286:
977:
316:
899:, and ice thrusting. In an abrasion process, debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood. Scientists have shown that, in addition to the role of temperature played in valley-deepening, other glaciological processes, such as erosion also control cross-valley variations. In a homogeneous bedrock erosion pattern, curved channel cross-section beneath the ice is created. Though the glacier continues to incise vertically, the shape of the channel beneath the ice eventually remain constant, reaching a U-shaped parabolic steady-state shape as we now see in
484:
40:
937:. Ice can not only erode mountains but also protect them from erosion. Depending on glacier regime, even steep alpine lands can be preserved through time with the help of ice. Scientists have proved this theory by sampling eight summits of northwestern Svalbard using Be10 and Al26, showing that northwestern Svalbard transformed from a glacier-erosion state under relatively mild glacial maxima temperature, to a glacier-armor state occupied by cold-based, protective ice during much colder glacial maxima temperatures as the Quaternary ice age progressed.
663:
648:
844:
512:
412:
1743:
915:. Differences in the height of mountain ranges are not only being the result tectonic forces, such as rock uplift, but also local climate variations. Scientists use global analysis of topography to show that glacial erosion controls the maximum height of mountains, as the relief between mountain peaks and the snow line are generally confined to altitudes less than 1500 m. The erosion caused by glaciers worldwide erodes mountains so effectively that the term
1285:
1216:
874:
1029:
690:
1131:
1250:. Turbidity currents can erode channels and canyons into substrates ranging from recently deposited unconsolidated sediments to hard crystalline bedrock. Almost all continental slopes and deep ocean basins display such channels and canyons resulting from sediment gravity flows and submarine canyons act as conduits for the transfer of sediment from the continents and shallow marine environments to the deep sea.
500:
271:
968:
modified in postglacial time. Interplay of glacial erosion and tectonic forcing governs the morphologic impact of glaciations on active orogens, by both influencing their height, and by altering the patterns of erosion during subsequent glacial periods via a link between rock uplift and valley cross-sectional shape.
177:. The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Typically, physical erosion proceeds the fastest on steeply sloping surfaces, and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically controlled properties including amounts of water supplied (e.g., by rain), storminess, wind speed, wave
967:
The best-developed glacial valley morphology appears to be restricted to landscapes with low rock uplift rates (less than or equal to 2mm per year) and high relief, leading to long-turnover times. Where rock uplift rates exceed 2mm per year, glacial valley morphology has generally been significantly
1171:
can then pick up the material and move it to even lower elevations. Mass-wasting processes are always occurring continuously on all slopes; some mass-wasting processes act very slowly; others occur very suddenly, often with disastrous results. Any perceptible down-slope movement of rock or sediment
910:
Glaciers can also cause pieces of bedrock to crack off in the process of plucking. In ice thrusting, the glacier freezes to its bed, then as it surges forward, it moves large sheets of frozen sediment at the base along with the glacier. This method produced some of the many thousands of lake basins
440:
concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimetres (about an inch)
1848:
falling onto the previously saturated soil. In such situations, rainfall amount rather than intensity is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion by water. According to the climate change projections, erosivity will increase significantly in Europe and soil erosion may increase by
1817:
regions where vegetation is naturally sparse. Wind erosion requires strong winds, particularly during times of drought when vegetation is sparse and soil is dry (and so is more erodible). Other climatic factors such as average temperature and temperature range may also affect erosion, via their
453:
occurs when runoff water accumulates and rapidly flows in narrow channels during or immediately after heavy rains or melting snow, removing soil to a considerable depth. A gully is distinguished from a rill based on a critical cross-sectional area of at least one square foot, i.e. the size of a
1906:
Tectonic processes control rates and distributions of erosion at the Earth's surface. If the tectonic action causes part of the Earth's surface (e.g., a mountain range) to be raised or lowered relative to surrounding areas, this must necessarily change the gradient of the land surface. Because
695:
691:
4486:
1891:
will flow, which in turn determines the erosivity of the runoff. Longer, steeper slopes (especially those without adequate vegetative cover) are more susceptible to very high rates of erosion during heavy rains than shorter, less steep slopes. Steeper terrain is also more prone to mudslides,
1878:
of the soil to rainwater, thus decreasing runoff. It shelters the soil from winds, which results in decreased wind erosion, as well as advantageous changes in microclimate. The roots of the plants bind the soil together, and interweave with other roots, forming a more solid mass that is less
189:
are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by, for example, a river or glacier. The transport of eroded materials from their original location is followed by deposition, which is arrival and emplacement of material at a new location.
1927:
in the region. In some cases, it has been hypothesised that these twin feedbacks can act to localize and enhance zones of very rapid exhumation of deep crustal rocks beneath places on the Earth's surface with extremely high erosion rates, for example, beneath the extremely steep terrain of
692:
1206:
is the slow movement of soil and rock debris by gravity which is usually not perceptible except through extended observation. However, the term can also describe the rolling of dislodged soil particles 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.02 to 0.04 in) in diameter by wind along the soil surface.
1956:. In Taiwan, increases in sediment load in the northern, central, and southern regions of the island can be tracked with the timeline of development for each region throughout the 20th century. The intentional removal of soil and rock by humans is a form of erosion that has been named
556:
across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion, by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood when more and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, it is not the water alone that erodes: suspended abrasive particles,
1166:
Mass wasting is an important part of the erosional process and is often the first stage in the breakdown and transport of weathered materials in mountainous areas. It moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations where other eroding agents such as streams and
783:. These banks may slowly migrate along the coast in the direction of the longshore drift, alternately protecting and exposing parts of the coastline. Where there is a bend in the coastline, quite often a buildup of eroded material occurs forming a long narrow bank (a
615:
Most river erosion happens nearer to the mouth of a river. On a river bend, the longest least sharp side has slower moving water. Here deposits build up. On the narrowest sharpest side of the bend, there is faster moving water so this side tends to erode away mostly.
1176:. However, landslides can be classified in a much more detailed way that reflects the mechanisms responsible for the movement and the velocity at which the movement occurs. One of the visible topographical manifestations of a very slow form of such activity is a
694:
1254:, which are the sedimentary deposits resulting from turbidity currents, comprise some of the thickest and largest sedimentary sequences on Earth, indicating that the associated erosional processes must also have played a prominent role in Earth's history.
2081:
While erosion of soils is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion occurs globally. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in
1907:
erosion rates are almost always sensitive to the local slope (see above), this will change the rates of erosion in the uplifted area. Active tectonics also brings fresh, unweathered rock towards the surface, where it is exposed to the action of erosion.
4442:
1115:, where very small and light particles are lifted into the air by the wind, and are often carried for long distances. Saltation is responsible for the majority (50–70%) of wind erosion, followed by suspension (30–40%), and then surface creep (5–25%).
907:—approximately 100,000 years. In a weak bedrock (containing material more erodible than the surrounding rocks) erosion pattern, on the contrary, the amount of over deepening is limited because ice velocities and erosion rates are reduced.
603:
of
Siberia is due to thermal erosion, as these portions of the banks are composed of permafrost-cemented non-cohesive materials. Much of this erosion occurs as the weakened banks fail in large slumps. Thermal erosion also affects the
551:
is reached, the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat, and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream
201:, intensive farming practices have caused erosion at up to 100 times the natural rate of erosion in the region. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in
1988:
are known to take many millions of years to erode to the degree they effectively cease to exist. Scholars Pitman and
Golovchenko estimate that it takes probably more than 450 million years to erode a mountain mass similar to the
491:, Scotland, showing two different types of erosion affecting the same place. Valley erosion is occurring due to the flow of the stream, and the boulders and stones (and much of the soil) that are lying on the stream's banks are
1856:, where typhoon frequency increased significantly in the 21st century, a strong link has been drawn between the increase in storm frequency with an increase in sediment load in rivers and reservoirs, highlighting the impacts
1818:
effects on vegetation and soil properties. In general, given similar vegetation and ecosystems, areas with more precipitation (especially high-intensity rainfall), more wind, or more storms are expected to have more erosion.
364:. Splash erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the soil erosion process, which is followed by sheet erosion, then rill erosion and finally gully erosion (the most severe of the four).
1065:
regions. It is also a major source of land degradation, evaporation, desertification, harmful airborne dust, and crop damage—especially after being increased far above natural rates by human activities such as
546:
and steep banks. In the earliest stage of stream erosion, the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V-shaped cross-section and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some
3631:
Gjermundsen, Endre F.; Briner, Jason P.; Akçar, Naki; Foros, Jørn; Kubik, Peter W.; Salvigsen, Otto; Hormes, Anne (2015). "Minimal erosion of Arctic alpine topography during late
Quaternary glaciation".
3490:
Thomson, Stuart N.; Brandon, Mark T.; Tomkin, Jonathan H.; Reiners, Peter W.; Vásquez, Cristián; Wilson, Nathaniel J. (2010). "Glaciation as a destructive and constructive control on mountain building".
1910:
However, erosion can also affect tectonic processes. The removal by erosion of large amounts of rock from a particular region, and its deposition elsewhere, can result in a lightening of the load on the
2940:
Vanmaercke, Matthias; Panagos, Panos; Vanwalleghem, Tom; Hayas, Antonio; Foerster, Saskia; Borrelli, Pasquale; Rossi, Mauro; Torri, Dino; Casali, Javier; Borselli, Lorenzo; Vigiak, Olga (July 2021).
921:
has become widely used, which describes the limiting effect of glaciers on the height of mountain ranges. As mountains grow higher, they generally allow for more glacial activity (especially in the
608:, where wave action and near-shore temperatures combine to undercut permafrost bluffs along the shoreline and cause them to fail. Annual erosion rates along a 100-kilometre (62-mile) segment of the
693:
3123:
Costard, F.; Dupeyrat, L.; Gautier, E.; Carey-Gailhardis, E. (2003). "Fluvial thermal erosion investigations along a rapidly eroding river bank: application to the Lena River (central
Siberia)".
2497:
Dotterweich, Markus (2013-11-01). "The history of human-induced soil erosion: Geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation – A global synopsis".
1196:, in which the material has begun to slide downhill. In some cases, the slump is caused by water beneath the slope weakening it. In many cases it is simply the result of poor engineering along
379:, ejecting soil particles. The distance these soil particles travel can be as much as 0.6 m (2.0 ft) vertically and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) horizontally on level ground.
3033:
1805:
governing soil erosion by water. The relationship is particularly strong if heavy rainfall occurs at times when, or in locations where, the soil's surface is not well protected by
755:
is where particles/sea load carried by the waves are worn down as they hit each other and the cliffs. This then makes the material easier to wash away. The material ends up as
2728:
Obreschkow, D.; Dorsaz, N.; Kobel, P.; De Bosset, A.; Tinguely, M.; Field, J.; Farhat, M. (2011). "Confined Shocks inside
Isolated Liquid Volumes – A New Path of Erosion?".
795:
may also protect parts of a coastline from erosion. Over the years, as the shoals gradually shift, the erosion may be redirected to attack different parts of the shore.
779:
is less than the amount being carried away, erosion occurs. When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater, sand or gravel banks will tend to form as a result of
4808:
Dewey, J.F.; Ryan, P.D.; Andersen, T.B. (1993). "Orogenic uplift and collapse, crustal thickness, fabrics and metamorphic phase changes: the role of eclogites".
2280:
Louvat, P.; Gislason, S. R.; Allegre, C. J. (1 May 2008). "Chemical and mechanical erosion rates in
Iceland as deduced from river dissolved and solid material".
1000:
are formed by large volumes of rapidly rushing water. Kolks cause extreme local erosion, plucking bedrock and creating pothole-type geographical features called
3265:
Bell, Frederic
Gladstone. "Marine action and control". Geological hazards: their assessment, avoidance, and mitigation, Taylor & Francis, 1999, pp. 302–306.
2632:"Short-Term Impacts of Livestock Grazing on Vegetation and Track Formation in a High Mountain Environment: A Case Study from the Himalayan Miyar Valley (India)"
3594:
933:. Ongoing research is showing that while glaciers tend to decrease mountain size, in some areas, glaciers can actually reduce the rate of erosion, acting as a
5203:
3169:
2473:
4389:
Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Himics, Mihaly; Scarpa, Simone; Matthews, Francis; Bogonos, Mariia; Poesen, Jean; Borrelli, Pasquale (2021-10-01).
285:
2033:
759:
and sand. Another significant source of erosion, particularly on carbonate coastlines, is boring, scraping and grinding of organisms, a process termed
3617:
Mitchell, S.G. & Montgomery, D.R. "Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the height and morphology of the
Cascade Range in central Washington State".
1654:
988:
after heavy rainfall caused flooding in the area and cause a significant amount of the beach to erode; leaving behind a tall sand bank in its place
5126:
4978:
577:
is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. This is distinguished from changes on the bed of the watercourse, which is referred to as
3276:
4507:
Gyssels, G.; Poesen, J.; Bochet, E.; Li, Y. (2005-06-01). "Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: a review".
237:; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of degraded land, making excessive erosion one of the most significant
733:
is caused by waves launching sea load at the cliff. It is the most effective and rapid form of shoreline erosion (not to be confused with
3030:
2040:. Studies of these sediments indicate that it is likely that the erosion of the orogen began in the Cambrian and then intensified in the
3393:
Harbor, Jonathan M.; Hallet, Bernard; Raymond, Charles F. (1988-05-26). "A numerical model of landform development by glacial erosion".
2540:
Reusser, L.; Bierman, P.; Rood, D. (2015). "Quantifying human impacts on rates of erosion and sediment transport at a landscape scale".
3101:
585:
may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times.
5196:
1773:
5434:
4157:
Smith, M. Elliot; Werner, Samuel H.; Buscombe, Daniel; Finnegan, Noah J.; Sumner, Esther J.; Mueller, Erich R. (28 November 2018).
1443:
925:
above the glacial equilibrium line altitude), which causes increased rates of erosion of the mountain, decreasing mass faster than
1919:. Because tectonic processes are driven by gradients in the stress field developed in the crust, this unloading can in turn cause
5802:
4159:"Seeking the Shore: Evidence for Active Submarine Canyon Head Incision Due to Coarse Sediment Supply and Focusing of Wave Energy"
1948:
Human land development, in forms including agricultural and urban development, is considered a significant factor in erosion and
2234:
2327:
2110:
of water bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of
1122:, it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years.
5115:
5039:
5018:
4962:
4933:
4658:
4629:
4600:
4571:
4373:
4345:
4033:
4006:
3978:
3949:
3912:
3883:
3854:
3829:
3800:
3765:
3307:
Dixon, John C.; Thorn, Colin E. (2005). "Chemical weathering and landscape development in mid-latitude alpine environments".
3125:
3073:
2924:
2895:
2866:
2797:
2711:
2682:
2614:
2584:
715:
takes place when the air in a joint is suddenly compressed by a wave closing the entrance of the joint. This then cracks it.
263:
are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion. However, there are many
5189:
1659:
682:
Shoreline erosion, which occurs on both exposed and sheltered coasts, primarily occurs through the action of currents and
2142:
1428:
1109:, where particles are lifted a short height into the air, and bounce and saltate across the surface of the soil; and (3)
2103:
1097:
are worn down as they are struck by airborne particles carried by wind. Deflation is divided into three categories: (1)
222:
4673:
Zeitler, P.K. et al. (2001), Erosion, Himalayan
Geodynamics, and the Geomorphology of Metamorphism, GSA Today, 11, 4–9.
2146:
4734:
4304:
4223:
3097:
3014:
2264:
3553:
6428:
3436:
Egholm, D. L.; Nielsen, S. B.; Pedersen, V.K.; Lesemann, J.-E. (2009). "Glacial effects limiting mountain height".
3256:
Glynn, Peter W. "Bioerosion and coral-reef growth: a dynamic balance". Life and death of coral reefs (1997): 68–95.
1829:
check,) with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water. The size and velocity of
903:. Scientists also provide a numerical estimate of the time required for the ultimate formation of a steady-shaped
5959:
3199:
2138:
1837:, and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller, slower-moving rain drops.
1438:
1246:. Where erosion by turbidity currents creates oversteepened slopes it can also trigger underwater landslides and
543:
387:
3365:
2426:
6423:
1869:
1448:
961:
383:
233:, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of
5984:
4750:
Pitman, W. C.; Golovchenko, X. (1991). "The effect of sea level changes on the morphology of mountain belts".
4683:
Chen, Jie (2007-01-16). "Rapid urbanization in China: A real challenge to soil protection and food security".
3247:
Geddes, Ian. "Lithosphere". Higher geography for cfe: physical and human environments, Hodder
Education, 2015.
4239:
Bührig, Laura H.; Colombera, Luca; Patacci, Marco; Mountney, Nigel P.; McCaffrey, William D. (October 2022).
2882:
J. Poesen; L. Vandekerckhove; J. Nachtergaele; D. Oostwoud Wijdenes; G. Verstraeten; B. Can Wesemael (2002).
1879:
susceptible to both water and wind erosion. The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion.
1875:
1766:
1013:
465:
in climates favorable to erosion. Conditions or disturbances that limit the growth of protective vegetation (
315:
17:
940:
These processes, combined with erosion and transport by the water network beneath the glacier, leave behind
6125:
6075:
5969:
4982:
1577:
1159:
is the downward and outward movement of rock and sediments on a sloped surface, mainly due to the force of
798:
Erosion of a coastal surface, followed by a fall in sea level, can produce a distinctive landform called a
256:
6403:
4853:"Age Constraints for the Pre-Uralide–Timanide Orogenic Event Inferred from the Study of Detrital Zircons"
1558:
4793:
Beckinsale, Robert P.; Chorley, Richard J. (2003) . "Chapter Seven: American Polycyclic Geomorphology".
119:. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.
6464:
5629:
5132:
4906:
3344:
Lard, L.; Paull, C.; Hobson, B. (1995). "Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure".
1937:
6413:
6365:
6248:
4443:"Regional soil erosion in response to land use and increased typhoon frequency and intensity, Taiwan"
3213:
Montgomery, David R.; Stolar, Drew B. (1 December 2006). "Reconsidering Himalayan river anticlines".
2083:
1453:
1300:
527:
202:
193:
While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10–40 times the rate at which
4687:. Influences of rapid urbanization and industrialization on soil resource and its quality in China.
3581:
1845:
445:
physics very different from water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers.
6474:
6398:
6115:
6080:
5922:
3283:
2074:
develop on eroded landscapes that, if stable, would have supported the formation of more developed
1822:
1759:
323:
31:
5160:
1083:
6408:
6100:
5865:
3309:
2941:
2196:
1188:
happens on steep hillsides, occurring along distinct fracture zones, often within materials like
776:
596:
182:
5171:
2813:
Nearing, M.A.; Norton, L.D.; Bulgakov, D.A.; Larionov, G.A.; West, L.T.; Dontsova, K.M. (1997).
1118:
Wind erosion is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought. For example, in the
483:
6350:
6208:
5759:
5644:
3971:
Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization: A Practical Guide for Erosion Control
3576:
2119:
2029:
2010:
1792:
1111:
930:
238:
4646:
4617:
3900:
3871:
3817:
3061:
2912:
2883:
6469:
6454:
6188:
6035:
5997:
5446:
5385:
4588:
4073:
Halsey, Thomas C. (15 October 2018). "Erosion of unconsolidated beds by turbidity currents".
4049:
4023:
3929:
3379:
3170:"Modern Erosion Rates and Loss of Coastal Features and Sites, Beaufort Sea Coastline, Alaska"
2881:
2785:
2699:
2006:
1901:
1239:
896:
198:
146:
52:
5103:
4950:
3782:
3572:
2672:
1711:
6418:
6140:
5964:
5724:
5581:
5531:
5325:
5062:
4864:
4817:
4759:
4692:
4516:
4454:
4402:
4252:
4170:
4129:
4082:
3966:
3937:
3788:
3697:
3641:
3568:
3500:
3445:
3402:
3353:
3318:
3222:
3134:
3089:
2953:
2826:
2747:
2549:
2506:
2441:
2389:
2342:
2289:
2168:
2126:
1433:
1193:
882:
780:
39:
5165:
4559:
1192:
that, once released, may move quite rapidly downhill. They will often show a spoon-shaped
8:
6314:
6309:
6110:
5954:
5576:
5429:
5350:
5257:
2378:"Glacial Abrasion and Sliding: Their Dependence on the Debris Concentration In Basal Ice"
2180:
2091:
2013:
is a more effective mechanism of lowering the height of orogenic mountains than erosion.
1686:
1618:
1397:
1324:
1315:
1105:
1009:
847:
210:
81:
5066:
4868:
4821:
4763:
4696:
4520:
4458:
4406:
4256:
4174:
4133:
4086:
3941:
3792:
3702:
3645:
3504:
3449:
3406:
3357:
3322:
3226:
3138:
2957:
2830:
2751:
2553:
2510:
2445:
2393:
2346:
2293:
6340:
6253:
6218:
6070:
5586:
5491:
5395:
5287:
5220:
5085:
5050:
4880:
4833:
4540:
4478:
4310:
4270:
4215:
4188:
4098:
3730:
3685:
3534:
3469:
3418:
3150:
3006:
2979:
2763:
2737:
2522:
2465:
2358:
2305:
1949:
1676:
1586:
1535:
1507:
1320:
1305:
1089:
1017:
723:
683:
662:
582:
395:
150:
85:
6060:
1874:
Vegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the soil. It increases the
1032:
6459:
6319:
6158:
6150:
6090:
6050:
5939:
5754:
5516:
5506:
5292:
5111:
5090:
5035:
5014:
4958:
4929:
4884:
4852:
4851:
Orlov, S.Yu.; Kuznetsov, N.B.; Miller, E.D.; Soboleva, A.A.; Udoratina, O.V. (2011).
4775:
4730:
4723:
4654:
4625:
4596:
4567:
4532:
4470:
4420:
4369:
4341:
4314:
4300:
4274:
4219:
4192:
4102:
4029:
4002:
3974:
3945:
3908:
3879:
3850:
3825:
3796:
3761:
3735:
3717:
3538:
3526:
3473:
3461:
3154:
3069:
3044:
3010:
2983:
2942:"Measuring, modelling and managing gully erosion at large scales: A state of the art"
2920:
2891:
2862:
2793:
2707:
2678:
2653:
2610:
2580:
2526:
2469:
2457:
2407:
2309:
2260:
2226:
2087:
2002:
1814:
1726:
1716:
1647:
1599:
1243:
1231:
1223:
1048:
926:
922:
788:
651:
647:
624:
298:
244:
206:
178:
154:
89:
48:
4837:
4544:
4482:
4265:
4240:
2965:
2767:
2362:
976:
6449:
6233:
6135:
6040:
5789:
5639:
5634:
5611:
5551:
5380:
5252:
5080:
5070:
4872:
4825:
4767:
4700:
4524:
4462:
4410:
4333:
4292:
4260:
4211:
4178:
4137:
4094:
4090:
3725:
3707:
3649:
3586:
3516:
3508:
3453:
3422:
3410:
3361:
3330:
3326:
3234:
3230:
3189:
3181:
3142:
3002:
2969:
2961:
2834:
2755:
2643:
2557:
2518:
2514:
2449:
2397:
2350:
2328:"Hysteretic sediment fluxes in rainfall-driven soil erosion: Particle size effects"
2297:
2190:
2150:
2111:
2001:. Erosion of mountains massifs can create a pattern of equally high summits called
1916:
1825:), rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity (for a definition of
1721:
1701:
1681:
1633:
1628:
1458:
1362:
1357:
1310:
1266:
1235:
1062:
1054:
941:
900:
843:
811:
711:
539:
478:
441:
or less and along-channel slopes may be quite steep. This means that rills exhibit
234:
4829:
4337:
2997:
Moreno-de las Heras, Mariano; Gallart, Francesc (2018). "The Origin of Badlands".
835:
and other features of karst topography is an example of extreme chemical erosion.
721:
is when the sheer energy of the wave hitting the cliff or rock breaks pieces off.
6238:
6198:
6193:
5797:
5684:
5679:
5463:
5400:
5370:
5335:
5330:
5297:
5262:
5233:
5029:
4704:
4415:
4390:
4332:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer Netherlands. pp. 289–290.
3755:
3037:
2129:
must comply with a conservation plan to be eligible for agricultural assistance.
2099:
2067:
2066:, erosion destroys the soil. Lower rates of erosion can prevent the formation of
2017:
1953:
1920:
1912:
1691:
1377:
1184:
1094:
957:
917:
912:
904:
886:
784:
772:
642:
636:
620:
488:
290:
218:
135:
5131:. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. CSFD/Agropolis International. Archived from
4466:
1833:
is also an important factor. Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater
6299:
6183:
6163:
6045:
6030:
5917:
5902:
5897:
5857:
5837:
5749:
5591:
5571:
5536:
5468:
5453:
5360:
5282:
5242:
3590:
2402:
2377:
2201:
2107:
2063:
1985:
1888:
1857:
1841:
1834:
1747:
1706:
1623:
1348:
1139:
1099:
1001:
391:
337:
278:
produced by the wind erosion of differentially weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz,
226:
77:
65:
5181:
4876:
4528:
4441:
Montgomery, David R.; Huang, Michelle Y.-F.; Huang, Alice Y.-L. (2014-01-01).
6443:
6380:
6375:
6360:
6345:
6294:
6289:
6055:
6020:
5974:
5934:
5929:
5689:
5561:
5521:
5267:
5247:
4779:
4718:
4536:
4474:
4424:
4328:
Zorn, Matija; Komac, Blaž (2013). "Erosivity". In Bobrowsky, Peter T. (ed.).
3721:
2657:
2461:
2411:
2115:
1525:
1497:
1067:
1005:
993:
756:
744:
717:
466:
449:
404:
350:
248:
230:
5075:
4296:
2575:
Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Rattan, Lal (2008). "Soil and water conservation".
2177: – Loose, unconsolidated sediments deposited at the base of a hillslope
2171: – Confinement system used in construction and geotechnical engineering
1998:
859:
825:
820:. Chemical erosion is usually calculated from the solutes found in streams.
595:
due to moving water. It can occur both along rivers and at the coast. Rapid
372:
6370:
6120:
6105:
6095:
5944:
5875:
5744:
5709:
5624:
5566:
5441:
5340:
5302:
5277:
5094:
4206:
Harris, Peter T. (2020). "Seafloor geomorphology—coast, shelf, and abyss".
3739:
3530:
3465:
2427:"A mechanistic model for river incision into bedrock by saltating bed load"
2162:
2095:
2053:
1929:
1487:
1418:
1352:
1147:
1119:
1071:
981:
799:
771:
is transported along the coast in the direction of the prevailing current (
667:
655:
609:
605:
573:
492:
411:
341:
275:
260:
214:
194:
162:
3666:
Harvey, A.M. "Local-Scale geomorphology – process systems and landforms".
2917:
Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice
511:
419:
covered in rills and gullies due to erosion processes caused by rainfall:
6279:
6203:
5907:
5870:
5817:
5541:
5526:
5501:
5375:
4183:
4158:
3048:
2453:
2354:
2057:
2037:
1810:
1696:
1540:
1247:
1075:
1058:
953:
821:
671:
565:
can also act erosively as they traverse a surface, in a process known as
531:
462:
174:
158:
3684:
Prasicek, Günther; Larsen, Isaac J.; Montgomery, David R. (2015-08-14).
3521:
3512:
3457:
2790:
Soil Erosion by Water: Some Measures for Its Control on Cultivated Lands
619:
Rapid erosion by a large river can remove enough sediments to produce a
6385:
6065:
5949:
5889:
5847:
5719:
5556:
5424:
5365:
5355:
5272:
5128:
Fighting wind erosion. One aspect of the combat against desertification
4142:
4117:
3712:
2974:
2648:
2631:
2301:
2114:; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of
2071:
2041:
1976:
1806:
1530:
1492:
1387:
1219:
761:
600:
592:
548:
93:
4771:
4644:
3686:"Tectonic control on the persistence of glacially sculpted topography"
3194:
3185:
3167:
3122:
2839:
2814:
2759:
1742:
1284:
1215:
1103:, where larger, heavier particles slide or roll along the ground; (2)
6355:
6304:
6274:
6243:
6173:
6085:
5842:
5729:
5714:
5654:
5601:
5596:
5496:
5419:
5409:
5307:
3818:"Hydroclimatology of wind erosion in arid and semi-arid environments"
3653:
3414:
2561:
2185:
2174:
1994:
1980:
1830:
1582:
1502:
1251:
1173:
1036:
895:
erode predominantly by three different processes: abrasion/scouring,
873:
816:
Chemical erosion is the loss of matter in a landscape in the form of
748:
739:
729:
442:
437:
416:
170:
166:
139:
116:
4797:. Vol. Three. Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 235–236.
3146:
1028:
612:
shoreline averaged 5.6 metres (18 feet) per year from 1955 to 2002.
454:
channel that can no longer be erased via normal tillage operations.
6025:
5992:
5669:
5511:
5478:
4615:
3554:"Climate and tectonic controls on glaciated critical-taper orogens"
2607:
Soil erosion : processes, prediction, measurement, and control
2075:
2025:
1990:
1958:
1933:
1924:
1798:
1368:
985:
878:
832:
768:
458:
399:
390:
into the soil, surface runoff occurs. If the runoff has sufficient
327:
186:
100:
4564:
Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control: A Bioengineering Approach
2939:
2742:
2321:
2319:
6335:
6284:
5812:
5807:
5769:
5674:
4241:"A global analysis of controls on submarine-canyon geomorphology"
2888:
Dryland Rivers: Hydrology and Geomorphology of Semi-Arid Channels
2783:
2021:
1802:
1343:
1275:
1197:
1168:
1160:
1040:
949:
945:
892:
867:
863:
817:
700:
562:
553:
495:
that was left behind as ice age glaciers flowed over the terrain.
424:
267:
practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils.
143:
127:
97:
55:
3930:"Hillside processes: mass wasting, slope stability, and erosion"
2605:
Toy, Terrence J.; Foster, George R.; Renard, Kenneth G. (2002).
1892:
landslides, and other forms of gravitational erosion processes.
1844:), runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities of
1242:, bodies of sediment-laden water that move rapidly downslope as
1130:
1087:, where the wind picks up and carries away loose particles; and
1004:. Examples can be seen in the flood regions result from glacial
115:
erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by
6130:
6002:
5827:
5822:
5774:
5764:
5734:
5659:
5414:
5345:
5317:
5216:
3964:
3934:
Slope Stability and Erosion Control: Ecotechnological Solutions
3277:"Exercise 6 - Coastal Terraces, Sealevel, and Active Tectonics"
3041:
The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography
2316:
1853:
1382:
997:
855:
558:
535:
294:
279:
5155:
4364:
Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Rattan, Lal (2008). "Water erosion".
4238:
2727:
499:
408:
is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow.
270:
6228:
6213:
6168:
5912:
5885:
5832:
5699:
5694:
5664:
5649:
5458:
5228:
5212:
4622:
Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands
4593:
Handbook of Ecological Restoration: Principles of Restoration
4391:"Projections of soil loss by water erosion in Europe by 2050"
3905:
Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands
3845:
Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Rattan, Lal (2008). "Wind erosion".
3668:
Introducing Geomorphology: A Guide to Landforms and Processes
3435:
2812:
1177:
792:
704:
675:
504:
420:
131:
4850:
2165: – Erosion of sediment near bridge foundations by water
1887:
The topography of the land determines the velocity at which
751:
cliffs are particularly vulnerable to this kind of erosion.
340:
which may result from rainfall, produces four main types of
6258:
6223:
5779:
5739:
5704:
4948:
4557:
4388:
4156:
4118:"Bedrock erosion by sedimentary flows in submarine canyons"
3630:
3489:
3366:
10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0949:GOASSW>2.3.CO;2
3343:
3168:
Jones, B.M.; Hinkel, K.M.; Arp, C.D.; Eisner, W.R. (2008).
2630:
Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V.; Bhattarai, S.S. (2018-03-24).
2326:
Cheraghi, M.; Jomaa, S.; Sander, G.C.; Barry, D.A. (2016).
1189:
1135:
929:
can add to the mountain. This provides a good example of a
431:
376:
356:
333:
319:
252:
123:
73:
69:
44:
4725:
Earth's changing surface: an introduction to geomorphology
3780:
2996:
2629:
2132:
824:
pioneered the study of chemical erosion in his work about
627:
raises rock beds unburdened by erosion of overlying beds.
6178:
5619:
4981:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
3212:
3683:
3380:"The Devil's Nest, the deepest ground erosion in Europe"
2325:
5176:
2118:, making excessive erosion one of the most significant
2016:
Examples of heavily eroded mountain ranges include the
1142:, Israel, showing gravity collapse erosion on its banks
96:
which involves no movement. Removal of rock or soil as
4743:
4506:
2279:
4440:
1234:, erosion of the ocean floor to create channels and
477:
Further information on water's erosive ability:
4586:
4363:
3844:
3820:. In D'Odorico, Paolo; Porporato, Amilcare (eds.).
3392:
2779:
2777:
2574:
1210:
960:in their wake, typically at the terminus or during
686:but sea level (tidal) change can also play a role.
542:, extending the valley into the hillside, creating
457:Extreme gully erosion can progress to formation of
388:
greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate
197:is occurring globally. At agriculture sites in the
4722:
2539:
2094:, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper
1257:
213:, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper
5125:Mainguet, Monique; Dumay, Frédéric (April 2011).
5027:
4807:
4792:
4749:
4645:Burbank, Douglas W.; Anderson, Robert S. (2011).
4591:. In Perrow Michael R.; Davy, Anthony J. (eds.).
4021:
3898:
2670:
2568:
80:, or dissolved material from one location on the
6441:
5034:(1st ed.). University of California Press.
4810:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3815:
3757:Glacial Lake Missoula & its Humongous Floods
3670:. Dunedin Academic Press, 2012, pp. 87–88. EBSCO
3066:Stream hydrology: an introduction for ecologists
2774:
2425:Sklar, Leonard S.; Dietrich, William E. (2004).
2418:
2125:Often in the United States, farmers cultivating
1655:Lists of geological features of the Solar System
461:. These form under conditions of high relief on
5211:
5101:
5055:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4025:Basics of Environmental Science and Engineering
3869:
3059:
2999:Badlands Dynamics in a Context of Global Change
2604:
264:
5051:"Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability"
5008:
4955:Principles of Soil Conservation and Management
4905:Lupia-Palmieri, Elvidio (2004). "Erosion". In
4904:
4616:Wainwright, John; Brazier, Richard E. (2011).
4562:. In Morgan, R.P.C.; Rickson, R. Jane (eds.).
4366:Principles of soil conservation and management
4359:
4357:
3927:
3876:Management of Problem Soils in Arid Ecosystems
3847:Principles of soil conservation and management
2910:
2856:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2577:Principles of soil conservation and management
310:
5197:
5124:
4844:
4801:
3996:
3082:
2697:
2623:
2424:
2204: – System of soil and water conservation
1767:
185:(especially for some ice-related processes).
4752:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
3932:. In Norris, Joanne E.; et al. (eds.).
3485:
3483:
3161:
2259:(Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press.
2221:
2219:
1965:
1238:can result from the rapid downslope flow of
64:is the action of surface processes (such as
5009:Boardman, John; Poesen, Jean, eds. (2007).
4653:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 270–271.
4354:
2890:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 229–262.
2857:Boardman, John; Poesen, Jean, eds. (2007).
2852:
2850:
2593:
2496:
1172:is often referred to in general terms as a
654:caused by erosion of cliffs by the sea, at
27:Natural processes that remove soil and rock
5204:
5190:
5048:
4595:. Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
3992:
3990:
3965:Gray, Donald H.; Sotir, Robbin B. (1996).
3838:
3753:
3306:
3268:
2886:. In Bull, Louise J.; Kirby, M.J. (eds.).
2784:Food and Agriculture Organization (1965).
2257:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1774:
1760:
1081:Wind erosion is of two primary varieties:
469:) are a key element of badland formation.
5161:International Erosion Control Association
5084:
5074:
4923:
4414:
4327:
4289:Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat
4264:
4208:Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat
4182:
4141:
3729:
3711:
3701:
3580:
3551:
3520:
3480:
3193:
2973:
2838:
2815:"Hydraulics and erosion in eroding rills"
2741:
2677:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2647:
2401:
2369:
2216:
526:occurs with continued water flow along a
293:, in Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark,
4942:
4368:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 21–53 .
4115:
2847:
2098:. In some cases, the eventual result is
1444:Principle of cross-cutting relationships
1226:off the coast of New York and New Jersey
1214:
1129:
1027:
975:
872:
842:
688:
661:
646:
510:
498:
482:
410:
314:
284:
269:
38:
5803:International scale of river difficulty
5177:The Soil and Water Conservation Society
3987:
3849:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 54–80.
2884:"Gully erosion in dryland environments"
2133:Consequences of human-made soil erosion
591:is the result of melting and weakening
507:exposed by a river eroding through them
14:
6442:
5104:"The nature of sedimentation problems"
4949:Blanco, Humberto; Lal, Rattan (2010).
4560:"Engineering properties of vegetation"
4558:Styczen, M.E.; Morgan, R.P.C. (1995).
4205:
4072:
4028:. New India Publishing. pp. 43–.
4015:
3907:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 588.
3901:"Geomorphological hazards in drylands"
3784:Mechanics of Wind-Blown Sand Movements
3274:
2720:
2706:. Vol. 10. Elsevier. p. 48.
2579:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1–20.
2375:
2254:
1454:Principle of inclusions and components
5185:
5172:USDA National Soil Erosion Laboratory
5013:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
4979:"Farm and Commodity Policy: Glossary"
4898:
4795:The History of the Study of Landforms
4717:
4436:
4434:
3973:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20.
3967:"Surficial erosion and mass movement"
3781:Zheng, Xiaojing; Huang, Ning (2009).
3126:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
2861:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
1821:In some areas of the world (e.g. the
472:
305:
4682:
3206:
3116:
2911:Borah, Deva K.; et al. (2008).
2020:of Northern Russia. Erosion of this
1840:In other regions of the world (e.g.
1809:. This might be during periods when
1660:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
436:refers to the development of small,
4647:"Tectonic and surface uplift rates"
2255:Allaby, Michael (2013). "Erosion".
2143:Environmental impact of agriculture
1863:
1429:Principle of original horizontality
956:, kames, kame deltas, moulins, and
805:
88:it to another location where it is
24:
5049:Montgomery, D.R. (8 August 2007).
5031:Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations
5001:
4431:
4395:Environmental Science & Policy
4216:10.1016/B978-0-12-814960-7.00006-3
4116:Mitchell, Neil C. (October 2014).
3007:10.1016/B978-0-12-813054-4.00002-2
2792:. United Nations. pp. 23–25.
2147:Soil retrogression and degradation
1970:
1936:. Such a place has been called a "
1200:where it is a regular occurrence.
630:
583:changes in the form of river banks
289:A wave-like sea cliff produced by
25:
6486:
5149:
3098:National Snow and Ice Data Center
854:), the deepest ground erosion in
3552:Tomkin, J.H.; Roe, G.H. (2007).
2919:. ASCE Publishing. p. 828.
2700:"Classification of soil erosion"
1741:
1283:
1211:Submarine sediment gravity flows
5960:Flooded grasslands and savannas
4971:
4917:
4786:
4711:
4676:
4667:
4638:
4620:. In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.).
4609:
4580:
4551:
4500:
4489:from the original on 2017-02-24
4382:
4330:Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards
4321:
4281:
4266:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104150
4232:
4199:
4150:
4109:
4066:
4042:
3958:
3921:
3903:. In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.).
3892:
3872:"Desertification: Wind erosion"
3863:
3809:
3774:
3746:
3677:
3660:
3624:
3611:
3600:from the original on 2017-08-09
3545:
3429:
3386:
3372:
3337:
3300:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3104:from the original on 2010-12-18
3053:
3023:
2990:
2966:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103637
2933:
2915:. In Garcia, Marcelo H. (ed.).
2904:
2875:
2806:
2691:
2664:
2479:from the original on 2016-10-11
2237:from the original on 2015-12-21
2139:Human impact on the environment
1439:Principle of lateral continuity
1258:Factors affecting erosion rates
1125:
1023:
791:beaches and submerged offshore
217:. In some cases, this leads to
4509:Progress in Physical Geography
4095:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.104303
3999:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
3331:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.07.009
3235:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.021
2533:
2519:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.021
2490:
2273:
2248:
1943:
1870:Vegetation and slope stability
1449:Principle of faunal succession
375:creates a small crater in the
13:
1:
5102:Vanoni, Vito A., ed. (1975).
4951:"Soil and water conservation"
4911:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
4830:10.1144/gsl.sp.1993.076.01.16
4338:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_121
2209:
1882:
743:is the dissolving of rock by
386:, or if the rainfall rate is
153:, and scour; areal flooding;
111:erosion; this contrasts with
6126:Universal Soil Loss Equation
6076:Hydrological transport model
5970:Storm Water Management Model
4705:10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.019
4587:Whisenant, Steve G. (2008).
4416:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.012
4163:Geophysical Research Letters
2062:If the erosion rate exceeds
1895:
1797:The amount and intensity of
1222:of submarine canyons in the
373:impact of a falling raindrop
257:anthropogenic climate change
7:
5168:in the European Soil Portal
4926:Soils in natural landscapes
4924:Alexander, Earl B. (2014).
4729:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4467:10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.005
2282:American Journal of Science
2155:
2102:. Off-site effects include
2070:that take time to develop.
1813:leave the soil bare, or in
1559:Geological history of Earth
838:
311:Rainfall and surface runoff
221:. Off-site effects include
92:. Erosion is distinct from
10:
6491:
5630:Antecedent drainage stream
5028:Montgomery, David (2008).
4928:. CRC Press. p. 108.
4022:Sivashanmugam, P. (2007).
3899:Wiggs, Giles F.S. (2011).
3878:. CRC Press. p. 214.
3787:. Springer. pp. 7–8.
3591:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.040
3031:"Geologic Work of Streams"
3029:Ritter, Michael E. (2006)
2913:"Watershed sediment yield"
2671:Julien, Pierre Y. (2010).
2403:10.3189/172756481794352487
2193: – Type of weathering
2136:
2104:sedimentation of waterways
2051:
2028:that are now found in the
2005:. It has been argued that
1974:
1899:
1867:
1790:
1786:
1411:Laws, principles, theories
1290:Science of the solid Earth
1145:
1046:
1035:, a rock formation in the
809:
640:
634:
476:
326:by the impact of a single
265:prevention and remediation
223:sedimentation of waterways
122:Agents of erosion include
29:
6394:
6366:River valley civilization
6328:
6267:
6249:Riparian-zone restoration
6149:
6011:
5983:
5884:
5856:
5788:
5610:
5477:
5394:
5316:
5227:
5108:Sedimentation Engineering
4877:10.1134/s1028334x11090078
4624:. John Wiley & Sons.
4529:10.1191/0309133305pp443ra
4001:. John Wiley & Sons.
3824:. Springer. p. 141.
3816:Cornelis, Wim S. (2006).
3043:University of Wisconsin,
2786:"Types of erosion damage"
2674:Erosion and Sedimentation
2084:agricultural productivity
2032:, including the Cambrian
1966:Erosion at various scales
992:At extremely high flows,
971:
952:, ground moraine (till),
911:that dot the edge of the
398:loosened soil particles (
203:agricultural productivity
6429:Countries without rivers
6404:Rivers by discharge rate
6116:Runoff model (reservoir)
6081:Infiltration (hydrology)
4566:. Taylor & Francis.
3870:Balba, A. Monem (1995).
3060:Nancy D. Gordon (2004).
2819:Water Resources Research
2434:Water Resources Research
2376:Hallet, Bernard (1981).
2047:
1419:Stratigraphic principles
1053:Wind erosion is a major
1043:sculpted by wind erosion
32:Erosion (disambiguation)
6101:River Continuum Concept
5866:Agricultural wastewater
5076:10.1073/pnas.0611508104
4957:. Springer. p. 2.
4297:10.1016/C2010-0-67010-6
4169:(22): 12, 403–12, 413.
3928:Van Beek, Rens (2008).
3573:2007E&PSL.262..385T
3561:Earth Planet. Sci. Lett
3068:. John Wiley and Sons.
2231:Encyclopædia Britannica
2197:TERON (Tillage erosion)
1811:agricultural activities
678:Bay, Yorkshire, England
597:river channel migration
183:atmospheric temperature
6424:River name etymologies
6351:Hydraulic civilization
6209:Floodplain restoration
5985:Point source pollution
5760:Sedimentary structures
5011:Soil Erosion in Europe
4857:Doklady Earth Sciences
4651:Tectonic Geomorphology
4075:Physical Review Fluids
3997:Nichols, Gary (2009).
2859:Soil Erosion in Europe
2698:Zachar, Dušan (1982).
2120:environmental problems
2030:East European Platform
2011:post-orogenic collapse
1997:if there are no major
1793:Climatic geomorphology
1240:sediment gravity flows
1227:
1143:
1044:
989:
931:negative feedback loop
889:
870:
775:). When the upcurrent
707:
679:
659:
516:
508:
496:
427:
330:
302:
282:
239:environmental problems
58:
6036:Discharge (hydrology)
5998:Industrial wastewater
5479:Sedimentary processes
5156:The Soil Erosion Site
5110:. ASCE Publications.
4589:"Terrestrial systems"
4245:Earth-Science Reviews
3690:Nature Communications
2946:Earth-Science Reviews
2052:Further information:
1902:Erosion and tectonics
1860:can have on erosion.
1218:
1133:
1057:force, especially in
1031:
979:
876:
846:
698:
674:age) along cliffs of
665:
650:
514:
502:
486:
463:easily eroded bedrock
414:
384:the soil is saturated
318:
288:
273:
245:Intensive agriculture
199:Appalachian Mountains
42:
6141:Volumetric flow rate
5725:Riffle-pool sequence
4184:10.1029/2018GL080396
4050:"Britannica Library"
3822:Dryland Ecohydrology
2454:10.1029/2003WR002496
2382:Annals of Glaciology
2355:10.1002/2016WR019314
2169:Cellular confinement
2127:highly erodible land
1993:into an almost-flat
1434:Law of superposition
1194:isostatic depression
1008:, which created the
699:Sea-dune erosion at
530:The erosion is both
43:An actively eroding
30:For other uses, see
6315:Whitewater kayaking
6310:Whitewater canoeing
6111:Runoff curve number
5955:Flood pulse concept
5135:on 30 December 2020
5067:2007PNAS..10413268M
5061:(33): 13268–13272.
4985:on 2 September 2011
4869:2011DokES.440.1216O
4822:1993GSLSP..76..325D
4764:1991JGR....96.6879P
4719:Selby, Michael John
4697:2007Caten..69....1C
4521:2005PrPG...29..189G
4459:2014QuRes..81...15M
4447:Quaternary Research
4407:2021ESPol.124..380P
4257:2022ESRv..23304150B
4175:2018GeoRL..4512403S
4134:2014Geosp..10..892M
4087:2018PhRvF...3j4303H
3942:2008ssec.conf.....N
3793:2009mwbs.book.....Z
3754:Alt, David (2001).
3703:2015NatCo...6.8028P
3646:2015NatGe...8..789G
3621:. 65, 96–107 (2006)
3513:10.1038/nature09365
3505:2010Natur.467..313T
3458:10.1038/nature08263
3450:2009Natur.460..884E
3407:1988Natur.333..347H
3358:1995Geo....23..949L
3323:2005Geomo..67..127D
3227:2006Geomo..82....4M
3139:2003ESPL...28.1349C
3062:"Erosion and Scour"
2958:2021ESRv..21803637V
2831:1997WRR....33..865N
2752:2011PhFl...23j1702O
2609:. New York: Wiley.
2554:2015Geo....43..171R
2511:2013Geomo.201....1D
2446:2004WRR....40.6301S
2394:1981AnGla...2...23H
2347:2016WRR....52.8613C
2294:2008AmJS..308..679L
2181:Groundwater sapping
2092:ecological collapse
1846:stratiform rainfall
1578:Branches of geology
1517:Landform structures
1398:Geologic time scale
1010:channeled scablands
828:published in 1960.
211:ecological collapse
165:processes in steep
6341:Aquatic toxicology
6254:Stream restoration
6219:Infiltration basin
6071:Hydrological model
5587:Sediment transport
5410:Estavelle/Inversac
5288:Subterranean river
4143:10.1130/GES01008.1
3760:. Mountain Press.
3752:See, for example:
3713:10.1038/ncomms9028
3275:Pinter, N (2010).
3036:2012-05-06 at the
2649:10.3390/su10040951
2302:10.2475/05.2008.02
2088:natural landscapes
1952:, which aggravate
1950:sediment transport
1849:13–22.5% by 2050
1748:Geology portal
1668:By planet and body
1536:Structural Geology
1508:Structure of Earth
1244:turbidity currents
1228:
1144:
1045:
1016:region of eastern
990:
890:
871:
777:supply of sediment
708:
680:
660:
517:
515:Green land erosion
509:
497:
473:Rivers and streams
428:
402:) down the slope.
331:
306:Physical processes
303:
283:
207:natural landscapes
103:is referred to as
59:
49:intensively-farmed
6465:Intensive farming
6437:
6436:
6414:Whitewater rivers
6320:Whitewater slalom
6151:River engineering
6051:Groundwater model
6012:River measurement
5940:Flood forecasting
5755:Sedimentary basin
5612:Fluvial landforms
5517:Bed material load
5293:River bifurcation
5166:Soil Erosion Data
5117:978-0-7844-0823-0
5041:978-0-520-25806-8
5020:978-0-470-85911-7
4964:978-90-481-8529-0
4935:978-1-4665-9436-4
4772:10.1029/91JB00250
4758:(B4): 6879–6891.
4660:978-1-4443-4504-9
4631:978-0-470-71076-0
4602:978-0-521-04983-2
4573:978-0-419-15630-7
4375:978-1-4020-8709-7
4347:978-90-481-8699-0
4035:978-81-89422-28-8
4008:978-1-4051-9379-5
3980:978-0-471-04978-4
3951:978-1-4020-6675-7
3914:978-0-470-71076-0
3885:978-0-87371-811-0
3856:978-1-4020-8709-7
3831:978-1-4020-4261-4
3802:978-3-540-88253-4
3767:978-0-87842-415-3
3634:Nature Geoscience
3499:(7313): 313–317.
3444:(7257): 884–887.
3401:(6171): 347–349.
3186:10.14430/arctic44
3133:(12): 1349–1359.
3090:"Thermal Erosion"
3075:978-0-470-84357-4
2926:978-0-7844-0814-8
2897:978-0-471-49123-1
2868:978-0-470-85911-7
2840:10.1029/97wr00013
2799:978-92-5-100474-6
2760:10.1063/1.3647583
2730:Physics of Fluids
2713:978-0-444-99725-8
2684:978-0-521-53737-7
2616:978-0-471-38369-7
2586:978-1-4020-8709-7
2335:Water Resour. Res
2003:summit accordance
1999:sea-level changes
1938:tectonic aneurysm
1784:
1783:
1648:Planetary geology
1600:Geological survey
1236:submarine canyons
1232:continental slope
1224:continental slope
1049:Aeolian processes
980:The mouth of the
942:glacial landforms
927:isostatic rebound
923:accumulation zone
901:glaciated valleys
696:
652:Wave cut platform
625:isostatic rebound
299:Liaoning Province
16:(Redirected from
6482:
6399:Rivers by length
6234:River morphology
6136:Wetted perimeter
6041:Drainage density
5552:Headward erosion
5381:Perennial stream
5253:Blackwater river
5206:
5199:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5121:
5098:
5088:
5078:
5045:
5024:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4863:(1): 1216–1221.
4848:
4842:
4841:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4728:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3715:
3705:
3681:
3675:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3654:10.1038/ngeo2524
3628:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3584:
3567:(3–4): 385–397.
3558:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3524:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3415:10.1038/333347a0
3390:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3317:(1–2): 127–145.
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3282:. Archived from
3281:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3198:. Archived from
3197:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3057:
3051:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2745:
2726:See Figure 1 in
2724:
2718:
2717:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2562:10.1130/g36272.1
2537:
2531:
2530:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2223:
2191:Space weathering
2151:Land degradation
2112:land degradation
2034:Sablya Formation
1925:isostatic uplift
1864:Vegetative cover
1776:
1769:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1550:Geologic history
1287:
1262:
1261:
1055:geomorphological
958:glacial erratics
848:The Devil's Nest
812:Karst topography
806:Chemical erosion
712:Hydraulic action
697:
599:observed in the
534:, deepening the
479:Hydraulic action
322:and water being
235:land degradation
21:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6475:Desertification
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6409:Drainage basins
6390:
6324:
6263:
6239:Retention basin
6199:Erosion control
6194:Detention basin
6145:
6061:Hjulström curve
6013:
6007:
5979:
5923:Non-water flood
5880:
5852:
5798:Helicoidal flow
5784:
5685:Fluvial terrace
5680:Floating island
5606:
5481:
5473:
5464:Rhythmic spring
5398:
5390:
5371:Stream gradient
5312:
5298:River ecosystem
5263:Channel pattern
5231:
5223:
5210:
5152:
5147:
5138:
5136:
5118:
5042:
5021:
5004:
5002:Further reading
4999:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4922:
4918:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4849:
4845:
4806:
4802:
4791:
4787:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4716:
4712:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4618:"Slope systems"
4614:
4610:
4603:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4556:
4552:
4505:
4501:
4492:
4490:
4439:
4432:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4326:
4322:
4307:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4204:
4200:
4155:
4151:
4114:
4110:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4020:
4016:
4009:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3751:
3747:
3682:
3678:
3665:
3661:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3582:10.1.1.477.3927
3556:
3550:
3546:
3488:
3481:
3434:
3430:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3352:(10): 949–951.
3342:
3338:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3211:
3207:
3166:
3162:
3147:10.1002/esp.592
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3058:
3054:
3038:Wayback Machine
3028:
3024:
3017:
2995:
2991:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2855:
2848:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2782:
2775:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2669:
2665:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2603:
2594:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2538:
2534:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2374:
2370:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2158:
2153:
2137:Main articles:
2135:
2100:desertification
2060:
2050:
1986:Mountain ranges
1983:
1973:
1971:Mountain ranges
1968:
1954:food insecurity
1946:
1932:in the western
1904:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1803:climatic factor
1795:
1789:
1780:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1672:
1664:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1591:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1378:Plate tectonics
1373:
1338:
1330:
1292:
1260:
1213:
1150:
1128:
1051:
1033:Árbol de Piedra
1026:
1002:rock-cut basins
974:
962:glacier retreat
918:glacial buzzsaw
913:Canadian Shield
905:U-shaped valley
887:Alberta, Canada
841:
814:
808:
773:longshore drift
689:
666:Erosion of the
645:
643:Beach evolution
639:
637:Coastal erosion
633:
631:Coastal erosion
621:river anticline
589:Thermal erosion
528:linear feature.
481:
475:
313:
308:
291:coastal erosion
219:desertification
161:processes; and
138:by the sea and
136:coastal erosion
72:) that removes
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6488:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6300:Stone skipping
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6184:Drop structure
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6164:Balancing lake
6161:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6091:Playfair's law
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6046:Exner equation
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Bradshaw model
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5918:Urban flooding
5910:
5905:
5903:Crevasse splay
5900:
5898:100-year flood
5894:
5892:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5858:Surface runoff
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5838:Stream capture
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5750:Rock-cut basin
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5592:Suspended load
5589:
5584:
5582:Secondary flow
5579:
5574:
5572:Retrogradation
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5537:Dissolved load
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5469:Spring horizon
5466:
5461:
5456:
5454:Mineral spring
5451:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5435:list in the US
5432:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5361:Stream channel
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5283:Drainage basin
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5243:Alluvial river
5239:
5237:
5225:
5224:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5150:External links
5148:
5146:
5145:
5122:
5116:
5099:
5046:
5040:
5025:
5019:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4970:
4963:
4941:
4934:
4916:
4913:. p. 336.
4897:
4843:
4816:(1): 325–343.
4800:
4785:
4742:
4735:
4710:
4675:
4666:
4659:
4637:
4630:
4608:
4601:
4579:
4572:
4550:
4515:(2): 189–217.
4499:
4430:
4381:
4374:
4353:
4346:
4320:
4305:
4280:
4231:
4224:
4198:
4149:
4128:(5): 892–904.
4108:
4081:(10): 104303.
4065:
4054:library.eb.com
4041:
4034:
4014:
4007:
3986:
3979:
3957:
3950:
3920:
3913:
3891:
3884:
3862:
3855:
3837:
3830:
3808:
3801:
3773:
3766:
3745:
3676:
3659:
3623:
3610:
3544:
3479:
3428:
3385:
3371:
3336:
3299:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3205:
3202:on 2013-05-17.
3180:(4): 361–372.
3160:
3115:
3094:NSIDC Glossary
3081:
3074:
3052:
3022:
3015:
2989:
2932:
2925:
2903:
2896:
2874:
2867:
2846:
2825:(4): 865–876.
2805:
2798:
2773:
2736:(10): 101702.
2719:
2712:
2690:
2683:
2663:
2636:Sustainability
2622:
2615:
2592:
2585:
2567:
2548:(2): 171–174.
2532:
2489:
2417:
2368:
2315:
2288:(5): 679–726.
2272:
2265:
2247:
2233:. 2015-12-03.
2214:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2202:Vetiver System
2199:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2134:
2131:
2108:eutrophication
2064:soil formation
2049:
2046:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1945:
1942:
1900:Main article:
1897:
1894:
1889:surface runoff
1884:
1881:
1865:
1862:
1858:climate change
1842:western Europe
1835:kinetic energy
1823:mid-western US
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:Key components
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1256:
1212:
1209:
1146:Main article:
1140:Makhtesh Ramon
1127:
1124:
1047:Main article:
1025:
1022:
1014:Columbia Basin
973:
970:
840:
837:
807:
804:
747:in sea water.
658:in South Wales
635:Main article:
632:
629:
581:. Erosion and
524:stream erosion
474:
471:
369:splash erosion
346:splash erosion
338:surface runoff
312:
309:
307:
304:
227:eutrophication
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6487:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:Surface water
6379:
6377:
6376:Sacred waters
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6361:Riparian zone
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6346:Body of water
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6295:Riverboarding
6293:
6291:
6290:River surfing
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:and modelling
6010:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5975:Return period
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Flood control
5933:
5931:
5930:Flood barrier
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Palaeochannel
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Granular flow
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Channel types
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5248:Braided river
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5006:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4736:0-19-823252-7
4732:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4670:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4306:9780123851406
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4225:9780128149607
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:Geomorphology
3303:
3289:on 2010-10-10
3285:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:(1–2): 4–15.
3220:
3216:
3215:Geomorphology
3209:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3018:
3016:9780128130544
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:Geomorphology
2493:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:(6): W06301.
2439:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2266:9780199653065
2262:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:degraded land
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:soil features
2065:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:has produced
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:precipitation
1794:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Geomorphology
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Sedimentology
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:Walther's law
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1204:Surface creep
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:mass movement
1154:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:surface creep
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:deforestation
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Lake Missoula
1003:
999:
995:
987:
983:
978:
969:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
935:glacial armor
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
888:
884:
880:
875:
869:
865:
861:
858:, located in
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
834:
831:Formation of
829:
827:
823:
819:
813:
803:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:carbonic acid
742:
741:
736:
732:
731:
726:
725:
720:
719:
718:Wave pounding
714:
713:
706:
702:
687:
685:
677:
673:
669:
664:
657:
653:
649:
644:
638:
628:
626:
622:
617:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
506:
501:
494:
490:
487:Dobbingstone
485:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
455:
452:
451:
450:Gully erosion
446:
444:
439:
435:
433:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
407:
406:
405:Sheet erosion
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
362:gully erosion
359:
358:
353:
352:
351:sheet erosion
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
325:
321:
317:
300:
296:
292:
287:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:deforestation
246:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:mass movement
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Earth's crust
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:River erosion
6470:Soil erosion
6455:Soil science
6419:Flash floods
6371:River cruise
6268:River sports
6121:Stream gauge
6106:Rouse number
6096:Relief ratio
5945:Flood-meadow
5876:Urban runoff
5790:Fluvial flow
5775:River valley
5745:River island
5710:Meander scar
5625:Alluvial fan
5567:Progradation
5546:
5483:
5442:Karst spring
5386:Winterbourne
5341:Chalk stream
5303:River source
5278:Distributary
5137:. Retrieved
5133:the original
5127:
5107:
5058:
5054:
5030:
5010:
4987:. Retrieved
4983:the original
4973:
4954:
4944:
4925:
4919:
4910:
4907:Goudie, A.S.
4900:
4890:22 September
4888:. Retrieved
4860:
4856:
4846:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4794:
4788:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4724:
4713:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4669:
4650:
4640:
4621:
4611:
4592:
4582:
4563:
4553:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4491:. Retrieved
4453:(1): 15–20.
4450:
4446:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4365:
4329:
4323:
4288:
4283:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4207:
4201:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4057:. Retrieved
4053:
4044:
4024:
4017:
3998:
3970:
3960:
3936:. Springer.
3933:
3923:
3904:
3894:
3875:
3865:
3846:
3840:
3821:
3811:
3783:
3776:
3756:
3748:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3602:. Retrieved
3564:
3560:
3547:
3522:10533/144849
3496:
3492:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3374:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3291:. Retrieved
3284:the original
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3200:the original
3177:
3173:
3163:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3093:
3084:
3065:
3055:
3040:
3025:
2998:
2992:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2916:
2906:
2887:
2877:
2858:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2789:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2704:Soil Erosion
2703:
2693:
2673:
2666:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2606:
2576:
2570:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2437:
2433:
2420:
2388:(1): 23–28.
2385:
2381:
2371:
2341:(11): 8613.
2338:
2334:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2256:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2230:
2163:Bridge scour
2124:
2080:
2061:
2054:soil erosion
2015:
1984:
1957:
1947:
1930:Nanga Parbat
1909:
1905:
1886:
1876:permeability
1873:
1851:
1839:
1826:
1820:
1801:is the main
1796:
1667:
1612:Applications
1594:
1549:
1516:
1488:Geochemistry
1478:
1417:
1392:
1289:
1274:
1248:debris flows
1229:
1203:
1202:
1183:
1182:
1165:
1156:
1153:Mass wasting
1152:
1151:
1148:Mass wasting
1126:Mass wasting
1120:Great Plains
1117:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1072:urbanization
1052:
1024:Wind erosion
991:
982:River Seaton
966:
939:
934:
916:
909:
891:
851:
830:
815:
800:raised beach
797:
767:
760:
752:
738:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
709:
681:
668:boulder clay
656:Southerndown
618:
614:
610:Beaufort Sea
606:Arctic coast
588:
587:
578:
574:Bank erosion
572:
571:
566:
523:
519:
518:
493:glacial till
456:
448:
447:
430:
429:
403:
381:
368:
366:
361:
357:rill erosion
355:
349:
345:
342:soil erosion
332:
276:natural arch
261:urban sprawl
243:
231:water bodies
195:soil erosion
192:
175:debris flows
121:
112:
108:
104:
61:
60:
36:
6280:Fly fishing
6204:Fish ladder
6189:Daylighting
5908:Flash flood
5871:First flush
5818:Plunge pool
5542:Downcutting
5527:Debris flow
5502:Aggradation
5376:Stream pool
4691:(1): 1–15.
4401:: 380–392.
4210:: 115–160.
3640:(10): 789.
3108:21 December
2975:10198/24417
2096:soil layers
2072:Inceptisols
2058:pedogenesis
2038:Lake Ladoga
1944:Development
1913:lower crust
1619:Engineering
1541:Volcanology
1479:Composition
1363:Metamorphic
1358:Sedimentary
1076:agriculture
954:glaciokarst
883:Lake Louise
822:Anders Rapp
672:Pleistocene
392:flow energy
241:worldwide.
215:soil layers
159:groundwater
117:dissolution
6444:Categories
6386:Wild river
6066:Hydrograph
6056:Hack's law
6021:Baer's law
5965:Inundation
5950:Floodplain
5890:stormwater
5848:Whitewater
5720:Oxbow lake
5557:Knickpoint
5532:Deposition
5425:Hot spring
5366:Streamflow
5356:Stream bed
5273:Confluence
4493:2017-02-23
4251:: 104150.
4059:2017-01-31
3604:2017-10-24
3293:2011-04-21
3195:10535/5534
2952:: 103637.
2642:(4): 951.
2483:2016-06-18
2241:2015-12-06
2210:References
2042:Ordovician
1977:denudation
1975:See also:
1883:Topography
1868:See also:
1831:rain drops
1807:vegetation
1791:See also:
1531:Glaciology
1493:Mineralogy
1388:Weathering
1252:Turbidites
1220:Bathymetry
1112:suspension
1018:Washington
860:Jalasjärvi
826:Kärkevagge
810:See also:
781:deposition
762:bioerosion
641:See also:
601:Lena River
593:permafrost
549:base level
503:Layers of
467:rhexistasy
394:, it will
336:, and the
171:landslides
167:landscapes
157:abrasion;
109:mechanical
94:weathering
86:transports
66:water flow
6356:Limnology
6305:Triathlon
6275:Canyoning
6244:Revetment
6174:Check dam
6086:Main stem
5843:Waterfall
5730:Point bar
5715:Mouth bar
5655:Billabong
5602:Water gap
5597:Wash load
5577:Saltation
5497:Anabranch
5420:Holy well
5308:Tributary
5139:7 October
4885:128973374
4780:0148-0227
4537:0309-1333
4475:0033-5894
4425:1462-9011
4315:213281574
4275:251576822
4193:134823668
4122:Geosphere
4103:134740576
3722:2041-1723
3619:Quat. Res
3577:CiteSeerX
3539:205222252
3474:205217746
3155:131318239
3001:: 27–59.
2984:234800558
2743:1109.3175
2658:2071-1050
2527:129797403
2470:130040766
2462:0043-1397
2412:0260-3055
2310:130966449
2227:"Erosion"
2186:Lessivage
2175:Colluvium
2026:sediments
2018:Timanides
2007:extension
1995:peneplain
1981:planation
1934:Himalayas
1896:Tectonics
1827:erosivity
1815:semi-arid
1629:Forensics
1583:Geologist
1503:Petrology
1174:landslide
1106:saltation
1084:deflation
1063:semi-arid
1037:Altiplano
852:Pirunpesä
833:sinkholes
793:sandbanks
753:Attrition
749:Limestone
740:Corrosion
735:corrosion
730:corrasion
544:head cuts
443:hydraulic
438:ephemeral
417:spoil tip
396:transport
187:Feedbacks
90:deposited
84:and then
51:field in
6460:Agronomy
6159:Aqueduct
6026:Baseflow
5993:Effluent
5670:Cut bank
5635:Avulsion
5512:Bed load
5492:Abrasion
5095:17686990
4838:55985869
4721:(1985).
4545:55243167
4487:Archived
4483:53649150
4291:. 2012.
3740:26271245
3696:: 8028.
3595:Archived
3531:20844534
3466:19675651
3102:Archived
3049:79006225
3034:Archived
2768:59437729
2505:: 1–34.
2474:Archived
2363:13077807
2235:Archived
2156:See also
2086:and (on
2076:Alfisols
1991:Himalaya
1959:lisasion
1921:tectonic
1634:Military
1572:Research
1369:Sediment
1344:Minerals
1325:Timeline
1316:Glossary
1311:Category
1267:a series
1265:Part of
1198:highways
1185:Slumping
1169:glaciers
1095:surfaces
1093:, where
1090:abrasion
998:vortices
986:Cornwall
950:drumlins
946:moraines
944:such as
897:plucking
893:Glaciers
879:moraines
877:Glacial
839:Glaciers
789:Armoured
769:Sediment
724:Abrasion
567:traction
563:boulders
554:meanders
540:headward
532:downward
459:badlands
400:sediment
334:Rainfall
328:raindrop
324:splashed
205:and (on
151:abrasion
147:plucking
130:wear in
124:rainfall
113:chemical
105:physical
101:sediment
6450:Erosion
6336:Aquifer
6329:Related
6285:Rafting
5813:Meander
5808:Log jam
5770:Thalweg
5675:Estuary
5547:Erosion
5484:erosion
5396:Springs
5351:Current
5318:Streams
5258:Channel
5221:springs
5217:streams
5086:1948917
5063:Bibcode
4989:17 July
4909:(ed.).
4865:Bibcode
4818:Bibcode
4760:Bibcode
4693:Bibcode
4517:Bibcode
4455:Bibcode
4403:Bibcode
4253:Bibcode
4171:Bibcode
4130:Bibcode
4083:Bibcode
3938:Bibcode
3789:Bibcode
3731:4557346
3698:Bibcode
3642:Bibcode
3569:Bibcode
3501:Bibcode
3446:Bibcode
3423:4273817
3403:Bibcode
3354:Bibcode
3346:Geology
3319:Bibcode
3223:Bibcode
3135:Bibcode
2954:Bibcode
2827:Bibcode
2748:Bibcode
2550:Bibcode
2542:Geology
2507:Bibcode
2442:Bibcode
2390:Bibcode
2343:Bibcode
2290:Bibcode
2009:during
1787:Climate
1677:Mercury
1595:Methods
1393:Erosion
1353:Igneous
1321:History
1306:Outline
1276:Geology
1230:On the
1180:slope.
1161:gravity
1041:Bolivia
1012:in the
868:Finland
864:Kurikka
818:solutes
757:shingle
703:beach,
701:Talacre
559:pebbles
434:erosion
425:Estonia
301:, China
144:glacial
128:bedrock
98:clastic
62:Erosion
56:Germany
53:eastern
6131:WAFLEX
6003:Sewage
5886:Floods
5828:Riffle
5823:Rapids
5765:Strath
5735:Ravine
5660:Canyon
5415:Geyser
5346:Coulee
5331:Bourne
5326:Arroyo
5229:Rivers
5213:Rivers
5114:
5093:
5083:
5038:
5017:
4961:
4932:
4883:
4836:
4778:
4733:
4685:CATENA
4657:
4628:
4599:
4570:
4543:
4535:
4481:
4473:
4423:
4372:
4344:
4313:
4303:
4273:
4222:
4191:
4101:
4032:
4005:
3977:
3948:
3911:
3882:
3853:
3828:
3799:
3764:
3738:
3728:
3720:
3579:
3537:
3529:
3493:Nature
3472:
3464:
3438:Nature
3421:
3395:Nature
3174:Arctic
3153:
3072:
3047:
3013:
2982:
2923:
2894:
2865:
2796:
2766:
2710:
2681:
2656:
2613:
2583:
2525:
2468:
2460:
2410:
2361:
2308:
2263:
2149:, and
2022:orogen
1917:mantle
1854:Taiwan
1727:Charon
1717:Triton
1624:Mining
1472:Topics
1383:Strata
1074:, and
972:Floods
881:above
856:Europe
561:, and
538:, and
536:valley
520:Valley
371:, the
360:, and
295:Dalian
280:Jordan
132:rivers
47:on an
6229:Levee
6214:Flume
6169:Canal
5913:Flood
5833:Shoal
5700:Gully
5695:Gulch
5665:Chine
5650:Bayou
5507:Armor
5459:Ponor
5234:lists
4881:S2CID
4834:S2CID
4541:S2CID
4479:S2CID
4311:S2CID
4271:S2CID
4189:S2CID
4099:S2CID
3598:(PDF)
3557:(PDF)
3535:S2CID
3470:S2CID
3419:S2CID
3287:(PDF)
3280:(PDF)
3151:S2CID
2980:S2CID
2764:S2CID
2738:arXiv
2523:S2CID
2477:(PDF)
2466:S2CID
2430:(PDF)
2359:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
2306:S2CID
2048:Soils
2036:near
1722:Pluto
1712:Titan
1702:Ceres
1697:Vesta
1682:Venus
1587:List)
1301:Index
1178:scree
996:, or
994:kolks
885:, in
705:Wales
684:waves
676:Filey
623:, as
579:scour
505:chalk
421:Rummu
253:roads
181:, or
179:fetch
169:like
140:waves
6259:Weir
6224:Leat
5888:and
5780:Wadi
5740:Rill
5705:Glen
5690:Gill
5640:Bank
5482:and
5447:list
5430:list
5401:list
5336:Burn
5219:and
5141:2015
5112:ISBN
5091:PMID
5036:ISBN
5015:ISBN
4991:2011
4959:ISBN
4930:ISBN
4892:2015
4776:ISSN
4731:ISBN
4655:ISBN
4626:ISBN
4597:ISBN
4568:ISBN
4533:ISSN
4471:ISSN
4421:ISSN
4370:ISBN
4342:ISBN
4301:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4030:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3975:ISBN
3946:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3826:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3762:ISBN
3736:PMID
3718:ISSN
3672:host
3527:PMID
3462:PMID
3110:2009
3070:ISBN
3045:OCLC
3011:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2794:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2654:ISSN
2611:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2458:ISSN
2408:ISSN
2261:ISBN
2106:and
2056:and
1979:and
1915:and
1692:Mars
1687:Moon
1349:Rock
1190:clay
1136:wadi
1061:and
1059:arid
785:spit
670:(of
489:Burn
432:Rill
377:soil
320:Soil
259:and
225:and
173:and
155:wind
78:rock
74:soil
70:wind
45:rill
6179:Dam
5645:Bar
5620:Ait
5081:PMC
5071:doi
5059:104
4873:doi
4861:440
4826:doi
4768:doi
4701:doi
4525:doi
4463:doi
4411:doi
4399:124
4334:doi
4293:doi
4261:doi
4249:233
4212:doi
4179:doi
4138:doi
4091:doi
3726:PMC
3708:doi
3650:doi
3587:doi
3565:262
3517:hdl
3509:doi
3497:467
3454:doi
3442:460
3411:doi
3399:333
3362:doi
3327:doi
3231:doi
3190:hdl
3182:doi
3143:doi
3003:doi
2970:hdl
2962:doi
2950:218
2835:doi
2756:doi
2644:doi
2558:doi
2515:doi
2503:201
2450:doi
2398:doi
2351:doi
2298:doi
2286:308
1940:".
1923:or
1852:In
1155:or
1138:in
984:in
787:).
737:).
727:or
522:or
382:If
367:In
229:of
107:or
68:or
6446::
5215:,
5106:.
5089:.
5079:.
5069:.
5057:.
5053:.
4953:.
4879:.
4871:.
4859:.
4855:.
4832:.
4824:.
4814:76
4812:.
4774:.
4766:.
4756:96
4754:.
4699:.
4689:69
4649:.
4539:.
4531:.
4523:.
4513:29
4511:.
4485:.
4477:.
4469:.
4461:.
4451:81
4449:.
4445:.
4433:^
4419:.
4409:.
4397:.
4393:.
4356:^
4340:.
4309:.
4299:.
4269:.
4259:.
4247:.
4243:.
4218:.
4187:.
4177:.
4167:45
4165:.
4161:.
4136:.
4126:10
4124:.
4120:.
4097:.
4089:.
4077:.
4052:.
3989:^
3969:.
3944:.
3874:.
3795:.
3734:.
3724:.
3716:.
3706:.
3692:.
3688:.
3648:.
3636:.
3593:.
3585:.
3575:.
3563:.
3559:.
3533:.
3525:.
3515:.
3507:.
3495:.
3482:^
3468:.
3460:.
3452:.
3440:.
3417:.
3409:.
3397:.
3360:.
3350:23
3348:.
3325:.
3315:67
3313:.
3229:.
3219:82
3217:.
3188:.
3178:61
3176:.
3172:.
3149:.
3141:.
3131:28
3129:.
3100:.
3096:.
3092:.
3064:.
3009:.
2978:.
2968:.
2960:.
2948:.
2944:.
2849:^
2833:.
2823:33
2821:.
2817:.
2788:.
2776:^
2762:.
2754:.
2746:.
2734:23
2732:.
2702:.
2652:.
2640:10
2638:.
2634:.
2595:^
2556:.
2546:43
2544:.
2521:.
2513:.
2501:.
2472:.
2464:.
2456:.
2448:.
2438:40
2436:.
2432:.
2406:.
2396:.
2384:.
2380:.
2357:.
2349:.
2339:52
2337:.
2333:.
2318:^
2304:.
2296:.
2284:.
2229:.
2218:^
2145:,
2141:,
2122:.
2090:)
2078:.
2044:.
1962:.
1707:Io
1269:on
1163:.
1134:A
1078:.
1070:,
1039:,
1020:.
964:.
948:,
866:,
862:,
802:.
765:.
569:.
423:,
415:A
354:,
348:,
344::
297:,
274:A
255:,
251:,
247:,
209:)
149:,
142:;
134:;
126:;
76:,
5403:)
5399:(
5236:)
5232:(
5205:e
5198:t
5191:v
5143:.
5120:.
5097:.
5073::
5065::
5044:.
5023:.
4993:.
4967:.
4938:.
4894:.
4875::
4867::
4840:.
4828::
4820::
4782:.
4770::
4762::
4739:.
4707:.
4703::
4695::
4663:.
4634:.
4605:.
4576:.
4547:.
4527::
4519::
4496:.
4465::
4457::
4427:.
4413::
4405::
4378:.
4350:.
4336::
4317:.
4295::
4277:.
4263::
4255::
4228:.
4214::
4195:.
4181::
4173::
4146:.
4140::
4132::
4105:.
4093::
4085::
4079:3
4062:.
4038:.
4011:.
3983:.
3954:.
3940::
3917:.
3888:.
3859:.
3834:.
3805:.
3791::
3770:.
3742:.
3710::
3700::
3694:6
3674:.
3656:.
3652::
3644::
3638:8
3607:.
3589::
3571::
3541:.
3519::
3511::
3503::
3476:.
3456::
3448::
3425:.
3413::
3405::
3382:.
3368:.
3364::
3356::
3333:.
3329::
3321::
3296:.
3237:.
3233::
3225::
3192::
3184::
3157:.
3145::
3137::
3112:.
3078:.
3019:.
3005::
2986:.
2972::
2964::
2956::
2929:.
2900:.
2871:.
2843:.
2837::
2829::
2802:.
2770:.
2758::
2750::
2740::
2716:.
2687:.
2660:.
2646::
2619:.
2589:.
2564:.
2560::
2552::
2529:.
2517::
2509::
2486:.
2452::
2444::
2414:.
2400::
2392::
2386:2
2365:.
2353::
2345::
2312:.
2300::
2292::
2269:.
2244:.
1775:e
1768:t
1761:v
1585:(
1365:)
1351:(
1327:)
1323:(
850:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.