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38:
481:
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For each discrete determination of streamflow discharge, the mean velocity of the cross section is determined by dividing streamflow discharge by the cross-sectional area. A rating curve, similar to that used for stage-discharge determinations, is constructed using the mean velocity and the index velocity from the permanently mounted meter. An additional rating curve is constructed that relates stage of the stream to cross-sectional area. Using these two ratings, the automatically collected stage produces an estimate of the cross-sectional area, and the automatically collected index velocity produces an estimate of the mean velocity of the
409:
124:
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installed, and the slope of the water surface would be calculated between the gauges. This value would be used along with the stage measurement to more accurately determine the streamflow discharge. Improvements in the accuracy of velocity sensors have also allowed the use of water velocity as a reliable surrogate for streamflow discharge at sites with a stable cross-sectional area. These sensors are permanently mounted in the stream and measure velocity at a particular location in the stream.
172:
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212:
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is conducted. This analysis uses a velocity sensor, often either magnetic or acoustic, to measure the velocity of the flow at a particular location in the stream cross section. Once again, discrete measurements of streamflow discharge are made by the technician or hydrologist at a variety of stages.
195:
Once the rating curve is established, it can be used in conjunction with stage measurements to determine the volumetric streamflow discharge. This record then serves as an assessment of the volume of water that passes by the stream gauge and is useful for many tasks associated with hydrology.
146:
to produce discharge values. In the majority of cases, a stage (the elevation of the water surface) measurement is used as the surrogate. Low gradient (or shallow-sloped) streams are highly influenced by variable downstream channel conditions. For these streams, a second stream gauge would be
434:
To establish a stream gauge, USGS personnel first choose a site on a stream where the geometry is relatively stable and there is a suitable location to make discrete direct measurements of streamflow using specialized equipment. Many times this will be at a bridge or other stream crossing.
504:
In the Czech
Republic, in some measuring places (profiles) are defined three levels which define three degrees of flood-emergency activity. The degree I is a situation of alertness, the degree II is a situation of readiness, the degree III is a situation of danger.
468:. This is an extensive network covering all major rivers and catchments in the country. However, a review of existing gauges raised serious concerns about the reliability of the data of a minority of stations, due in part to ongoing funding problems.
476:
The largest stream gauge network in
Bangladesh is maintained by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). At few other locations, Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority maintains a few gauges to provide advisories for navigational purposes.
383:
in 1913. The national gauging station network was established in its current form by the early 1970s and consists of approximately 1500 flow measurement stations supplemented by a variable number of temporary monitoring sites. The
449:) to the Water Science Center office where the records are kept. The USGS has a Water Science Center office in every state within the United States. Current streamflow data from USGS streamgages may be viewed in map form at:
544:
532:. As of 2021, it operates or collects data from more than 2800 gauges across Canada. This data is used by provincial and territory governments to inform flood predictions and water management.
230:
A variety of hydraulic structures / primary device are used to improve the reliability of using water level as a surrogate for flow (improving the accuracy of the rating table), including:
465:
156:
must be constructed. A rating curve is the functional relation between stage and discharge. It is determined by making repeated discrete measurements of streamflow discharge using a
142:
and thus requires many cross-sectional velocity measurements. In place of the direct measurement of stream discharge, one or more surrogate measurements can be used as
548:
164:
responsible for determining the rating curve visit the site routinely, with special trips to measure the hydrologic extremes (floods and droughts), and make a
833:
A catalogue of river flow gauging stations and observation wells and boreholes in the United
Kingdom together with summary hydrometric and spatial statistics.
867:
208:. The streamflow discharge is computed as the product of the estimate of the cross section area and the estimate of the mean velocity of the streamflow.
836:
446:
768:
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Water pressure measuring device (Bubbler) - to measure water level via pressure (typically done directly in-stream without a stilling well)
517:
Temporarily shifted rating curve for station 05CK004, Red Deer River near
Bindloss, Alberta, Canada, operated by Water Survey of Canada
134:
Automated direct measurement of stream discharge is difficult at present. Mathematically, measuring stream discharge is estimating the
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with a wheel and pulley system connected to a float in a stilling well to provide an electronic reading of the water level
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and some means to measure the channel geometry to determine the cross-sectional area of the channel. The technicians and
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331:
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1623:
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334:. One informal methods that is not acceptable for any official or scientific purpose, but can be useful is the
1648:
346:
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37:
747:
Nyabeze, W.R. 2005. Calibrating a distributed model to estimate runoff for ungauged catchments in
Zimbabwe.
431:. Within the USGS, the Water Resources Division carries the responsibility for monitoring water resources.
1789:
1739:
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622: – Elevation of the free surface of a stream, lake or reservoir relative to a specified vertical datum
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338:, in which a floating object such as a piece of wood or orange peel is observed floating down the stream.
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17:
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Cableways - for suspending a hydrographer and current meter over a river to make high flow measurement
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653:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
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205:
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66:
648:"Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field technique. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-24"
2014:
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of the flow. Additional equipment is installed to record and transmit these readings (via the
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measurements of a stream or canal without an established stream gauge can be made using a
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In those instances where a velocity measurement is additionally used as a surrogate, an
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by following an explicit set of instructions or standard operating procedures (SOPs).
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in Wales, whilst responsibility for
Scotland and Northern Ireland rests with the
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Stilling well - to provide a calm water level that can be measured by a sensor
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In those instances where only a stage measurement is used as the surrogate, a
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is responsible for collection and analysis of hydrometric data in
England,
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427:(USGS) is the principal federal agency tasked with maintaining records of
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628: – Structure for measuring the Nile River's clarity and water level
610: – Device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a datum
239:
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may also be made. The locations of gauging stations are often found on
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The first routine measurements of river flow in
England began on the
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316:- to measure water level in a stilling well or directly in a canal.
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464:, the national stream gauge network is the responsibility of the
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Other equipment commonly used at permanent stream gauge include:
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Harrelson, Cheryl C; Rawlins, C. L.; Potyondy, John P. (1994).
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101:. Some gauging stations are highly automated and may include
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588: – Monitoring the components of the hydrological cycle
551:. It operates nearly 40 gauging station around the island.
234:
176:
439:(the elevation of the water surface) or, more rarely, the
1842:
1283:
701:"A brief history of river level monitoring in Scotland"
767:
Canada, Environment and
Climate Change (2007-01-09).
435:
Technicians then install equipment that measures the
565:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
30:
For the canal boat gauging or indexing station, see
543:In Sri Lanka stream and rivers are monitored by
447:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
341:
2105:
875:
599: – Predicting and managing water resources
89:(flow) are generally taken and observations of
821:, Water Resources of New Hampshire and Vermont
861:
669:
667:
837:"Radio Gauge Warns of Flood as Water Rises"
582: – Graph showing the rate of water flow
563: – historic site in Embudo, New Mexico
27:Location used to monitor surface water flow
868:
854:
819:Contoocook River Streamflow-Gaging Station
664:
545:Hydrology and Disaster Management Division
826:"USGS Surface-Water Data for the Nation"
703:. Scottish Environment Protection Agency
524:streams and rivers are monitored by the
512:
479:
407:
345:
296:- for a visual indication of water depth
210:
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122:
112:
36:
1467:International scale of river difficulty
350:Plaque marking the construction of the
41:Brant Broughton Gauging Station on the
14:
2106:
803:Volume II - Computation of Discharge.
766:
394:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
379:in the 1880s, and in Scotland on the
849:
530:Environment and Climate Change Canada
105:capability transmitted to a central
24:
789:
749:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
484:Emergency levels I, II and III at
25:
2125:
811:
729:. Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
681:. Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
499:
466:Zimbabwe National Water Authority
366:
332:Acoustic Doppler current profiler
675:"The UK Gauging Station Network"
403:
1624:Flooded grasslands and savannas
175:December 12, 2001 photo of the
32:Toll point § Gauging point
760:
741:
715:
693:
639:
354:gauging station, dedicated to
342:National stream gauge networks
13:
1:
831:UK Hydrometric Register (pdf)
632:
561:Embudo Stream Gauging Station
471:
179:streamflow-gaging station at
119:Streamflow § Measurement
1790:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1740:Hydrological transport model
1634:Storm Water Management Model
603:Hydrological transport model
570:Willow Beach Gauging Station
538:
201:index velocity determination
7:
554:
455:
71:terrestrial bodies of water
10:
2130:
1294:Antecedent drainage stream
423:In the United States, the
116:
45:in Lincolnshire, England.
29:
2114:Hydrology instrumentation
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2030:River valley civilization
1992:
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1913:Riparian-zone restoration
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314:Simple ultrasonic devices
2093:Countries without rivers
2068:Rivers by discharge rate
1780:Runoff model (reservoir)
1745:Infiltration (hydrology)
769:"Water Survey of Canada"
138:, which is in general a
67:environmental scientists
1765:River Continuum Concept
1530:Agricultural wastewater
723:"Measuring Authorities"
390:Natural Resources Wales
127:Stream Gaging Station,
2088:River name etymologies
2015:Hydraulic civilization
1873:Floodplain restoration
1649:Point source pollution
1424:Sedimentary structures
798:Volume I - Fieldwork.
526:Water Survey of Canada
518:
496:
425:U.S. Geological Survey
420:
415:of the March 13, 2007
363:
319:Electromagnetic gauges
227:
219:at Doddieburn, on the
192:
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61:is a location used by
59:stream gauging station
46:
1700:Discharge (hydrology)
1662:Industrial wastewater
1143:Sedimentary processes
549:Irrigation Department
516:
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411:
349:
214:
174:
166:discharge measurement
129:Carnation, Washington
126:
113:Measurement equipment
85:") and/or volumetric
40:
1805:Volumetric flow rate
1389:Riffle-pool sequence
727:Hydrometry in the UK
679:Hydrometry in the UK
289:Water level gauges:
215:Stream gauge B62, a
136:volumetric flow rate
81:surface elevation ("
69:to monitor and test
1979:Whitewater kayaking
1974:Whitewater canoeing
1775:Runoff curve number
1619:Flood pulse concept
360:The Compleat Angler
294:Staff (head) gauges
185:McMurdo Dry Valleys
2005:Aquatic toxicology
1918:Stream restoration
1883:Infiltration basin
1735:Hydrological model
1251:Sediment transport
1074:Estavelle/Inversac
952:Subterranean river
597:Hydrological model
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497:
421:
386:Environment Agency
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228:
193:
132:
99:topographical maps
47:
2101:
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2078:Whitewater rivers
1984:Whitewater slalom
1815:River engineering
1715:Groundwater model
1676:River measurement
1604:Flood forecasting
1419:Sedimentary basin
1276:Fluvial landforms
1181:Bed material load
957:River bifurcation
839:Popular Mechanics
429:natural resources
16:(Redirected from
2121:
2063:Rivers by length
1898:River morphology
1800:Wetted perimeter
1705:Drainage density
1216:Headward erosion
1045:Perennial stream
917:Blackwater river
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1725:Hjulström curve
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1344:Floating island
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1128:Rhythmic spring
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1639:Return period
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1226:Palaeochannel
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1199:
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1186:Granular flow
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404:United States
401:
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398:Rivers Agency
395:
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328:current meter
325:
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140:flux integral
137:
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96:
95:water quality
92:
88:
84:
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72:
68:
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60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2083:Flash floods
2035:River cruise
1932:River sports
1785:Stream gauge
1784:
1770:Rouse number
1760:Relief ratio
1609:Flood-meadow
1540:Urban runoff
1454:Fluvial flow
1439:River valley
1409:River island
1374:Meander scar
1289:Alluvial fan
1231:Progradation
1106:Karst spring
1050:Winterbourne
1005:Chalk stream
967:River source
942:Distributary
838:
818:
776:. Retrieved
772:
762:
752:
748:
743:
731:. Retrieved
726:
717:
705:. Retrieved
695:
683:. Retrieved
678:
655:. Retrieved
641:
614:Water column
547:a branch of
542:
534:
520:
503:
486:Tichá Orlice
475:
459:
440:
436:
433:
422:
370:
358:, author of
356:Izaak Walton
336:float method
335:
322:
288:
277:
229:
200:
198:
194:
165:
162:hydrologists
153:rating curve
151:
149:
133:
107:data logging
63:hydrologists
58:
54:
51:stream gauge
50:
48:
1944:Fly fishing
1868:Fish ladder
1853:Daylighting
1572:Flash flood
1535:First flush
1482:Plunge pool
1206:Downcutting
1191:Debris flow
1166:Aggradation
1040:Stream pool
841:, July 1935
755:, 625-633.
620:Water level
575:Flood stage
381:River Garry
258:combination
158:velocimeter
79:water level
75:Hydrometric
43:River Brant
18:River gauge
2050:Wild river
1730:Hydrograph
1720:Hack's law
1685:Baer's law
1629:Inundation
1614:Floodplain
1554:stormwater
1512:Whitewater
1384:Oxbow lake
1221:Knickpoint
1196:Deposition
1089:Hot spring
1030:Streamflow
1020:Stream bed
937:Confluence
778:2021-06-26
657:2011-01-13
633:References
608:Tide gauge
592:Hyetograph
586:Hydrometry
580:Hydrograph
472:Bangladesh
413:Hydrograph
352:River Dove
189:Antarctica
181:Huey Creek
117:See also:
109:facility.
55:streamgage
2020:Limnology
1969:Triathlon
1939:Canyoning
1908:Revetment
1838:Check dam
1750:Main stem
1507:Waterfall
1394:Point bar
1379:Mouth bar
1319:Billabong
1266:Water gap
1261:Wash load
1241:Saltation
1161:Anabranch
1084:Holy well
972:Tributary
626:Nilometer
539:Sri Lanka
488:river in
324:Discharge
103:telemetry
87:discharge
2108:Category
1823:Aqueduct
1690:Baseflow
1657:Effluent
1334:Cut bank
1299:Avulsion
1176:Bed load
1156:Abrasion
733:29 March
707:29 March
685:29 March
555:See also
522:Canadian
462:Zimbabwe
456:Zimbabwe
442:velocity
225:Zimbabwe
2000:Aquifer
1993:Related
1949:Rafting
1477:Meander
1472:Log jam
1434:Thalweg
1339:Estuary
1211:Erosion
1148:erosion
1060:Springs
1015:Current
982:Streams
922:Channel
885:springs
881:streams
304:encoder
240:V-notch
1795:WAFLEX
1667:Sewage
1550:Floods
1492:Riffle
1487:Rapids
1429:Strath
1399:Ravine
1324:Canyon
1079:Geyser
1010:Coulee
995:Bourne
990:Arroyo
893:Rivers
877:Rivers
509:Canada
490:Choceň
373:Thames
302:Stage
266:Flumes
1893:Levee
1878:Flume
1833:Canal
1577:Flood
1497:Shoal
1364:Gully
1359:Gulch
1329:Chine
1314:Bayou
1171:Armor
1123:Ponor
898:lists
651:(PDF)
437:stage
419:flood
260:weirs
235:Weirs
91:biota
83:stage
1923:Weir
1888:Leat
1552:and
1444:Wadi
1404:Rill
1369:Glen
1354:Gill
1304:Bank
1146:and
1111:list
1094:list
1065:list
1000:Burn
883:and
735:2011
709:2011
687:2011
396:and
375:and
306:- a
177:USGS
93:and
1843:Dam
1309:Bar
1284:Ait
460:In
377:Lea
330:or
254:and
65:or
57:or
2110::
879:,
771:.
753:30
751:,
725:.
677:.
666:^
492:,
452:.
223:,
187:,
183:,
73:.
53:,
49:A
1067:)
1063:(
900:)
896:(
869:e
862:t
855:v
781:.
737:.
711:.
689:.
660:.
362:.
248:,
242:,
191:.
34:.
20:)
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