56: 44: 2110:"Introducing the prebound effect: the gap between performance and actual energy consumption" 1993:

Xie, Xiaochen; Li, Yuguo; Chwang, Allen T.Y.; Ho, Pak-Leung; Seto, Wing Hong (29 May 2007).

917:"A review on simulation-based optimization methods applied to building performance analysis" 4027: 4017: 3961: 3898: 3793: 3373: 3322: 2888: 640: 525: 385: 316: 233: 194: 130: 20:

Small furnace capable of 600°C and of applying a static load for testing building materials

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Gallaher, Michael P.; O'Connor, Alan C.; Dettbarn, John L. Jr.; Gilday, Linda T. (2004).

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